Lec7 WorkEnergy

Lecture 7
W ORK AND E NERGY

Lecture 7
W ORK AND E NERGY
1 Work Energy Theorem
2 Potential energy
Lecture 7
W ORK AND E NERGY
1 Work Energy Theorem
2 Potential energy
3 Conservation of Energy
NEWTON’S LAWS
Fundamental: all there is to Mechanics!!
Work and Energy 2/11

NEWTON’S LAWS
MOMENTUM WORK ENERGY

NEWTON’S LAWS

NEWTON’S LAWS

NEWTON’S LAWS

Tools to help solve the equations given by Newton’s Laws

NEWTON’S LAWS

CONSERVATION LAWS

NEWTON’S LAWS

CONSERVATION LAWS
Momentum and energy are important by themselves!

Integration of Newton’s II Law
−
→
A point particle moves under the influence of F net . What is its motion?
a
O
Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 3/11

−
→
−
→ d2~
r d~
v b
F net = m~
a=m 2 =m
dt dt
a
O

−
→
−
→ d2~
r d~
v b
F net = m~a=m 2 =m
dt dt
Objective: to obtain ~
r (t) (motion):
m
a
O

−
→
−
→ d2~
r d~
v b
F net = m~a=m 2 =m
dt dt
r (t) (motion):
m
needs 2 integrations of the II law.
a
O

−
→
−
→ d2~
r d~
v b
F net = m~a=m 2 =m
dt dt
r (t) (motion):
m
Let’s integrate once:
a
O

−
→
−
→ d2~
r d~
v b
F net = m~a=m 2 =m
dt dt
r (t) (motion):
m
−
→ a
F net · d~
r =
O

−
→
−
→ d2~
r d~
v b
F net = m~a=m 2 =m
dt dt
r (t) (motion):
m
−
→ d~
v a
F net · d~
r = m · d~
r
dt O

−
→
−
→ d2~
r d~
v b
F net = m~a=m 2 =m
dt dt
r (t) (motion):
m
−
→ d~
v d~
r a
F net · d~
r = m · d~ v·
r = md~
dt dt O

−
→
−
→ d2~
r d~
v b
F net = m~a=m 2 =m
dt dt
r (t) (motion):
m
−
→ d~
v d~
r a
F net · d~
r = m · d~ v·
r = md~
dt dt O
v · d~
= m~ v

−
→
−
→ d2~
r d~
v b
F net = m~a=m 2 =m
dt dt
r (t) (motion):
m
−
→ d~
v d~
r a
F net · d~
r = m · d~ v·
r = md~
dt dt O
1 2
= m~v · d~
v = md(~ v )
2

−
→
−
→ d2~
r d~
v b
F net = m~a=m 2 =m
dt dt
r (t) (motion):
m
−
→ d~
v d~
r a
F net · d~
r = m · d~ r = md~ v·
dt dt O
1 2
= m~ v · d~
v = md(~ v )
2
Z ~
rb −
→ 1
F net · d~r = m(~v 2b − ~
v 2a )
~
ra 2

−
→
−
→ d2~
r d~
v b
F net = m~a=m 2 =m
dt dt
r (t) (motion):
m
−
→ d~
v d~
r a
F net · d~
r = m · d~ r = md~ v·
dt dt O
1 2
= m~ v · d~
v = md(~ v )
2
Z b
−
→ 1
F net · d~r = m(~v 2b − ~
v 2a )
a 2
−
→
Work done by F net

−
→
−
→ d2~
r d~
v b
F net = m~a=m 2 =m
dt dt
r (t) (motion):
m
−
→ d~
v r a
d~
F net · d~
r = m · d~ r = md~ v·
dt dt O
1 2
= m~ v · d~
v = md(~ v )
2
Z b
−
→ 1
F net · d~r = m(~v 2b − ~
v 2a )
a 2
−
→
Work done by F net = Change in Kinetic Energy

Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
Theorem
The work done by the net force on a particle,
Wnet = ∆KE
the change in its kinetic energy.

