Lasbela, U. J.Sci. Techl., vol.V , pp.

27-33, 2016 ISSN 2306-8256

RESEARCH ARTICLE
New Fluorite and Celestite Deposits from Pakistan: Tectonic
and Sedimentary Mineral Resources of Indus Basin (Pakistan)-
overview
Muhammad Sadiq Malkani1*, Muhammad Imran Alyani2 and Mureed Hussain Khosa3
1
Geological Survey of Pakistan, Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.
2
Geological Survey of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan.
3
Department of Geology, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal,
Balochistan, Pakistan.

Abstratct:- Pakistan contains both the Gondwanan and Laurasian heritage. Indus Basin is a part of
Indo-Pak subcontinental plate (a Gondwana fragments). After a long voyage, the tectonic collision of Indo-
Pak with Hindukush-Karakoram-Tibet belt (presently located in central but at the time of collision this belt
was found in the southern part of Laurasian Asia) of Asia is responsible for the deposition of many
significant and also diverse tectonic, metamorphic and sedimentary minerals in the Indus Basin of Pakistan.
Recently new fluorite deposits (50000 tons) have been found in the Jurassic Loralai limestone of Gadebar,
Daman Ghar, tor Thana, Wategam, Mekhtar, Balao, Mahiwal areas of Loralai District, Balochistan. This
fluorite of Loralai area occurs as veins and as dissiminated grains along faults and fractures which is hosted
by the Jurassic Loralai limestone forming the anticlinal core. This fluorite has many colors such as pink, blue,
light-grey, green and light-yellow. New Celestite deposits have been reported in the Early Eocene Drug
Formation of the Lal Khan, Lakha Kach, Gadumra and Bahlol areas of Barkhan, Sham and Pirkoh areas of
Dera Bugti, Chamalang areas of Kohlu and Toi Nala areas of Musa Khel districts, Balochistan, Pakistan.
These deposits are found on the synclinal limbs. These celestite deposits are third in Pakistan and have great
significance as the previous known celestite deposits in Pakistan like Thano Bula Khan (Sindh) and Daud
Khel (Punjab) are going to be exhausted shortly. Celestite is one of the fluxing materials used in metallurgy
and HF acid preparation. Due to smallness of its deposits in the country, it is in high demand in Pakistan.

Keywords: New Celestite deposit, Gem quality Quartz crystals, Indus Basin, Pakistan.
INTRODUCTION
Pakistan contains both the
Gondwanan and Laurasian heritage. Indus
Basin is a part of Indo-Pak subcontinental
plate (a Gondwana fragments). After a long
voyage, the tectonic collision of Indo-Pak
with Hindukush-Karakoram-Tibet belt
(presently located in central but at the time of
collision this belt was found in the southern
part of Laurasian Asia) of Asia is responsible
for many significant tectonic, metamorphic
and sedimentary mineralizations. The
Mesozoic and continued Cenozoic tectonics
orogeny and geodynamics of Indo-Pak
subcontinent is responsible for the existence
of economic mineralizations and diversity of
tectonometallic sedimentary zones. The Indus
Basin of Pakistan holds many economic
*Correspondingauthor: malkanims@yahoo.com
mineralizations which are also reported by
many researchers (Abbas et al., 1980; Ahmad
1969; Bakr 1962,1965; Kazmi and Abbas
2001; Mohsin and Sarwar 1974;
Malkani2000, 2002, 2004a,b,c, 2010a,b,
2011, 2012a,b,c,d,e; 2013a,b,2015a,b;
Malkani and Tariq 2000, 2004; Malkani et
al., 2007,2013; Malkani and Shah 2014;
Malkani and Mahmood 2016b). Here brief
and hand informations of new fluorite and
celestite deposits in Pakistan and an overview
of tectonic and sedimentary mineral
resources of Indus basin are being presented.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The materials belong to compiled
data from previous work and new discoveries
and also field data collected by senior author
during many field seasons about sedimentary
mineral potential and new discoveries
(Fig.1). The methods applied here are many
discipline of purely geological description.

