You are on page 1of 502

Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR

PRINCIPLES
ELEMENTS OFOF
ELECTROMAGNETICS
ASIAN EDITION
INTERNATIONAL SIXTH EDITION

Matthew N. O. Sadiku
Prairie View A&M University

Sudarshan R. Nelatury
Pennsylvania State University

S.V. Kulkarni
IITYork
New Bombay
Oxford
Oxford University Press

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch01.indd 1 9/14/2015 3:29:30 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch01.indd 2 9/14/2015 3:29:30 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

CHAPTER 1

P. E. 1.1
(a) A + B = (1,0,3) + (5,2,−6 ) = (6,2,−3)

A + B = 36 + 4 + 9 = 7

(b) 5 A − B = (5,0,15) − (5,2,−6) = (0,−2,21)

(c) The component of A along ay is Ay = 0

(d) 3 A + B = (3,0,9 ) + (5,2,−6 ) = (8,2,3)


A unit vector parallel to this vector is
a11 =
(8,2,3)
64 + 4 + 9
= ±(0.9117a x + 0.2279a y + 0.3419a z )

P. E. 1.2 (a) rp = a x − 3a y + 5a z
rR = 3a y + 8a z

(b) The distance vector is

rQR = rR − rQ = (0,3,8) − (2, 4, 6) = −2a x − a y + 2a z

(c) The distance between Q and R is


| rQR |= 4 + 1 + 4 = 3

P. E. 1.3 Consider the figure shown on the next page:


40
uZ = uP + uW = −350a x +
2
( −a x + a y )
= −378.28a x + 28.28a y km/hr
or
uz = 379.3∠175.72 km/hr
Where up = velocity of the airplane in the absence of wind
uw = wind velocity
uz = observed velocity

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch01.indd 1 9/14/2015 3:29:30 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

22

N
y

up W E
x
uW
uz

P. E. 1.4
Using the dot product,
A B −13 13
cos θ AB = = =−
AB 10 65 50
θ AB = 120.66 

P. E. 1.5
(a) E F = ( E ⋅ a F )a F =
(E ⋅ F )F =
− 10(4,−10,5)
2
F 141
= − 0.2837a x + 0.7092a y − 0.3546a z
ax a y az
(b) E × F = 0 3 4 = (55,16,−12 )
4 − 10 5
a E ×F = ± (0.9398,0.2734,−0.205)

P. E. 1.6 a + b + c = 0 showing that a, b, and c form the sides of a triangle.

a ⋅ b = 0,
hence it is a right angle triangle.

1 1 1
Area = a×b = b×c = c×a
2 2 2
1 1 4 0 −1 1
a×b = = (3,−17,12)
2 21 3 4 2
1
Area = 9 + 289 + 144 = 10.51
2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch01.indd 2 9/14/2015 3:29:30 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

P. E. 1.7
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
(a) P1 P2 =
= 25 + 4 + 64 = 9.644

(b) rP = rP1 + λ rP2 − rP1 ( )


= (1,2,−3) + λ (− 5,−2,8)
= (1 − 5λ ,2 − 2λ ,−3 + 8λ ).
(c) The shortest distance is
d = P1 P3 sin θ = P1 P3 × a P1P2
1 6 −3 5
=
93 − 5 − 2 8
1
= (− 14,−73,−27 ) = 8.2
93

P.E. 1.8
1.3 a) A – 3B
Prob.1.1
r = 4a= 4a
− 5xa– 2a
+ ay + 6az – 3(12ax + 18ay – 8az)
OP x y z
r –32ax –(4,
= 56a y + 30az
−5,1)
arOP = OP = = 0.6172a x − 0.7715a y + 0.1543a z
  b) | (2A
r | + 5B)/|B|
(16 + 25 + 1)
OP
[2(4ax – 2ay + 6az) + 5(12ax + 18ay – 8az)]
=
Prob. 1.2
(12 2
+ 182 + 82)1/2
r = (−3, 2, 2) − (2, 4, 4) = (−5, −2, −2)
68ax + 86ay – 28az
r = (−5, −2, −2)
ar = =
23.06 = −0.8704a x − 0.3482a y − 0.3482a z
r 25 + 4 + 4
= 2.94ax + 3.72ay – 1.214az
ax × A
  c) 1.3
Prob.
rMN = rN −axrM× =(4a
= x–−
(3,5, 6a−z)4, −2) = 2a x + 9a y + a z
2a1)y −+(1,
= 4(ax × ax) – 2(ax × ay) + 6(ax × az)
Prob. 1.4
= 0 – 2az – 6ay = –6ay – 2az
A − 2 B× =a (4, −6,3) − 2(−1,8,5) = (4, −6,3) − ( −2,16,10)
  d) (B
(a) x) ⋅ ay
((12a =+(6, x
−22, −7)
18a – 8a ) × a ) ⋅ a
y z x y
(12(ax × ax) + 18(ay × ax) – 8(az × ax)) ⋅ ay
(b) A B = (4, −6,3)(−1,8,5) = −4 − 48 + 15 = −37
(0 – 18az – 8ay) ⋅ ay = 0 – 8 = –8

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch01.indd 3 9/14/2015 3:29:30 PM


−2 4 4 3 −462−6 1
Let C = =A × B= = (−30, −18,12)
as expected. 2 −1 2 −20= ( −54,12, −10 )
(c)
Sadiku & Kulkarni
Q × P
Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

a⊥ =Q±×1.14
Prob. PC⋅ R= =±( −(4,12,
−30, − −18,12)
10 ) ⋅ ( −1,1,
=±2 )(−=0.8111
4 + 12a−x 20 = −4 a y + 0.3244a z )
− 0.4867
|C | 30 2
+ 18 2
+ 12 2 4
(a) Using the fact that −1 1 2
( A × B ) × C = ( A ⋅ C )B − (B ⋅ C )A,
or Q × P ⋅ R = R ⋅ Q × P = 4 3 2 = − ( −6 + 2 ) − ( −8 − 4 ) + 2 ( −4 − 6 ) = −4
P.E.we
Prob. 1.9get
1.12 2 −1 −2 7

(d) ( P (Q
×PQ ⋅=( Q
A) × )×=−R6,5)
B(2, −)(=A(×(0,3,1)
4,B−)12,10
× A==0)(− (18
⋅B )5A=−7−)(13
−+10,
4,⋅ A A ⋅ A+)B120 + 70 = 206
= 16
(b) A × ( A × ( A ×2B )−) 6= A45× −( 12 ) A- ( A+ ⋅6Aa ) B 
A ⋅ B10
(e) ( P ×PQ×)Q× (=Q0× R3) = 1 = −21a x - 2a y a +z 12a + 8a
= 16
= ( 4A ⋅ B−)10
- ( A7× A) − ( A ⋅ A) - ( A × B )
x y z

P ⋅Q 2− 13
cos θ P=⋅ R = =− A( − 2A−×1 −B=4) )−0.51 −7⎯⎯
( → θ PQ = 120.66o
(f) cos θ PR =PQ PQ= 10 65 = = −0.9526
since AxA = 0P R 4 +1+ 4 1+1+ 4 3 6
Prob. 1.13 θ PR = 162.3

P.E.
Prob.1.101.15
If A and B are parallel, then B = kA and A x B = 0. It is evident that k = -2 and that
1 1 4 1 −5 1
Area = a x| D a×yE |=a z = | (3 + 10)a x + (5 − 12)a y + (8 + 1)a z |
2 P × Q 2 − 16 +21443+ 100
1 2 = 260 3 = 0.998
(g)
A× Bsin=θ PQ 1 = −2 3 = = 0
1 P Q 31 16 + 9 + 4 3 29
= −2| (13, 4 −7,9) − 6 |= 169 + 49 + 81 = 8.646
P. E. 1.7θ PQ 2 = 86.45 2
as expected.
(a) P1 P2 = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2

Prob.1.11
P.E.
Prob. 1.11
1.14
(a) Using = the + 4 +that
25fact 64 = 9.644
A B = (4, −6,1)(2, 0,5) = 8 − 0 + 5 = 13
( A × B ) × C = ( A ⋅ C )B − (B ⋅ C )A,
(b)
we get
( )
(a) r|P B=|2r=P1 2+2 λ+ 5rP22 =−29 rP1
AA=B (1,2,−3B))|+2==λ−13
× (+A2×| B
(−( A+5,×2−2B×,829
) ×) A= 71
= (B ⋅ A)A − ( A ⋅ A)B
= (1 − 5λ ,2 − 2λ ,−3 + 8λ ).
(b) A × ( A × ( A × B ) ) = A × ( A ⋅ B ) A- ( A ⋅ A) B 
(b)
(c) The shortest distance is
a⊥ = ± d = P1 P3 sin θ ==( P A ⋅PB )×-a( A × A) − ( A ⋅ A) - ( A × B )
A× B
1 3 P1 P2
| A× B | = − A2 ( A × B )
1 6 4 −−63 15
since Ax=A ==0
Let C A ×93 B =− 5 − 2 8 = (−30, −18,12)
2 0 5
Prob. 1.15 1
C=
a⊥ = ± 1 = 93
((−1430,,−−73 ,−27 ) = 8.2
18,12)
± 1 4 1 −5= ±(1−0.8111a x − 0.4867a y + 0.3244a z )
Area = | C || D × E30 |= + 18 + 122 = | (3 + 10)a x + (5 − 12)a y + (8 + 1)a z |
2 2
2 2 −1 2 3 2
1 1
= | (13, −7,9) |= 169 + 49 + 81 = 8.646
Prob. 1.12
Prob.1.1 2 2
P Q = (2, −6,5)(0,3,1) = 0 − 18 + 5 = −13
rOP = 4a x − 5a y + a z
rOP (4, −5,1)
arOP = = = 0.6172a x − 0.7715a y + 0.1543a z
| rOP | (16 + 25 + 1)

Prob. 1.2
r = (−3, 2, 2) − (2, 4, 4) = (−5, −2, −2)
r (−5, −2, −2)
ar = = = −0.8704a x − 0.3482a y − 0.3482a z
r 25 + 4 + 4

Prob. 1.3
rMN = rN − rM = (3,5, −1) − (1, −4, −2) = 2a x + 9a y + a z

Prob. 1.4 Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


A − 2 B = (4, −6,3) − 2(−1,8,5) = (4, −6,3) − ( −2,16,10)
POESM_Ch01.indd 4
(a) 9/14/2015 3:29:31 PM
r (−5, −2, −2)
ar = = = −0.8704a x − 0.3482a y − 0.3482a z
Sadiku & Kulkarni
r 25 + 4 + 4 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

Prob. 1.3
5
rMN = rN − rM = (3,5, −1) − (1, −4, −2) = 2a x + 9a y + a z


Prob. 1.3
1.4
A − 2 B = (4, −6,3) − 2(−1,8,5) = (4, −6,3) − ( −2,16,10)
(a)
= (6, −22, −7)
4
(b) A B = (4, −6,3)(−1,8,5) = −4 − 48 + 15 = −37
4 −6 3
A× B = = (−30 − 24)a x + (−3 − 20)a y + (32 − 6)a z
(c) −1 8 5
= −54a x −23a y + 26a z

1.5
Prob. 1.4
3 5 1
B×C = = (−35 − 1)a x + (0 + 21)a y + (3 − 0)a z
0 1 −7
= −36a x + 21a y + 3a z
A( B × C ) = (4, 2,1)(−36, 21,3) = −144 + 42 + 3 = −99

Prob. 1.6
1.5
1 1 1
B×C = = a x − 2a y + a z
(a) 0 1 2
A( B × C ) = (1, 0, −1)(1, −2,1) = 1 + 0 − 1 = 0

1 0 −1
A× B = = a x − 2a y + a z
(b) 1 1 1
( A × B )C = (1, −2,1)(0,1, 2) = 0 − 2 + 2 = 0

1 0 −1
(c) A × ( B × C ) = = −2a x − 2a y − 2a z
1 −2 1

1 −2 1
(d) ( A × B ) × C = = −5a x − 2a y + a z
0 1 2

Prob.1.7
Prob. 1.6
(a) T = (3, -2, 1) and S = (4, 6, 2)

(b) rTS = rs – rt = (4, 6, 2) – (3, -2, 1) = ax + 8ay + az

(c) distance = |rTS| = 1 + 64 + 1 = 8.124 m

Prob. 1.8
(a) If A and B are parallel, A=kB, where k is a constant.

(α ,3, −2) = k (4, β ,8)


Equating coefficients gives
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch01.indd 5 9/14/2015 3:29:31 PM


Prob.1.7
(a) T = (3, -2, 1) and S = (4, 6, 2)
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
(b) rTS = rs – rt = (4, 6, 2) – (3, -2, 1) = ax + 8ay + az
6
(c) distance = |rTS| = 1 + 64 + 1 = 8.124 m

Prob. 1.8
1.7
(a) If A and B are parallel, A=kB, where k is a constant.

(α ,3, −2) = k (4, β ,8) 5


Equating coefficients gives

1
−2 = 8k ⎯⎯
→ k =−
4
α = 4k = −1
3 = βk ⎯⎯→ β = 3 / k = −12
This can also be solved using A X B = 0.
(b) If A and B are perpendicular to each other,
A• B = 0 ⎯⎯ → 4α + 3β − 16 = 0

Prob. 1.9
1.8

(a) A ⋅ B = AB cos θ AB
A × B = ABsin θ AB an
( A⋅ B) + A × B = ( AB ) ( cos 2 θ AB + sin 2 θ AB ) = ( AB )
2 2 2 2

(b) a x ⋅ (a y × a z ) = a x ⋅ a x = 1. Hence,
a y × az ax
= = ax
a x ⋅ a y × az 1
az × a x ay
= = ay
a x ⋅ a y × az 1
ax × ay az
= = az
a x ⋅ a y × az 1

1.9
Prob. 1.10

(a) P + Q = ( 6, 2, 0 ) , P + Q − R = ( 7,1, −2 )
P + Q − R = 49 + 1 + 4 = 54 = 7.3485
2 −1 −2
(b) P .Q × R = 4 3 2 = 2 ( 6 − 2 ) + ( 8 + 2 ) − 2 ( 4 + 3) = 8 + 10 − 14 = 4
−1 1 2
4 3 2
Q×R = = ( 4, −10, 7 )
−1 1 2
P .Q × R = ( 2, −1, −2 ) ⋅ ( 4, −10, 7 ) = 8 + 10 − 14 = 4

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch01.indd 6 9/14/2015 3:29:31 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Prob. 1.10

(a) P + Q = ( 6, 2, 0 ) , P + Q − R = ( 7,1, −2 ) 7
P + Q − R = 49 + 1 + 4 = 54 = 7.3485

2 −1 −2
(b) P .Q × R = 4 3 2 = 2 ( 6 − 2 ) + ( 8 + 2 ) − 2 ( 4 + 3) = 8 + 10 − 14 = 4
−1 1 2
4 3 2
Q×R = = ( 4, −10, 7 )
−1 1 2
P .Q × R = ( 2, −1, −2 ) ⋅ ( 4, −10, 7 ) = 8 + 10 −614 = 4

4 3 2
(c) Q × P = = ( −4,12, −10 )
2 −1 −2
Q × P ⋅ R = ( −4,12, −10 ) ⋅ ( −1,1, 2 ) = 4 + 12 − 20 = −4
−1 1 2
or Q × P ⋅ R = R ⋅Q × P = 4 3 2 = − ( −6 + 2 ) − ( − 8 − 4 ) + 2 ( − 4 − 6 ) = − 4
2 −1 −2
(d) ( P × Q ) ⋅ ( Q × R ) = ( 4, −12,10 ) ⋅ ( 4, −10, 7 ) = 16 + 120 + 70 = 206
4 −12 10
(e) ( P × Q ) × ( Q × R ) = = 16ax + 12a y + 8az
4 −10 7

(f) cos θ PR =
P⋅R
=
( −2 − 1 − 4 ) = −7 = −0.9526
P R 4 +1+ 4 1+1+ 4 3 6
θ PR = 162.3 7

P ×2Q −6 16 5 + 144 + 100


= −21a x - 2a=y + 6260
(g) sin θPPQ× Q
= = = a z = 0.998
P Q0 3 1
3 16 + 9 + 4 3 29
P ⋅ Q −13
θcos
PQ θ=PQ86.45
= = = −0.51 ⎯⎯ → θ PQ = 120.66o
PQ 10 65
Prob. 1.11
1.13
Prob. 1.10
If A and B are parallel, then B = kA and A x B = 0. It is evident that k = -2 and that
A B = (4, −6,1)(2, 0,5) = 8 − 0 + 5 = 13
ax a y az
(a) | B |2 = 22 + 52 = 29
A × B = 1 −2 3 = 0
A B + 2 | B |2 = 13 + 2 × 29 = 71
−2 4 −6
as expected.
(b)
Prob. A× B
a⊥ = ±1.14
| Athe
(a) Using × Bfact
| that
( A × B ) × C = (4A ⋅−C6)B 1− =(B(−⋅ C30,)A−,18,12)
Let C = A × B =
we get 2 0 5
A ×C( A × B ) (=−−
30,( A−×18,12)
B ) × A = (B ⋅ A)A − ( A ⋅ A)B
a⊥ = ± =± = ±(−0.8111a x − 0.4867a y + 0.3244a z )
|C |
(b) A × ( A × ( A × B ) ) = A × ( A ⋅ B ) A- ( A ⋅ A) B 
2 2 2
30 + 18 + 12

= ( A ⋅ B ) - ( A × A) − ( A ⋅ A ) - ( A × B )
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
Prob. 1.12 = − A2 ( A × B )
POESM_Ch01.indd 7 since AP Q==0(2, −6,5)(0,3,1) = 0 − 18 + 5 = −13
xA 9/14/2015 3:29:31 PM
If A and B are parallel, then B = kA and A x B = 0. It is evident that k = -2 and that
ax a y az
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
A × B = 1 −2 3 = 0
−2 4 −6 8
as expected.

1.11
Prob. 1.14
(a) Using the fact that
( A × B ) × C = ( A ⋅ C )B − (B ⋅ C )A,
we get
A × ( A × B ) = −( A × B ) × A = (B ⋅ A)A − ( A ⋅ A)B
(b) A × ( A × ( A × B ) ) = A × ( A ⋅ B ) A- ( A ⋅ A) B 
= ( A ⋅ B ) - ( A × A) − ( A ⋅ A ) - ( A × B )
= − A2 ( A × B )
since AxA = 0 8

Prob. 1.15
Prob. 1.12
1.16 P2
1 1 4 1 −5 1
Area = | D × E |= = | (3 + 10)a x + (5 − 12)a y + (8 + 1)a z |
2 2 −1 2 a 3 2
1 1
= | (13, −7,9) |= 169 + 49 + 81 = 8.646
2 2 b
P1

c P3

a = rp 2 − rp1 = (1, −2, 4) − (5, −3,1) = ( −4,1,3)


(a) b = rp 3 − rp 2 = (3,3,5) − (1, −2, 4) = (2,5,1)
c = rp1 − rp 3 = (5, −3,1) − (3,3,5) = (2, −6, −4)
Note that a + b + c = 0

a ⋅ b = −8 + 5 + 3 = 0 ⎯⎯→ perpendicular
b ⋅ c = 4 − 30 − 4 ≠ 0
c ⋅ a = −8 − 6 − 12 ≠ 0
Hence P2 is a right angle.
1 1 −4 1 3 1
Area = | a × b |= = | (1 − 15)a x + (6 + 4)a y + (−20 − 2)a z |
2 2 2 5 1 2
(b)
1 1
= | (−14,10, −22) |= 196 + 100 + 484 = 13.96
2 2

Prob. 1.17
Given rP = (−1, 4,8), rQ = (2, −1,3), rR = (−1, 2,3)
(a) | PQ |= 9 + 25 + 25 = 7.6811
(b) PR = −2a y − 5a z

 QP QR  o
(c) ∠PQR = cos −1   = 42.57
 | QP || QR | 
(d) Area of triangle PQR = 11.023
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
(e) Perimeter = 17.31
POESM_Ch01.indd 8 9/14/2015 3:29:31 PM
Hence P2 is a right angle.
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
1 1 −4 1 3 1
Area = | a × b |= = | (1 − 15)a x + (6 + 4)a y + (−20 − 2)a z |
2 2 2 5 1 2
(b) 9
1 1
= | (−14,10, −22) |= 196 + 100 + 484 = 13.96
2 2

Prob. 1.13
1.17
Given rP = (−1, 4,8), rQ = (2, −1,3), rR = (−1, 2,3)
(a) | PQ |= 9 + 25 + 25 = 7.6811
(b) PR = −2a y − 5a z

 QP QR  o
(c) ∠PQR = cos −1   = 42.57
 | QP || QR | 
(d) Area of triangle PQR = 11.023
(e) Perimeter = 17.31

Prob.1.18
Prob. 1.14
Let R be the midpoint of PQ.
1
rR = {(2, 4, −1) + (12,16,9)} = (7,10,94)
2

OR = 49 + 100 + 16 = 165 = 12.845


OR 12.845
t= = = 42.82 ms
v 300

Prob. 1.15
1.19
Ax Ay Az Ax Ay Az
A ⋅ ( A× B ) = Bx By Bz , ( A× B ) ⋅ C = Bx By Bz
Cx Cy Cz Cx Cy Cz

Hence, A ⋅ ( A× B ) = ( A× B ) ⋅ C
Also, each equals the volume of the parallelopiped formed by the three vectors as sides.

Prob. 1.16
1.20
(a) Let P and Q be as shown below:
y Q

P
θ2
θ1
x

P = cos 2 θ 1 + sin 2 θ 1 = 1, Q = cos 2 θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2 = 1,


Hence P and Q are unit vectors.

(b) P ⋅ Q = (1)(1)cos(θ 2 -θ1 )


But P ⋅ Q = cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2 . Thus,
cos(θ 2 − θ1 ) = cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2

Let P1 = P = cos θCopyright


1 a x + sin θ 1 a y and
© 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch01.indd 9 Q1 = cos θ 2 a x − sin θ 2 a y . 9/14/2015 3:29:31 PM


P
θ2
Sadiku & Kulkarni θ1 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
x

P = cos 2 θ 1 + sin 2 θ 1 = 1, Q = cos 2 10


θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2 = 1,
Hence P and Q are unit vectors.

(b) P ⋅ Q = (1)(1)cos(θ 2 -θ1 )
But P ⋅ Q = cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2 . Thus,
cos(θ 2 − θ1 ) = cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2

Let P1 = P = cos θ 1a x + sin θ 1a y and


Q1 = cos θ 2 a x − sin θ 2 a y .
P1 and Q1 are unit vectors as shown below:
y

P1

θ1+θ2
θ1 x
θ2
10
Q1
P1 ⋅ Q1 = (1)(1) cos(θ 1 + θ 2 )
But P1 ⋅ Q1 = cosθ 1 cosθ 2 − sin θ 1 sin θ 2 ,
cos(θ 2 + θ 1 ) = cosθ 1 cosθ 2 − sin θ 1 sin θ 2

Alternatively, we can obtain this formula from the previous one by replacing
θ2 by -θ2 in Q.
(c)
1 1
| P − Q |= | (cos θ1 − cos θ 2 ) ax + (sin θ1 − sin θ 2 ) a y
2 2

1
= cos 2 θ1 + sin 2 θ1 + cos 2 θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2 − 2 cos θ1 cos θ 2 − 2sin θ1 sin θ 2
2

1 1
= 2 − 2(cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2 ) = 2 − 2 cos(θ 2 − θ1 )
2 2
Let θ 2 − θ1 = θ , the angle between P and Q.

1 1
| P − Q |= 2 − 2 cos θ
2 2

But cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin 2A.


1 1
| P − Q |= 2 − 2 + 4sin 2 θ / 2 = sin θ / 2
2 2

Thus,

1 θ −θ
| P − Q |=| sin 2 1 |
2 2
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
Prob. 1.21
POESM_Ch01.indd 10 9/14/2015 3:29:32 PM
1 1
= 2 − 2(cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2 ) = 2 − 2 cos(θ 2 − θ1 )
2 2
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Let θ 2 − θ1 = θ , the angle between P and Q.

