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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
PLUMBING AXIOMS
•Treatment Plants are downstream and
downwind
•Gravity rules
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
WASTE PIPING
• Minimum slope (pitch)
• Sanitary: 1/8” per foot (aka 1%)
• Grease: 1/4“ per foot
X
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
Units of load are “fixture units”
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
Pipe capacity is slope dependent
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
Sanitary piping must vent to outside
• When water is flowing, air is allowed
in and trap doesn’t siphon dry
• Odors also vent out
• Size X
• Half the trap size, but not less
than 1‐1/4”
• Distance dependent only for
long distances
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
Almost ALL plumbing fixtures require a
vent
• Exceptions
• Vented mains are oversized sanitary pipes
X
• Floor drains within 10’ of sanitary pipes
• Alternate – Air admittance valves
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
Vented toilet
Vented lavatory
X
Unvented
floor drain
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
AIR ADMITTANCE VALVES
• Allows air to enter the plumbing system and equalize pressure when
water drains out of the system; maintaining the “water seal” that
prevents sewer gas from entering the building
X
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
TRAP PRIMER
• Floor drains
• Infrequently used
• Water evaporates
X
• Provides water to maintain seal
• Required by code
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
TRAP PRIMER
• Pressure actuated
Operates by drops in
water pressure
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
TRAP PRIMER
• Diaphragm
Operates when
weight of water
lowers diaphragm
• Flush Valve X
Operates when toilet
is flushed
• Sink Tailpiece
Operates when trap
flows
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
CLEANOUTS – Access to piping for blockage
• Floor cleanouts
• Wall cleanouts
• Floor drains
X
• Toilet fitting
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
Passive (Manual) Grease Interceptor
• Pre‐cast vs. Steel
• Sizes
• Cleaning
• Access X
• Location
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
Grease Interceptor
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
Water Piping
• Pressure dependent
• Units of load are “fixture units”
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
Water Piping
• Demand = Diversity
• 6‐8 feet per second
max velocity
X
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
Water Heaters
• Expansion tank
• T&P valve
• Set at 125 psi
X
& 210oF
• Drain pan
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PRESSURE REGULATORS
Water Pressure Regulators (PRV’s)
•Required by code over 80psi
•50psi (static) is near minimum
•Protect plumbing system components
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BACKFLOW PREVENTION
Backflow preventers are best when applied at
point of use:
•Example: Janitor closet faucet hose connection
Solution: Integral vacuum breakers
•Example: Large water consuming tenant
X
Solution: Double check valve reduces
negative pressure
•Example: Known contaminant in piping system
(or as may be required by the local
authorities)
Solution: Reduced pressure backflow
preventer
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Screwed up to 1‐1/2”,
welded above that
NATURAL GAS
Components
•Pressure, 2# or 7 oz
•Meter
• Small
X
• Medium
• Large
•Regulator
•Main
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FUNDAMENTALS OF PLUMBING
Plumbing Facts:
•36 toilet rooms can be tied to one 4” sanitary pipe
• One large restaurant can use up the entire 4” sanitary pipe
•Flush valve vs. tank type toilets
X
• Flush valve requires 3‐1/2 times the water pipe size as does
a tank type, yet tank and flush valve toilets use the same
amount of water to flush, 1.6 gpf. The difference is
instantaneous demand and speed of recovery.
•Natural Gas
• 1,000 cfh at 7 oz running 300’ = 2‐1/2” pipe
• 1,000 cfh at 2# running 300’ = 1‐1/4” pipe
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©2008 TES Engineering
PLUMBING FUNDAMENTALS
QUESTIONS/ DISCUSSION?
THANK YOU