27
 A

Indus basin minerals Legend

Copper Iron Lead-Zinc Barite

Chromite Magnesite Gold Coal

Fluorite Celestite Gypsum Uranium

Sulphur Manganese Salt Phosphate

Manganese
Mica Vermiculite
Soapstone
Sulphur
Graphite Mercury
Asbestos B

Salt Meteorite
Silica Sand Fuller Earth
Quartz vein Phosphate C
China clay Fire clay
Fuller Earth SilicaSand

D Zarah Murgha Kibzai

Mahiwal
Loralai Tor Thana Sande

Mekhtar
Gadebar

Fig. 1.A, upper row fluorite, lower row barite, celestite and Kingri
diamond (quartz) from Sulaiman and Kirthar foldbelts; B, Indus
basin mineral localities, thick black line indicates western and
northern Indus Suture; C, upper photoes; Dilband iron ore; D,
Fluorite Fields in Loralai area of Sulaiman Foldbelt. Grey ovals
show Jurassic Loralai limestone (forming anticlines) which is the
host of top mentioned Loralai Fluorite.

first largest deposit of fluorite (over

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 0.1million ton) from Pakistan are located in
New Fluorite Deposits from Loralai District Dilband and in its vicinity in Kirthar foldbelt
of Balochistan Province, Pakistan (Bakr 1962, 1965; Mohsin and Sarwar 1974;
New fluorite deposits have been Abbas et al., 1980). The third largest deposit
discovered by Malkani (2010b,2011,2012a) of fluorite (6750 tons) from Pakistan has
from the Jurassic Loralai limestone of been discovered by Malkani (2002,) from
Gadebar, Daman Ghar, tor Thana, Wategam, Jurassic Chiltan Limestone of Mula-Zahri
Mekhtar, Balao, Mahiwal areas of Loralai Range, Kirthar foldbelt. New fluorite
District, Balochistan Province (Fig.1a,d). The deposits from Loralai regions are the second