1 1 11
| P − Q |= 2 − 2 cos θ
2 2

But cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin 2A.
1 1
| P − Q |= 2 − 2 + 4sin 2 θ / 2 = sin θ / 2
2 2

Thus,

1 θ −θ
| P − Q |=| sin 2 1 |
2 2

Prob. 1.17
1.21
w(1,−2,2)
w= = (1,−2,2), r = rp − ro = (1,3,4) − ( 2,−3,1) = ( −1,6,3)
3
1 −2 2
u = w×r = = ( −18,−5,4)
−1 6 3
u = −18a x − 5a y + 4az

1.22
Prob. 1.18
r1 = (1,1,1), r2 = (1, 0,1) − (0,1, 0) = (1, −1,1)
r1 ⋅ r2 (1 − 1 + 1) 1
cos θ = = = → θ = 11
⎯⎯ 70.53o
r1r2 3 3 3

Prob. 1.19
1.23
T ⋅ S ( 2, −6,3) ⋅ (1, 2,1) −7
(a) Ts = T ⋅ as = = = = −2.8577
S 6 6

(b) S T = ( S ⋅ a T )a T =
(S ⋅ T )T = − 7(2,−6,3)
T2 72
= − 0.2857a x + 0.8571a y − 0.4286a z

T×S 2 − 6 3 (− 12,1,10) 245


(c) sin θ TS = = = = = 0.9129
T S 1 2 1 7 6 7 6
 θ TS = 65.91

1.24
Prob. 1.20
Let A = AB + AB ⊥
A⋅ B
AB = ( A ⋅ a B )a B = B
B⋅B
Hence,
A⋅ B
AB⊥ = A − AB = A − B
B⋅B

Prob.1.25
(a) H (1,3, −2) = 6a x + a y + 4a z
(6,1, 4)
aH = = 0.8242a x + 0.1374a y + 0.5494a z
36 + 1 + 16Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
POESM_Ch01.indd 11 (b) | H |= 10 = 4 x 2 y 2 + ( x + z ) 2 + z 4 9/14/2015 3:29:32 PM
Let A = AB + AB ⊥
A⋅ B
A
Sadiku & Kulkarni B
= ( A ⋅ a B )a B = B
B⋅B Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

Hence,
A⋅ B 12
AB⊥ = A − AB = A − B
B⋅B

Prob. 1.21
Prob.1.25
(a) H (1,3, −2) = 6a x + a y + 4a z
(6,1, 4)
aH = = 0.8242a x + 0.1374a y + 0.5494a z
36 + 1 + 16
(b) | H |= 10 = 4 x 2 y 2 + ( x + z ) 2 + z 4
or
100 = 4 x 2 y 2 + x 2 + 2 xz + z 2 + z 4

1.26
Prob. 1.22
C = 5a x + a z
1 1 0
(a) B × C = = a x − a y − 5a z
5 0 1
A( B × C ) = (4, −1,1)(1, −1, −5) = 4 + 1 − 5 = 0

( A ⋅ B ) B (4 − 1)(1,1, 0)12
(b) AB = ( AaB )a B = = = 1.5a x + 1.5a y
| B |2 1+1
1.23
Prob. 1.27

(a) At (1, -2, 3), x = 1, y = -2, z = 3.


G = a x + 2a y + 6a z , H = −6a x + 3a y − 3a z

G = 1 + 4 + 36 = 6.403
H = 36 + 9 + 9 = 7.348

(b) G  H = −6 + 6 − 18 = −18

GH −18
cos θGH = = = −0.3826
(c) GH 6.403 × 7.348
θGH = 112.5o

Prob. 1.28
1.24
rPQ = rQ − rP = (−2,1, 4) − (1, 0,3) = ( −3,1,1)
At P, H = 0a x − 1a z = −a z
The scalar component of H along rPQ is
H • rPQ −1
D = H arPQ = = = −0.3015
| rPQ | 9 +1+1

Prob. 1.29
(a) At P, x = -1, y = 2, z = 4
D = 8a x − 4a y - 2a z , E = −10a x + 24a y + 128a z
C = D + E = −2a x + 20 a y + 126
Copyright a z by Oxford University Press
© 2015

POESM_Ch01.indd 12 C a x −2 9/14/2015 3:29:32 PM


rPQ = rQ − rP = (−2,1, 4) − (1, 0,3) = ( −3,1,1)
At P, H = 0a x − 1a z = −a z
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
The scalar component of H along rPQ is
H • rPQ −1
D = H arPQ = = = −0.301513
| rPQ | 9 +1+1

1.25
Prob. 1.29
(a) At P, x = -1, y = 2, z = 4
D = 8a x − 4a y - 2a z , E = −10a x + 24a y + 128a z
C = D + E = −2a x + 20a y + 126a z
C a x −2
C a x = C cos θ x → cos θ x =
⎯⎯ = = −0.01575
(b) C 22 + 202 + 1262
θ x = 90.9o 13

Prob. 1.26
1.30
(a) At (1,2,3), E = (2,1,6)

E = 4 + 1 + 36 = 41 = 6.403

(b) At (1,2,3), F = (2,-4,6)

( E ⋅ F )F 36
E F = ( E ⋅ aF ) aF = 2
= ( 2,−4,6)
F 56
= 1.286a x − 2.571a y + 3.857az

(c) At (0,1,–3), E = (0,1,–3), F = (0,–1,0)

0 1 −3
E×F = = (−3,0,0)
0 −1 0
E×F
a E ×F = ± = ± ax
E×F

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch01.indd 13 9/14/2015 3:29:32 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

14
14

CHAPTER 2

P. E. 2.1

(a) At P(1,3,5), x = 1, y = 3, z =5,


ρ= 2
x + y 2
= 10 , z = 5, φ = tan −1 y / x = tan −1 3 = 71.6o
P( ρ , φ , z ) = P( 10, tan −1 3,5) = P (3.162, 71.6o ,5)

Spherical system:

r= x2 + y2 + z2 = 35 = 5.916
θ = tan −1 x 2 + y 2 z = tan −1 10 5 = tan −1 0.6325 = 32.31°
P (r ,θ , ϕ ) = P (5.916,32.31°, 71.57°)

At T(0,-4,3), x=0 y =-4, z =3;


ρ = x + y = 4, z = 3, ϕ = tan y / x = tan − 4 / 0 = 270°
2 2 −1 −1

T ( ρ, ϕ , z) = T (4,270° ,3).

Spherical system:
r= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 5,θ = tan −1 ρ / z = tan −1 4 / 3 = 5313
. °.
T (r ,θ , ϕ ) = T (5,5313
. ° ,270° ).

At S(-3-4-10), x =-3, y =-4, z =-10;


 −4 
ρ = x 2 + y 2 = 5, φ = tan −1   = 233.1°
 −3 
S ( ρ , φ , z ) = S (5, 233.1,− 10).

Spherical system:
r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 5 5 = 11.18.
5
θ = tan −1 ρ z = tan −1 = 153.43°;
−10
S (r , θ , φ ) = S (11.18,153.43°, 233.1°).

(b) In Cylindrical system, ρ = x2 + y 2 ; yz = z ρ sin φ ,


ρ z ρ sin φ
Qx = ; Qy = 0; Qz = − ;
ρ + z2
2
ρ 2 + z2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 14 9/28/2015 12:25:49 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

15

 Qρ   cos φ sin φ 0  Qx 
    
 Qφ  =  − sin φ cos φ 0  0  ;
 Qz   0 0 1  Qz 

ρ cos φ − ρ sin φ
Qρ = Qx cos φ = , Qφ = −Qx sin φ =
ρ +z
2 2
ρ 2 + z2
Hence,

ρ
Q= (cos φ a ρ − sin φ a φ − z sin φ a z ).
ρ + z2
2

In Spherical coordinates:
r sin θ
Qx = = sin θ ;
r
1
Qz =− r sin φ sin θ r cosθ = − r sin θ cosθ sin φ .
r
Qr   sin θ cos φ sin θ sin φ cosθ  Qx 
    
Qθ  = cosθ cos φ cosθ sin φ − sin θ   0  ;
Qφ   − sin φ cos φ 0  Qz 
 
Qr = Qx sin θ cos φ + Qz cosθ = sin 2 θ cosφ − r sin θ cos2 θ sin φ .
Qθ = Qx cosθ cos φ − Qz sin θ = sin θ cosθ cos φ + r sin 2 θ cosθ sin φ .
Qφ =− Qx sin φ = − sin θ sin φ.

∴ Q = sin θ ( sin θ cosφ − r cos2 θ sin φ ) a + sin θ cosθ (cosφ + r sinθ sin φ )aθ − sinθ sin φ aφ .
r

At T :
4 12
Q ( x, y , z ) = a x + a z = 0.8a x + 2.4a z ;
5 5
4
Q ( ρ , φ , z ) = (cos 270° a ρ − sin 270° aφ − 3sin 270°a z
5
= 0.8aφ + 2.4 a z ;
4 45 4 3 20 4
Q (r ,θ , φ ) = (0 − (−1))ar + ( )(0 + (−1))aθ − (−1)aφ
5 25 5 5 5 5
36 48 4
= a r − aθ + aφ = 1.44ar − 1.92aθ + 0.8 aφ ;
25 25 5

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 15 9/28/2015 12:25:49 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

16
16

Note, that the magnitude of vector Q = 2.53 in all 3 cases above.

P.E. 2.2 (a)


 Ax  cosφ −sinφ 0  ρz sinφ 
 A  = sinφ cosφ 0  3ρ cosφ 
 y   
 Az   0 0 1 ρ cosφ sinφ

A = (ρz cosφ sinφ −3ρ cosφ sinφ) ax + (ρz sin2 φ +3ρ cos2 φ) ay + ρ cosφ sinφ az.
y x y
But ρ = x2 + y2 , tanφ = , cosφ = , sinφ = ;
x 2
x +y 2 2
x +y 2

Substituting all this yields:


1
A= [(xyz −3xy)ax + (zy2 + 3x2 ) ay + xy az ].
2 2
x +y
 Bx  sin θ cos φ cos θ cos φ − sin φ   r2 
 B  =  sin θ sin φ  
 y  cos θ sin φ cos φ   0 
 Bz   cos θ − sin θ 0  sin θ 
 
x2 + y2 y
Since r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , tan θ = , tan φ = ;
z z
x2 + y 2 z
and sin θ = , cos θ = ;
2 2 2
x +y +z x + y2 + z2
2

y x
and sin φ = , cos φ = ;
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
y 1
Bx = r 2 sin θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ = rx − = ( r 2 x − y ).
r r
x 1
B y = r 2 sin θ sin φ + sin θ cos φ = ry + = (r 2 y + x ).
r r
1
Bz = r 2 cos θ = r z = ( r 2 z ).
r
Hence,

1
B= [{x ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) − y} a x + { y ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + x} a y + z ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )a z ].
2 2 2
x +y +z

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 16 9/28/2015 12:25:49 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

17

P.E.2.3 (a) At:


(1, π / 3, 0), H = (0, 0.06767,1)
1
a x = cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ = (a ρ − 3 aφ )
2
H • a x = −0.0586.
(b) At:
(1, π / 3, 0), aθ = cos θ a ρ − sin θ a z = − a z .

aρ aφ az
H × az = 0 0.06767 1 = − 0.06767 a ρ .
0 0 1

(c) ( H • a ρ ) a ρ = 0 aρ .

aρ aφ az
H × az = 0 0.06767 1 = 0.06767 a ρ .
(d)
0 0 1

H × a z = 0.06767

P.E. 2.4
(a)
A • B = (3, 2, − 6) • ( 4, 0,3) = − 6.

3 2 −6
A× B = = 6 ar − 33aθ − 8aφ .
(b) 4 0 3
Thus the magnitude of A × B = 34.48.
(c)
At (1, π / 3, 5π / 4), θ = π / 3,
1 3
a z = cos θ a r − sin θ aθ = ar − aθ .
2 2

3 1 3 
( Aa z )a z =  − 3   ar − aθ = −0.116ar + 0.201aθ
2 2 2 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 17 9/28/2015 12:25:50 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

18
18


P.E. 2.5

In spherical coordinates, the distance between two points is given by eq. 2.33:
                        
      


 
 
 


 
 
  
By solving the above equation, we obtain     

P.E. 2.6
In Cartesian system the dot product of two vectors         and   
     is given by
        (1)
Now using the eq. 2.21 to represent spherical coordinates in Cartesian system and the dot
product is determined by using Eq. (1)
   ­           
                 
                      
                
Dot product of the given vectors is 3
Using the above equation
   € 
 € 
       € 

 € 
     
  €
Hence by using the above derived equation we can directly calculate dot product of
vectors in spherical system 33
33

P.E. 2.7
Prob.
P.E.
Prob. 2.7
2.24
2.24
At P
At P(0, 2, (0, 2,−−5),
5), φφ ==90
90°°;;
BBxx cos cosφφ −−sin
sinφφ 00 BBρρ
 
 BB  ==  sin  cosφφ 00
sinφφ cos BB 

   yy    φφ 
BBzz  00 00 11 BBzz 
00 −−11 00 −−55
   11 
== 11 00 00  
00 00 11 −−33
BB== −−aaxx −−55aayy −−33aazz

((aa)) AA++ BB == (2, 4,10)++((−−1,1,−−5,


(2,4,10) 5,−−3)
3)

== aaxx−−aayy ++77aazz..
A• B −52
cosθθAB
((bb)) cos = A • B == −52
AB =
AB
AB 4200
4200
−52
θθAB cos−−11(( −52 )) == 143.36
= cos
AB = 143.36°°..
4200 © 2015 by Oxford University Press
4200
Copyright

Chapter02.indd 18 9/1/2015 4:09:01 PM


POESM_Ch02.indd 18 9/28/2015 12:25:51 PM
 Bz   0 0 1   Bz 
Sadiku & Kulkarni 0 −1 0   −5 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
= 1 0 0   1 
0 0 1   −3 19
B = −a x − 5a y − 3a z

(a) A + B = (2, 4,10) + ( −1, −5, −3)

= ax − a y + 7 az .
A• B −52
(b) cos θ AB = =
AB 4200
−52
θ AB = cos −1 ( ) = 143.36°.
4200

A• B 52
(c) AB = A • a B = =− = −8.789.
B 35
18
Prob. 2.24
Prob.At2.1(1, 60o , −1), ρ = 1, φ = 60o , z = −1,
(a) ρA== (−x2 −
2
y 2 60
+ sin = o )4a+ρ 36
+ (4=+6.324
2 cos 60o )aφ − 3(1)( −1)a z
1 y −1 6
(a) φ = =
tan−−2.866 = atan
ρ + 5aφ=+71.56
3a z o
x 2
o
P is 60
B = 1cos (6.324,
o
a ρ + sin 60o ,a−φ 4)
71.56 + a z = 0.5aφ + 0.866aφ + a z
A B = −1.433 + 4.33 + 3 = 5.897
r = x 2 +2 y 2 + z 2 = 4 + 36 + 16 = 7.485
AB = 2.866 + 26 + 9 0.25 + 1 + 0.8662 = 9.1885
2
A + y2
−1B x 5.897 −1 6.324 −1 6.324
cos θθAB==tan =
o o
(b) ==tan
0.6419 =⎯⎯ 90→ + tan
θ AB = 50.07=o 147.69
AB 9.1885z −4 4
o o
P is (7.483,147.69 , 71.56 )
Let D = A × B. At (1,90o , 0), ρ = 1, φ = 90o , z = 0
A = − sin 90o a ρ + 4aφ = −a ρ + 4aφ
Prob.2.2
(b)
(a) Given P(1,-4,-3), convert to cylindrical and spherical values;
B = 1cos 90o2 a ρ +2 sin 90o a2 φ + a z =2 aφ + a z
ρ = x + y = 1 + (−4) = 17 = 4.123.
y −4
φ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 284.04°.
x 1
∴ P ( ρ , φ , z ) = (4.123, 284.04°, − 3)
Spherical :
r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 + 16 + 9 = 5.099.
ρ 4.123
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 126.04°.
z −3
P (r , θ , φ ) = P (5.099, 126.04°, 284.04°).
y 0
(b) ρ = 3, φ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 0o
x 3
Q( ρ , φ , z ) = Q(3, 0 ,5)
o

ρ 3
r = 9 + 0 + 25 = 5.831, θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 30.96o
z 5
Q(r , θ , φ ) = Q(5.831,30.96 , 0 )o o

6 Universityo Press
Copyright © 2015 by−1Oxford
(c) ρ = 4 + 36 = 6.325, φ = tan = 108.4
−2
POESM_Ch02.indd 19 9/28/2015 12:25:51 PM
o
Spherical :
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 + 16 + 9 = 5.099.
ρ 4.123
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 126.0420
°.
z −3
P (r , θ , φ ) = P (5.099, 126.04°, 284.04°).

y 0
(b) ρ = 3, φ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 0o
x 3
Q( ρ , φ , z ) = Q(3, 0 ,5)
o

ρ 3
r = 9 + 0 + 25 = 5.831, θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 30.96o
z 5
Q(r , θ , φ ) = Q(5.831,30.96 , 0 ) o o

6
(c) ρ = 4 + 36 = 6.325, φ = tan −1 = 108.4o
−2
R ( ρ , φ , z ) = R(6.325,108.4o , 0)
ρ 6.325
r = ρ = 6.325, θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 90o
z 0
R (r , θ , φ ) = R(6.325,90 ,108.4o )
o
19

Prob. 2.3
(a)
x = ρ cos φ = 2 cos 30° = 1.732;
y = ρ sin φ = 2sin 30° = 1;
z = 5;
P1 ( x, y, z ) = P1 (1.732,1, 5).

(b)
x = 1cos 90° = 0; y = 1sin 90° =1; z = − 3.
P2 ( x, y, z ) = P2 (0, 1, − 3).

(c)
x = r sin θ cos φ = 10sin(π / 4) cos(π / 3) = 3.535;
y = r sin θ sin φ = 10sin(π / 4) sin(π / 3) = 6.124;
z = r cos θ = 10 cos(π / 4) = 7.0711
P3 ( x, y, z ) = P3 (3.535, 6.124, 7.0711).

(d)
x = 4sin 30° cos 60° =1
y = 4sin 30° sin 60° = 1.7321
z = r cos θ = 4 cos 30° = 3.464
P4 ( x, y, z ) = P4 (1,1.7321,3.464).

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 20 9/28/2015 12:25:52 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

21
20

Prob. 2.4
x = ρ cos φ = 5cos120o = −2.5
y = ρ sin φ = 5sin120o = 4.33
(a)
z =1
Hence Q = (−2.5, 4.33,1)

r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = ρ 2 + z 2 = 25 + 1 = 5.099
x2 + y2 ρ 5
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = tan −1 = 78.69o
(b) z z 1
φ = 120o
Hence Q = (5.099, 78.69o ,120o )

Prob. 2.5
T (r ,θ , φ ) ⎯⎯
→ r = 10, θ = 60o , φ = 30o
x = r sin θ cos φ = 10sin 60o cos 30o = 7.5
y = r sin θ sin φ = 10sin 60o sin 30o = 4.33
z = r cos θ = 10 cos 60o = 5
T ( x, y, z ) = (7.5, 4.33,5)
ρ = r sin θ = 10sin 60o = 8.66
T ( ρ , φ , z ) = (8.66,30o ,5)

Prob. 2.6
(a)
x = ρ cos φ , y = ρ sin φ ,
V = ρ z cos φ − ρ sin φ cos φ + ρ z sin φ
2

(b)
U = x2 + y 2 + z 2 + y 2 + 2z 2
= r 2 + r 2 sin 2 θ sin 2 φ + 2r 2 cos 2 θ
= r 2 [1 + sin 2 θ sin 2 φ + 2 cos 2 θ ]

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 21 9/28/2015 12:25:52 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

22
21

Prob. 2.7
(a)
 x 
 2 
 ρ + z2 
 Fρ   cos φ sin φ 0   
 F  =  − sin φ y
 φ  cos φ 0   
 ρ 2 + z2 
 Fz   0 0 1   
 4 
 2 2 
 ρ +z 

1 ρ
Fρ = [ ρ cos 2 φ + ρ sin 2 φ ] = ;
ρ +z 2 2
ρ + z2
2

1
Fφ = [− ρ cos φ sin φ + ρ cos φ sin φ ] = 0;
ρ 2 + z2
4
Fz = ;
ρ + z2
2

_
1
F = ( ρ aρ + 4 az )
ρ + z2
2

In Spherical:
 x
r 
 Fr  sinθ cosφ sinθ sinφ cosθ   
     y
Fθ  = cosθ cosφ cosθ sin φ −sinθ  r 
   −sinφ cosφ 0 
Fφ  4
 
 r 
r r 4 4
Fr = sin2 θ cos2 φ + sin2 θ sin2 φ + cosθ = sin2 θ + cosθ ;
r r r r
4 4
Fθ =sinθ cosθ cos2 φ + sinθ cosθ sin2 φ − sinθ = sinθ cosθ − sinθ ;
r r
Fφ =− sinθ cosφ sinφ + sinθ sinφ cosφ = 0;
_
4 4
∴ F = (sin2 θ + cosθ ) ar + sinθ (cosθ − )aθ
r r

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 22 9/28/2015 12:25:52 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

23
22

(b)
 xρ 2 
 2 
 ρ + z2 
Gρ   cos φ sin φ 0  
 yρ
2
 G  =  − sin φ cos φ 0  
 φ   ρ 2 + z2 
 Gz   0 0 1   
 zρ 2 
 2 
 ρ + z 
2

ρ2 ρ3
Gρ = [ ρ cos φ + ρ sin φ ] =
2 2
;
ρ 2 + z2 ρ 2 + z2
Gφ = 0;
zρ 2
Gz = ;
ρ 2 + z2
ρ2
G= ( ρ aρ + z az )
ρ 2 + z2

Spherical :
ρ2 r 2 sin 2 θ
G= ( xa x + ya y + za z ) = rar = r 2 sin 2 θ ar
r r

Prob. 2.8
y
B = ρ ax + a y + za z
ρ
 Bρ   cos φ sin φ 0  ρ 
 B  =  − sin φ cos φ 0   y / ρ 
 φ 
 Bz   0 0 1   z 
y
Bρ = ρ cos φ + sin φ
ρ
y
Bφ = − ρ sin φ + cos φ
ρ
Bz = z
But y = ρ sin φ
Bρ = ρ cos φ + sin 2 φ , Bφ = − ρ sin φ + sin φ cos φ
Hence,
B = ( ρ cos φ + sin 2 φ )a ρ + sin φ (cos φ − ρ )aφ + za z

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 23 9/28/2015 12:25:53 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

24
23

Prob. 2.9
 Ax  cos φ − sin φ 0 2
 A  =  sin φ cos φ 0   3 
 y 
 Az   0 0 1   4 
At P, ρ = 2, φ = π / 2, z = −1
Ax = 2 cos φ − 3sin φ = 2 cos 90o − 3sin 90o = −3
Ay = 2sin φ + 3cos φ = 2sin 90o + 3cos 90o = 2
Az = 4
Hence, A = −3a x + 2a y + 4a z

Prob. 2.10
(a)
 Ax  cos φ − sin φ 0   ρ sin φ 
  
 Ay  =  sin φ cos φ 0   ρ cos φ 
 
 Ay   0 0 1   −2 z 

Ax = ρ sin φ cos φ − ρ cos φ sin φ = 0


Ay = ρ sin 2 φ + ρ cos 2 φ = ρ = x 2 + y 2
Az = −2 z
Hence,
A = x 2 + y 2 a y − 2 za z

(b)
 Bx  sin θ cos φ cos θ cos φ − sin φ   4r cos φ 
 B  =  sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ cos φ   r 
 y    
 Bz   cos θ − sin θ 0   0 
Bx = 4r sin θ cos 2 φ + r cos θ cos φ
By = 4r sin θ sin φ cos φ + r cos θ sin φ
Bz = 4r cos θ cos φ − r sin θ
x2 + y2 z
But 2
r= x +y +z , 2 2
sin θ = , cos θ =
r r
y x
sin φ = , cos φ =
x + y2
2
x2 + y 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 24 9/28/2015 12:25:53 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