Theorem
Wnet = ∆KE
1 Work done BY (any) force F , in translating the particle from point

Z b
−
→
a to point b: F · d~
r
a

Theorem
Wnet = ∆KE

Z b
−
→
r
a
2 W is a scalar, can be positive or negative

Theorem
Wnet = ∆KE

Z b
−
→
r
a
3 W depends on the path a–b.

Theorem
Wnet = ∆KE

Z b
−
→
r
a
3 W depends on the path a–b.
1
4 KE = mv 2 is a positive quantity.
2

Gradient Operator
Work and Energy Potential energy 5/11

Gradient Operator
Definition
−
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ ≡ î + ĵ + k̂ :
∂x ∂y ∂z

Gradient Operator
Definition
−
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ ≡ î + ĵ + k̂ : a Derivative with vector nature
∂x ∂y ∂z

Gradient Operator
Definition
−
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
Operates on scalar functions:

−
→ ∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f (x, y, z) = î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z

Gradient Operator
Definition
−
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z

−
→ ∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f (x, y, z) = î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
Change in a function in a direction d~l = îdx + ĵdy + k̂dz:
−
→ ∂f ∂f ∂f
( ∇f ) · d~l = dx + dy + dz = df
∂x ∂y ∂z

Gradient Operator
Definition
−
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z

−
→ ∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f (x, y, z) = î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
−
→ ∂f ∂f ∂f
( ∇f ) · d~l = dx + dy + dz = df
∂x ∂y ∂z
−
→
∇f : “slope” of f in direction of max. change

Gradient Operator
Definition
−
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z

−
→ ∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f (x, y, z) = î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
−
→ ∂f ∂f ∂f
( ∇f ) · d~l = dx + dy + dz = df
∂x ∂y ∂z
−
→
∇f : “slope” of f in direction of max. change
−
→
∇f projected along a direction = rate of change of f in that
direction
Potential Energy
−
→ −
→
For Conservative Forces, F ≡ − ∇U

Potential Energy
−
→ −
→
Definition
Potential energy function U (~
r ): a scalar function.

Potential Energy
−
→ −
→
Definition
Work done by a conservative force:

b
−
→
Z
WC = −( ∇U · d~
r)
a

Potential Energy
−
→ −
→
Definition

b b
−
→
Z Z
WC = −( ∇U · d~
r) = − dU
a a

Potential Energy
−
→ −
→
Definition

b b
−
→
Z Z
WC = −( ∇U · d~
r) = − dU = −[U (~
r b ) − U (~
r a )]
a a

Potential Energy
−
→ −
→
Definition

b b
−
→
Z Z
WC = −( ∇U · d~
r) = − dU = −[U (~
r b ) − U (~
r a )]
a a
WC is path-independent

Potential Energy
−
→ −
→
Definition

b b
−
→
Z Z
WC = −( ∇U · d~
r) = − dU = −[U (~
r b ) − U (~
r a )]
a a
WC is path-independent
−
→
From F one can determine U upto an additive contant: choice of
zero potential.

