Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by Aleksandar B. V e sic , D .S c., M. A.S.C.E., Associate Professor o f Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Summary Sommaire
An extension of Biot’s solution for bending, under a co ncentrat L’auteur présente dans ce rap p o rt une extension de la solution
ed load, of infinite beams on elastic-isotropic subgrades is pre de Biot du problèm e de la flexion, sous une charge concentrée,
sented. It is shown that the W inkler’s hypothesis is practically des poutres infinies sur appui élastique-isotrope. On dém ontre
satisfied for infinite beams. que l’hypothèse de W i n k l e r est pratiquem ent satisfaite dans le
M agnitude of error introduced by analyzing beams o f finite cas de poutres indéfinies.
length with the sam e hypothesis is estim ated, and a criterion with Il évalue l’im portance de l’erreur introduite en calculant les
recom m endations for the choice of appropriate m ethod of ana poutres de longueur finie avec la même hypothèse et donne un
lysis is given. critère et des recom m andations en vue du choix d ’une méthode
Test results, presented in support o f the analytical findings, de calcul convenable.
indicate that beams of m oderate length resting on imperfectly A l’appui des constatations théoriques l’auteur présente les
elastic subgrades m ay be treated with reasonable accuracy by the résultats des essais indiquant que les poutres de longueur modérée,
■conventional analysis, in which case the coefficient of subgrade reposant sur un appui im parfaitem ent élastique, peuvent être cal
reaction k can be determined from laboratory or small-scale field culées avec une précision raisonnable p a r les m éthodes courantes
tests. en utilisant les valeurs du coefficient de raideur k déterminées
d ’après les essais à petite échelle sur chantier ou au laboratoire.
Introduction
T h e co n v e n tio n a l analy sis o f beam s o n elastic su b g rad e is p resen ted b y cu rv es o f dam p ed -w av e ty p e, very sim ilar to
b ased on th e assu m p tio n th a t th e ra tio o f c o n ta c t p ressu re th e c o rresp o n d in g cu rv es o b ta in e d b y th e co n v e n tio n al
to th e deflection is th e sam e a t ev ery p o in t o f th e beam . analysis.
D en o tin g b y p (lb ./in 2) th e p ressu re a t a n y p o in t, a n d b y w T h is finding w as a n in stig atio n fo r a closer an aly sis o f th e
(in) th e deflection a t th e sam e p o in t o f th e beam , th is assu m p v a riatio n o f c o n ta c t p ressu re an d deflection alo n g th e beam .
tio n , o ften called W in k ler’s h y p o th esis, m ay be w ritte n : A s a resu lt o f these a n d ad d itio n a l in v estig atio n s presented
in this p a p e r som e in terestin g co n clu sio n s w ere reached
w hich th ro w so m ew h at different lig h t o n th e co n cep t o f th e
— = C o n st. = k (1) coefficient o f su b g rad e rea ctio n as well as o n th e validity
w o f W in k le r’s h y p o th esis.
w here £ (lb ./in 3) is a c o n sta n t called coefficient o f su b g rad e Extension o f B iot’s Solution
reactio n .
B io t [4] considered th e p ro b lem o f bending, u n d e r a co n cen
F o r a b o u t six ty years since th e in tro d u c tio n o f this h y p o
tra te d lo ad P (Fig. 1) o f a flexible beam o f infinite length on a
thesis in th e th e o ry o f bending o f beam s o n elastic su b g rad e [1]
hom og en eo u s, elastic an d iso tro p ic sem i-infinite subgrade.
m o st o f th e in v estig ato rs in this field w orked o n so lu tio n s
H e fo u n d for th e b en d in g m o m en t M a t a n y p o in t x o f the
o f th e basic differential e q u a tio n o f th e p ro b lem . L ittle a tte n
beam th e ex p ressio n :
tio n w as given to th e q u estio n o f reliab ility o f the basic
hypothesis.