28
largest deposits of Pakistan (Malkani 2010b,
2011, 2012a). The fluorite of Loralai area
occurs as veins and as dissiminated grains
along faults and fractures which is hosted by
the Jurassic Loralai limestone forming the
anticlinal core. Fluorite has many colors such
as pink, blue, light-grey, green and light-
yellow. Chemical analysis shows CaF2 varies
from 95.20-95.40%, CaCO3 from 3.20-
3.40% and SiO2 from 1.40-1.44%. Average
weight % concentration of Ca is 49%, F is
45%, SiO2 is 2.30%, CuO is 0.5%, Al2O3 is
2%, Fe2O3 is 0.08% and LOI is 1.47%. This
type of fluorite can be used for acid
preparation and also as gemstones. Mining of
fluorite is in progress in the Mekhtar (Balao,
Inde, Sande and Zhizhghi), Tor Thana and
Zarah areas. The estimated reserves are about
50000 tons. Attractive gem quality fluorite
crystals are found in light-green, yellow and
light-blue colors from Mekhtar, Wategam
Zarah of Loralai district. It is also suggested
that the Jurassic strata especially limestone of
Kirthar and Sulaiman foldbelts and adjoining
western indus suture Zone seems to be
significant for further fluorite prospecting
(Malkani 2010b,2011,2012a).
New Celestite Deposits from the Sulaiman
(Middle Indus) Basin, Balochistan, Pakistan
New Celestite deposits have been
reported first time by Malkani
(2010b,2011,2012b) in the Early Eocene
Drug Formation of the Lal Khan, Lakha
Kach, Gadumra and Bahlol areas of Barkhan,
Sham and Pirkoh areas of Dera Bugti,
Chamalang areas of Kohlu and Toi Nala
areas of Musa Khel districts, Balochistan,
Pakistan. This is the third deposit in Pakistan
and has great significance as the previous
known celestite deposits in Pakistan like
Thano Bula Khan (Sindh) and Daud Khel
(Punjab) are going to be exhausted shortly.
Celestite is one of the fluxing materials used
in metallurgy and HF acid preparation. Due
to smallness of its deposits in the country, it
is in high demand in Pakistan. Celestite
deposits are found on the synclinal limbs.
The present discoveries which are being
described here are highly valuable in mineral
wealth of Pakistan. This celestite (SrSO4) is
29
orthorhombic with tabular or prismatic,
white, faint blue tinge, translucent, pearly,
cleavable and coarse fibrous, and with a
specific gravity of about 3.9 and hardness
about 3.5. Two principal types of celestite
deposits are found in the Sulaiman Basin.
Vein type deposits are found in the shale of
uppermost portion of Early Eocene Drug
Formation in the Gadumra, Lal Khan and
Sham areas. The width of individual vein in
Gadumra, Lal Khan Village and Sham
localities is 10 centimeters, exposed length
varies from 10 meters to 50 meters, however,
it seems more extensive. Its extensions seem
to be consistent with the host formation
however it needs ground follow up. The
contact of ore body and wall rock is sharp.
Disseminated crystals in limestone are also
found in the upper part of Drug Formation
(and also below the vein type deposits) in the
Gadumra, Lal Khan Village and Lakha Kach
localities. The dissemination of celestite in
the limestone is less than 30 cm in Lal Khan
and Lakha Kach village. Chemical analyses
show SrO 38.50 to 39.21%, SO3 42.64 to
42.96 %, BaO 7.63 to 7.99% and CaO 1.10 to
1.12%. Celestite contains small amounts of
calcium and barium. Reserves estimation of
Sulaiman basin localities is tentative because
no exploratory holes have been drilled to
ascertain the shape and size of ore bodies at
depth. The ore bodies are scattered in the area
and mostly covered by scree. However,
estimated reserves of Lal Khan village is
2000 tons, Gadumra area is 2000 tons, Lakha
Kach areas is 5,000 tons, Sham area of about
2000 tons, Toi Nala area of about 1000 tons,
Chamalang and Bahlol area of about 1000
tons and Pirkoh area of about 100 tons. The
celestite nodules are also found in the Late
Eocene Kirthar limestone and shale of Karkh
area of Khuzdar district. Both discoveries are
compelling for further exploration in
Sulaiman and Kirthar basins.
New Quartz Crystals-Gem Quality from
Gharwandi (Alu Khan Kach) of Kingri Area,
Musa Khel District of Balochistan Province,
Pakistan
Quartz veins having white
transparent to translucent quartz crystals
(Fig.1) are also found in the sandstone of
Cretaceous Mughalkot Formation in the
Khagoon Range (39 F/10) of Gharwandi (Alu
Khan Kach) area, Kingri Tehsil, Musa Khel
District, Balochistan Province. The gem
quality quartz crystals (Fig.1) are first
reported by Malkani (2011) in the Gharwandi
(Alu Khan Kach) area of Kingri Tehsil, Musa
Khel District, Balochistan Province, Pakistan.
This deposit is accessible from Kingri to
Khajuri to Alu Khan Kach (Gharwandi) area.
These quartz crystals are white to light brown
and transparent. These are found as veins in
the Late Cretaceous Mughalkot Formation.
Malkani (2015) reported these quartz crystals
as Kingri diamond. Further Flint from Tor
Thana area (39F/3) of Loralai District show
banded and wavy white and light blue
colours which creates beauty for ornamental
purposes.
Tectonic and Sedimentary Mineral Resources
of Indus Basin (Pakistan)-Overview
The Indus Basin sutured in the north
with Kohistan-Ladakh magmatic arc via
northern Indus Suture, and sutured in the
west with Balochistan basin via western
Indus Suture. Indus super basin is further
subdivided into Uppermost/northern
most/Khyber-Hazara-Kashmir,
upper/north/Kohat-Potwar, middle
/central/Sulaiman and lower/south/Kirthar
basins.
Northern Indus Suture: The northern Indus
Suture is located just south of Kohistan arc
and north of Khyber-Hazara-Kashmir basin.
It is diagnosed by the obduction of ophiolitic
complex. It include the Chromite, iron,
nickel, asbestos, magnesite, manganese,
Lahor-Pazang, graphite, PGE associated with
gold, niobium and platinum, mica/muscovite,
tsavolite or green grossularite (garnet),
hessonite (garnet), emerald, schorl (black
tourmaline) and other precious gemstones;
large reserves of recrystallised limestone,
marble, quartzite, schist, slatestones and