Examples

Examples
x
m
1 Spring Force
−
→
F (x) = −kxî

Examples
x
m
1 Spring Force

−
→ d 1 2
F (x) = −kxî = − kx î
dx 2

Examples
x
m
1 Spring Force

−
→ d 1 2
F (x) = −kxî = − kx î
dx 2
1
U (x) = kx2
2

Examples
2 Gravitational force M
−
→ GM m m
r) = −
F (~ r̂
r2

Examples
−
→ GM m m
r) = −
F (~ r̂
r2
Central force: depends only on |~

r|

Examples
−
→ GM m m
r) = −
F (~ r̂
r2

r|
−
→ dU
F (r) = − r̂
dr

Examples
−
→ GM m m
r) = −
F (~ r̂
r2

r|
−
→ dU
F (r) = − r̂
dr
GM m d GM m
2
=− =⇒
r dr r

Examples
−
→ GM m m
r) = −
F (~ r̂
r2

r|
−
→ dU
F (r) = − r̂
dr
GM m d GM m
2
=− =⇒
r dr r
GM m
Ugrav (r) = −
r

Conservation of Energy
∆KE = Wnet
Work and Energy Conservation of Energy 9/11

∆KE = Wnet = Wcons + Wnon-cons

= −∆U + Wnon-cons

=⇒ ∆KE + ∆U = Wnon-cons

1
Define Mechanical Energy: Emech = KE + U = mv 2 + U .
2

1
2
∆Emech = Wnon-cons

1
2
Conservation of mechanical energy

When only conservative forces act, total mechanical energy does not
change.

1
2
Conservation of mechanical energy

When only conservative forces act, total mechanical energy does not
change.
If non conservative forces act, energy is not constant.

∆E = work done by n.c. forces.

Example 1
Mass m moves initially in a circle
with angular velocity ω0 . What is ṙ
at any later time?

Example 1
at any later time?
Solution 1: Write down Newton’s II

Laws and solve: Difficult!

Example 1
at any later time?

Solution 2: Use Energy Conservation:
∆KE + ∆U = 0

Example 1
at any later time?

∆KE + ∆U= 0
1 1
KE = (m + M )ṙ2 + mr2 θ̇2
2 2

Example 1
at any later time?

∆KE + ∆U= 0
1 1
KE = (m + M )ṙ2 + mr2 θ̇2
2 2
2
L = mr θ̇ = constant: Angular momentum

Example 1
at any later time?

∆KE + ∆U= 0
1 1
KE = (m + M )ṙ2 + mr2 θ̇2
2 2
2
L = mr θ̇ = constant: Angular momentum
U = −M gy = M g(r − l)

Example 2
Qn: What is the work done

by the Friction force?

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Lecture 7

W ORK AND E NERGY

W ORK AND E NERGY

1 Work Energy Theorem

W ORK AND E NERGY

1 Work Energy Theorem

Work and Energy 2/11

MOMENTUM WORK ENERGY

Work and Energy 2/11

MOMENTUM WORK ENERGY

Work and Energy 2/11

MOMENTUM WORK ENERGY

Work and Energy 2/11

MOMENTUM WORK ENERGY

Work and Energy 2/11

MOMENTUM WORK ENERGY

Work and Energy 2/11

MOMENTUM WORK ENERGY

Work and Energy 2/11

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 3/11

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 3/11

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 3/11

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 3/11

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 3/11

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 3/11

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 3/11

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 3/11

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 3/11

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 3/11

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 3/11

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 3/11

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 3/11

the change in its kinetic energy.

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 4/11

the change in its kinetic energy.

1 Work done BY (any) force F , in translating the particle from point

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 4/11

the change in its kinetic energy.

1 Work done BY (any) force F , in translating the particle from point

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 4/11

the change in its kinetic energy.

1 Work done BY (any) force F , in translating the particle from point

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 4/11

the change in its kinetic energy.

1 Work done BY (any) force F , in translating the particle from point

Work and Energy Work Energy Theorem 4/11

Work and Energy Potential energy 5/11

Work and Energy Potential energy 5/11

Work and Energy Potential energy 5/11

Operates on scalar functions:

Work and Energy Potential energy 5/11

Operates on scalar functions:

Change in a function in a direction d~l = îdx + ĵdy + k̂dz:

Work and Energy Potential energy 5/11

Operates on scalar functions:

Change in a function in a direction d~l = îdx + ĵdy + k̂dz:

Work and Energy Potential energy 5/11

Operates on scalar functions:

Change in a function in a direction d~l = îdx + ĵdy + k̂dz:

Work and Energy Potential energy 6/11

Work and Energy Potential energy 6/11

Work done by a conservative force: