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Sanskrit Verbs and There are three verbal systems: present, aorist, and perfect.
The stem and the endings of the verb are formed differently in each.
the Present System Each system has its own set of tenses and moods.
Because they end in the “theme vowel” -a-, they are called
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aso 09.25.2012
Participles
Endings (ितङ ्) These are the primary endings, used in the present tense (laṭ). These suffixes go
परस्मैपदिम ् आत्मन ेपदिम ् Notes
on the weak stem.
एक॰ िद्वि॰ बहु॰ एक॰ िद्वि॰ बहु॰ the “theme vowel” -a- (in gaṇas 1, 4, 6 and
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परस्मपै दिे
10) is lengthened to -ā- before endings that
Athematic -a(n)t-:
प्र॰ ित तः अिन्त प्र॰ ते आते अन्ते
start with -m- or -v- (e.g., bhavāmi) ● kurv-an
● the prathamapuruṣa bahuvacana endings ● kurv-antam
have several variants:
kurv-atā etc.
म॰ िस थः थ म॰ से आथे ध्वे
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● -ati/-ate in gaṇa 3 (reduplicating
Thematic -(n)t-:
presents) ● bhava-n
● -anti/-ante everywhere else (the -a- of
bhava-ntam
उ॰ िम विः मः उ॰ ए विहे महे
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the ending is deleted after a stem ● bhava-tā etc.
ending in -a-)
Feminine formed by
-ī suffix on weak
These are the secondary endings, used in the imperfect tense (laṅ). stem (kurv-at-ī,
परस्मैपदिम ् आत्मनपे दिम ्
bhava-t-ī, etc.)
Notes
एक॰ िद्वि॰ बहु॰ एक॰ िद्वि॰ बहु॰ आत्मन ेपदिे
● the prathamapuruṣa bahuvacana endings
have several variants:
-an/-anta in thematic presents
त् ताम ् अन ् प्र॰ त
Athematic -āna-:
प्र॰ आताम ् अन्त
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म॰ थाः
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Augment (अट ्) The imperfect (like the aorist) adds an augment before the root.
-ā suffix (kurvānā,
bhavamānā)
● Before consonants, this augment is simply a- (e.g., akaravam). Participles have verbal
● Before vowels, the augment takes the form of vṛddhi of the following vowel rection (they can govern
(e.g., a + ita = aita, a + ṛcchat = ārchat). accusatives, etc.) and as
adjectives, agree with their
● The augment comes between any upasarga and the dhātu (e.g., abhyāgacchat). head in gender, number,
and case.
aso 09.25.2012