Land art 1

Land art
Land art, Earthworks (coined by
Robert Smithson), or Earth art is an
art movement which emerged in the
United States in the late 1960s and
early 1970s, in which landscape and
the work of art are inextricably linked.
It is also an art form that is created in
nature, using natural materials such as
soil, rock (bed rock, boulders, stones),
organic media (logs, branches, leaves),
and water with introduced materials
such as concrete, metal, asphalt,
Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson from atop Rozel Point, in mid-April 2005
mineral pigments. Sculptures are not
placed in the landscape, rather, the
landscape is the means of their creation. Often earth moving equipment is involved. The works frequently exist in
the open, located well away from civilization, left to change and erode under natural conditions. Many of the first
works, created in the deserts of Nevada, New Mexico, Utah or Arizona were ephemeral in nature and now only exist
as video recordings or photographic documents.

History
Land art is to be understood as an artistic protest against the
perceived artificiality, plastic aesthetics and ruthless
commercialization of art at the end of the 1960s in America.
Exponents of land art rejected the museum or gallery as the setting
of artistic activity and developed monumental landscape projects
which were beyond the reach of traditional transportable sculpture
and the commercial art market. Land art was inspired by minimal
art and Conceptual art but also by modern and minimal
movements such as De Stijl, cubism, minimalism and the work of
Constantin Brâncuşi and Joseph Beuys. Many of the artists
Museum paper board left on the bank of the river for 4
days. By Jacek Tylicki, S.W. of Lund, Sweden, 473 X
associated with land art had been involved with minimal art and
354 mm. conceptual art. Isamu Noguchi's 1941 design for Contoured
Playground in New York is sometimes interpreted as an important
early piece of land art even though the artist himself never called his work "land art" but simply "sculpture". His
influence on contemporary land art, landscape architecture and environmental sculpture is evident in many works
today.

Alan Sonfist is a pioneer of an alternative approach to working with nature and culture that he began in 1965 by
bringing historical nature and sustainable art back into New York City. His most inspirational work is Time
Landscape an indigenous forest he planted in New York City. He also created several other Time Landscapes around
the world such as Circles of Time in Florence Italy documenting the historical usage of the land. According to critic
Barbara Rose, writing in Artforum in 1969, she had become disillusioned with the commodification and insularity of
Land art 2

gallery bound art. In 1967, the art critic Grace Glueck writing in the New York Times declared the first earthwork
was done by Douglas Leichter and Richard Saba at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture. The sudden
appearance of land art in 1968 can be located as a response by a generation of artists mostly in their late twenties to
the heightened political activism of the year and the emerging environmental and women's liberation movements.
The movement began in October 1968 with the group exhibition "Earth Works"[1] at the Dwan Gallery in New
York. In February 1969, Willoughby Sharp curated the "Earth Art" exhibition at the Andrew Dickson White
Museum of Art at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. The artists included were Walter De Maria, Jan Dibbets,
Hans Haacke, Michael Heizer, Neil Jenney, Richard Long, David Medalla, Robert Morris, Dennis Oppenheim,
Robert Smithson, and Gunther Uecker. The exhibition was directed by Thomas W. Leavitt. Gordon Matta-Clark,
who lived in Ithaca at the time, was invited by Sharp to help the artists in "Earth Art" with the on-site execution of
their works for the exhibition.
Perhaps the best known artist who worked
in this genre was the American Robert
Smithson whose 1968 essay "The
Sedimentation of the Mind: Earth Projects"
provided a critical framework for the
movement as a reaction to the
disengagement of Modernism from social
issues as represented by the critic Clement
Greenberg. His best known piece, and
probably the most famous piece of all land
art, is the Spiral Jetty (1970), for which
Bunjil geoglyph at the You Yangs, Lara, Australia, by Andrew Rogers. The
Smithson arranged rock, earth and algae so creature has a wing span of 100 metres and a 1500 tonnes of rock was used to
as to form a long (1500 ft) spiral-shape jetty construct it.
protruding into Great Salt Lake in northern
Utah, U.S.. How much of the work, if any,
is visible is dependent on the fluctuating
water levels. Since its creation, the work has
been completely covered, and then
uncovered again, by water. Smithson's
Gravel Mirror with Cracks and Dust (1968)
is an example of land art existing in a
gallery space rather than in the natural
environment. It consists of a pile of gravel
by the side of a partially mirrored gallery
wall. In its simplicity of form and
concentration on the materials themselves,
this and other pieces of land art have an
affinity with minimalism. There is also a
relationship to Arte Povera in the use of
materials traditionally considered Satellite view of Roden Crater, the site of an earthwork in progress by James
"unartistic" or "worthless". Turrell, outside Flagstaff, Arizona.

