Additional material to

Chapter 5
Review of basic electric circuits
 Average power and rms
current
Power
p (t ) = vi

instantaneous
1 T 1 T
Pav = ∫ p (t ) dt = ∫ vi dt

average T 0 T 0

Resistive circuit, v = Ri,2 and

1 T
Pav = R
T ∫0
i dt = RI 2
RMS of current represents the average
power (heat) of a resistance 1 T 2
T∫
I= i dt
0

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 Sinusoidal voltage and
curren in steady state
Time domain v(t ) = 2V cos (ω t ) = 2V Re e jωt { }
i(t ) = 2 I cos (ω t − φ ) = 2V Re {e
jω t -jφ
e }
Phasor representation, rms-values,
counterclockwise rotation V = Ve I = Ie φ j0 -j

Complex load impedance

Z = R + jωL = Ze jϕ
V V -jϕ
Current I= = e
Z Z

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 Single-phase power
Instantaneous single-phase power
p (t ) = v(t )i (t ) = 2VI cos (ωt ) cos (ωt − φ )
= VI cos (φ ) + cos ( 2ωt − φ ) 
has a constant part and a component
with twice the supply frequency,
depending on cos it is negative too
Average value of the power
1 1
vi dt = v(t )i (t ) = VI cos (φ )
T T
Pav =
T ∫
0
p (t ) dt =
T ∫
0

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 Power, reactive power
and power factor
Complex power ∗
S = V I = VIe jφ
Real average power P = Re {S } = VI cos (φ )

Reactive power Q = Im {S } = VI sin (φ )

Q = S 2 − P2

P
Power Factor PF = = cos (φ )
S

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 Three-phase circuits
 va (t ) = vˆ cos (ω t )
Phase voltages 
vb (t ) = vˆ cos (ω t − 2π / 3)
v (t ) = vˆ cos (ω t − 4π / 3)
 c
Line-to-line VLL = 3 V = vˆ 3 / 2 Im

Currents UT
Re
ω
 ia (t ) = iˆ cos (ω t − φ ) US UR

ib (t ) = iˆ cos (ω t − φ − 2π / 3) S = 3VLL I
i (t ) = iˆ cos (ω t − φ − 4π / 3)
c P = 3VLL I cos (φ )
Q = 3VLL I sin (φ )

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 Three-phase power
Instantaneous three-phase power is
p = va ia + vbib + vc ic = vˆ cos (ωt ) iˆ cos (ωt − φ ) +
vˆ cos (ωt − 2π / 3) iˆ cos (ωt − φ − 2π / 3) + vˆ cos (ωt − 4π / 3) iˆ cos (ωt − φ − 4π / 3)
= 3VI cos (φ ) + VI cos ( 2ωt − φ ) + cos ( 2ωt − φ − 2π / 3) + cos ( 2ωt − φ − 4π / 3) 
= 3VI cos (φ )

In a three-phase system even the

intantaneous power is constant =>
much better than in single-phase
system

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 Nonsinusoidal waveforms
in stedy state
Periodic function, angular frequency ω,
Fourier-series
∞ ∞
f h (t ) = ao + ∑ ( ah cos ( hω t ) + bh sin ( hω t ) )
1
f (t ) = F0 + ∑
h =1 2 h =1

1 2π
f (t ) cos ( hω t ) dω t , h = 0,1,…, ∞
π∫
ah =
0

1 2π
f (t )sin ( nω t ) dω t , h = 1,…, ∞
π∫
bh =
0

1 1 2π 1 T
F0 = a0 = ∫ f (t )dω t = ∫ f (t )dt
2 2π 0 T 0
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 Frequency components
Each frequency can be ah  jφ
represented as a phasor  ⇒ F h = Fh e h
bh 

Amplitude ah2 + bh2

Fh =
2

angle −bh
tan (φh ) =
ah

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 Use of symmetry in
Fourier-analysis
π
2
ah = ∫ f (t ) cos ( hω t ) dω t
even f (−t) = f (t) π 0

bh = 0

ah = 0
odd f (−t) = − f (t) π
2
bh = ∫ f (t )sin ( hω t ) dω t
π 0
ah = bh = 0 for even h
π
2
Half-wave
f (t) = − f (t + T / 2) ah = ∫ f (t ) cos ( hω t ) dω t for odd h
symmetry π 0
π
2
bh = ∫ f (t )sin ( hω t ) dω t for odd h
π 0
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 Even
f (−t) = f (t)
Placement of origin 2
π
ah = ∫ f (t ) cos ( hω t ) dω t
Can only contain π 0
cos-series bh = 0
f (t)

−T1 T1
t

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 Odd
f (−t) = − f (t)
Change of origin
ah = 0

sin-series π
2
Only these two choices bh = ∫ f (t )sin ( hω t ) dω t
π 0
reasonable

Otherwise both cos- and f (t)
sin- series

More tedious −T1 T1
t

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 Half-wave
f (t)
f (t) = − f (t + T / 2)

ah = bh = 0 when h is even
t π
2
ah = ∫ f (t ) cos ( hω t ) dω t h odd
T /2 π 0
π
2
T bh = ∫ f (t )sin ( hω t ) dω t h odd
π 0

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 Example of Fourier series

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 Line-current distortion

Fourier-series of distorted current

∞
is = 2 I s1 sin (ω1t − φ1 ) + ∑ 2 I sh sin (ω ht − φh )
h ≠1
Root-mean-square, RMS is a sum of all
harmonics

Only components with the same frequency
remain in the integral
1
is2 dt = I s21 + ∑ I sh2
T
Is =
T ∫ 0
h ≠1

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 Harmonic distortion

Distortion idis (t ) = is (t ) − is1 (t ) = ∑ ish (t )

h ≠1

Time domain

Rms I dis = I 2 − I s21 = ∑ sh
I 2

h ≠1

Total Harmonic Distortion

Distortion in relation to the fundamental

Also a definition where rms-value is used
2
 I sh 
%THD = 100 ∑  
h ≠1  I s1 

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 Power in a distorted
network
Voltage remains sinusoidal but harmonics in
current
∞
 
T
1 1
2Vs sin (ω1t )  2 I s1 sin (ω1t − φ1 ) + ∑ 2 I sh sin (ω ht − φh ) dt
T
∫
P =
T ∫0
vi dt =
T 0  h ≠1 
Components with different frequency are zero
T
1
P = ∫ 2Vs sin (ω1t ) 2 I s1 sin (ω1t − φ1 )dt = Vs I s1 cos φ1
T 0

Voltag sinusoidal => ONLY THE

FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT OF
CURRENT TRANSFERS ACTIVE POWER

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 Displacement power
factor
Displacement Power Factor DPF = cos(φ(1) )

Called very often as a power factor
Power Factor
I 1
Vs I s1 cos φ1 I s1 PF = s1 DPF = DPF
PF = = cos φ1 Is 1 + THDi2
Vs I s Is
When using measurement equipment it is
necessary to know how current and voltage
are measured and power factor calculated

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