25
24

x2 zx
Bx = 4 x 2 + y 2 2 2
+
x +y x + y2
2

xy zy
By = 4 x 2 + y 2 2 2
+
x +y x + y2
2

x
Bz = 4 z − x2 + y2
2 2
x +y
1
B=  x(4 x + z )a x + y (4 x + z )a y + (4 xz − x 2 − y 2 )a z 
2 2
x +y

Prob. 2.11
 Gx  cos φ − sin φ 0   ρ sin φ 
G  =  sin φ cos φ 0   − ρ cos φ 
 y 
 Gz   0 0 1   ρ 
Gx = ρ cos φ sin φ + ρ sin φ cos φ = 2 ρ sin φ cos φ
G y = ρ sin 2 φ − ρ cos 2 φ = ρ (1 − cos 2 φ ) − ρ cos 2 φ = ρ − 2 ρ cos 2 φ
Gz = ρ
x x y y
ρ = x 2 + y 2 , cos φ = = ,sin φ = =
ρ 2
x +y 2 ρ x + y2
2

xy 2 xy
Gx = 2 x 2 + y 2 =
x + y2
2
x2 + y2
x2 2 x2
Gy = x 2 + y 2 − 2 x 2 + y 2 = x 2
+ y 2

But x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
Gz = x 2 + y 2
Thus,
2 xy  2x2 
G= ax +  x2 + y 2 −  a y + x2 + y 2 az
x2 + y 2  x2 + y2 
 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 25 9/28/2015 12:25:53 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

26
25

Prob. 2.12
 H x  sin θ cos φ cos θ cos φ − sin φ  cos θ 
 H  =  sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ cos φ   sin θ 
 y   
 H z   cos θ − sin θ 0   0 
H x = sin θ cos θ cos φ + sin θ cos θ cos φ = 2sin θ cos θ cos φ
H y = cos θ sin θ sin φ + sin θ cos θ sin φ = 2sin θ cos θ sin φ
H z = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
But,
x2 + y 2 z
sin θ = , cos θ = ,
r r
y x
sin φ = , cos φ =
x + y2
2
x + y2
2

2z x2 + y2 x 2 xz
Hx = =
x2 + y2 + z 2 x2 + y2 x + y2 + z2
2

2z x2 + y2 y 2 yz
Hy = =
x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y2 x + y2 + z2
2

z 2 − x2 − y2
Hz =
x2 + y 2 + z 2
1
2 (
H= 2 2
2 xza x + 2 yza y + [ z 2 − x 2 − y 2 ]a z )
x +y +z

Prob. 2.13
x = ρ cos φ
(a)
B = ρ cos φ a z

x = r sin θ cos φ
(b) B = r sin θ cos φ a z , Bx = 0 = By , Bz = r sin θ cos φ
 Br   sin θ cos φ sin θ sin φ cos θ   0 
     
 Bθ  = cos θ cos φ cos θ sin φ − sin θ   0 
 
 Bφ   − sin φ cos φ 0   r sin θ cos φ 
Br = r sin θ cos θ cos φ = 0.5r sin(2θ ) cos φ
Bθ = −r sin 2 θ cos φ , Bφ = 0
B = 0.5r sin(2θ ) cos φ ar − r sin 2 θ cos φ aθ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 26 9/28/2015 12:25:54 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

27
26

Prob. 2.14
(a)
a x • a ρ = (cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ ) • a ρ = cos φ

a x • aφ = (cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ ) • aφ = − sin φ

a y • aρ = (sin φ a ρ + cos φ aφ ) • aρ = sin φ


_ _
a y • aφ = (sin φ a ρ + sin φ aφ ) • aφ = cos φ

(b) and (c)


In spherical system :

a x = sin θ cos φ ar + cos θ cos φ aθ − sin φ aφ .

a y = sin θ sin φ a r + cos θ sin φ aθ − cos φ aφ .

a z = cos θ a x − sin θ aθ .
Hence,

a x • a r = sin θ cos φ ;

a x • aθ = cos θ cos φ ;

a y • a r = sin θ sin φ ;

a y • aθ = cos θ sin φ ;
_ _
a z • a r = cos θ ;
_ _
a z • aθ = − sin θ ;

Prob. 2.15
(a)
r= x2 + y2 + z2 = ρ 2 + z2 .
ρ
θ = tan −1 ; φ = φ.
z
or
ρ= x 2 + y 2 = r 2 sin 2 θ cos2 φ + r 2 sin 2 θ sin 2 φ .
= r sin θ ;
z = r cosθ ; φ = φ.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 27 9/28/2015 12:25:54 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

28
27

(b) From the figures below,


cosθ aρ
z z
aρ aρ

az ar

-az

sin θ aρ θ
θ
cos θ a z sin θ ( − az )

ρ
ρ

a r = sin θ a ρ + cos θ a z ; aθ = cos θ a ρ − sin θ a z ; aφ = aφ .


Hence,
   
 a r   sin θ 0 cos θ  a ρ 
    
 aθ  = cos θ 0 − sin θ   aφ 
   0 1 0   
 aφ   az 
   
From the figures below,

a ρ = cos θ aθ + sin θ a r ; a z = cos θ ar − sin θ aθ ; aφ = aφ .

z
z az
sin θ ar −aθ
cosθ aθ sin θ ( − aθ )

cosθ ar
ar
ar
θ aθ θ

ρ ρ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 28 9/28/2015 12:25:54 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

29
28

   
a ρ   sin θ cos θ 0 ar 
    
 aφ  =  0 0 1   aθ 
   cos θ − sin θ 0   
 az    az 
   

Prob. 2.16
If A and B are perpendicular to each other, AB = 0
A B = ρ 2 sin 2 φ + ρ 2 cos 2 φ -ρ 2
=ρ 2 (sin 2 φ + cos 2 φ )-ρ 2
=ρ 2 − ρ 2
=0

As expected.

Prob. 2.17
(a ) A + B = 8a ρ + 2aφ − 7a z

(b) A B = 15 + 0 - 8 = 7
3 2 1
(c ) A × B =
5 0 −8
=-16a ρ + (5 + 24)aφ − 10a z
=-16a ρ + 29aφ − 10a z

A⋅ B 7 7
(d ) cosθ AB = = =
AB 9 + 4 + 1 25 + 64 14 89
=0.19831
θ AB =78.56o

Prob. 2.18 (a)


 Ax  cos φ − sin φ 0   ρ cos φ 
 A  =  sin φ cos φ 0   0 
 y   
 Az   0 0 1   ρ z 2 sin φ 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 29 9/28/2015 12:25:55 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

30
29

x2 x2
Ax = ρ cos 2 φ = x2 + y 2 =
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
xy xy
Ay = ρ sin φ cos φ = x2 + y 2 =
x + y2
2
x2 + y 2
y
Az = ρ z 2 sin φ = ρ z 2 = yz 2
ρ
1
A = [ x 2 a x + xya y + yz 2 x 2 + y 2 a z ]
2 2
x +y

At (3,-4,0) x=3, y=-4, z=0;


1
A = [9a x − 12 a y ]
5
A=3

 x2 
 ρ 
 Ar   sin θ cos φ sin θ sin φ cos θ   
    xy 
(b)  Aθ  =  − cos θ cos φ cos θ sin φ − sin θ   
   ρ 
 Aφ   − sin φ cos φ 0 
 yz 2 
 
 

x = r sin θ cos φ , y = r sin θ sin φ , z = r cos θ , ρ = r sin θ .


r sin θ cos φ
2 2 2
r sin θ cos φ sin φ
2 2
Ar = sin θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ +
r sin θ r sin θ
r 3 sin θ cos 2 θ sin φ cos θ
= r sin 2 θ cos3 φ + r sin 2 θ sin 2 φ cos φ + r 3 sin θ sin φ cos3 θ
Aθ = r sin θ cos 2 φ cos θ cos φ + r sin θ cos φ sin φ cos θ sin φ − r 2 cos 2 θ sin φ sin θ
= r sin θ cos θ cos φ − r 2 sin θ cos 2 sin φ
= r sin θ cos θ [cos φ − r cos θ sin φ ]

Aφ = − r sin θ cos 2 φ sin φ + r sin θ cos φ sin φ cos φ = 0.


r sin θ [cos φ sin θ + sin θ cos φ sin 2 φ +r 2 cos 3 θ sin φ ] ar


A=
+ r sin θ cos θ [cos φ − r 2 cos θ sin θ sin φ ] aθ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 30 9/28/2015 12:25:55 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

31
30

At (3 − 4, 0), r = 5, θ = π / 2, φ = 306.83
cos φ = 3 / 5, sin φ = −4 / 5.

3
A = 5[12 * + 5(0)( −4 / 5)] ar + 5(1)(0)aθ
5
= 3ar
A = 3.

Prob. 2.19
 Ax  cos φ − sin φ 0  Aρ 
 A  =  sin φ cos φ 0  A 
 y    φ
 Az   0 0 1  Az 
 x y 
 2 − 0
2 2 2
 x +y x +y   Aρ 
 y x  A 
= 0  φ
2 2
 x +y x2 + y 2   Az 
 
 0 0 1
 

 Ax  sin θ cos φ cos θ cos φ − sin φ   Ar 


 A  =  sin θ sin φ  
 y cos θ sin φ cos φ   Aθ 
 
 Az   cos θ − sin θ 0   Aφ 
 

 
 x xz −y 
 x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 
   Ar 
 y yz x   
=  2 2 2 2   Aφ 
 x +y +z x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 2
x +y   Aφ 
   
 z x2 + y 2 
− 0
 x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 
 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 31 9/28/2015 12:25:55 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

32
31

Prob. 2.20 (a) Using the results in Prob.2.14,

Aρ = ρz sin φ = r 2 sin θ cosθ sin φ


Aφ = 3ρ cos φ = 3r sin θ cos φ
Az = ρ cos φ sin φ = r sin θ cos φ sin φ

Hence,
 Ar   sin θ 0 cos θ   r 2 sin θ cos θ sin φ 
    
 Aθ  = cos θ 0 − sin θ   3r sin θ cos φ 

 Aφ   0 1 0   r sin θ cos φ sin φ 
 
A( r , θ , φ ) = r sin θ sin φ cos θ ( r sin θ + cos φ ) ar + sin φ ( r cos 2 θ − sin θ cos φ ) aθ + 3cos φ aφ 

At (10, π / 2,3π / 4), r = 10, θ = π / 2, φ = 3π / 4

3
A = 10(0ar + 0.5aθ − aφ ) = 5aθ − 21.21aφ
2

ρ
(b) Br = r 2 = ( ρ 2 + z 2 ), Bθ = 0, Bφ = sin θ =
ρ 2 + z2

 Bρ   sin θ cos θ 0  Br 
B  =  0  
 φ  0 1  Bθ 

 Bz   cos θ − sin θ 0  Bφ 

 ρ 
B( ρ , φ , z ) = ρ 2 + z 2  ρ aρ + 2 aφ + z a z 
 ρ + z2 
At (2, π / 6,1), ρ = 2, φ = π / 6, z = 1

B = 5(2aρ + 0.4aφ + a z ) = 4.472a ρ + 0.8944aφ + 2.236a z

Prob. 2.21
(a) d = (6 − 2) 2 + ( − 1 − 1) 2 + (2 − 5) 2 = 29 = 5.385

d 2 = 32 + 52 − 2(3)(5) cos π + ( − 1 − 5) 2 = 100


(b)
d = 100 = 10

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 32 9/28/2015 12:25:56 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

33
32

(c)
π π π π π 3π
d 2 = 102 + 52 − 2(10)(5) cos cos − 2(10)(5) sin sin cos(7 − )
4 6 4 6 4 4
π π π π
= 125 − 100(cos cos − sin sin ) = 125 − 100 cos 75o = 99.12
4 6 4 6
d = 99.12 = 9.956.

Prob. 2.22
We can convert Q to cylindrical system and then use equation 2.32
π π
At Q, r = 4 θ = φ=
2 2
ρ = r sin θ = 4sin 90 = 4
o

π
φ=
2
z=r cos θ = 4 cos 90o = 0

Q is (4, π / 2, 0).
d 2 = ρ 22 + ρ12 − 2 ρ1 ρ 2 cos(φ2 − φ1 ) + ( z2 − z1 ) 2
= 102 + 42 − 2(10)(4) cos(π / 4 − π / 2) + 0 = 59.431
d = 7.709

Prob. 2.23

(a) An infinite line parallel to the z-axis.

(b) Point (2,-1,10).

(c) A circle of radius r sin θ = 5 , i.e. the intersection of a cone and a sphere.

(d) An infinite line parallel to the z-axis.

(e) A semi-infinite line parallel to the x-y plane.

(f) A semi-circle of radius 5 in the y-z plane.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 33 9/28/2015 12:25:56 PM


AB 4200
−52
Sadiku & Kulkarni θ AB = cos −1 ( ) = 143.36°. Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
4200

A• B 52 34
(c) AB = A • a B = =− = −8.789.
B 35

Prob. 2.24
At (1, 60o , −1), ρ = 1, φ = 60o , z = −1,
(a) A = (−2 − sin 60o )a ρ + (4 + 2 cos 60o )aφ − 3(1)( −1)a z
= −2.866 a ρ + 5aφ + 3a z

B = 1cos 60o a ρ + sin 60o aφ + a z = 0.5aφ + 0.866aφ + a z


A B = −1.433 + 4.33 + 3 = 5.897
AB = 2.8662 + 26 + 9 0.25 + 1 + 0.8662 = 9.1885
A B 5.897
cos θ AB = = = 0.6419 ⎯⎯ → θ AB = 50.07o
AB 9.1885

Let D = A × B. At (1,90o , 0), ρ = 1, φ = 90o , z = 0


(b) A = − sin 90o a ρ + 4aφ = −a ρ + 4aφ 34
B = 1cos 90o a ρ + sin 90o aφ + a z = aφ + a z
aρ aφ az
D = A × B = −1 4 0 = 4a ρ + aφ − a z
0 1 1
D (4,1, −1)
aD = = = 0.9428a ρ + 0.2357aφ − 0.2357a z
D 16 + 1 + 1

Prob. 2.25
At T (2,3, −4)
x2 + y 2 13
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 137.97
z −4
−4 13
cos θ = = −0.7428,sin θ = = 0.6695
29 29
y 3
φ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 56.31
x 2
2 3
cos φ = sin φ =
13, 13

a z = cos θ ar − sin θ aθ = −0.7428ar − 0.6695aθ .

ar = sin θ cos φ a x + sin θ sin φ a y + cos θ a z .


= 0.3714a x + 0.5571a y − 0.7428a z .

Prob. 2.26

G a y = G y = Gr sin θ sin φ + Gθ cos θ sin φ + 0


= 6r 2 sin θ sin 2 φ + r 2 cos θ sin φ
At (2, −3,1), x = 2, y = −3, z = 1
r 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 + 9 +Copyright
1 = 14 © 2015 by Oxford University Press
POESM_Ch02.indd 34
ρ x2 + y2 13 9/28/2015 12:25:57 PM
13, 13

Sadiku & Kulkarnia z = cos θ ar − sin θ aθ = −0.7428ar − 0.6695aθ . Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

ar = sin θ cos φ a x + sin θ sin φ a y + cos θ a z .


35
= 0.3714a x + 0.5571a y − 0.7428a z .


Prob. 2.26

G a y = G y = Gr sin θ sin φ + Gθ cos θ sin φ + 0


= 6r 2 sin θ sin 2 φ + r 2 cos θ sin φ
At (2, −3,1), x = 2, y = −3, z = 1
r 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 + 9 + 1 = 14
ρ x2 + y2 13
sin θ = = =
r x2 + y2 + z 2 14
z 1 y −3
cos θ = = , sin φ = =
r 14 ρ 13
13  9  1  −3 
G y = 6(14)   + 14   = 56.04
35− 3.1132 = 52.925
14  13  14  13 

Prob. 2.27
_
2r cos θ sin φ _ _
G = cos 2 φ a x + a y + (1 − cos 2 φ ) a z
r sin θ
_ _ _
= cos 2 φ a x + 2 cot θ sin φ a y + sin 2 φ a z
 Gr   sin θ cos φ sin θ sin φ cos θ   cos 2 φ 
    
 Gθ  = cos θ cos φ cos θ sin φ − sin θ   2 cot θ sin φ 
   
 − sin φ cos φ 0   sin φ 
2
 Gφ 
Gr = sin θ cos3 φ + 2 cos θ sin 2 φ + cos θ sin 2 φ
= sin θ cos3 φ + 3cos θ sin 2 φ
Gθ = cos θ cos3 φ + 2 cot θ cos θ sin 2 φ − sin θ sin 2 φ
Gφ = − sin φ cos 2 φ + 2 cot θ sin φ cos φ
_
G = [sin θ cos3 φ + 3cos θ sin 2 φ ] ar
+ [cos θ cos3 φ + 2 cot θ cos θ sin 2 φ − sin θ sin 2 φ ]aθ

+ sin φ cos φ (2 cot θ − cos φ ) aφ

Prob. 2.28
(a) J z = ( J • a z )a z .

At (2, π / 2, 3π / 2), a z = cos θ ar − sin θ aθ = − aθ .

J z = − cos 2θ sin φ aθ = − cos π sin(3π / 2) aθ = − aθ .


θ π
(b) Jφ = tan ln r aφ = tan ln 2 aφ = ln 2aφ = 0.6931a φ .
2 4
(c) J t = J − J n = J − J r = − aθ + ln 2 aφ = − aθ + 0.6931aφ .
_ _ _ _
(d ) J P = (J • ax ) ax
_ _ _ by Oxford University
Copyright © 2015 _ _ Press
a x = sin θ cos φ a r + cos θ cos φ aθ − sin φ aφ = aφ .
POESM_Ch02.indd 35
At (2, π / 2, 3π / 2), 9/28/2015 12:25:57 PM
Gφ = − sin φ cos 2 φ + 2 cot θ sin φ cos φ
_
Sadiku & Kulkarni G = [sin θ cos3 φ + 3cos θ sin 2 φ ] ar Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

+ [cos θ cos3 φ + 2 cot θ cos θ sin 2 φ − sin θ sin 2 φ ]aθ


36
+ sin φ cos φ (2 cot θ − cos φ ) aφ


Prob. 2.28
(a) J z = ( J • a z )a z .

At (2, π / 2, 3π / 2), a z = cos θ ar − sin θ aθ = − aθ .

J z = − cos 2θ sin φ aθ = − cos π sin(3π / 2) aθ = − aθ .


θ π
(b) Jφ = tan ln r aφ = tan ln 2 aφ = ln 2aφ = 0.6931a φ .
2 4
(c) J t = J − J n = J − J r = − aθ + ln 2 aφ = − aθ + 0.6931aφ .
_ _ _ _
(d ) J P = (J • ax ) ax
_ _ _ _ _
a x = sin θ cos φ a r + cos θ cos φ aθ − sin φ aφ = aφ .
At (2, π / 2, 3π / 2),
_ _
J P = ln 2 aφ .

Prob. 2.29
H a x = H x
 H x   cos φ − sin φ 0   ρ 2 cos φ 
 H  =  sin φ  
 y  cos φ 0   − ρ sin φ 
36
 H z   0 0 1   0 

H x = ρ 2 cos 2 φ + ρ sin 2 φ
At P, ρ = 2, φ = 60o , z = −1
H x = 4(1/ 4) + 2(3 / 4) = 1 + 1.5 = 2.5

Prob. 2.30
(a) 5 = r ⋅ a x + r ⋅ a y = x + y a plane
x y z
10 = rxa z = =| ya x − xa y |= x 2 + y 2 = ρ
(b) 0 0 1
a cylinder of infinite length

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch02.indd 36 9/28/2015 12:25:58 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

37

CHAPTER 3

P. E. 3.1
φ = 60°
π π π
(a) DH =
φ
 = 45°
r sin θ dφ
r = 3,90
= 3(1)[ − ] =
o
3 4 4
= 0.7854.

θ = 90 °
π π 5π
(b) FG = 
θ = 60 °
rdθ r=5 = 5( − ) =
2 3 6
= 2.618.

(c)
θ = 90 ° φ = 60 °

AEHD =  r
θ = 60 ° φ = 45 °
2
sin θ dθ dφ r=3
90 °
= 9 ( − cos θ )|θθ == 60 φ = 60 °
° φ |φ = 45 °

1 π 3π
= 9 ( )( ) = = 1178
. .
2 12 8
(d)
r = 5 θ = 90
r2 r = 5 π π 4π
ABCD =  
r = 3 θ = 60
rdθ dr = ( − )=
2 r =3 2 3 3
= 4.189.

(e)

r =5 φ = 60° θ =90
r3 φ = 60° 1 1 π
   r 2 sin θ dr dθ dφ = ( − cos θ ) φ
r =5 θ = 90°
Volume = r =3 θ = 60° φ = 45°
= (98)( )
r =3 φ = 45° θ= 60
3 3 2 12
49π
= = 4.276 .
36

P.E. 3.2
y

3
2

60o

1 x

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 37 9/27/2015 9:06:15 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

38
38

 A• dl = ( + 
L 1 2
+  ) A• dl = C1 + C2 + C3
3
2
ρ2
Along (1), C1 =  A• dl =  ρ cos φ d ρ |φ =0 = = 2.
0
20

Along (2), dl = ρ dφ aφ , A• dl = 0, C2 = 0
0
ρ2 2 1
Along (3), C3 =  ρ cos φ d ρφ =60° = − ( ) = −1
2
2 0
2

 A• dl = C
l
1 + C2 + C3 = 2 + 0 − 1 = 1

P.E. 3.3
∂U ∂U ∂U
(a) ∇U = ax + ay+ az
∂x ∂ y ∂z

= y (2 x + z ) a x + x( x + z ) a y + xy a z
∂V 1 ∂V ∂V
(b) ∇V = aρ + aφ + az
∂ρ ρ∂φ ∂z
z2
= ( z sin φ + 2 ρ ) a ρ + ( z cos φ − sin 2φ ) aφ + ( ρ s inφ + 2 z cos 2 φ ) a z
ρ
(c)
∂f 1∂ f 1 ∂f
∇f = ar + aθ + aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
cos θ sin φ sin θ sin φ ln r (cos θ cos φ ln r + r 2 )
=( + 2rφ )ar − aθ + aφ
r r r sin θ
 cos θ sin φ  sin θ sin φ ln r  cot θ cos φ ln r 
= + 2rφ  a r − aθ + + r cos ecθ  aφ
 r  r  r 

P.E. 3.4
∇Φ = ( y + z ) a x + ( x + z ) a y + ( x + y ) a z
At (1, 2,3), ∇Φ = (5, 4,3)
(2, 2,1) 21
∇Φ • a1 = (5, 4,3) • = = 7,
3 3
where (2, 2,1) = (3, 4, 4) − (1, 2,3)

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 38 9/27/2015 9:06:15 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

39

P.E. 3.5
Let f = x 2 y + z − 3, g = x log z − y 2 + 4,

∇ f = 2 xy a x + x 2 a y + a z ,

x
∇ g = log z a x − 2 y a y + az
z
At P ( − 1 , 2,1),

∇f (−4 a x + a y + a z ) ∇g (−4 a y − a z )
nf = ± =± , ng = ± =±
| ∇f | 18 | ∇g | 17
( − 5)
cos θ = n f . n g = ±
18 × 17
T ake positive value to get acute angle.
5
θ = cos − 1 = 73.39 °
17.49 3

P.E. 3.6
∂ Ax ∂ Ay ∂ Az
(a) ∇ • A = + + = 0 + 4 x + 0 = 4 x.
∂x ∂y ∂z
At (1, −2,3), ∇ • A = 4.
(b)
1 ∂ 1 ∂ Bφ ∂ Bz
∇•B = ( ρ Bρ ) + +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂ρ
1 1
= 2 ρ z sin φ − 3ρ z 2 sin φ = 2 z sin φ − 3 z 2 sin φ
ρ ρ
= (2 − 3 z ) z sin φ .
π
At (5, ,1) , ∇ • B = (2 − 3)(1) = −1.
2

(c)
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂ Cφ
∇•C = ( r C r ) + (Cθ sin θ ) +
r2 ∂ r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
1
= 2 6r 2 cos θ cos φ
r
= 6 cos θ cos φ

π π π π
At (1, , ), ∇ • C = 6 cos cos = 2.598.
6 3 6 3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 39 9/27/2015 9:06:16 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

40
40

P.E. 3.7 This is similar to Example 3.7.