H ow ever, th e in vestig atio n s p erfo rm ed d u rin g th e p ast a cos (on:/c) da. Pc
th irty years [2] [12] hav e sh o w n th a t th e d istrib u tio n o f
M (x)
-f a3 + (ß) n 2* (2)
p ressu re a t the c o n ta c t betw een beam s o r slabs a n d elastic w here
subg rad es m ay be q u ite different fro m th a t o b tain ed b y
th e co n v e n tio n a l analysis. W in k ler’s h y p o th esis seem ed n o t a = a dim ensionless p a r a m e te r ;
to be ju stified at least fo r beam s an d slabs o n subgrades b = half-w id th o f the beam ;
such as concrete, ro ck o r soils. C o n seq u en tly , from a th e o re c .= [C (l-v s2)E il//.Es] 1/3 = fu n d am en ta l length o f the
tical p o in t o f view, the coefficient o f su b g rad e reactio n k beam ;
w as considered as a n artificial co n cep t. It ap p ea re d th a t an C = a fu n ctio n o f ¿><x/c; C = 1-00 if th e d istrib u tio n
analysis based on th a t co n cep t w as in n o case m o re th a n a o f p ressures across the w id th o f th e beam is
c ru d e estim ate [11]. u n ifo rm ; 1-00 < C < I T 3 if the deflection across
R ecently, th e w ell-know n B io t’s so lu tio n [4] fo r a n infinite th e w id th o f th e beam is u n if o r m ;
beam on a sem i-infinite elastic solid w as ex ten d e d an d th e stiffness o f th e b e a m ;
integrals ap p earin g in th e so lu tio n ev alu a ted [13]. A p p ro x im a te Y o u n g 's m o d u lu s a n d P o isso n ’s ra tio o f the
a n a ly tic a l expressions fo r these integ rals w ere fo u n d to be su b g rad e;
845
an r a 2isin a * /c da 9JÎ
M( x)
TU / a:
•s n
77^7^7^
¡¡èn ?//=//ïilsu://*//:/wii‘u>/^*ii:u*ii*ii*it'iitii*ii'ili>l’l)i)l;!l! ' * -nrimniiiiHiinVn Wnj rnm rrm nm r y (9)
(11)
I
I. T hese ex p ressio n s, to g eth er w ith ex p ressio n s (2) (6) rep resent
a co m p lete general so lu tio n o f th e p ro b lem o f b en d ing o f
Fig. 1 A beam of infinite length acted upon by a concentrated
load or a couple. infin ite flexible beam s o n elastic-iso tro p ic sem i-infinite
subgrades.
Poutre de longueur indéfinie sous l’action d ’une charge
concentrée ou d'un couple.
Approximate Analytical Expressions for Integrals
P = bajc = a dim ensionless p a ra m e te r ;
In view o f a p p lic a tio n o f d eriv ed ex p ressio n s o n e o f the
(j/ (P) = a fu n ctio n ta b u la te d fo r p > 0T a n d given b y an
six in teg rals J 2(x) w as ev a lu a te d n u m erically fo r different
assy m p o tic ex p ressio n fo r p < 0-1 ;
ab scissae xjc = E. T h e results o f th a t c o m p u ta tio n , w hich
T he expression (2) w as ta k e n as a basis fo r a com p lete w as p erfo rm ed w ith an accu racy o f 2 per cen t are show n on
so lu tio n o f the considered p ro b lem . T h e follow ing expressions Fig. 2.
w ere o b tain ed for deflection w(x ), slope 9(jc), sh earin g force
A stu d y o f th e sh ap e o f cu rv es in Fig. 2 rev ealed th eir
V(x ) an d th e c o n ta c t pressu re p(x) [13] :
g re a t sim ilarity w ith th e cu rv es o f d am p ed w ave typ e. A fter
som e in v estig atio n s it w as fo u n d th a t th e c o m p u ted num erical
t'C'1
P c3 i cos cuclc da. Pc 3 values o f th e in teg ral J2 fit th e an aly tica l ex p ressio n :
bIw(x) = —
E hIw(x) ---- / / 3 - | -Q, = — ^o(x)
7T / a [a 3 + ^ (¡3) n
(3) J 2(x) = J 2(o)e - x'-v (cos X'x — sin k 'x ) (12)
P /" * a 2 si
sin axlc ofa P
K (*) = - a n d X' a p a ra m e te r h av in g th e dim en sio n (len g th)-1 and
7t / a3 T i T ' " ^ defined b y :
*•' n
(5)
X' = (14)
4x„
P i|/ (P) cos ouc/c doc P
;> (* ) = — / = —
C 71 I a3 + (P) ctc w here x 0 is th e abscissa o f th e first zero o f th e integral.
(6) It w as fo u n d th a t th e value o f this abscissa can be a p p ro x i
m ated , w ith a m ax im u m e rro r o f th e o rd e r o f 2 p e r cent in
T he expressions (2) (6) en ab le th e c o m p u ta tio n o f an y o f the in te rv al 0-01 < b/c < 1, by th e ex p ressio n :
the influences in an infinite beam acted u p o n b y a n y co n cen
0.187
tra te d loads.
1-140 ci (15)
B y extension o f the so lu tio n fo r th e case o f lo ad in g b y a
c o n cen trated cou p le 9Jt (Fig. 1 b) th e follow ing ex p ressio n s
w ere derived :
so th a t th e follow ing final ex p ressio n fo r X' w as o b tain ed :
K
X = (22) F o rm u la (40) gives, for the possible range o f values o f V i B'/Eb I =
0-40-1-25 :
= 0 20-0-65 K
I f this facto r is eq u ated to th e fa c to r X' defined b y (16) all w here the lower lim it is for very rigid; the upper lim it for very flexible
th e w, M , V an d /»-curves o b ta in e d by th e co n v e n tio n a l beam s.
847
Beams o f Finite Length For sh o rt b eam s, p ro ced u res like th o se u sed b y D e
B e e r [9] [12], O h d e [7], G r a s s h o f f [10] o r o th ers sh o u ld be
T he foregoing statem en ts are valid strictly fo r beam s o f u sed. O n ly fo r o rd in a ry single footings o r cases w here c o n d i
infinite le n g th ; it is, how ever, re aso n ab le to ex p ect th a t they tio n s d o n o t ju stify a n y refin em en t in analysis, a rough
m ay be applied to beam s o f finite length to o , p ro v id ed th e estim ate b y th e c o n v e n tio n al an aly sis o r b y tre atin g the
length ch aracteristic XL o f th e beam stay s w ithin a certain b eam s as p erfectly rigid (fo r X L < 0-80) m ay be ad eq u ate.
lim it. It sho uld be n o ted th a t th e criterio n X L > 2-25 w o u ld a p p a
T o determ in e this lim it, c o m p u ta tio n s w ere m ade o f b en re n tly exclude th e use o f co n v e n tio n a l analy sis for beam s
ding m om ents in beam s o f different stiffnesses E bI resting w here lo ad s act a t th e en d s — a n o rm a l case in co n tin u o u s
on an elastic-isotropic sub g rad e, a n d acted u p o n by a co n cen footings. H ow ever, th e a u th o r has fo u n d a w ay to apply
tra te d load in the m iddle. C o n v en tio n al analysis w ith X -values th e c o n v en tio n al analy sis even in such cases w ith re aso n ab le
determ ined by m eans o f ex pression (24) as well as a m ore a cc u racy by d iv id in g th e p ro b lem into tw o steps, as show n
rigorous analysis treatin g th e su b g rad e as elastic-isotropic in Fig. 4. If th e c riterio n is satisfied fo r th e beam w ith o u t the
solid w ere used. Fig. 3 show s th e am o u n t o f e rro r in m axi-
Long beams XL > 500 C onventional analysis assuming infinite beam and estim ating K by means of the
expression (24)
M oderately long 2-25 < \ L < 5-00 C onventional analysis as finite beam ; iT-value by means of expression (24)
beams
M oderately short 0-80 < X L < 2-25 C onventional analysis
beams
DeBeer, Ohde o r sim ilar methods
Short beams U < 0-80 Treat as perfectly rigid
848
Fig. 5 View o f test beam.
Vue d ’une poutre d ’essai.
Experimental Evidence A lso, q u ick tria x ia l tests w ere m ad e o n 4 in. d iam e ter sam ples
e x tra cte d from th e pit. T he test resu lts a re classified in th e
T ests w ith large-size m o d els o f steel b eam s restin g o n a follow ing tab le :
su b g rad e o f co m p acted silt h a v e been m a d e a t th e G eo rg ia
In s titu te o f T echnology. Fig. 5 show s th e general view o f
Es
on e o f the beam s tested. T he 72 in. lo n g beam h ad a re c ta n Range o f Pressure
g u lar cro ss-section 8 in. w ide a n d 1 in. thick. It w as load ed Test 1— V ,2
lb/in2
by a co n cen trated lo ad ap p lied b y m ean s o f a h y d ra u lic lb/in2
ja c k in the m iddle. T h e lo ad in sta lla tio n w as devised so th a t
free ro ta tio n o f the beam in th e lo n g itu d in al d irectio n w as
Square plate 24 in. 0-28 1110
assured. T w enty-six SR -4 stra in gages w ere a tta c h e d to
th e beam w ith th e p u rp o se o f m easu rin g strain s due to b en Circular plate 18 in. 0-25 1360
ding ; a t th e sam e tim e deflections o f th e w ere re co rd ed b y
m eans o f fo u rteen dial gages.
Rigid beam 8" WF 0-14-3 1160
T h e 60 in. deep su bgrad e w as c o m p ac ted in a test p it 12 ft. 15 lb/in2 (lateral) 1175
long and 8 ft. w ide. It consisted o f a m icaceous silt h av in g
th e follow ing ch aracteristics : Triaxial 4 in. dia. 30 lb/in2 (lateral) 1200
60 lb/in2 (lateral) 1420
R eferences
850