'Land Artists' have tended to be American, with other prominent artists in this field including, Carl Andre, Alice
Aycock, Walter De Maria, Hans Haacke, Michael Heizer, Nancy Holt, Dennis Oppenheim, Andrew Rogers, Robert
Smithson, Alan Sonfist, and James Turrell. Turrell began work in 1972 on possibly the largest piece of land art thus
far, reshaping the earth surrounding the extinct Roden Crater volcano in Arizona. Perhaps the most prominent
Land art 3

non-American land artists are the British Chris Drury, Andy Goldsworthy, Richard Long and the Australian Andrew
Rogers.[2]
Some projects by the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude (who are famous for wrapping monuments, buildings and
landscapes in fabric) have also been considered land art by some, though the artists themselves consider this
incorrect.[3] Joseph Beuys' concept of 'social sculpture' influenced 'Land art' and his '7000 Eichen' project of 1972 to
plant 7000 Oak trees has many similarities to 'Land art' processes. Rogers' “Rhythms of Life” project is the largest
contemporary land-art undertaking in the world, forming a chain of stone sculptures, or geoglyphs, around the globe
– 12 sites – in disparate exotic locations (from below sea level and up to altitudes of 4,300 m/14,107 ft). Up to three
geoglyphs (ranging in size up to 40,000 sq m/430,560 sq ft) are located in each site.
Land artists in America relied mostly on wealthy patrons and private foundations to fund their often costly projects.
With the sudden economic down turn of the mid 1970s funds from these sources largely stopped. With the death of
Robert Smithson in a plane crash in 1973 the movement lost one of its most important figureheads and faded out.
James Turrell continues to work on the Roden Crater project. In most respects 'Land Art' has become part of
mainstream public art and in many cases the term "Land Art" is misused to label any kind of art in nature even
though conceptually not related to the avant-garde works by the pioneers of Land Art.
Land Art can be found in virtually every country in Europe and America. In Africa it's a growing form of art with
Strijdom van der Merwe [4] from South Africa in the forefront. One of the Land Art in South Africa objects grounded
in ancient history is 'Mama Africa' which is part of a privately owned botanical garden near Robertson in the
Western Cape. This man made Earthwork is 3 metres high, 16 metres long and 7 metres wide.

Contemporary land artists

Eberhard Bosslet, side effect X, Tias, Lanzarote,

Michael Heizer, a complex in City (1999) (2008)

• Vito Acconci • Richard Long

• Betty Beaumont • David Nash
• Milton Becerra • Georgia Papageorge
• Eberhard Bosslet • Beverly Pepper
• Mel Chin • Andrew Rogers
• Christo and Jeanne Claude • Robert Smithson
• Walter De Maria • Alan Sonfist
• Jan Dibbets • James Turrell
• Lucien den Arend • Nils Udo
• Agnes Denes • Bill Vazan
• Jim Denevan • Seth Wulsin
• Harvey Fite • Vik Muniz
• Andy Goldsworthy
• Michael Heizer
• Nancy Holt
Land art 4

• Junichi Kakizaki
• Maya Lin

References

Notes
[1] Leftmatrix (http:/ / www. leftmatrix. com/ earthworks. html) Retrieved February 8, 2011
[2] Monumental Land Art of the United States (http:/ / www. daringdesigns. com/ earthworks. htm) Retrieved August 27, 2010
[3] "Common Errors" (http:/ / christojeanneclaude. net/ errors. html). Christojeanneclaude.net. . Retrieved 2008-11-07.
[4] http:/ / www. strijdom. co. za

Further reading
• Lawrence Alloway, Wolfgang Becker, Robert Rosenblum et al., Alan Sonfist, Nature: The End of Art, Gli
Ori,Dist. Thames & Hudson Florence, Italy,2004 ISBN 0-615-12533-6
• Max Andrews (Ed.): Land, Art: A Cultural Ecology Handbook. London 2006 ISBN 978-0-901469-57-1
• John Beardsley: Earthworks and Beyond. Contemporary Art in the Landscape. New York 1998 ISBN
0-7892-0296-4
• Suzaan Boettger, Earthworks: Art and the Landscape of the Sixties. University of California Press 2002. ISBN
0-520-24116-9
• Amy Dempsey: Destination Art. Berkeley CA 2006 ISBN 13-978-0-520-25025-3
• Michel Draguet, Nils-Udo, Bob Verschueren, Bruseels: Atelier 340, 1992
• Jack Flam (Ed.). Robert Smithson: The Collected Writings, Berkeley CA 1996 ISBN 0-520-20385-2
• John K. Grande: New York, London. Balance: Art and Nature, Black Rose Books, 1994, 2003 ISBN
1-55164-234-4
• Eleanor Heartney, Andrew Rogers Geoglyphs, Rhythms of Life, Edizioni Charta srl, Italy, 2009 ISBN
978-88-8158-712-4
• Robert Hobbs, Robert Smithson: A Retrospective View, Wilhelm Lehmbruck Museum, Duisburg / Herbert F.
Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University,
• Jeffrey Kastner, Brian Wallis: Land and Environmental Art. Boston 1998 ISBN 0-7148-4519-1
• Lucy R Lippard: Overlay: Contemporary Art and the Art of Prehistory. New York 1983 ISBN 0-394-54812-8
• Udo Weilacher: Between Landscape Architecture and Land Art. Basel Berlin Boston 1999 ISBN 3-7643-6119-0
• Edward Lucie-Smith (Intro) and John K. Grande: Art Nature Dialogues: Interviews with Environmental Artists,
New York 2004 ISBN 0-7914-6914-7
• David Peat & Edward Lucie-Smith (Introduction & forward) Dialogues in Diversity, Italy: Pari Publishing, 2007,
ISBN 978-88-901960-7-2
• Chris Taylor and Bill Gilbert. Land Arts of the American West. Austin: University of Texas Press; 2009. ISBN
9780292716728
• Gilles A. Tiberghien: Land Art. Ed. Carré 1993
Land art 5