Ψ =  D • dS = Ψ t + Ψ b + Ψ c
S

Ψ t = 0 = Ψ b since D has no z-component


φ = 2π z =1
Ψ c =  ρ cos φρ dφ dz = ρ
2 2 3
 cos φ dφ
2
 dz ρ = 4
φ =0 z =0

= (4)3 π (1) = 64π


Ψ = 0 + 0 + 64π = 64π

By the divergence theorem,

 D • dS =  ∇ • Ddv
S V

1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂ Az
∇• D = ( ρ 3 cos 2 φ ) + z sin φ +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ dz
z
= 3ρ cos 2 φ + cos φ .
ρ
z
Ψ =  ∇ • Ddv =  (3ρ cos 2 φ + cos φ ) ρ dφ dzd ρ
V V
ρ
4 2π 1 4 2π 1
= 3 ρ 2 d ρ  cos φ dφ  dz +
2
 d ρ  cos φ dφ  zdz
0 0 0 0 0 0
3
4
= 3( ) π (1) = 64π .
3

P.E. 3.8
(a)

∇ × A = a x (1 − 0) + a y ( y − 0) + a z (4 y − z )

= a x + y a y + (4 y − z ) a z
_

At (1, −2,3) , ∇ × A = a x − 2 a y −11 a z

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 40 9/27/2015 9:06:16 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

41

(b)
1
∇ × B = a ρ (0 − 6 ρ z cos φ ) + aφ ( ρ sin φ − 0) + a z (6 ρ z 2 cos φ − ρ z cos φ )
ρ

= −6 ρ z cos φ a ρ + ρ sin φ aφ + (6 z − 1) z cos φ a z

π
At (5, , − 1) , ∇ × B = 5 aφ
2

(c)
_

1 aθ 2r cos θ sin φ 3 1/ 2 a φ
∇ × C = ar (r −1/ 2 cos θ − 0) + (− − r ) + (0 + 2r sin θ cos φ )
r sin θ r sin θ 2 r
3
= r −1/ 2 cot θ a r − (2 cot θ sin φ + r −1/ 2 ) aθ + 2sin θ cos φ aφ
2

π π
At (1, , ), ∇ × C = 1.732 a r − 4.5 aθ + 0.5 aφ
6 3

P.E. 3.9

 A • dl =  (∇ × A) • dS
L S

z cos φ
But (∇ × A) = sin φ a z + a ρ and d S = ρ dφ d ρ a z
ρ
 (∇ × A) • dS =  ρ sin φ dφ d ρ
S

ρ2 60°

| (− cos φ ) |
2
=
2 0 0

1
= 2(− + 1) = 1.
2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 41 9/27/2015 9:06:16 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

42
42

P.E. 3.10

ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × ∇V = =
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂V ∂V ∂V
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V
=( − ) ax + ( − )ay +( − )az =0
∂ y∂ z ∂ y∂ z ∂ x∂ z ∂ z∂ x ∂ x∂ y ∂ y∂ x

P.E. 3.11
(a)
∂ ∂ 2 ∂
∇ 2U = (2 xy + yz ) + ( x + xz ) + ( xy )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 2 y.
(b)
1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
∇ 2V = ρ ( z sin φ + 2 ρ ) + (− ρ z sin φ − 2 z 2 sin φ cos φ ) + ( ρ sin φ + 2 z cos 2 φ )
ρ ∂ρ ρ 2
∂ρ ∂z
1 1
= ( z sin φ + 4 ρ ) − ( z ρ sin φ + 2 z 2 cos 2φ ) + 2 cos 2 φ .
ρ ρ2
2z2
= 4 + 2 cos 2 φ − cos 2φ .
ρ2

(c)
1 ∂ 21 1 ∂
∇2 f = [r cos θ sin φ + 2r 3φ ] + 2 [− sin 2 θ sin φ ln r ]
r ∂r
2
r r sin θ ∂ θ
1
+ [− cos θ sin φ ln r ]
r sin 2 θ
2

1
= 2
cos θ sin φ (1 − 2 ln r − csc2 θ ln r ) + 6φ
r

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 42 9/27/2015 9:06:16 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

43

P.E. 3.12
If B is conservative , ∇ × B = 0 must be satisfied.
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
∇× B =
∂x ∂y ∂z
y + z cos xz x x cos xz
47

Prob. 3.11
= 0 a x + (cos xz − xz sin xz1− cos xz + xz sin2 xz ) a y + (1 − 1) a z = 0
z 2
2
ψ =  ABdSis=aconservative
Hence  zdxdz =  dx  zdz
field. = (1) =2
S 0 0
2 0

P.E. 3.13
ψ =  B dS, dS = dxdya z
Prob.S 3.1
(a) 2 1 2 x3 1 y 2 2
ψ =  d S3x= ρydxdy
dφ dz= 3 3 0 2 0 = (1)(2) = 2
y =0 x =0
π
5 2
π π 10π
S =  d S = ρ  dφ dz = 2  dz
Prob. 3.12 π dφ = 2(5)[ − ] = = 5.236
(a) 2 3 6
P.E.dv = dxdydz 0
3.14 3
(b) 2 1 1 1 1 z
cylindrical,
Inxydv
Cartesian = ρ d�ρ ��
dSxydxdydz
coordinates d=φ� xdx ����
 v
=   z =0 y =0 z =0
   dz� � � � 3 � 1�.
��� �
π
ydy
0 0 0
For representing
3
this vector
4
3
π ρin2 cylindrical
2
2 = field
S =  d S x= 1 ρ yd ρ1 dφ
2
( ) = 3.142
coordinates, we use eq. (2.13):
= z �= (1/ 4 2)(1/ 1� =s��
2cos2)(2) 0.5� 0 3� � � ��
2 10 2 0 0 0 �
(c) In spherical, d �S��=� r�2 sin
�� θs��
dφ�dθcos � 0� � � �
�� 0 0 1 0
(b) 2π
� �

� � �cos � �3� � ��� � s�� � ������ � ��3� � �����
3 2 π s�� �� � �cos ������
S = dvd=Sρ=d 100

ρ dφ dz sin θ dθ dφ = 100 (2π )(− cos θ ) 3| = 200
  π (0.5 + 0.7071) = 758.4
π π 2 3 π 3π 2
0

 Using
ρ   ρ
the following
ρ relationships,
ρ ρ φ  obtain 
from
ρ eq.zdz
ρ (2.8),dφ�� � � cos ��, � � s�� ��, we
2
zdv = z 4 d d dz = d 4

(d) v φ = 0 z = 0 =1 1 0 0
d S = r3dr3 dθ 2 2
ρ z 1
= π (π ) = (9 − )(2π ) = 54.45

� �cos ��3��
3 1cos 4 2 ��
0 2 � ��� s�� ��� � �s�� ���� cos ��� ��
r 2 4 3π π 8π
S =  dS =  rdr  dθ = |0�( − ) = = 4.189
�0 ���3��
π
cos2�� � 2 ���
3 s�� �����
6 s�� ��� � �cos ���� cos ��� ��
Prob. 3.13 � � 3
������� � �3� cos � � �� s�� � cos � � � s�� � cos ����
Let I =  Adv =  r�sin φ�ar dv � �
v � ��3�
v cos � s�� � � ��s�� � � �cos ����
ar = sin θ cos φ a x + sin θ sin φ a y + cos θ a z
� in cylindrical coordinates is �5, 53.13°, 5�
Ar = r sin θ sin φ cos φ a x + r sin θ sin 2 φ a y + r cos θ sin φ a z
dv = r 2 sin θ1dθ∂dφ dr 1 ∂�� ∂��
��� � ���� � � �
� ∂� � ∂� ∂z
1
������������ ���� cos� � � �� s�� � cos ��

1
� ���� cos �s��� � � �3�� cos� ��
Copyright ©�2015 by Oxford University Press

� �� s�� � cos � � �� s�� � cos ��


POESM_Ch03.indd 43 9/27/2015 9:06:17 PM
� �cos ��3�� cos ��� � ��� s�� ��� � �s�� ���� cos ��� ��
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
� ���3�� cos ��� � ��� s�� ����� s�� ��� � �cos ���� cos ��� ��
������� � �3�� cos� � � �� s�� � cos � � � s�� � cos ����
44
� ��3�� cos� � s�� � � ��s��� � � �cos� ����

� in cylindrical coordinates is �5, 53.13°, 5�

1 ∂ 1 ∂�� ∂��
��� � ���� � � �
� ∂� � ∂� ∂z
1
������������ ���� cos� � � �� s�� � cos ��

1
� ���� cos �s��� � � �3�� cos� ��

� �� s�� � cos � � �� s�� � cos ��
� 1�.00 (after substituting the values of � and �)

For representing the given vector field in spherical coordinates we use eq. (2.27):

�� s�� � cos � s�� � s�� � cos � 3� � � ��


��� � � �cos � cos � cos � s�� � � s�� �� � � �
�� � s�� � cos � 0 0

� � ��s�� � cos ���3� � � ��� � �s�� � s�� ������


� ��cos � cos ���3� � � ��� � �cos � s�� ������
� ���� s�� ���3� � � ���� � ��cos ����� ��

Using the following relationships, from eq. (2.22), � � � s�� � cos ��, � �
� s�� � s�� ��, we obtain
� � ��3� � sin� �cos� �� � �3�sin� � cos � sin �����
� ��3� � cos �sin� �cos� �� � ��� sin � cos � cos � sin ��
� � � �3�sin �
� � ��3� sin � �cos ����cos
�� sin � cos��cos
sin � sin �����
���� �
� ��3� � cos
� �sin

�cos �
�� � ��� sin � cos � cos � sin ��
� ���3� sin �cos � sin �� � ���� sin �sin� ��
� �
� �� sin � cos � cos � sin �����
� �� sin �� cos�� ������
� ���3� sin �cos � sin �� � ���� sin �sin� ��
� �� sin � cos� �����

� in spherical system is �7.071, 45° , 53.13° �

1 ∂ system is �7.071,
� in spherical 1 �
45° , 53.13° � 1 ���
� � � � � �� � �� � � �� sin � �
� �� � sin � �� � sin � ��
� �
  �1�� 1sin∂ �cos � � �� 1sin � cos � sin ��+ 1 ��
� � � � � ��3�


sin� �cos� � �
�� �� � � � �� � �� � � �� sin � � � ��� �
��


cos��� sin
��� � cos� � �� 3�sin
sin � ��

� cos � sin � ��sin
���
�sin��
�cos� � cos � sin �� �
� � � � � ��3� � sin� �cos� � �
  ���1�� sin �cos � � �� sin � cos � sin ��+
� ��� � sin� �sin� � cos � � 3� � sin� �cos� � � 4��sin � cos � sin � �
� ���
� ��� �
�� � cos� � sin� � cos�� � � 3�sin� � cos � sin � � �� sin �cos� � cos � sin �� �
���sin � cos � sin � � 1� ������ s��s�i���in�  ��� �����s o� �, � �n� ��
��� � sin� �sin� � cos � � 3� � sin� �cos� � � 4� sin � cos � sin � �
� ��� �
Note:
�� sin From this
� cos � �� � 1� ������ s��s�i���in�  ��� �����s o� �,
sinexample, it is clear that the divergence of a vector field is the
� �n� ��
same irrespective of the coordinate system used.
Note: From this example, it is clear that the divergence of a vector field is the
same irrespective of the coordinate system used.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 44 9/27/2015 9:06:18 PM


1 ∂ � 1 � 1 ���
��� � �
�� �� � � �� sin � �
� �� � sin � �� � sin � ��
Sadiku & Kulkarni � Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
� � � � �
  � �1�� sin �cos � � �� sin � cos � sin 43��+ � ��3� � sin� �cos� � �
� � ��� �
�� � cos� � sin� � cos� � � 3�sin� � cos � sin � � �� sin �cos� � cos � sin �� �

P.E. 3.12 45
��� � sin� �sin� � cos � � 3� � sin� �cos� � � 4� sin � cos � sin � �
� ��� �
If B is conservative
� , ∇ × B = 0 must be satisfied.
�� sin � cos � sin � � 1� ������ s��s�i���in�  ��� �����s o� �, � �n� ��
ax ay az
Note: From this example,
∂ it∂is clear∂that the divergence of a vector field is the
B=
∇ ×irrespective
same of the coordinate
∂x ∂y ∂system
z 50used.
y + z cos xz x x cos xz
P.E. 3.15
∇ F = a x − 2a y + a z
= 0 a x + (cos xza −−xz2asin+xza − cos xz + xz sin xz ) a y + (1 − 1) a z = 0
∇F x y z
aHence
n = B is=a conservative=field. 0.4082a x − 0.8165a y + 0.4082a z
| ∇F | 1+ 4 +1

Prob. 3.18

Method 1:
Prob. ∂3.1
T 1 ∂T 1 ∂T
∇T =
(a) ar + aθ + aφ
∂dr S = ρrd∂φθdz r sin θ ∂φ
= sin θ cos φ ar + cos θ cos φ aθ − sinπφ aφ
5
At P, Sr == 2,dθ S= =60ρo , φ d=φ30 o
2
π π 10π
 o o dz = 2 0o π dφo = 2(5)[ o2 − 3 ] = 6 = 5.236
dz
∇T = sin 60 cos 30 ar + cos 60 cos 330 aθ − sin 30 aφ
(b) = 0.75ar - 0.433aθ − 0.5aφ
In cylindrical, dS = ρ d ρ dφ
| ∇T |= 0.752 + 0.433 π
2
+ 0.52 = 1
3
The magnitude of T4is 1 and
2
3
π itsρ direction is along ∇T.
S =  d S =  ρ d ρ  dφ = ( ) = 3.142
1 0
4 2 1
Method 2:
(c) In spherical, d S = r 2 sin θ dφ dθ
T = r sin θ cos φ = x
2π 2π
∇T = a x 3 2π
3

| ∇T |= 1  sin θ dθ  dφ = 100 (2π )(− cos θ ) π|


S = d S = 100 = 200π (0.5 + 0.7071) = 758.4
π 0
4
4
(d) 3.19
Prob.
∂fd S = ∂rfdr dθ ∂f
∇f = a x + a y + πa z = (2 xy − 2 y 2 )a x + ( x 2 − 4 xy )a y + 3 z 2 a z
∂x ∂y 4 ∂z 2
r2 4 π π 8π
=  dS = x =rdr
At pointS(2,4,-3), = z =|0−(3 − ) =
2,yd=θ 4, = 4.189
0 π 2 2 3 6
∇f = (16 − 32)a x + (4 − 32)
3 a y + 27a z = −16a x − 28a y + 27 a z

a x + 2a y − a z1
a= =
(1, 2, −1)
1+ 4 +1 6
The directional derivative is
1 99
∇f a = (−16, −28, 27) (1, 2, −1) = − = −40.42
6 6

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 45 9/27/2015 9:06:18 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

46
44

Prob. 3.2
(a)
dl = ρ dφ ; ρ=3
π

π π 3π 2

L =  dl = 3 dφ = 3( − ) = = 2.356
π 2 4 4
4

(b)
dl = r sin θ dφ; r = 1, θ = 30° ;
π
3
π
L =  dl = r sin θ  dφ = (1) sin 30° [( ) − 0] = 0.5236.
0
3
(c)
dl = rdθ
π
2
π π 4π
L=  d l = r  dθ = 4( − ) =
π 2 6 3
= 4.189
6

Prob. 3.3
2 π /2
S =  dS =  φ π ρ dφ dz
z =0 = / 4
ρ = 10
2 π /2
= 10 dz  dφ = 10(2)(π / 2 − π / 4) = 5π = 15.71
0 π /4

Prob. 3.4
π /6
L =  dl =  ρ dφ = 4(π / 6) = 2.094
L φ =0
ρ =4

Prob. 3.5
(a ) dV = dxdydz
1 2 3

V =  dxdydz =  dx  dy  dz = (1) (2 − 1)(3 − − 3) = 6


0 1 −3
(b) dV = ρ dφ d ρ dz
5 4 π
ρ2 π 1 2π
|
5
V =  ρ d ρ  dz  dφ = (4 − −1)(π − ) = (25 − 4)(5)( ) = 35π = 110
2 −1 π 2 2 3 2 3
3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 46 9/27/2015 9:06:19 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

47
45

(c) dV = r 2 sin θ drdθ dφ


π π
2
3 3 2
r3 3 π /3 π π
V =  r 2 dr  sin θ  dφ =
3 1
| ( − cos θ ) | (
π /2 2

6
)
1 π π
2 6

1 1 π 26 π
= (27 − 1)( )( ) = = 4.538
3 2 3 18

Prob. 3.6

 H •dl =  ( x dx + y
2 2
dy )
L

But on L, y = x 2 dy = 2 xdx
1
x3 x6 1 1 1
 H •dl =  ( x + x .2 x)dx =
2 4
+ 2 | = + = 0.6667
L 0
3 6 0 3 3

Prob. 3.7
(a)
1 x=2 z =3

 F • dl =  ( x
2
− z )dy|2
+  2 xydx | +  (−3xz
2
)dz|
y =0 x = 0, z = 0 x =0 y =1, z = 0 z =0 x = 2, y =1

x2 2 z3 3
= 0 + 2(1) |
2 0
− 3(2) |
3 0
= 0 + 4 − 54 = − 50
(b)
Let x = 2t. y = t , z = 3t
dx = 2dt , dy = dt , dz = 3dt ;
1

 F • dl =  (8t
2
− 5t 2 − 162 t 3 ) dt
0

1
= (t 3 − 40.5t 4 ) = −39.5
0

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 47 9/27/2015 9:06:19 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

48
46

Prob. 3.8
π /4 3
W =  F • dl =  z ρ dφ z = 0, ρ = 2
+  ρ cos φ dz ρ = 2,φ =π / 4
L φ =0 z =0

= 0 + 2 cos(π / 4)(3) = 6 cos 45o = 4.243 J

Prob. 3.9
0 1

 H • dl = 
x =1
( x − y )dx
y = 0, z = 0
+  5 yzdz x = 0, y = 0
z =0

+  ( x 2 + zy )dy + 5yzdz
x = 0, z = 1 − y / 2
0 2 0
y2
=  xdx +  ( y − )dy +  (10 z − 10 z 2 )dz
1 0
2 1

= −1.5

Prob. 3.10

Method 1:
1 1

 B ⋅ dl = −
L

y =0
yzdy
z=0
+ 
z =0
xzdz
x =1
+  (− yzdy + xzdz )
x =1
But z = y → dz = dy on the last segment (or integral).
⎯⎯
z2 1 y3 y 2 0
0
1
 B ⋅ dl = 0+ +  (− y 2 + y )dy = + (− + )
L
2 0 y =1 2 3 2 1
1 1 1 1
= + − = = 0.333
2 3 2 3

Method 2:

 B ⋅ dl =  ∇ × B  dS
L S

∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × B = ∂x ∂y ∂z = ya x − za y − xa z , dS = dydza x
xy -yz xz
y
y3 1 1
1 1

 ∇ × B  dS =
S
 
y =0 z =0
ydzdy =  y 2 dy =
0
= = 0.333
3 0 3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 48 9/27/2015 9:06:19 PM


Sadiku & KulkarniProb. 3.11 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

z 2
1 2 2
ψ =  AdS =   zdxdz =  dx  zdz = (1) =2
S 0 0
2 0 47
49

P.E. 3.13
Prob. 3.11
ψ =  B dS, dS = dxdya1z 2
z2 2
ψ = S AdS =   zdxdz =  dx  zdz = (1) =2
S
2 1
x0
3
1 y
0
2
2 2 0
ψ =   3x 2 ydxdy = 3 = (1)(2) = 2
y =0 x =0
3 0 2 0
P.E. 3.13
ψ = B
Prob. dS, dS = dxdya z
3.12
S
(a) dv = dxdydz
x3 1 y 2 2
2 1
ψ=   23x1 ydxdy
2
=3 = (1)(2) =2
1
3 0 12 0 1 z

 xydv =    xydxdydz =  xdx  ydy  dz


y =0 x =0

v z =0 y =0 z =0 0 0 0
Prob. 3.122
1 y2 1 2
(a) dv == xdxdydz z = (1/ 2)(1/ 2)(2) = 0.5
2 0 2 0 0
2 1 1 1 1 z

v xydv = z=0 y=0 z=0 xydxdydz = 0 xdx 0 ydy 0 dz


(b)
dv = ρ d ρ dφ dz
x 2 1π y22 13 2 3 2 π
= z = (1/ 2)(1/ 2)(2) 2= 0.5
 2 0 2 0 0
ρ
v
zdv = ρ z ρ d ρ d
φ = 0 z = 0 ρ =1
φ dz =  ρ d ρ   dφ
zdz
1 0 0

(b) ρ 3 3 z2 2 1
= (π ) = (9 − )(2π ) = 54.45
dv = ρ d ρ d3φ dz
1 2 0 3
π 2 3 3 2 π

v ρ3.13
zdv =    ρ z ρ d ρ dφdz =  ρ d ρ  zdz  dφ 2
Prob.
φ = 0 z = 0 ρ =1 1 0 0
Let I =  A3dv = 2r sin φ ar dv
ρ 3 zv 2 1
=v (π ) = (9 − )(2π ) = 54.45
ar = sin θ cos φ3a x1+ sin 2 θ0 sin φ a y + cos
3 θ az
Ar = r sin θ sin φ cos φ a x + r sin θ sin 2 φ a y + r cos θ sin φ a z
Prob. 3.13
Let I =θdA
dv = r 2 sin θdv
dφ =
dr r sin φ a dv
 r
v v

ar = sin θ cos φ a x + sin θ sin φ a y + cos θ a z


Ar = r sin θ sin φ cos φ a x + r sin θ sin 2 φ a y + r cos θ sin φ a z
dv = r 2 sin θ dθ dφ dr

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 49 9/27/2015 9:06:20 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

50
48

I =  Adv =  r 3 sin 2 θ sin φ cos φ dθ dφ dra x


v

+  r 3 sin 2 θ sin 2 φ dθ dφ dra y

+  r 3 sin θ cos θ sin φ dθ dφ dra z


1 π 2π
= ax  r dr  sin θ dθ  sin φ cos φ dφ
3 2

r =1 0 0
1 π 2π
+a y 
r =1
r 3 dr  sin 2 θ dθ  sin 2 φ dφ
0 0
1 π 2π
+a z  r dr  sin θ cos θ dθ  sin φ dφ
3

r =1 0 0
π 2π
r 1 1
4
1
= 0a x + 0a z + a y 
4 00 2
(1 − cos 2θ ) d θ 0
2
(1 − cos 2φ )dφ

ay π2
= (π / 2)(π ) = a y = 1.234a y
4 8

Prob. 3.14

∂V1 ∂V ∂V
(a) ∇V1 = a x + 1 a y + 1 az
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (6 y − 2 z )a x + 6 xa y + (1 − 2 x )a z

∂V2 1 ∂V2 ∂V
(b) ∇V2 = aρ + aφ + 2 a z
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
= (10 cos φ − z )a ρ − 10sin φ aφ − ρ a z

∂V3 1 ∂V3 1 ∂V3


∇V3 = ar + aθ + aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
2 1  2 
(c) =− cos φ ar + 0 +  − sin φ  aφ
r 2
r sin θ  r 
2 2sin φ
= − 2 cos φ ar − 2 aφ
r r sin θ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 50 9/27/2015 9:06:20 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

51
49

Prob. 3.15

∂U ∂U ∂U
∇U = ax + ay + az
(a) ∂x ∂y ∂z
= e x + 2 y cosh za x + 2e x + 2 y cosh za y + e x + 2 y sinh za z

∂T 1 ∂T ∂T
∇T = aρ + aφ + az
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
(b)
3z 3z 3
= − 2 cos φ a ρ − 2 sin φ aφ + cos φ a z
ρ ρ ρ

∂W 1 ∂W 1 ∂W
∇W = ar + aθ + aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
(c)
 5cos θ   5sin φ  1
= − + 4r sin φ  ar +  2r 2 cos φ − aφ
 r 2
  r  r sin θ

Prob. 3.16

r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 , r n = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) n /2

Method 1:
∂r n ∂r n ∂r n n
∇r n = ax + ay + a z = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) n /2−1 (2 x)a x + 
∂x ∂y ∂z 2
n−2
= n( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
( xa x + ya y + za z ) = nr n − 2 r

Method 2:
n ∂r n r
∇r = ar = nr n −1 = nr n − 2 r
∂r r

Prob. 3.17
∇ T = 2x a x + 2 y a y − a z

At (1,1, 2 ) , ∇ T = (2, 2, −1). The mosquito should move in the direction of

2ax + 2a y − az

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 51 9/27/2015 9:06:20 PM


Sadiku & KulkarniP.E.3.15 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
∇ F = a x − 2a y + a z
∇F a − 2a y + a z 52 a + 0.4082a
an = = x = 0.4082a x − 0.8165 y z
| ∇F | 1+ 4 +1

Prob. 3.18

Method 1:
∂T 1 ∂T 1 ∂T
∇T = ar + aθ + aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
= sin θ cos φ ar + cos θ cos φ aθ − sin φ aφ
At P, r = 2,θ = 60o , φ = 30o
∇T = sin 60o cos 30o ar + cos 60o cos 30o aθ − sin 30o aφ
= 0.75ar - 0.433aθ − 0.5aφ
| ∇T |= 0.752 + 0.4332 + 0.52 = 1
The magnitude of T is 1 and its direction is along ∇T.

Method 2:
T = r sin θ cos φ = x
∇T = a x
| ∇T |= 1

Prob. 3.19
∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f = a x + a y + a z = (2 xy − 2 y 2 )a x + ( x 2 − 4 xy )a y + 3 z 2 a z
∂x ∂y ∂z
At point (2,4,-3), x = 2, y = 4, z = −3
∇f = (16 − 32)a x + (4 − 32)a y + 27a z = −16a x − 28a y + 27a z
a x + 2a y − a z1
a= =
(1, 2, −1)
1+ 4 +1 6
The directional derivative is
1 99
∇f a = (−16, −28, 27) (1, 2, −1) = − = −40.42
6 6

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 52 9/27/2015 9:06:21 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

53
51

Prob. 3.20

(a) Let f = ax + by + cz – d = 0
∇f = aa x + ba y + ca z
∇f aa + ba y + ca z
an1 = = x
| ∇f | a 2 + b2 + c2
Let g = α x + β y + γ z − δ
∇g α a x + β a y + γ a z
an 2 = =
| ∇g | α2 + β2 +γ 2
aα + bβ + cγ
cos θ = an1 an 2 =
a 2 + b2 + c 2 α 2 + β 2 + γ 2
aα + bβ + cγ
θ = cos −1
(a + b 2 + c 2 )(α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 )
2

a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
(b) α = 1, β = 1, γ = 0
1+ 2 + 0 3
θ = cos −1 = cos −1 = cos −1 0.5669 = 55.46o
(12 + 22 + 32 )(12 + 12 + 02 ) 28

Prob. 3.21
∂Ax ∂Ay ∂A z
(a) ∇ ⋅ A = + + = 3y − x
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 1
∇ ⋅ B = 2 ρ z 2 + ρ 2sin φ cos φ + 2 ρ sin 2 φ
(b) ρ ρ
= 2 z + sin 2φ + 2 ρ sin 2 φ
2

1 2
(c) ∇ ⋅ C = 3r + 0 = 3
r2

Prob. 3.22
∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az
∇ A = + + = 2 xy + 0 + 2 y = 2 y (1 + x)
∂x ∂y ∂z
(a) At (−3, 4, 2), x = −3, y = 4
∇ A = 2(4)(1 − 3) = −16

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 53 9/27/2015 9:06:21 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

54
52

1 ∂ 1 ∂Bφ ∂Bz 1 ∂
∇ B =
ρ ∂ρ
(
ρ Bρ +
ρ ∂φ
)+
∂z
=
ρ ∂ρ
(
3ρ 2 sin φ + 0 + 8 z cos 2 φ )
(b) = 6sin φ + 8 z cos 2 φ
At (5,30o ,1), z = 1, φ = 30o
∇ B = 6sin 30o + 8(1) cos 2 30o = 3 + 6 = 9

1 ∂ 2 1 ∂Cφ 1 ∂ 4
∇C = ( r Cr ) + 0 + = 2 (r cos θ ) + 0 = 4r cos θ
2
r ∂r r sin θ ∂φ r ∂r
(c) At (2, π / 3, π / 2), r = 2, θ = π / 3
∇C = 4(2)cos(π / 3) = 4

Prob. 3.23
2
∇• H = k ∇• ∇ T = k ∇ T
2
∂ 2T ∂ 2T πx π y π2 π2
∇ T= + = 50sin cos h (− + )= 0
∂ x2 ∂ y
2
2 2 4 4

Hence, ∇• H = 0

Prob. 3.24
We convert A to cylindrical coordinates; only the ρ-component is needed.
Aρ = Ax cos φ + Ay sin φ = 2 x cos φ − z 2 sin φ
But x = ρ cos φ ,
Aρ = 2 ρ cos 2 φ − z 2 sin φ

Ψ =  A ⋅ dS =  Aρ ρ dφ dz =   2 ρ 2 cos 2 φ − ρ z 2 sin φ dφ dz


S
π /2 1 1 π /2
1
= 2(2) 2 
0
2
(1 + cos 2φ )dφ  dz − 2 z 2 dz
0 0
 sin φ dφ
0

1 π /2 z3 1 π /2
= 4(φ + sin 2φ ) −2 (− cos φ ) = 2π − 2 / 3 = 5.6165
2 0 3 0 0

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 54 9/27/2015 9:06:21 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

55
53

Prob. 3.25 z

Z=1

Z=-1
x

(a)

 D • dS = [ 
z =−1
+  +
z =1

ρ =5
]D • dS

= −  ρ 2 cos 2 φ dφ d ρ +  ρ 2 cos 2 φ dφ d ρ +  2 ρ 2 z 2 dφ dz|


ρ =5
2π 1 3
z
= 2(5) 2  dφ  z dz = + 50(2π ) ( 3
2
|1−1 )
0 −1

200 π
= = 209.44
3
1 ∂
(b) ∇ • D = (2 ρ 2 z 2 ) = 4 z 2
ρ ∂ρ
1 5 2π

 ∇ • Ddv =  4 z ρ d ρ dφ dz = 4  z dz  ρ d ρ  dφ
2 2

−1 0 0
1 5
z 3
ρ 2
200π
= 4x (2π ) = = 209.44
3 −1
2 0
3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 55 9/27/2015 9:06:22 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

56
54

Prob. 3.26
π / 2 2π

 H  dS =   10 cosθ r sin θ dθ dφ
2

S θ φ
=0 =0
r =1
2π π /2 π /2
= 10(1)2  dφ  sin θ cos θ dθ = 10(2π )  sin θ d (sin θ )
0 0 0

 sin θ 2
π /2
= 20π   = 10π = 31.416
 2  0

Prob. 3.27
 H ⋅ d S =  ∇ ⋅ Hdv
S v

 H ⋅ dS = − 2 xydydz x = 0 +  2 xydydz x = 1 −  ( x


2
+ z 2 )dxdz
S
y =1

+  ( x 2 + z 2 )dxdz −  2 yzdxdy +  2 yzdxdy


y=2 z = −1 z =3

2 3 1 2 1 2
= 0 + 2  ydy  dz + 2  dx  ydy + 6  dx  ydy
1 −1 0 1 0 1

= 12 + 3 + 9 = 24
∂H x ∂H y ∂H z
∇⋅H = + + = 2y + 0 + 2y = 4y
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 2 3

 ∇ ⋅ Hdv =  4 ydxdydz = 4 dx  ydy  dz


V 0 1 −1

y 2
2
= 4(1) (3 + 1) = 24
2 1

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 56 9/27/2015 9:06:22 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

57
55

Prob. 3.28

ψ2
Side 1:

ψ3

ψ1

ψ =  DdS =ψ 1 +ψ 2 +ψ 3
S
2π 3 4 2π
= 0+  
φ =0 ρ =0
10 z × ρ dφ d ρ
z=4
+   5ρ × ρ dφ dz ρ = 3
z =0 φ =0

 ρ2  3
= 10(4)(2π )   + 5(9)(2π )(4) = 360π + 360π = 2261.95
 2 0

Side 2:

1 ∂
ψ =  ∇ Bdv, ∇ B = (5 ρ 2 ) + 0 + 10 = 10 + 10 = 20
v
ρ ∂ρ
2π 4 3
 ρ2 3
ψ =  20dv = 20    ρ dφ d ρ dz = 20(2π )(4)  
φ =0 z =0 ρ =0  2 0
= 720π = 2261.95

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 57 9/27/2015 9:06:22 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

58
56

Prob. 3.29
Let ψ =  AdS =  ∇ Adv
S v

∂Ax ∂Ay ∂A
∇ A = + + z = 2( x + y + z )
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇ A = 2( ρ cos φ + ρ sin φ + z ), dv = ρ d ρ dφ dz
ψ =  2( ρ cos φ + ρ sin φ + z ) ρ d ρ dφ dz

2ρ 2 1 z 2 4
1 4
1
= 0 + 0 + 2  ρ d ρ  zdz  dφ = (2π ) = (16 − 4)(2π )
0 2 0
2 0 2 2 2
= 12π = 37.7

Prob. 3.30
1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇• A = (r 4 ) + (r sin 2 θ cos φ )
r ∂r
2
r sin θ ∂θ
= 4 r + 2 cos θ cos φ

 ∇ • Adv =  4r sin θ dθ dφ dr +  2r 2 sin θ cos θ cos φ dθ dφ dr


3

π
r4 3 π /2 π 2r 3 3 cos 2 θ π / 2
=4 |
4 0
( − cos θ )|0 2 3 |0 2 |0
( ) + ( − ) sin φ |02
π 1
= 81(1)( ) + 18(0 + )(1 − 0)
2 2
81π
= + 9 = 136.23
2
z

 A • dS = [φ +φ π +  +θ π


=0 = /2 r =3 = /2
] A • dS

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 58 9/27/2015 9:06:22 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

59
57

Since A has no φ − component, the first two integrals on the right hand side vanish.
π /2 π /2 3 π /2

 A • dS =  φ r 4 sin θ dθ dφ| +   r 2 sin 2 θ cos φ drdφ|


r =3 θ =π / 2
θ =0 =0 r =0 φ=0

π π /2 π /2
= 81 ( ) (− cos θ )| + 9(1) sin φ|
2 0 0

81π
= + 9 = 136.23
2

Prob. 3.31
Let ψ =  F • dS = ψ t + ψ b + ψ o +ψ i
where ψ t , ψ b , ψ o , ψ i are the fluxes through the top surface, bottom surface,
outer surface ( ρ = 3), and inner surface respectively.

For the top surface, dS = ρ dφ d ρ a z , z = 5;

F • dS = ρ 2 z dφ dz. Hence:
3 2π
190 π
ψt =   ρ 2 z dφ dz|z =5 = = 198.97
ρ=2 φ=0
3

For the bottom surface, z = 0, dS = ρ dφ d ρ (− a z )


F • dS = − ρ 2 z dφ d ρ = 0. Hence, ψ b = 0.

For the outer curved surface, ρ = 3, dS = ρ dφ dz a ρ


F • dS = ρ 2 sin φ dφ dz. Hence,
5 2π
ψa =  dz ρ φ sin φ dφ|ρ
3
=0
=3
z =0 =0

For the inner curved surface, ρ = 2, d S = ρ dφ dz ( −a ρ )


F • dS = − ρ 3 sin φ dφ dz. Hence,
5 2π
ψa = − 
z =0
dz ρ 3  sin φ dφ|ρ
φ =0
=2
=0

190 π 190 π
ψ = + 0+0+ 0= = 198.97
3 3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 59 9/27/2015 9:06:23 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

60
58

ψ=  F • dS =  ∇ • FdV
1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇•F = ( ρ 3 sin φ ) + ( z cos φ ) + ρ
ρ∂ρ ρ ∂φ
z
= 3 ρ sin φ − sin φ + ρ
ρ
z

V
∇ • Fdv =  (3ρ sin φ − ρ sin φ + ρ ) ρ dφ d ρ dz
5 2π 3
= 0 + 0 +  dz  dφ  ρ 2 d ρ
0 0 2

190 π
= = 198.97
3

Prob. 3.32
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
(a) ∇xA = = za y − xa z
∂x ∂y ∂z
xy y2 − xz

1  1
∇xB =  2 ρ z 2sin φ cos φ − 0  a ρ + (2 ρ z − 2 z sin 2 φ )aφ + ( 2 ρ sin 2 φ − 0 ) a
ρ  ρ
(b) = 4 z sin φ cos φ a ρ + 2( ρ z − z sin 2 φ )aφ + 2sin 2 φ a z
= 2 z sin 2φ a ρ + 2 z ( ρ − sin 2 φ )aφ + 2sin 2 φ a z

1  ∂  1 ∂ 2 2 
∇xC =  ∂θ (r cos θ sin θ  ar − r  ∂r (r cos θ  aθ
2

r sin θ
r cos 2 θ
(c) = (2 cos θ )(− sin θ ) sin θ + cos θ (cos 2 θ )  ar − (2r )aθ
r sin θ r
(cos3 θ − 2sin 2 θ cos θ )
= ar − 2 cos 2 θ aθ
sin θ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 60 9/27/2015 9:06:23 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

61
59

Prob. 3.33
(a)
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
∇× A = = − y2 a x + 2z a y − x2 a z
∂x ∂y ∂z
x2 y y 2 z −2 xz

∇ •∇× A = 0

(b)
1 ∂ Az ∂ Aφ ∂ A ∂ Az 1 ∂ ( ρ Aρ ) ∂ Aρ
∇× A = ( − ) aρ + ( ρ − ) aφ + ( − )az
ρ ∂φ ∂z ∂z ∂ρ ρ ∂ρ ∂φ
1
= (0 − 0) a ρ + ( ρ 2 − 3z 2 ) aφ + (4 ρ 3 − 0) a z
ρ
= ( ρ 2 − 3z 2 ) aφ + 4 ρ 2 a z

∇•∇× A = 0

1  sin φ  1  −1 cos φ  1  ∂ cos φ ) 


∇× A =  0 − 2  ar +  − 0  aθ +  ( − 0  aφ
r sin θ  r  r  sin θ r 2
 r  ∂r r 
(c)
sin φ cos φ cos φ
=− 3 ar + 3 aθ + 3 aφ
r sin θ r sin θ r

− sin φ sin φ
∇•∇× A = +0+ 4 =0
r sin θ
4
r sin θ

∇ •∇× A= 0

Prob. 3.34
1
∇ × H = 0a ρ + 1aφ + (2 ρ cos φ − ρ cos φ )a z = aφ + cos φ a z
ρ
 1  1 1 1
∇ × ∇ × H =  − sin φ − 0  a ρ + 0aφ + (1 − 0)a z = - sin φ a ρ + a z
 ρ  ρ ρ ρ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 61 9/27/2015 9:06:23 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

62
60

Prob. 3.35
Method 1: We can express A in spherical coordinates.
r a
A = 3 ar = 2r ,
r r
a  1 −2
∇ × A = ∇ ×  2r  = ∇  2  × ar = 3 ar × ar = 0
r  r  r

Method 2:

x y z
A= a + 3 a y + 3 az
3 x
r r r
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z  3 3 
∇× A = = − z ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) −5/ 2 (2 y ) − − y ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) −5 / 2 (2 z )  a x + ...
x y z  2 2 
3 3 3
r r r
=0

Prob. 3.36 y
1
1 2
3

0 1 2 x

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 62 9/27/2015 9:06:24 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

63
61

(a)

 F • d l = (
L 1
+  + ) F • d l
2 3
_ _ _
For 1, y = x dy = dx, dl = dx a x + dy a y ,
1
1
 F •d l = 
1 0
x 3 dx − xdx = −
4
_ _ _
For 2, y = − x + 2, dy = − dx, dl = dx a x + dy a y ,
2
17
 F • d l =  (− x + 2 x − x + 2)dx =
3 2

2 1
12
For 3,
0

 F •d l =  x
2
ydx| =0
y =0
3 2

1 17 7
 F •d l = − 4
L
+
12
+ 0 =
6

(b)

∇ × F = − x2 a z ; dS = dxdy (− a z )
1 x 2 − x+2

 (∇ × F ) • d S = −  (− x )dxdy =   x dydx +  
2 2
x 2 dydx
0 0 1 y =0
1 2 2
x1 7
 x y| dx +  x y| | +
x − x+2
 x (− x + 2)dx =
2 2 2
= dx =
0
0
1
0 4 0 1
6

(c) Yes

Prob. 3.37
1 π /2 2 0

 A • dl = ρ

=2
ρ sin φ d ρ
φ =0
+
φ

=0
ρ 2 ρ dφ
ρ =1
+
ρ

=1
ρ sin φ d ρ
φ = 90 o
+ 
φ π
= /2
ρ 3 dφ
ρ =2
π 1 π
= + (4 − 1) + 8(− ) = −9.4956
2 2 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 63 9/27/2015 9:06:24 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

64
62
62
62
63

Prob.
Prob.
Prob.3.38
(c) 3.38
3.38
1 y∂yy 1 ∂ cos θ cos φ 1 sin θ cos φ
63
∇ ⋅∇V = ∇ V = 2 2
(− sin θ cos φ ) + 2 (sin θ ) + 2 2 (− )
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r r sin θ r
cos φ(c) cos φ
= 0+ 3 (1 − 2sin 2 θ ) − 3
r sin θ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ cos θ cos φ 1 sin θ cos φ
∇ ⋅∇V = ∇ 2V = r2 sin (θ− sin θ cos φ ) + 2 (sin θ ) + 2 2 (− )
2sin θ cos φ 45
45
45
o o r ∂r
o r sin θ ∂θ r r sin θ r
=−
r3 cos φ cos φ
= 0+ 3 (1 − 2sin 2 θ ) − 3
000 r sin θ 222 xxxr sin θ
Prob. 3.41 2sin θ cos φ
=−
r r3
Q= r sin θ [(cos
2 22 φ − sin φ ) a xπ+π/4π/4/4(cos φ + sin φ ) a y ] 0 00
r sin θFF
 F•••dldldl===0Prob.
0222ρρρzdzdzdρρρ
3.41 zzz===111 000
+++ 333zzzsin sinφφφρρρdddφφφ
sin
ρρρ===2,2,
+++ 222ρρρzd
2,zzz===111
zdρρρ
zd
zzz===111
= r (cos φ − sin φ ) a x + r (cos
0
r φ + sin φ ) a y
2 22

Q= r sin θ [(cos φ − sin φ ) a x + (cos φ + sin φ ) a y ]


22 r sin θ
2 22 2
πππ/ //444 2 22000
 Qr  == =ρ ρρ θ +cos
sin ++((−(φ −−666coscos
cos φφφ)θ)) sin φ+++ρρρcos
sin θ===(4(4−Q
(4 −−0) +++6(6(
x0)
0) cosπππ/ //444+++1)1)
6(−−−cos
cos 1)+++(0(0
(0−−−4)4)
4)===1.757
1.757
1.757
   00= 0 r (cos φ − sin0φ00) a x + r2(cos 22 φ + sin φ ) a y
Qθ  = 111cos θ cos φ cos θ sin φ − sin θ  Qy 
∇∇xxφFF===  [3[3−
xF sinφφφ−−−000]]aaaz zcos

Q  ρρρ 3zzzsin sin φ
+++......
... 0   Q 
 Qr  z  sin θ cos φ sin θ zsin φ cos θ  Qx 
2 22 ππ/π4//44 
 Qθ333zzz=  cos θ cos φ cos θ sin φ − sin θ πππ/Q
 //44y4


Q (∇
=(
(∇∇x
rF
x F)
sin
xF ⋅
)
) θd

⋅ S
d
daSSr ==+
=  0=0φρρρθ  −φsin φ zzz=== cos φ
r cos
ρ ρ=ρ0==00 φφ=φQ
θ a sin
sin
+
sin φ φ
φ
r ρaρ
ρdd
dφφ
φdd
dρρρ = =
=3(2)(
3(2)(
3(2)( −−−cos
cos
cos
0
φφ
φ) ))
 0

  z0
Q
0 
(a) =0 

1
dl = ρ d=φ==6( a6(φ−
6( ,−−cos
cos
cos ρππ =πQ ++ r+1)
=sin 30
1)=r==sin
1) 1.757 °θ=a2(+ )r=cos
1.757
1.757 1 θ a + ra
r 2 θ φ

z = r cos (a)30° = 3
Prob.
Prob.
Prob.3.39
3.39
3.39 1
2 −d−y−lyy=2 ρ dφ−a −y−yφy , ρ = r sin 30° = 2( ) = 1
∇∇∇⋅ ⋅A Q
⋅ AA== φ=88=
8xexer− −y−= yy
xe +++888xe ρ xe +
xe ===16 z 16xe
16 xexe 2
− −y−yy − −y−yy
∇∇∇(∇((∇∇⋅ ⋅A ⋅A A)))===16
2 16eee aa2ax xx−−−16
16
π 16xe
16 xexe aaayy 30° = 3
2 z = r ycos
 Q • d l = 0 ρ + z ρ dφ = 2(1)(2π ) = 4π
Qφ = r = ρ 2 + z 2
(b) aaax xx aaay yy aaaz zz

∂∂∂ ∂l∂∂= ∂∂∂ 2 2 ρ d−φ−y−yy= 2(1)(2
xQ A))θ)===a r − 2aQθ + • dcos θ aφ ρ ===+((−(z−−16 16eee −)yπa))aa)z zz====400π0
− −y y
∇∇∇x×x∇ ∇∇(∇((=∇ ⋅A
∇⋅cot⋅A 16eee +++16
16 16
∂∂∂xxx ∂∂∂yyy 0 ∂∂∂zzz
For S1 , dS =16 (b) 16
16r eeesin θ−d−−16
2 − −y−yy
θ16
16xedxeφ−a−y−yyr 000
xe
Should
Should
Shouldbe
be
be expected
expected
× Q ) • dSsince
expected = r∇
since
since ∇∇
2∇ xsin
×x∇Q
∇VθVV==cot
x∇ 000θ. θ
cot
== ..daθr d−φ|2 aθ + cos θ aφ
(∇ 
S1
 r =2

Prob.
Prob.
Prob.3.40
3.40
3.40 For

S301 ,° dS = r sin θ dθ dφ a r 2

sinθθθcoscosφφφ = 4 cos dφθθθcos ) φ•φφdaθaSθaθdθ−=θ−−sin r4φ2π



aaar rr+++(∇ ×2Q
sin
sin cos cos
cos cos
coscos =sin
sin φsin θ cot θ dθ dφ
(a)
(a) ∇VVV===−−−
(a)∇∇ 2 22
rrr 0 rrr0 2
2  2
rrr 2
aaaφ φφ |r = 2
S1
2π 30°

(b))) ∇∇
(b(b ∇xx∇∇VVV===000
x∇ = 4  dφ  cos θ dθ = 4π
0 0

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 64 9/27/2015 9:06:25 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

65
63

(c)
1 ∂ 1 ∂ cos θ cos φ 1 sin θ cos φ
∇ ⋅∇V = ∇ 2V = (− sin θ cos φ ) + 2 (sin θ ) + 2 2 (− )
2
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r r sin θ r
cos φ cos φ
= 0+ 3 (1 − 2sin 2 θ ) − 3
r sin θ r sin θ
2sin θ cos φ
=−
r3

Prob. 3.41
r
Q= r sin θ [(cos φ − sin φ ) a x + (cos φ + sin φ ) a y ]
r sin θ
= r (cos φ − sin φ ) a x + r (cos φ + sin φ ) a y

 Qr   sin θ cos φ sin θ sin φ cos θ  Qx 


  
Qθ  =  cos θ cos φ cos θ sin φ − sin θ  Q 
 y
Qφ   − sin φ cos φ 0   Qz 
 

Q = r sin θ a r + r cos θ aθ + r a φ
(a)
1
dl = ρ dφ aφ , ρ = r sin 30° = 2( ) = 1
2
z = r cos 30° = 3
Qφ = r = ρ 2 + z2

 Q • dl =  0
ρ 2 + z 2 ρ dφ = 2(1)(2π ) = 4π

(b)
∇ × Q = cot θ a r − 2 aθ + cos θ aφ

For S1 , dS = r 2 sin θ dθ dφ a r

 (∇ × Q ) • dS =  r
2
sin θ cot θ dθ dφ|
r =2
S1
2π 30°
= 4  dφ  cos θ dθ = 4π
0 0

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 65 9/27/2015 9:06:26 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

66
64

(c)
For S2 , dS = r sin θ dθ dr aθ

 (∇ × Q) • dS = − 2 r sin θ dφ dr|θ
S2
= 30°

2 2π
= −2sin 30  rdr  dφ
0 0

= − 4π
(d)
For S1 , dS = r 2 sin θ d φ dθ a r

 Q • dS = r 3  sin 2 θ dθ d φ|
S1 r=2
°
2π 30

= 8  dφ  sin
2
θ dθ
0 0

π 3
= 4π [ − ] = 2.2767
3 2
(e)
_

For S 2 , dS = r sin θ dφ dr aθ

 Q • dS =  r 2 sin θ cos θ dφ dr|


S2 θ =30°

4π 3
= = 7.2552
3

(f)
1 ∂ 3 r ∂
∇•Q = (r sin θ ) + (sin θ cos θ ) + 0
r ∂r
2
r sin θ ∂ θ
= 2sin θ + cos θ cot θ

 ∇ • Qdv =  (2sin θ + cos θ cot θ )r sin θ dθ dφ dr


2

r3 2
30
(2π )  (1 + sin θ )dθ
2
=
3 0 0

4π 3
= (π − ) = 9.532
3 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 66 9/27/2015 9:06:26 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

67
65

Check :  ∇ • Qdv = ( S1
+  Q • dS
S2

π 3 3
= 4π [ − + ]
3 2 3
4π 3
= [π − ] (It checks!)
3 2

Prob. 3.42
Since u = ω × r , ∇ × u = ∇ × ( ω × r ). From Appendix A.10,

∇ × ( A× B ) = A(∇ • B ) − B (∇ • A) + ( B • ∇) A− ( A• ∇) B
∇ × u = ∇ × (ω × r )
_
∇ × (ω × r ) = ω (∇ • r ) − r (∇ • ω ) + (r • ∇) ω − (ω • ∇) r

= ω (3) − ω = 2 ω
1
or ω = ∇ × u.
2

Alternatively, let x = r cos ω t , y = r sin ω t

∂x ∂ y
u= ax + ay
∂t ∂t

= − ω r sin ω t a x + ω r cos ωt a y

= −ω y ax + ω x a y
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×u = ∂ x ∂ y ∂ z = 2ω a z = 2ω
−ω y ω x 0
1
i.e., ω = ∇×u
2

Note that we have used the fact that ∇ • ω = 0, (r • ∇)ω = 0, (ω • ∇)r = ω

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 67 9/27/2015 9:06:26 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

68
66

Prob. 3.43

1 ∂ 1 ∂Bφ ∂Bz 1
∇ B = ( ρ Bρ ) + + = 2 ρ cos φ + ρ cos φ − 4
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z ρ
= (2 + ρ ) cos φ − 4

 1 ∂Bz ∂Bφ   ∂B ∂B  1 ∂ ∂B 
(a) ∇ × B =  −  aρ +  ρ − z  aφ +  ( ρ Bφ ) − ρ  a z
 ρ ∂φ ∂z   ∂z ∂ρ  ρ  ∂ρ ∂φ 
1
= 0a ρ + 0aφ + 3ρ 2 sin φ + ρ sin φ  a z
ρ
= (3ρ + 1) sin φ a z

(b)
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂Fφ 1 ∂ 4 1
∇F = ( r Fr ) + 0 + = 2 (r sin θ ) + ( −2r sin φ )
2
r ∂r r sin θ ∂φ r ∂r r sin θ
2sin φ
= 4r sin θ −
sin θ
1 ∂ ∂Fθ  1  1 ∂Fr ∂ 
∇×F =  ∂θ ( Fφ sin θ ) − ∂φ
r sin θ  ar + r  sin θ ∂φ − ∂r (rFφ )  aθ
   
1 ∂ ∂F 
+  (rFθ ) − r  aφ
r  ∂r ∂θ 
1  ∂  1 1 2 
=  ∂θ (2r sin θ cos φ ) − 0  ar + r  sin θ r cos φ − 4r cos φ  aθ + 0aφ
r sin θ
 r cos φ 
= 2 cot θ cos φ ar +  − 4 cos φ  aθ
 sin θ 

Prob. 3.44
 ∂V ∂V ∂V 
(a) ∇(V∇V)=∇ V ax + V ay+ V az 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∂  ∂V  ∂  ∂V  ∂  ∂V 
= V + V + V 
∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y  ∂z  ∂z 
2 2 2
∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V  ∂V   ∂V   ∂V 
= V 2 +V 2 +V 2 +   +  + 
∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x   ∂y   ∂z 
= V ∇ 2V + | ∇V |2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 68 9/27/2015 9:06:27 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

69
67

∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × VA = ∂x ∂y ∂z
VAx VAy VAz
∂ ∂  ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂ 
=  (VAz ) − (VAy )  a x +  (VAx ) − (VAz )  a y +  (VAy ) − (VAx )  a z
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 
(b)  ∂V ∂A ∂V ∂A 
=  Az + V z − Ay − V y  ax
 ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z 
 ∂V ∂A ∂V ∂A 
+  Ax + V x − Az −V z  ay
 ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x 
 ∂V ∂A ∂V ∂A 
+  Ay + V y − Ax − V x  az
 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y 

 ∂A ∂A   ∂A ∂A   ∂A ∂A  
∇ × VA = V  z − y  a x +  x − z  a y +  y − x  a z 
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y  
 ∂V ∂V   ∂V ∂V   ∂V ∂V 
+  Az − Ay  a x +  Ax − Az  a y +  Ay − Ax  az
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 
= V ∇ × A + ∇V × A

Prob. 3.45
(a)
∂B ∂B ∂B
∇ B = x + y + z = 2 xy + 1 + 1 = 2 + 2 xy
∂x ∂y ∂z
(b)
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × B = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (−1 + 0)a x + (0 − 0)a y + (4 x + x 2 )a z
x 2 y (2 x 2 + y ) ( z − y )
= −a x + x(4 − x)a z
(c)

∇(∇B) = ∇(2 + 2 xy ) = 2 ya x + 2 xa y

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 69 9/27/2015 9:06:27 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

70
68

(d)

∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × ∇ × B = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 0a x - (4 - 2x)a y + 0a z
2
−1 0 (4 x − x )
= 2( x − 2)a y

Prob. 3.46
(a)
V1 = x 3 + y 3 + z 3
2 ∂ 2V1 ∂ 2V1 ∂ 2V1
∇ V1 = + +
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
∂ ∂ ∂
=
∂x
( 3x 2 ) +
∂y
( 3 y 2 ) + (3z 2 )
∂x
= 6 x + 6 y + 6z = 6( x + y + z)
(b)

V2 = ρ z 2 sin 2φ
1 ∂ 4z2 ∂
∇ 2V2 = ( ρ z 2 sin 2φ ) − sin 2φ + (2 ρ z sin 2φ )
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂z
2 2
z 4z
= sin 2φ − sin 2φ + 2 ρ sin 2φ
ρ ρ
−3z 2
=( + 2 ρ ) sin 2φ
ρ

(c)
V3 = r 2 (1 + cos θ sin φ )
1 ∂
∇ 2V3 = [2r 3 (1 + cos θ sin φ )]
r ∂r
2

1 ∂ 1
+ ( − sin 2 θ sin φ )r 2 + 2 2 r 2 ( − cosθ sin φ )
r sinθ ∂θ
2
r sin θ
2 sinθ cosθ sin φ
= 6(1 + cosθ sin φ ) − cosθ sin φ −
sinθ sin 2 θ
cosθ sin φ
= 6 + 4 cosθ sin φ −
sin 2 θ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 70 9/27/2015 9:06:28 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

71
69

Prob. 3.47
(a)
U = x 3 y 2 e xz
∂ ∂ ∂ 4 2 xz
∇ 2U = (3 x 2 y 2 e xz + x 3 y 2 ze xz ) + (2 x 3 y e xz ) + (x y e )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 6 xy 2 e xz + 3 x 2 yze xz + 3 x 2 y 2 ze xz + x3 y 2 z 2 e xz + 2 x3e xz + x5 y 2 e xz
= e xz (6 xy 2 + 3 x 2 y 2 z + 3 x 2 y 2 z + x3 y 2 z 2 + 2 x3 + x5 y 2 )
At (1, −1,1),
∇ 2U = e1 (6 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 1) = 16e= 43.493

(b)
V = ρ 2 z (cos φ + sin φ )
1 ∂
∇ 2V = [2 ρ 2 z (cos φ + sin φ )] − z (cos φ + sin φ ) + 0
ρ ∂ρ
= 4 z (cos φ + sin φ ) − z (cos φ + sin φ )
= 3 z (cos φ + sin φ )
π
At (5, , − 2), ∇ 2V = −6(0.866 + 0.5)= −8.196
6

(c)
W = e − r sin θ cos φ
1 ∂ e− r ∂
∇ 2W = ( − r 2 −r
e sin θ cos φ ) + cos φ (sin θ cos θ )
r ∂r
2
r sin θ
2
∂θ
e − r sin θ cos φ

r 2 sin 2 θ
1
= 2
(−2re − r sin θ cos φ ) + e − r sin θ cos φ
r
e − r cos φ e − r cos φ
+ 2 (1 − 2sin 2 θ ) − 2
r sin θ r sin θ
2 2
∇ 2W = e − r sin θ cos φ (1 − − 2 )
r r
At (1, 60°,30°),
∇ 2W = e −1 sin 60 cos 30(1 − 2 − 2) = −2.25e −1 = − 0.8277

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 71 9/27/2015 9:06:28 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

72
70

Prob. 3.48
(a ) Let V = 1nr = 1n x 2 + y 2 + z 2
∂V 1 1 x
= ( 2 x ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )−1/2 = 2
∂x r 2 r
∂V ∂V ∂V x a x + ya y + z a z r
∇V = ax + ay + az = 2
=
ox oy oz r r2

r 1
(b) Let ∇V = A = = ar in spherical coordinates.
r2 r
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂
∇ 2 (1nr ) = ∇  ∇ (1nr ) = ∇  A = 2 (r A r ) = 2 (r )
r ∂r r ∂r
1
= 2
r

Prob. 3.49
∂V ∂V ∂V
∇V = ax + ay + az
∂x ∂y ∂z
= y 2 z 3a x + 2 xyz 3a y + 3xy 2 z 2 a z
At P(1,2,3,) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
∇V = 4(27)a x + 2(2)(27)a y + 3(4)(9)a z
= 108( a x + a y + a z )

2 ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V
∇V = 2 + 2 + 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= ( y 2 z 3 ) + ( 2 xyz 3 ) + ( 3xy 2 z 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 0 + 2 xz 3 + 6 xy 2 z
= 2 xz ( z 2 + 3 y 2 )
At P(1,2,3,) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
∇ 2V = 2(1)(3)(9 + 3 × 4) = 6(9 + 12)
= 126

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 72 9/27/2015 9:06:28 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

73
71

Prob. 3.50
∂V 1 ∂V ∂V
∇V = aρ + aφ + a z = 2 ρ z cos φ a ρ - ρ z sin φ aφ + ρ 2 cos φ a z
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z

1 ∂  ∂V  1 ∂ 2V ∂ 2V 1 ∂ 1
∇ 2V = ρ
ρ ∂ρ  ∂ρ + 2 + 2 = ( 2 ρ 2 z cos φ ) − 2 ρ 2 z cos φ + 0
 ρ ∂φ ρ ∂ρ ρ
2
∂z
= ( 4 − 1) z cos φ = 3z cos φ

Prob. 3.51
∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
∇V = ar + aθ + aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
(a)
10 5sin φ
= − 3 cos φ ar − 3 aφ
r r sin θ

1 ∂ 2 ∂V 1 ∂ ∂V 1 ∂ 2V
∇∇V = ∇ 2V = ( r ) + (sin θ ) +
r 2 ∂r ∂r r 2 sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r 2 sin 2 θ ∂φ 2
1 ∂ 2 10 cos φ 1 5cos φ
(b) = 2 r (− ) + 0 + 2 2 (− )
r ∂r r 3
r sin θ r2
10 cos φ 5cos φ
∇∇V = − 4 2
r4 r sin θ

(c) ∇ × ∇V = 0, see Example 3.10.

Prob. 3.52
∂U ∂U ∂U
∇U = ax + ay + a z = 4 yz 2 a x + (4 xz 2 + 10 z )a y + (8 xyz + 10 y )a z
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
∇∇U = (∇U x ) + (∇U y ) + (∇U z ) = 0 + 0 + 8 xy = 8 xy
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ 2U ∂ 2U ∂ 2U
∇ 2U = + + = 0 + 0 + 8 xy = 8 xy
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
Hence, ∇ 2U = ∇∇U

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 73 9/27/2015 9:06:29 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

74
72

Prob. 3.53

Method 1
2 ∂Gφ Gρ
∇ 2G = ∇ 2Gρ − −
ρ ρ 2 ∂φ ρ 2
1 ∂ 2 ρ sin φ 8ρ sin φ 2 ρ sin φ
= ( 2 ρ sin φ ) − +0+ −
ρ ∂ρ ρ 2
ρ2 ρ2
2sin φ 2sin φ 8sin φ 2sin φ 6sin φ
= − + − =
ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ

2 ∂Gρ Gφ
∇ 2G = ∇ 2Gφ + −
φ ρ 2 ∂φ ρ 2
1 ∂ 1 4 ρ cos φ 4 ρ cos φ
= (4 ρ cos φ ) − 4 ρ cos φ + 0 + −
ρ ∂ρ ρ ρ2 ρ2
4 cos φ 4 cos φ 4 cos φ 4 cos φ
= − + − =0
ρ ρ ρ ρ

1 ∂ ∂
∇ 2G = ∇ 2 Gz =  ρ ( z 2 + 1)  + 0 + (2 z ρ )
z ρ ∂ρ ∂z
1
= ( z 2 + 1) + 2 ρ
ρ
Adding the components together gives

6sin φ  1 
∇ 2G = a ρ +  2 ρ + ( z 2 + 1)  a z
ρ  ρ 

Method 2:

∇ 2G = ∇(∇G ) − ∇ × (∇ × G )
1 ∂ 1
Let V = ∇G = (2 ρ 2 sin φ ) + (−4 ρ sin φ ) + 2 z ρ = 2 z ρ
ρ ∂ρ ρ
∇(∇G ) = ∇V = 2 za ρ + 2 ρ a z

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 74 9/27/2015 9:06:29 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

75
73

1  1 ∂ 
Let A = ∇ × G =  0 − 0 a ρ +  0 − ( z 2 + 1)  aφ +  (4 ρ 2 cos φ ) − 2 ρ cos φ  a z
ρ  ρ  ∂ρ 
= − ( z + 1)aφ + 6 cos φ a z
2

 6  1 ∂ 
∇ × ∇ × G = ∇ × A =  − sin φ + 2 z  a ρ + (0 − 0)aφ +  ( − ρ ( z 2 + 1)) − 0 a z
 ρ  ρ  ∂ρ 
 6  1
=  2 z − sin φ  a ρ − ( z 2 + 1)a z
 ρ  ρ
∇ G = ∇V − ∇ × A
2

 6  1
= 2 zaρ + 2 ρa z −  2 z − sin φ  a ρ + ( z 2 + 1)a z
 ρ  ρ
6  1 
= sin φ a ρ +  2 ρ + ( z 2 + 1)  a z
ρ  ρ 

Prob. 3.54
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ A = ( xz ) + ( z 2 ) + ( yz ) = z + y
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇(∇ A) = a y + a z
∇ 2 A = ∇ 2 Ax a x + ∇2 Ay a y + ∇2 Az a z = 0 + 2a y + 0 = 2a y
∇(∇ A) - ∇2 A = − a y + a z (1)
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = − za x + xa y
xz z2 yz
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = − a y + a z (2)
−z x 0
From (1) and (2),
∇ × ∇ × A = ∇( ∇ A) - ∇ 2 A

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 75 9/27/2015 9:06:30 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

76
74

Prob. 3.55
∂A ∂A ∂A
∇ A = x + y + z = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 ≠ 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 0
x y z

1 ∂ 1 ∂Bφ ∂Bz
∇B = ( ρ Bρ ) + + = 4 cos φ − 4 cos φ = 0
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
 1 ∂Bz ∂Bφ   ∂B ∂B  1∂ ∂B 
∇× B =  −  a ρ +  ρ − z  aφ +  ( ρ Bρ ) − ρ  a z
 ρ ∂φ ∂z   ∂z ∂ρ  ρ  ∂ρ ∂φ 
1
= 0aρ + 0aφ + [ −8 ρ sin φ + 2 ρ sin φ ] a z = −6sin φ a z ≠ 0
ρ

1 ∂ 2 2sin θ
∇C =2
(r sin θ ) + 0 + 0 = ≠0
r ∂r r
1  ∂  1 ∂ 2 
∇×C =  ( r sin 2
θ ) − 0  a r +  0 − (r sin θ )  aθ
r sin θ  ∂θ  r  ∂r 
1
+ [ 0 − cos θ ] aφ
r
cosθ
= 2 cos θ ar - 2sinθ aθ - aφ ≠ 0
r
(a) B is solenoidal.
(b) A is irrotational.

Prob. 3.56 (a)


ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×G =
∂x ∂y ∂z
16 xy − z 8 x 2 −x

= 0 a x + (−1 + 1) a y + (16 x − 16 x) a z = 0
Thus, G is irrotational.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 76 9/27/2015 9:06:30 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

77
75

(b) Assume that ψ represents the net flux.


ψ =  G • dS =  ∇ • Gdv
∇ • G = 16 y + 0 + 0 = 16 y
y2 1
1 1 1
ψ =  16 ydxdydz = 16 dx  dz  ydy = 16(1)(1)( )=8
0 0 0
2 0

(c) y

0 1 x

x =1 y =1 x =0 y =0

 G • dl  (16 xy − z )dx|  8x dy|  (16 xy − z )dx|  8 x dy|


2 2
= y =0 + x =1 + y =1 + x =0
L x =0 z =0 y =0 z =0 x =1 z =0 y =1 z =0

x2 0
= 0 + 8(1) y| + 16(1) | +0
1

0 2 1
= 8−8 = 0
This is expected since G is irrotational, i.e.

 G • dl =  (∇ × G ) • dS = 0

∇ • T = −6 + 0 = −6

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 77 9/27/2015 9:06:30 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

78
76

Prob. 3.57
∇⋅F = 0
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
∇xF = = ( x − x )a x + ( y − y )a y + ( z − z )a z = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
yz xz xy
Hence F is both solenoidal and conservative.

Prob. 3.58
∇× H = 0

 H dl =  (∇ × H)dS = 0
L S

Prob. 3.59
From Appendix A.10,

∇( A × B ) = B (∇ × A) − A(∇ × B )


If A and B are irrotational,
∇× A = 0 = ∇× B
i.e. ∇( A × B ) = 0
which implies that A × B is solenoidal.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch03.indd 78 9/27/2015 9:06:31 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

79
77

CHAPTER 4

P. E. 4.1
 5 ×10−9 [(1, −3, 7) − (2, 0, 4)] 
 [(1, −3, 7) − (2, 0, 4)]3 
1×10 −9  
(a) F =  ( −2 × 10 −9
)[(1, −3, 7) − ( −3, 0,5)] 
 10−9   + 
4π   [(1, −3, 7) − ( −3, 0,5)] 3

 36π   

45(−1, −3,3) 18(4, −3, 2)
=[ − ] nN
193/ 2 293/ 2
= −1.004a x − 1.284a y + 1.4 a z nN

F
(b) E= = −1.004a x − 1.284a y + 1.4a z V/m
Q

P. E. 4.2
Let q be the charge on each sphere, i.e. q=Q/3. The free body diagram below helps us to
establish the relationship between various forces.

A
F1

d/2
F2
mg

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 79 9/27/2015 9:07:28 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

80
78

At point A,
T sin θ cos 30° = F1 + F2 cos 60°
q2 q2 1
= + ( )
4πε 0 d 2
4πε 0 d 2
2

3 q2
=
8πε 0 d 2
T cos θ = mg
3q 2
Hence, tan θ cos 30° =
8πε 0 d 2 mg
d
h d 3
But sin θ = = tan θ =
l 3l d2
l2 −
3
d 3
( )
3 2 = 3q 2
Thus,
2 d2 8πε 0 d 2 mg
l −
3
4π ε0 d 3 m g
or q2 =
d2
3 l2 −
3
Q Q
but q = ⎯⎯
→ q2 = . Hence,
3 9
12 π ε 0 d 3 m g
Q2 =
2 d2
l −
3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 80 9/27/2015 9:07:28 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

81
79

P.E. 4.3
_
_ d2 l
eE = m 2
dt
_ _ d 2 x _ d 2 y _ d 2z _
eE0 ( − 2a x + a y ) = m( ax + 2 a y + 2 az )
dt 2 dt dt
where E0 = 200 kV / m
d 2z
=0 ⎯⎯ → z = ct + c2
dt 2
d2x − 2eE0 t 2
m 2 = − 2eE0 ⎯⎯ → x= + c3 t + c4
dt 2m
d2y eE0 t 2
m 2 = eE0 ⎯⎯ → y= + c5 t + c6
dt 2m
At t = 0, ( x, y, z ) = (0, 0, 0) c1 = 0 = c4 = c6
dx dy dz
Also, ( , , ) = (0, 0, 0)
dt dt dt
At t = 0 ⎯⎯→ c1 = 0 = c3 = c5
eE0t 2
Hence, ( x, y ) = (−2,1)
2m
i.e. 2 | y | = | x |
Thus the largest value of is
80 cm = 0.8 m

P.E. 4.4
(a)

Consider an element of area dS of the disk.


The contribution due to dS = ρ dφ d ρ is
ρ s dS ρ s dS
dE = =
4πε 0 r 2
4πε 0 ( ρ 2 + h 2 )
The sum of the contribution along ρ gives zero.

a 2π a
ρs h ρ d ρ dφ hρ ρ dρ
Ez =
4π ε 0 ρ
 =0
φ =0 ( ρ 2 + h2 )3/ 2 = 2 ε 0s ρ

−0
( ρ + h 2 )3/ 2
2

a
h ρs hρs a

4 ε 0 0
= ( ρ 2
+ h 2 −3/ 2
) d ( ρ 2
) = ( −2( ρ 2
+ h 2 −1/ 2
) |
4ε 0 0

ρs h
= [1 − 2 ]
2ε 0 (h + a 2 )1/ 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 81 9/27/2015 9:07:28 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

82
80

(b)
As a ⎯⎯
→ ∞,
ρs
E= az
2ε 0

(c) Let us recall that if a/h <<1 then (1+a/h)n can be approximated by (1+na/h).
Thus the expression for Ez from (a) can be modified for a<<h as follows.

 
   − 
1
ρs   = ρs 1 − 1 + a  2 ρs  a2 
2
1
Ez = 1−  ⎯a⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→  
2ε o  a  2ε o
2   h 2  
→0 , but ρ sπa 2 = Q
2ε o  2h 2 
 1+ 2   
 h 
ρ  πa  2
Q
= s  2 
=
2ε o  2πh  4πε o h 2

This is in keeping with original Coulomb’s law.

P. E. 4.5
2 2

QS = ρ S dS =   12 | y| dx dy
−2 −2
2

= 12(4)  2 y dy = 192 mC
0

ρ dS ρ dS | r − r' |
E =  s 2 ar =  s
4πε r 4πε o | r − r' |3
where r − r' = (0, 0,10) − ( x, y, z ) = (− x, − y,10).