attractive granite, intermediate, basic and
ultrabasic rocks.
Western Indus Suture: The
Western Indus Suture (Lasbela-Khuzdar-
Quetta-Muslimbagh-Zhob-Waziristan)
separates the Balochistan basin (part of
30
Neotethys) in the west and Sulaiman and
Kirthar (part of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent)
in the east. It includes the igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic mélanges. It
includes the chromite, copper, lead-zinc,
manganese, iron, asbestos, magnesite, garnet,
basic and ultrabasic rocks, etc.
Khyber-Hazara-Kashmir
(Uppermost/Northernmost Indus) basin:
The Khyber-Hazara includes the bismuth,
cadmium and cobalt, copper, iron, lead-zinc,
manganese, niobium and platinum, rare earth,
tungsten, barite, bentonite, fluorite, graphite,
gypsum, kyanite, quartz, talc/soapstone,
magnesite, nepheline syenite, uranium, gold,
rock phosphate, mica/muscovite, lithium,
potash and sodic feldspar, bituminous alum
shale, silica sand, coal, gems like pink topaz,
large reserves of recrystallised
limestone/marble and other building and
construction purposes. The Azad Kashmir
includes bauxite, laterite, copper, Pb, Zinc,
silver, Au, gossan/red iron oxide/ochre,
graphite, sheet mica/muscovite, lithium
mica/lipedolite, uranium, pozalana/leucitic
tuff for cement, limestone and marble,
dolomite, coal, fire clay, bentonite,
phosphate, etc. Azad Kashmir represents
many gemstones from Neelam valley like
orange-red spessartine garnet (large crystals)
in pegmatites, ruby from Nangimali-Khora-
Katha-Chitta Ratta and Naril Nala areas in
metalimestone, dolomite and calcite veins,
green tourmaline from Donga Nar
pegmatites, black tourmaline (schorl) and
quartz from different gem localities.
Kohat-Potwar (upper Indus)
Basin: The Kohat Subbasin includes
different tectonometallic and sedimentary
basins like the Kohat sub-basin (western
Upper Indus basin), northern Sulaiman basin
(upper part of Middle Indus basin) and
northern part of western Indus Suture. The
mineral resources of Kohat sub-basin and
adjoining western Indus Suture include
uranium, fire clay, silica sand, rock and
potash salts, bituminous alum shale,
antimony, chromite, talc/soapstone, copper,
asbestos, gypsum, sulphur, iron, laterite and
bauxite, manganese ore, bentonite, decorative
limestones/marble, dolomite, cement,
construction, dimension stones deposits from
Kohat-Karak and Khisor ranges and coal
from Hangu, Cherat, Dara Adamkhel and
Karak areas. Petroleum is also in production.
The Potwar Subbasin (Northern Punjab)
includes indigenous iron, gold, radioactive
minerals, rock phosphate, coal, gypsum, rock
salt, laterite and bauxite, ochre/red oxide,
silica sand, natural gas and oil, dolomite,
limestone (marble), sandstone, tripoli/ebry
stone, gravel, sand, silt and different type of
clays like bentonite, fire clay, fuller’s earth,
common shale, celestite, potash salt, etc.
Petroleum is also in production.
Sulaiman (Middle Indus) Basin: It
includes the Shirani area, F.R. D.I.Khan, the
Southern Punjab, northern Sind and eastern
Balochistan. The Sulaiman (Middle Indus)
Basin represents Mesozoic and Cainozoic
strata and have deposits of sedimentary
minerals (Fig.1) with radioactive and fuel
minerals. The new coal deposits and
showings, celestite, barite, fluorite, huge
gypsum deposits and cement raw materials,
limestone (marble), silica sand, hematitic-
chamositic sandstone (iron bearing), clays,
fullers’earth, fire clay, construction stone are
added by Malkani (2010). The mineral
resources of northeastern Sulaiman
(Shirani area, F.R. D.I.Khan) represents
millstone, clay deposits, fuller’s earth, silica
sands; ochre, limonite, iron, fire clay,
phosphate, uranium/metatuyamunite/iridium,
limestone as marble; coal; and huge cement
raw materials like limestone, clays/shale and
gypsum. The easternmost Sulaiman
(Southern Punjab) includes indigenous iron,
gold, radioactive minerals, rock phosphate,
gypsum, laterite and bauxite, ochre/red oxide,
silica sand, natural gas, limestone (marble),
sandstone, millstone, tripoli/ebry stone,
gravel, sand, silt and different type of clays
like bentonite, fire clay, fuller’s earth,
common shale, celestite, coal, etc. Petroleum
is also in production. The southeastern
Sulaiman (part of Sind Province) includes
mostly the petroleum (mostly gas) reserves,
river clay, sand, etc. The eastern, central,
southern, western and northwestern parts
of Sulaiman basin are included in the
Balochistan Province. These areas of the
31
Balochistan province includes old and some
new discoveries on iron, barite, chromite,
coal, gypsum, limestone (marble), ochre,
silica sand, asbestos, celestite, fluorite,
magnesite, soapstone, sulphur, vermiculite,
huge cement raw materials like gypsum,
cement and clays.
Kirthar basin: The Kirthar basin
includes Sind Province in the midlle and
eastern parts while the Balochistan Province
in the west and northmost extremity. The
midlle and eastern Kirthar (Sindh Province)
includes Iron, laterite and ochre, celestite,
tungston/sheelite, gold and other heavy
mineral concentrates (magnetite, ilmenite,
garnet, epidote, zircon, tourmaline,
amphibole/hornblende and tremolite, apatite,
pyroxene, etc), gold, alum, Trona (source of
Na) and potash slats associated with rock salt
deposits and lakes, gypsum, clays, China
clay, fuller’s earth, fire clay, orthoclase
feldspar, silica sand, cement industry raw
materials and calcite veins in limestone of
different age; pyrite, abrasives type red ochre,
nodular flints, Quartz deposits, Radioactive
Mineral/uranium Resources, Coal Resources,
large Construction stone, dolomite and
Industrial rocks Resources, and gemstone like
agate and chalcedony, and many other
Natural Resources like the minerals, coal, oil,
natural gas, etc. Abbas et al., (1998) reported
significant Dilband iron deposits of more
than 200million tons.
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Received , August 22nd, Accepted 8th November, 2016
Manuscript can be viewed at: http://www.lujst.com/