External links
• Monumental Land Art of the United States. (http://www.daringdesigns.com/earthworks.htm)
• EarthArtists.org - listings of Earth, Land, and Eco-artists. (http://www.earthartists.org/)
• Alan Sonfist Official Website (http://www.alansonfist.com/)
• Artist in Nature International Network (http://www.artinnature.org/formeE.html)
• Denarend.com - About land art (http://denarend.com/land_art/)
• Land Arts of the American West (http://www.landarts.org/)
• Official UNM Land Arts of the American West Program Website (http://landarts.unm.edu/)
• Land & Environmental Artists & Art (http://the-artists.org/MovementView.
cfm?id=3E8DA10D-FCCE-4975-A80DA11B65BC4257)
• Australian land arts (http://www.land-arts.com/)
• Roden Crater by James Turrell (http://www.lasersol.com/art/turrell/roden_crater.html)
• Jacek Tylicki Land & Environmental Art projects (http://www.tylicki.com/)
• - Land Art project in South Africa (http://soekershofwalkabout.blogspot.com/2008/12/
giant-south-african-earthwork-taking.html)
• (French) Portail du Land Art (http://www.landarts.fr/)
• (German) Using Land art as a form of advertising (http://www.artfield.de/landartfield.html)
Article Sources and Contributors 6

Article Sources and Contributors

Land art  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=419645867  Contributors: -Midorihana-, ARUNKUMAR P.R, Aboriginal historian, Agentdvr, Alan Liefting, Alansohn,
AlexWangombe, Andre Engels, Andyo2000, Arakunem, Art&concepts, Artuserfirst, Asonfist, Atravisscorry, Avoided, Aymatth2, Bakema, Barkeep, Baronnet, Bertscharf, Beyond My Ken,
Blodulv, Bluedillygal, Bm gub, Branddobbe, Burntsauce, C dog taylor, CALR, Caltas, Camembert, Chanting Fox, Chick Bowen, Chris 73, Cometstyles, DVD R W, DaleDale, Dedonite, Dgorog,
Doubleyou em, EagleFan, Ecoartnet, Edison, Enki H., FanfareShavale, Freshacconci, FriedMilk, Friedco, Gaius Cornelius, Geoglyphs09, Gilliam, Hadal, Hidemyassa, Hu12, Hyacinth,
Ianmcairns, Idadv, IsaLandarts, J.A.McCoy, Jason7825, Jevansen, Jmarob, Johnkgrande, JonathanDP81, JorgeGG, Jossiejojo, Kaveh, Kcufing tater Fuck, Kharoon, Kidam, Laprune,
Lapskingwiki, Levg, Look2See1, Lovage, Lusitana, MADEandCO, Maget.maget, Mandarax, Marc Vanneste, MarylandArtLover, Materialscientist, Mattis, Meteor2017, MikoValentine, Mintrick,
Missachten, Modernist, Montrealais, Motocon, Nancarrow1, Naturalculturalinc, Nograffiti, Numbo3, OObsart, OlEnglish, Oliver Crow, Onionmon, Outriggr, Pacific PanDeist, Paraleto, Paul
August, Peachlaser, Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), Phoe, Piersmasterson, Pontoevirgula, Psmith99, Pustelnik, Quase, Quercusrobur, Quiddity, Quill, RedWolf, Rich Farmbrough, Richard B.
Cathcart, Rtcandel, S.dedalus, ScottDavis, Securiger, Septegram, Shadowjams, SimonArlott, Snalwibma, Sophus Bie, Sparkit, Spillestu, Spinster, Teapotgeorge, Teladrin, TheMindsEye,
Unyoyega, Vansp, Wildland4, Wknight94, Woohookitty, Yintan, Ziff Davis, Zikiodotte, Zwalrus, 197 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0
 Contributors: Soren.harward at en.wikipedia
Image:Tylicki Natural Art 506.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tylicki_Natural_Art_506.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:
User:Tylicki
Image:You Yangs Bunjil geoglyph crop.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:You_Yangs_Bunjil_geoglyph_crop.JPG  License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: User:Beyond My Ken
Image:Roden.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Roden.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: DVD R W, Gerardus
Image:City Art.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:City_Art.PNG  License: unknown  Contributors: Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Modernist
File:Eberhard Bosslet Intervention Begleiterscheinung XI Era Lanzarote 2008.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Eberhard_Bosslet_Intervention_Begleiterscheinung_XI_Era_Lanzarote_2008.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:
User:Bossletpublicart

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