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 82 9/27/2015 9:07:28 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

83
81

2 2
12 | y |10−3 (− x, − y,10)
E=   10−9 2 2
x =−2 y =−2
4π ( )( x + y + 100)3/ 2
36π
2 2 2 2
− xdx dy a x − y | y | dy dx a y
= 108(10 )[  | y |  2
( x + y 2 + 100)3/ 2 −2  (x
6
+ 2
−2 −2 −2
+ y 2 + 100)3/ 2
2 2
| y | dx dy
+ 10 a z   (x
−2 −2
2
+ y 2 + 100)3/ 2
]

1
2 2 d ( y2 )
2
E = 108(107 ) a z 
−2
[2  2
0
( x + y 2 + 100)3/ 2
]dx

2
1 1
= − 216(107 ) a z 
−2
[ 2
( x + 104)1/ 2
− 2
( x + 100)1/ 2
]dx

x + x 2 + 104 2
= − 216 (107 ) a z ln | |
x + x 2 + 100 −2

2 + 108 −2 + 108
= − 216 (107 )a z (ln( ) − ln( ))
2 + 104 −2 + 104
= − 216 (107 )a z (−7.6202 (10−3 ) )

E = 16.46 a z MV/m

P.E. 4.6
y = -3 plane z
line
charge

O y

x x=2 plane

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 83 9/27/2015 9:07:29 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

84
82

E1 and E2 remain the same as in Example 4.6.


ρL
E3 = aρ
2πε 0 ρ
This expression, which represents the field due to a line charge,
is modified as follows. To get a ρ , consider the z = −1 plane. ρ= 2

a ρ = a x cos 45° − a y sin 45°


1
= (a x − a y )
2
10(10−9 ) 1
E3 = (a x − a y )
10−9 2
2π ( )
36π
= 90 π (a x − a y ). Hence,

E = E 1 + E 2 + E3
= − 180 π a x + 270 π a y + 90 π a x − 90 π a y
= −282.7 a x + 565.5a y V/m

P.E. 4.7
Q ρ
D = DQ + Dρ = a + s an
2 r
4π r 2
30 ×10−9 [(0, 4,3) − (0, 0, 0)] 10 × 10−9
= + ay
4π (5) 2 5 2
30
= (0, 4,3) + 5 a y nC / m 2
500π
= 5.076a y + 0.0573a z nC / m 2

P.E. 4.8
(a) ρv = ∇ • D = 4 x
ρv (−1, 0,3) = −4 C/m3
1 1 1
(b) Ψ = Q =  ρv dv =    4 xdxdydz
0 0 0

= 4(1)(1)(1/ 2) = 2 C
(c ) Q = Ψ = 2 C

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 84 9/27/2015 9:07:29 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

85
83

P.E. 4.9
Q =  ρ vdv = ψ =  D • dS
For 0 ≤ r ≤ 10,
Dr ( 4π r 2 ) =  2r (r 2 ) sin θ dθ dr dφ
2r 4 r
Dr (4π r 2 ) = 4π (
4
|0
) = 2π r 4

r2 r2
Dr = E= ar nV/m
2 2ε 0
4(10−9 )
E (r = 2) = −9 ar = 72π ar = 226 ar V/m
2( 1036π )
For r ≥ 10,
Dr (4π r 2 ) = 2π r0 4 , r0 = 10m
r0 4 r0 4
Dr = ⎯⎯
→ E= ar nV/m
2r 2 2ε 0 r 2
104 (10−9 )
E (r = 12) = ar = 1250π ar
10−9
2( )(144)
36π
= 3.927ar kV/m

P. E. 4.10
Qk
V (r ) =  k =1
3
+C
4πε 0 | r − rk |
At V (∞) = 0, C =0
| r − r1 | =| (−1,5, 2) − (2, −1,3) |= 46
| r − r2 |=| (−1,5, 2) − (0, 4, −2) |= 18
| r − r3 |=| (−1,5, 2) − (0, 0, 0) |= 30
10−6 −4 5 3
V (−1,5, 2) = −9
[ + + ]
10 46 18 30
4π ( )
36π
= 10.23 kV

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 85 9/27/2015 9:07:29 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

86
84

P.E. 4.11
Q
V= +C
4πε 0 r
If V (0, 6, −8) = V (r = 10) = 2;
5(10−9 )
2= +C ⎯⎯
→ C = −2.5
10−9
4π ( )(10)
36π
(a)
5(10−9 )
VA = − 2.5
10−9
4π ( )|( − 3,2,6) − (0,0,0)|
36π
= 3.929 V
(b)
45
VB = − 2.5 = 2.696 V
7 2 + 12 + 52

(c) V AB = VB − VA = 2.696 − 3.929 = − 1233


. V

P.E. 4.12

(a)
−W
=  E • dl =  (3x 2 + y )dx + xdy
Q
2 −1

 (3x + y)dx | +  x dy
2
= |
y =5 x=2
0 5

= 18 − 12 = 6 kV
W = −6 Q = 12 mJ

(b)
dy = −3 dx
2
W
− =  E • dl =  (3x 2 + 5 − 3 x)dx + x(−3)dx
Q 0
2
=  (3x 2 − 6 x + 5)dx = 8 − 12 + 10 = 6
0

W = 12 mJ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 86 9/27/2015 9:07:29 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

87
85

P.E. 4.13
(a)
(0, 0,10) ⎯⎯
→ (r = 10, θ = 0, φ = 0)
100 cos 0 10−12
V= (10−12 ) = = 9 mV
4πε 0 (10 )
2
10−9
4π ( )
36π
100(10−12 )
E= [2 cos 0 ar + sin 0 aθ ]
10−9 3
4π ( )10
36π
=1.8 ar mV/m
(b)
π π
At (1, , ),
3 2
π
100 cos (10−12 )
V= 3 = 0.45 V
10−9
4π ( )(1) 2

36π
100 (10−12 ) π π
E= −9
(2 cos ar + sin aθ )
10 3 3
4π ( )(1) 2
36π
= 0.9 ar + 0.7794aθ V/m

P.E. 4.14
After Q1 , W1 = 0
Q2 Q1
After Q2 , W2 = Q2V21 =
4 π ε 0 |(1,0 ,0 ) − (0 ,0 ,0 )|
1( − 2) (10 −18 )
= = − 18 nJ
−9 1
4 π (10 )
36 π

After Q3 ,
W3 = Q3 (V31 + V32 ) + Q2V21
 1 −2
= 3(9 )(10 −9 )  + } − 18 nJ
 |(0 ,0 ,− 1) − (0 ,0 ,0 )| |(0 ,0 ,− 1) − (1,0 ,0 )|
2
= 27 (1 − ) − 18
2
= − 29.18 nJ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 87 9/27/2015 9:07:30 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

88
86

After Q4 ,
W4 = Q4 (V41 + V42 + V43 ) + Q3 (V31 + V32 ) + Q2V21
 1 −2 3 
= − 4(9 )(10 −9 )  + +  + W3
 |(0 ,0 ,1) − (0 ,0 ,0 )| |(0 ,0 ,1) − (1,0 ,0 ) |(0 ,0 ,1) − (0 ,0 ,− 1) 
2 3
= − 36 (1 − + ) + W3
2 2
= − 39.09 − 29.18 nJ = − 68.27 nJ
P.E. 4.15

E = −∇V = −( y + 1)a x + (1 − x)a y − 2a z


At (1,2,3), E = −3a x − 2a z V/m
1 1 1
1 1
W = ε o  E • Edv = ε o    ( x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 2 y + 6)dxdydz
2 2 −1 −1 −1
1  2 
1 1 1 1
= ε o   x dx  dydz +  y dy  dxdz − 2  xdx  dydz + 2  ydy  dxdz +6(2)(2)(2) 
2

2  −1 −1 −1 −1 
1  x3 1  80ε o
= ε o 2 (2)(2) + 0 + 0 + 6(8)  =
2  3 −1  3
= 0.2358 nJ
87

P.E. 4.16 (a)


Q1 [(5, 0, 6) − (4, 0, −3)] Q2 [(5, 0, 6) − (2, 0,1)]
E ( 5, 0, 6) = +
4 π ε 0 | (5, 0, 6) − (4, 0, −3) |3
4 π ε 0 | (5, 0, 6) − (2, 0,1) |3
Q1 (1, 0,9) Q2 (3, 0,5)
= +
4 π ε 0 ( 82) 3
4 π ε 0 (34)3/ 2
Prob. 4.1 If Ez = 0, then
9 Q1 1 5 Q2 1
+ = 0
4Qπ1Qε20(r(82)
Q1 − r Q2 ) 4 π−ε20(10
3/ 2
0 (34) 3/ 2
−12
)[(3, 2,1) − (−4, 0, 6)] (7, 2, −5)
FQ1 = 3
= −9
= − 180 × 10−3
5 82 5 10 82 688.88
Q1 4=π ε− rQQ − r 3/ 2 = −4π 4 ( (3, 3
1 2 ( Q2 ) )3/ 22,1)
nC− (−4, 0, 6)
9 34 9 36π34
= −8.3232 nC
= −1.8291a x − 0.5226 a y + 1.3065 a z mN

(b)
F (5, 0, 6) = qE (5, 0, 6)
If Fx = 0, then
qQ1 3qQ2
+ =0
4πε 0 (82) 3/ 2
4πε 0 (34)3/ 2
82 3/ 2 82
Q1 = −3Q2 ( ) = −12( )3/ 2 nC
34 34
Q1 = −44.945 nC
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 88 Prob. 4.2 9/27/2015 9:07:30 PM


9 Q1 1 5 Q2 1
+ = 0
4 π ε 0 (82) 3/ 2
4 π ε 0 (34)3/ 2
Sadiku & Kulkarni 5 82 5 82 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Q1 = − Q2 ( )3/ 2 = − 4 ( )3/ 2 nC
9 34 9 34
= −8.3232 nC 89


(b)
F (5, 0, 6) = qE (5, 0, 6)
If Fx = 0, then
qQ1 3qQ2
+ =0
4πε 0 (82) 3/ 2
4πε 0 (34)3/ 2
82 3/ 2 82
Q1 = −3Q2 ( ) = −12( )3/ 2 nC
34 34
Q1 = −44.945 nC 95

P.E. 4.17
Prob. 4.2 88
Q [ (0, 0, 0) − (a, 0, 0)] Q [ (0, 0, 0) − (−a, 0, 0)]
22
e
Fe = E = 2 arQ(r − rk ) =
'

(c) 4πε okr=1 4πε o | r − rk | 4πε o | (0, 0, 0) − ( a, 0, 0) | 4πε o | (0, 0, 0) − ( −a, 0, 0) |3
' 3 3

(a)
Fe eE2 Q ( −Q
1 a, [0,(a0) 0)10) ] Q Q [ (a1.6
, 0, aQ) (−a(,a0,, 0, − −(19−a,20, 0) ]
, 0, a×)10
= = = = − −9 3 = 3 − a
2 x 
Fg 4πε o Gm 44πε2 ooa|3(4aπ, 0, − (oa, 0, 0)2| πε o4aπε
a4)πε o | ( a ) −−31(−a, 0, 0) |3
, 0,×a10
×10 × 6.67 × 10−11 9.1 
36π
Q(0, 0, a ) Q(2a, 0, a ) −Q Q  1 
= 4.17 ×=1042 − = a + 1− az
Q [4(0,
πεao a, 0) − (4aπε
3
(5a] )
, 0,o 0)
2 3/ 2
[
Q10 (0,5aπε , 0) 4πε a  5 5 
o a− ( − a , 0, 0)o]
2 x 2 

(b) E = −
4πε o | (0, a, 0) − (a, 0, 0) |3 4πε o | (0, a, 0) − (− a, 0, 0) |3
Prob. 4.16
P.E. 4.18
QLet
(−aQ , a1, be
0) located Q (aat, athe
, 0) origin. − Q the spherical surface of radius r,
At
(a) = 4πε (2a 2 )3/ 2 − 4πε (2a 2 )3/2 2 = 4 2πε a 2 a x
Q1o =  DdS = ε Eo r (4π r ) o
QR1 QR2
Or E = −
4πε o R13 4πε o R23
Q1
E point
A = on athe r x-axisby Gauss's law
is (x,0,0).
4πε r 2
R1 =charge
If a second ( x, 0, 0)Q−2 is 0, d ) =on
(0,placed ( x,the d)
0, −spherical surface, Q2 experiences a force
3 2 2 3/ 2
R1 = ( x + d )
QQ
F
R2 ==Q( x2 E
, 0,=0) −1(0,220,ar−d ) = ( x, 0, d )
3 2
42πε3/ 2r
which isRCoulomb’s
2 = ( x + d )
law.
Q −2Qda z
2 3/ 2 [
E=
Prob. 4.17 ( x, 0, −d ) − ( x, 0, d ) ] =
4πε o ( x + d )
2
4πε o ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2
Q
For a point
(b) A pointcharge,
along theD =z-axis 3isR(0, 0, z).
4π R
R1 = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, d ) = ( z − d )a z
For the given three point charges,
R 3 = ( z − d )3
1 1QR1 QR2 2QR3 
D=  + 3 − 
4π  R13 R2 R33 
R = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( z + d )a z
R1 = (0, 0)2 − (−1, 0) = (1, 0), R1 = 1
3
R = (0,R0)2 − + d=)3(−1, 0), R = 1
( z 0)
= (1,
2 2

R3 = (0,E )a−z 1), RQ=( z1+ d )a z


Q( z −= d(0,
0)=− (0,1) Qa z  1 1 
− 3 = −
Q 4πε o ( z − d ) 4πε o ( z +Qd )
3 3
4πε oQ ( z − d ) ( z + d ) 2 
 2

D= [(1, 0) + (Qdz
−1, 0) − 2(0, −1) ] =
az
(0, 2) = ay
4π = 4π 2π
πε o ( z 2 − d 2 )2

Prob. 4.3
Copyright © 2015mg × 9.8 Press
2 University
by Oxford
F = qE = mg → E=
⎯⎯ = = 4.9 kV/m
POESM_Ch04.indd 89
q 4 × 10−3 9/27/2015 9:07:31 PM
R1 = ( x, 0, 0) − (0, 0, d ) = ( x, 0, − d )
R13 = ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2 93
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
R2 = ( x, 0, 0) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( x, 0, d )
1 R 3 = ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2 1
E= [2-10(az ) + 5(az ) + 20(−az ] ×10−9 = (−10 + 5 − 20)(a z )10 −9 = −18π (25)a z
2ε o Q 90 10 −9
−2Qda z
E= [ ( x , 0, − d ) − ( x ,20,×d36
) ]π=
4πε o ( x + d )
2 2 3/ 2
4πε o ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2
= −1.4137 a z kV/m
(b) A point along the z-axis is (0, 0, z).
For z > 2,
R1 = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, d ) = ( z − d )a z
1 3
E = R[1 -10(= ( za−
z )d
+)5( z z]
3 a ) + 20a × 10 −9 = 18π ( −10 + 5 + 20)(a )
z
2ε o
= 848.23a z V/m
R = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( z + d )a z
Thus, 2
R 3 = ( z + d )3
 −2848.23a z V/m, z <0
 -1.979Qa( z kV/m,
− d )a z 0<z<1
Q ( z + d )a z Qa z  1 1 

E =  E = 4πεz ( z − d )3 − 4πε ( z + d )3 = 4πε  ( z − d )2 − ( z + d )2 
 
−1.4137a z kV/m, 1 <z <2
o o o

 848.23 Qdza z z >2


= a z V/m,
πε o ( z 2 − d 2 )2

Prob. 4.3
P.E. 4.19
mg 2 × 9.8
F = qE = mg → E=
⎯⎯ = = 4.9 kV/m
q 4 × 10−3
y
Prob. 4.4
5 5
(a) Q =  ρ L dl =  12 x 2 dx = 4 x3 | mC = 0.5 C
0
0

an

Let f ( x, y ) = x + 2 y − 5; ∇f = a x + 2 a y

∇f (a x + 2 a y )
an = ± = ±
| ∇f | 5
Since point (−1, 0,1) is below the plane,
_

(a x + 2 a y )
an = − .
5

ρs 6(10−9 ) (a x + 2 a y )
E= an = (− )
2ε 0 2(10 / 36π )
−9
5

= −151.7 a x − 303.5 a y V/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 90 9/27/2015 9:07:32 PM


4 π ε 0 (82)3/ 2 4 π ε 0 (34)3/ 2
5 82 5 82
Sadiku & Kulkarni Q1 = − Q2 ( )3/ 2 = − 4 ( )3/ 2 nC Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
9 34 9 34
88
= −8.3232 nC
91
(c)
(b) Q [ (a, 0, a ) − (a, 0, 0) ] Q [ (a, 0, a ) − (−a, 0, 0) ]
E=
Prob. 4.1 −
πε6)o |=(aq, E
F (5,40, a ) 0,
0,(5, a, 0, 0) | 4πε o | (a, 0, a ) − (− a, 0, 0) |3
− (6) 3

If FxQ=(0,0,0,then
a ) Q(2a, 0, a ) −Q Q  1 
= Q1Q2 (3rQ −− r Q2 ) − 20(10 = −12 )[(3, 2,1)2 −a(x −+4, 0, 6)]2 1 −  a2,z −5)
(7,
FQ1 =qQ41πε o a +1 4πε 3qQ 4πε o a = − 180
2 3/ 2
2 a )
(5
= 10 5πε a 5 5  × 10−3
3o
= 0 −9 o
rQ20 (34)3/ 24π 10 (3, 2,1) − (−4, 0, 6) 3
4π 3/ε 2 rQ1 −4πε
4πε 0 (82) 688.88
36π
P.E. 4.18 82 3/ 2 82 3/ 2
Q1 = −3Q2 ( ) = −12( ) nC
(a) = −1.8291 34 a x − 0.522634a y + 1.3065 a z mN
Q R
Q1== −44.945 QR
E 1
− nC 2 3
4πε o R1 4πε o R2
3

A point on the x-axis is (x,0,0).


Prob. 4.2
R = 2
( x,Q r −−r(0,
0,(0) '
k)
0, d ) =Q( x[ (0, − d0)) − (a, 0, 0)]
, 0, 0, Q [ (0, 0, 0) − (−a, 0, 0)]
E =13 2 = −
R1 k ==1 (4xπε+o |dr2 −)3/r2k | 4πε o | (0, 0, 0) − ( a, 0, 0) |3 4πε o | (0, 0, 0) − ( −a, 0, 0) |3
' 3

(a)
R=2 Q = (−x,a0,, 0,0)0)− (0,Q0,

(a−, d0,)0)= (=x, 0,Q d) a
x
R2 = 4( xπε + 4πε o a 2πε o a 2
3 3
o ad )
3 2 2 3/ 2

Q −2Qda z
E= [ ( x, 0, −d ) − ( x, 0, d ) ] =
Q [ (0, a, 0) − (a, 0, 0) ] Q [ (0, a, 0) − 4(−
(b) E = 4πε o ( x + d )
2 2 3/ 2
− πεao, 0,
( x0)
2
+] d 2 )3/ 2
(b) 4πε o along
A point | (0, a, the (a, 0, 0)
0) −z-axis 3
is |(0, 0,4πεz).o | (0, a, 0) − (− a, 0, 0) |
3

Q(−a, a, 0) Q (a, a, 0) −Q
= R1 = (0,2 0,3/ z2 )−− (0, 0, d ) 2= 3/( z2 −=d )a z a
2 x
4πε
R13o =(2(az −) d )3 4πε o (2a ) 4 2πε88 oa

(c) R2 = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( z + d )a z


Q [ (a, 0, a ) − (a, 0, 0) ] Q [ (a, 0, a ) − (−a, 0, 0) ]
R23== ( z + d )3
E −
4πε o | (a, 0, a ) − (a, 0, 0) | 4πε o | (a, 0, a ) − (− a, 0, 0) |3
3

Q ( z − d )a Q ( z + d )a Qa  1 1 
E = Q(0, 0, a ) z 3 −Q(2a, 0, a ) z 3 = −Qz  −
2 Q  1 
) 4πε o (2z +3/ 2d )= 4πε o  (2z a−xd+) ( z +2 d1)−2 
=4πε o ( z −3 d − az
4πε o a 4πε o (5a ) 10 5πε o a 4πε o a  5 5 
Qdza z
=
πε o ( z 2 − d 2 )2
P.E. 4.18
(a)
Prob. 4.3 QR1 QR2
E= − mg 2 × 9.8
4πε=o Rmg
F = qE
3
1 4πε⎯⎯ o R→
2
3
E= = = 4.9 kV/m
q 4 × 10−3
A point on the x-axis is (x,0,0).
Prob. 4.4
R1 = ( x, 0, 0) −5 (0, 0, d ) = ( x, 0, −5 d )
(a) Q3=  ρ2L dl =2 3/122 x 2 dx = 4 x3 | mC = 0.5 C
R1 = ( x + d ) 0
0
R2 = ( x, 0, 0) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( x, 0, d )
R23 = ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2
Q −2Qda z
2 3/ 2 [
E= ( x, 0, −d ) − ( x, 0, d ) ] =
4πε o ( x + d )
2
4πε o ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2
(b) A point along the z-axis is (0, 0, z).
R1 = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, d ) = ( z − d )a z
R13 = ( z − d )3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


R2 = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( z + d )a z
POESM_Ch04.indd 91 9/27/2015 9:07:33 PM
3 3
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

92
89

(b)
4 2π
z3 4
Q =  ρ S dS =   ρ z ρ dφ dz ρ |=3 = 9(2π ) 3 0| nC
2

z =0 φ =0

= 1.206 μ C
(c)
10
Q =  ρV dV =  r 2 sin θ dθ dφ dr
r sin θ
2π π 4
42
= 10  dφ  dθ  rdr =10(2π ) (π )
0 0 0
2
= 1579.1 C

Prob. 4.5
a a a
ρo x  x 2 a  a3 ρo
Q =  ρ v dv =    dxdydz = ( a)( a) ρ o  =
v 0 0 9
a  2a 0  2

Prob. 4.6
2 1 π /2
Q =  ρ v dv =   φ π 5ρ 2 z ρdφ d ρ dz mC
v ρ =0 z =0 = / 6

ρ 4 2 z2 1 π /2 5 10π
=5 φ = (16)(1)(π / 2 − π / 6) =
4 0 2 0 π /6 8 3
Q = 10.472 mC

Prob. 4.7
Q =  ρ s dS =  6 xydxdy
2 x 4 − x+4
=  
x =0 y =0
6 xydxdy +  
x=2 y =2
6 xydxdy

y x y2 −x + 4
2 2 4
=6 
x =0
x
2 0
dx +  6x
x=2
2 0
dx

2 4
x2
= 6  x( − 0)dx + 3  x (4 − x) 2 − 0  dx
x =0
2 x=2
2 4
x3
= 6 dx + 3 (16 x − 8 x 2 + x 3 )dx
0
2 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 92 9/27/2015 9:07:33 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

93
90

x4 2 8 x3 x 4 4
=3 + 6(8 x 2 − + )
4 0 3 4 2
512 64
= 12 + 3(128 − 32 − + + 64 − 4)
3 3
448
= 12 + 3(96 − + 60)
3
Q = 32 C

Prob. 4.8
Q =  ρ v dv
v
1 1 1

   6x
2
= y 2 dxdydz
−1 −1 −1
1 1 1
= 6  dz  x 2 dx  y 2 dy
−1 −1 −1

x 1 y3 1
3
= 6(2)
3 −1 3 −1
12 48
= (1 − −1)(1 − −1) = nC
9 9
= 5.33 nC

Prob. 4.9
Q =  ρ v dv =   4 ρ 2 z cos φρ d ρ dφ dz nC
v
2 1 π /4
2 z2 1 π /4
= 4  ρ 3 d ρ  zdz  cos φdφ = ρ 4 (sin φ )
0 0 0
0 2 0 0
= (16)(0.5)(sin π / 4) = 5.657 nC

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 93 9/27/2015 9:07:33 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

94
91

Prob. 4.10
For 2 < r < 4cm
2π π 4cm
Q =  ρ v dv = ρv    5r 2 sin θ drdθ dφ
v φ θ
= 0 = 0 r = 2cm
4cm
= 5(4π ) ρv 
2cm
r 2 dr

4cm
r3
= 20πρv
3
2cm
1
= 20π × 5 × (43 − 23 ) ×10−6 mC
3

100π
= (64 − 8)nC
3
= 5864.3 nC
Q = 5.864 μ C

Prob. 4.11
ρ dl
E =  L 2 aR
L
4πε o R
R = − aa ρ + ha z , R =| R |= a 2 + h 2 , dl = adφ
ρ L ( − aa ρ + ha z )
4πε o  (a 2 + h 2 )3/ 2
E= adφ

Due to symmetry, the ρ-component cancels


ρ 2π haa dφ ρ L haa z
E = L  2 z 2 3/ 2 = (2π )
4πε o 0 (a + h ) 4πε o (a 2 + h 2 )3/ 2
out. 4 ×10−3 × 12 ×10−6 × 4 × 3a z
F = QE = (2π ) = 260.58a z N
10−9 3
4π × ×5
36π

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 94 9/27/2015 9:07:34 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

95
92

Prob. 4.12

(a) At P(5,-1,4),
3
ρ sk 10 × 10−6 −20 ×10−6 30 × 10−6
E = ank = ( a x ) + ( a y ) + ( −a z )
k =1 2ε o 10−9 10−9 10−9
2× 2× 2×
36π 36π 36π
= 36π (5, −10, −15) ×10 = 565.5a x − 1131a y −1696.5a z kV/m
3

(b) At R(0,-2,1)
E = 36π 5(−a x ) − 10(a y ) + 15(−a z )  × 103 = −565.5a x − 1131a y −1696.5a z kV/m
(c) At Q(3,-4,10),
E = 36π 5a x −10(−a y ) + 15a z  ×103 = 565.5a x + 1131a y +1696.5a z kV/m

Prob. 4.13
ρs
We apply E = an
2ε o
For z<0,
1 1
E= [ -10(-az ) + 5(-az ) + 20(−a z ] ×10−9 = (−10 + 5 + 20)(−a z )10−9
2ε o 10 −9

36π
= 18π ×15(−a z ) = −848.23a z V/m
For 0<z<1,
1 1
E= [ -10(az ) + 5(-a z ) + 20(−az )] ×10−9 = ( −10 − 5 − 20)(a z )10−9
2ε o 10−9

36π
= −18π × 35(a z ) = −1.979a z kV/m
For 1 < z < 2,

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 95 9/27/2015 9:07:34 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

96
93

1 1
E= [ -10(az ) + 5(az ) + 20(−az ] ×10−9 = (−10 + 5 − 20)(a z )10 −9 = −18π (25)a z
2ε o 10 −9

36π
= −1.4137a z kV/m
For z > 2,
1
E= [ -10(az ) + 5(az ) + 20az ] ×10−9 = 18π (−10 + 5 + 20)(a z )
2ε o
= 848.23a z V/m
Thus,
 −848.23a z V/m, z <0
 -1.979a kV/m, 0<z<1
 z
E=
−1.4137a z kV/m, 1 <z <2
 848.23a z V/m, z >2
94

Prob. 4.14
P.E. 4.19

y − ρs
ρs

an x
x=0 x=a
x

Let f ( x, y ) = x + 2 y − 5; ∇f = a x + 2 a y
(a) For x < 0,
aEn == E
∇f ρ (a x + 2 a y()− ρ s )
±1 + E2 == ±s (−a x ) + ( −a x ) = 0
| ∇f | 2ε o 5 2ε o
Since
(b) Forpoint
0 < x(<−1,a,.0,1) is below the plane,
ρ (_− ρ s ) ρ
E = s ax + (−a x ) = s a x
2ε (a x + 2 a2yε)o εo
an = − o .
(c) For x > a, 5
ρ (− ρ s )
E = ρs a x + (a x−9) )= 0 (a + 2 a )
6(10
E = 2εso a n = 2ε o −9
x y
(− )
2ε 0 2(10 / 36π ) 5
Prob. 4.15
= −151.7 a x − 303.5 a y V/m
ρ s dS
E= R, R = ρ (-a ρ ) + ha z , dS = ρ dφ d ρ
S
4πε o R 3
ρ ρ dφ d ρ
E= s  2 (- ρ a ρ + ha z )
4πε o S ( ρ + h 2 )3/ 2
Due to symmetry, the ρ -component vanishes.
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

ρ ha b
E = s z  ρ ( ρ 2 + h 2 ) −3/ 2 d ρ  dφ
POESM_Ch04.indd 96
4πε 9/27/2015 9:07:35 PM
(b) For 0 < x < a,.
ρ (− ρ s ) ρ
E = s ax + (−a x ) = s a x
Sadiku & Kulkarni 2ε o 2ε o εo Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

(c) For x > a,


ρ (− ρ s )
97
E = s ax + (a x ) = 0
2ε o 2ε o

Prob. 4.15

ρ s dS
E= R, R = ρ (-a ρ ) + ha z , dS = ρ dφ d ρ
S
4πε o R 3
ρ ρ dφ d ρ
E= s  2 (- ρ a ρ + ha z )
4πε o S ( ρ + h 2 )3/ 2
Due to symmetry, the ρ -component vanishes.

ρ s ha z b 95
4πε o a 0 dφ
E= ρ ( ρ 2
+ h 2 −3/ 2
) d ρ

Let u=
P.E. 4.17ρ 2 + h 2 , du = 2 ρ d ρ
ρ ea2 ρ s ha z  b
a 1 u −3/ 2 du = ρ s ha z 1/ 2u
−1/ 2
F = h 1
Ee = 4πε zr (2
s

4πε oo
2 πr )
2 2ε o −1/ 2
=
2ε o 
 − 
ρ2 2 + h 2 a 
Fe e2 1 1  1.6 ×10−19 
= ρs h  1 = 1   
E
Fg = 4πε o Gm22 42 π−×102−9 2 ×a6.67 z × 10 −11 9.1× 10 −31
 
4πε o  a + h b +36hπ 
= 4.17 × 1042

Prob. 4.16
Let Q1 be located at the origin. At the spherical surface of radius r,
Q1 =  DdS = ε Er (4π r 2 )
Or
Q1
E= ar by Gauss's law
4πε r 2
If a second charge Q2 is placed on the spherical surface, Q2 experiences a force

Q1Q2
F = Q2 E = ar
4πε r 2
which is Coulomb’s law.

Prob. 4.17
Q
For a point charge, D= R
4π R 3
For the given three point charges,
1  QR1 QR2 2QR3 
D=  + 3 − 
4π  R13 R2 R33 
R1 = (0, 0) − (−1, 0) = (1, 0), R1 = 1
R2 = (0, 0) − (1, 0) = (−1, 0), R2 = 1
R3 = (0, 0) − (0,1) = (0, −1), R3 = 1
Q Q Q
D= [(1, 0) + (−1, 0) − 2(0, −1)] = (0, 2) = a y
4π 4π 2π

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 97 9/27/2015 9:07:35 PM


Prob. 4.17
Sadiku & Kulkarni Q Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
For a point charge, D=
R
4π R 3
For the given three point charges,
98
1  QR1 QR2 2QR3 
D=  + 3 − 
4π  R13 R2 R33 
R1 = (0, 0) − (−1, 0) = (1, 0), R1 = 1
R2 = (0, 0) − (1, 0) = (−1, 0), R2 = 1
R3 = (0, 0) − (0,1) = (0, −1), R3 = 1
Q Q Q
D= [(1, 0) + (−1, 0) − 2(0, −1)] = (0, 2)96= a y
4π 4π 2π

Prob. 4.18

(a) Assume for now that the ring is placed on the z=0 plane.

(0,0,h)

y
a
ρ L dl
x
ρ L dl R
D=  4π R 3
, R = − a aρ + h az

φ = 2π
ρL adφ ( − a a ρ + h a z )
D=
4π φ

=0
(a 2 + h 2 )3/ 2
Due to symmetry, the ρ component vanishes.

ρ L a (2 π h) a z ρL a h a z
D= =
4 π (a + h )
2 2 3/ 2
2(a 2 + h 2 )3/ 2
a = 2, h = 3, ρ = 5 μ C/m L

Since the ring is actually placed in x = 0, a z becomes a x .

(6)(5) a x
D= = 0.32 a x μ C/m 2
2(4 + 9)3/ 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 98 9/27/2015 9:07:36 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

99
97

(b)
Q [(3, 0, 0) − (0, −3, 0)] Q [(3, 0, 0) − (0,3, 0)]
DQ = +
4 π | (3, 0, 0) − (0, −3, 0) |3
4 π | (3, 0, 0) − (0,3, 0) |3
Q(3,3, 0) Q(3, −3, 0) 6 Q (1, 0, 0)
= + =
4π (18) 3/ 2
4π (18) 3/ 2
4 π (18)3/ 2
D = DR + DQ = 0
6Q
0.32(10−6 ) + =0
4 π (18)3/ 2
1
∴ Q = − 0.32(4π )(183/ 2 )10−6 = −51.182μ C
6

Prob. 4.19
∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz
(a) ρv = ∇D = + + = 8 y C/m 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 ∂ 1 ∂Dφ ∂Dz
(b) ρ v = ∇D = ( ρ Dρ ) + +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
= 8sin φ − 2sin φ + 4 z
= 6sin φ + 4 z C/m3
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂
(c) ρ v =∇ D = (r Dr ) + (Dθ sinθ ) + 0
2
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ
2 2cosθ
= − 4 cosθ +
r r4
= 0

Prob. 4.20
∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz
ρ v = ∇ D = + + = 2(1 + z 2 ) + 0 + 2 x 2
(a) ∂x ∂y ∂z
= 2(1 + x 2 + z 2 ) nC/m3

3 2 2 3
ψ =  DdS =   2 x 2 zdxdy = 2(1)  x 2 dx  dy
S y =0 x =0
z =1 0 0
(b)
x 2
3
=2 (3) = 16 nC
3 0

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 99 9/27/2015 9:07:36 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

100
98

Prob. 4.21

Gaussian surface

Apply Gauss’s law,


 DdS = Q enc

Dr 4π r 2 = ρ s1 4π a 2 + ρ s 2 4π b 2 = 8 × 10−9 × 4π (1) 2 + (−6 × 10−3 ) × 4π (2)2 = −0.3016


−0.3016 = 0.3016
Dr = = = −0.0027
4π r 2 4π (3) 2
D = -2.7ar mC/m 2

Prob. 4.22

For r <a.

 DdS = Q
S
enc =  ρv dv
v
π 2π r
Dr (4π r ) =  5r r sin θ dθ dφ dr = 5 sin θ dθ  dφ  r 5/ 2 dr
2 1/ 2 2

0 0 0

r r 40π r
7/ 2 7/2
= 5(2)(2π ) =
7/2 0 7
40π r 7 / 2
7 10
Dr = ε o Er = = r 3/ 2
4π r 2
7
10 3/ 2
Er = r ,0 < r < a
7ε o

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 100 9/27/2015 9:07:36 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

101
99

For r > a,

40 7 / 2
Dr (4π r 2 ) = πa
7
40 7 / 2
πa
Dr = ε o Er = 7
4π r 2
10a 7 / 2
Er = ,r > a
7ε o r 2
Thus,
 10 3/ 2
 r ar , 0 < r < a
 7ε o
E= 7/2
 10a a , r > a
 7ε o r 2 r


Prob. 4.23
∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz
(a) ρ v = ∇ • D = + + = 2 y C/m3
∂x ∂y ∂z

1 1
1
(b) Ψ =  D ⋅ dS =  x 2 dxdz =  x 2 dx  dz = C
y =1 0 0
3
1 1 1
(c) Q =  ρv dv =  2 ydxdydz = 2 dx  ydy  dz = 1 C
v 0 0 0

Prob. 4.24
(a)
1 ∂ 1 ∂ Dφ ∂ Dz
ρV = ∇ • D = ( ρ Dρ ) + +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
ρV = 4 ( z + 1) cos φ − ( z + 1) cos φ + 0
ρV = 3( z + 1) cos φ μ C/m3
(b)
Qenc =  ρV dv =  3( z + 1) cos φ ρ dφ d ρ dz
2 4 π /2
z2 π /2
+ z )| (sin φ| )
4
= 3 ρ d ρ  ( z + 1)  cos φ dφ = 3(2)(
0 0 0
2 0 0

= 6(8 + 4)(1 − 0) = 72μ C

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 101 9/27/2015 9:07:37 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

102
100

(c)
Let ψ = ψ 1 +ψ 2 +ψ 3 +ψ 4 +ψ 5 =  D • dS
where ψ 1 , ψ 2 , ψ 3 , ψ 4 , ψ 5 respectively correspond witn surfaces S1 ,S2 ,S3 ,S4 ,S4
(in the figure below) respectively.
y S3

S4

S5 S1

x
S2
For S1 ρ = 2, dS = ρ dφ dza ρ
4 π /2
ψ 1 =  2 ρ ( z + 1) cos φ dS|ρ = 2 = 2(2)2  ( z + 1)dz  cos φ dφ
0 0

= 8(12)(1) = 96

For S 2 , z = 0, dS = ρ dφ d ρ (− a z )
2 π /2
ψ 2 = −  ρ 2 cos φ ρ dφ d ρ = −  ρ 3d ρ  cos φ dφ
0 0

ρ 4

| (1) = −4
2
=−
4 0
For S3, z = 4, dS = ρ dφ d ρ a z , ψ 3 = +4
For S4 , φ = π / 2, dS = d ρ dzaφ
2 4
ψ 4 = −  ρ ( z + 1) sin φ d ρ dz|d =π / 2 = (11 ρ d ρ  ( z + 1)dz
0 0

ρ2
|
2
=− (12) = −(2)(12) = −24
2 0

For S5 , φ = 0, dS = d ρ dz (−aφ ) ,ψ 5 =  ρ ( z + 1) sin φ d ρ dz| =0


φ =0

ψ = 96 − 4 + 4 − 24 + 0 = 72μ C

This is exactly the answer obtained in part (b).

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 102 9/27/2015 9:07:37 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

103
101

Prob. 4.25

F = eE
e 3e R
ρ0 = =
R 3
4 π R3

3
 ρ 0, 0<r<R
ρV = 
0, elsewhere
3 e 4π r 3
 D • dS = Qenc =  ρV dV = 4π R 3
3
= Dr (4π r 2 )

3e r
Er =
12πε 0 R 3
e2 r
F = eE =
4π ε 0 R 3

Prob. 4.26
(a)
ψ = Qenc at r = 2
10
Qenc =  ρV dV =  r 2
r 2 sin θ dθ dr dφ
2 2π π
= 10    sin θ dθ drdφ
r =1 φ = 0 θ = 0

= 10 (1) (2π ) (2) = (40 π ) mC


Thus, ψ = 125.7 mC

At r = 6;
4 2π π
Qenc. = 10 
r =1
dr 
φ =0
dφ  sin θ dθ
θ =0

= 10 (3)(2π ) (2) = 120 π mC


ψ = 377 mC

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 103 9/27/2015 9:07:38 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

104
102

(b)
ψ = Qenc
But ψ =  D • dS = Dr  dS = Dr (4π r 2 )
At r = 1,
Qenc = 0 → D=0
⎯⎯

At r = 5, Qenc = 120 π
Qenc 120 π
Dr = = = 1.2
4π r 2
4 π (5) 2
D = 1.2 ar mC/m 2

Prob. 4.27

Q Q 3Q
ρv = = =
volume 4π a / 3 4π a 3
3

For r < a,  D  dS = Q enc =  ρv dv


3Q 4π r 3 Qr 3 Qr
Dr 4π r 2 = = 3 ⎯⎯
→ Dr =
4π a 3 3 a 4π a 3
For r > a,  DdS = Q
Q
Dr 4π r 2 = Q ⎯⎯
→ Dr =
4π r 2
Hence,
 Qr
 4π a 3 ar , r<a
D=
 Q a, r>a
 4π r 2 r

Prob. 4.28
Q1 Q2 10−9  2 4 
VP = + = −
4πε o r1 4πε o r2 10  | (1, −2,3) − (1, 0,3) | | (1, −2,3) − (−2,1,5) | 
−9 
4π ×
36π
2 4 
= 9 −  = 1.325 V
2 9+9+4

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 104 9/27/2015 9:07:38 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

105
103

Prob. 4.29
Q
V =4 , r = a 2 + a 2 + h 2 = 22 + 22 + 32 = 17 cm
4πε o r
4 × 8 × 10−9
V= = 6.985 kV
10−9
4π × × 17 × 10 −2

36π

Prob. 4.30 (a)

Q/2
Q/2

Q
2
2 Q
V= =
4π ε0 r 4π ε0 r
60(10−6 )
= = 135 kV
10−9
4π × x4
36π

(b)
Q
3( )
V= 3 = 135 kV
4π ε0 r

(c)
Q
2π (4)
ρ dl Q
V= L = 8π = 135 kV
4π ε0 r 4π ε 0 r 4π ε0 r

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 105 9/27/2015 9:07:38 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

106
104

Prob. 4.31
(a)
Qk
VP = 
4π | r p − r k |
10−3 −2 (10−3 ) 3(10−3 )
4 π ε oV p = + +
| (−1,1, 2) − (0, 0, 4) | | (−1,1, 2) − (−2,5,1) | | (−1,1, 2) − (3, −4, 6) |
1 2 3 1 2 3
4 π ε 0 (103 ) V p = − + = − +
| (−1,1, −2) | | (1, −4,1) | (−4,5, −4) | 6 18 57
10−9
4π (103 ) V p = 0.3542
36 π
∴V p = 3.008 × 106 V

(b)

Qk
VQ = 
4 πε o | r p − r k |
10−3 −2 (10−3 ) 3(10−3 )
4 π ε oVQ = + +
| (1, 2,3) − (0, 0, 4) | | (1, 2,3) − (−2,5,1) | | (1, 2,3) − (3, −4, 6) |
1 2 3 1 2 3
4 π ε 0 (103 ) V p = − + = − +
| (1, 2, −1) | | (3, −3, 2) | (−2, 6, −3) | 6 22 7
10−9
4π (103 ) V p = 0.410
36π
VQ = 3.694 (106 )V
∴VPQ = VQ − VP = 0.686 (106 ) = 686 kV

Prob. 4.32

ρ S dS 1
V= S 4 πε r
0
; ρS =
ρ
; dS = ρ dφ d ρ ; r = ρ 2 + h2

1
( ρ dφ d ρ ) 2π a
1 ρ 1 dρ
V= 
4 πε 0 ( ρ + h )
2 2 1/ 2
=
4 πε 0  dφ ρ
0 =0
( ρ + h2 )
2

2π 1
ln( ρ + ρ 2 + h 2 )| =
a
= [ln(a + a 2 + h 2 ) − ln h]
4 πε 0 ρ =0 2ε 0
1 a + a 2 + h2
= ln
2ε 0 h

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 106 9/27/2015 9:07:39 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

107
105

Prob. 4.33
(a)
∂V ∂V ∂V
E = −( ax + ay + az )
∂x ∂ y ∂z
= − 2 xy ( z + 3)a x − x 2 ( z + 3) a y − x 2 y a z
At (3, 4, −6), x = 3, y = 4, z = −6,
E = − 2(3)(4)(−3) a x − 9 (−3)a y − 9(4) a z
= 72 a x + 27 a y − 36a z V/m

(b)
ρV = ∇ • D = ε 0∇ • E = − ε 0 (2 y ) ( z + 3)
ψ = Qenc = ρ V dV = − 2ε 0  y ( z + 3)dx dy dz
1 1 1
z2 1
= − 2ε 0  dx  y dy  ( z + 3)dz = − 2ε 0 (1)(1/ 2)( + 3z ) |
0 0 0
2 0

1 −7 10−9
= − ε 0 ( + 3) = ( )
2 2 36 π
Qenc = − 30.95 pC

Prob. 4.34

(a)
 r2 
Q =  ρ v dv =  ρ o 1 − 2 r 2 sin θ dθ dφ dr
v  a 
2π π a
 2 r4   a 3 a 3  8π 3
= ρo  dφ  sin θ dθ   r − 2 dr = ρo (2π )(2)  −  = a ρo
0 0 0
a   3 5  15
(b) Outside the nucleus, r >a,
Qenc
S DdS = Qenc ⎯⎯ → E=
4πε o r 2
ar

8π a 3 ρ o
2a 3 ρ o
E = 15 2 ar = ar
4πε o r 15ε o r 2

2a 3 ρ o
V = −  E dl = −  Er dr = + C1
15ε o r
Since V (∞) = 0, C1 = 0.
2a 3 ρ o
V=
15ε o r

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 107 9/27/2015 9:07:39 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

108
106

(c) Inside the nucleus, r <a

 r3 r5 
Qenc = 4πρo  − 2 
 3 5a 
Qenc ρo  r r 3 
E= a r =  − a
4πε o r 2 ε o  3 5a 2  r

ρo  r 2 r4 
V = −  Er dr = −  − +C
ε o  6 20a 2  2
2a 2 ρ o ρ o  a 2 a 2 
V (r = a ) = =  −  + C2
15ε o ε o  20 6 
2a 2 ρ o 7 a 2 ρ o a 2 ρ o
C2 = + =
15ε o 60ε o 4ε o
ρo  r 4 r 2  a 2 ρo
V=  − +
ε o  20a 2 6  4ε o

(d) E is maximum when

dE ρo  1 3r 2  2
=0=  −  → 9 r 2 = 5a
⎯⎯
dr ε o  3 5a 2 
5
r= a = 0.7454a
3
d 2E 6r
We are able to say maximum because 2
= − 2 < 0.
dr 5a

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 108 9/27/2015 9:07:40 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

109
107

Prob. 4.35

y
ρ
a

ρ s dSR
D= , R = − ρ a ρ + ha z , R =| R | = ρ 2 + h 2 , dS = ρ dφ d ρ
4π R 3
Q Q
ρs = =
S π (b − a 2 )
2

ρ s ρ d φ d ρ ( − ρ a ρ + ha z )
D=
4π  ( ρ 2 + h 2 )3/ 2

Due to symmetry, the component along aρ vanishes.

ρ s h b 2π ρ d φ d ρ ρs h b
Dz =  
4π ρ = a φ =0 ( ρ + h )
2 2 3/ 2
=

(2π )  ( ρ 2 + h 2 ) −3/ 2 ρ d ρ
a

ρs h −1  b ρ s h  1 1 
=  2  =  − 
2  ρ + h 2  a 2  a2 + h2 b2 + h2 
Qh  1 1 
D=  −  az
2π (b 2 − a 2 )  a 2 + h 2 b2 + h2 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 109 9/27/2015 9:07:40 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

110
108

Prob. 4.36

∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz


ρ v = ∇ D = + + = 4 − 20 y + 2 z
∂x ∂y ∂z
At P(1,2,3), x=1, y= 2, z=3
ρv = 4 − 20(2) + 2(3) = −30 C/m3

Prob. 4.37

r=3cm

r=5cm

For r < 3cm, Qenc = 0 → D=0


⎯⎯
For 3 < r < 5cm,

 DdS = Q
enc = 10 nC
10
Dr 4π r 2 = 10 nC → Dr =
⎯⎯ nC/m 2
4π r 2

For r > 5 cm,


5
 DdS = Q enc = 10 -5 = 5nC → Dr =
⎯⎯
4π r 2
nC/m 2
Thus,

 0, r < 3 cm

 10
D= a nC/m 2 , 3 < r < 5 cm
2 r
 4π r
 5 2
 4π r 2 ar nC/m , r > 5 cm


Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 110 9/27/2015 9:07:40 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

111
109

Prob. 4.38
1 ∂  ε o Eo ρ 2  2ε o Eo
ρv = ∇ D = ∇ε o E =   = ,0 < ρ < a
ρ ∂ρ  a  a

Prob. 4.39
Let us choose the following path of two segments.
(2,1, −1) → (5,1, −1) → (5,1, 2)

W = − q  E • dl

5 2
W
− =  E • dl =  2 xyzdx +  x 2 ydz
q x=2 z =−1
z = −1, y = 1 x = 5, y = 1
x2 5 2
= 2(1)(−1) + (5)2 (1) z = −21 + 75 = 54
2 2 −1

W = −54q = −108 μ J

Prob. 4.40
(a)
From A to B, dl = rdθ aθ ,
90°
WAB = −Q  10 r cos θ r dθ | = − 1250 nJ
θ =30° r =5

(b)
From A to C , dl = dr a r ,
10
WAC = − Q  20 r sin θ dr θ |
r =5 = 30°
= −3750 nJ

(c)
From A to D, dl = r sin θ dφ aφ ,
WAD = −Q  0(r sin θ ) dφ = 0 J
(d)
WAE = WAD + WDF + WFE
where F is (10,30o , 60o ). Hence,

o
10 90

WAE = − Q   20 r sin θ dr | +  10 r cos θ r dθ | 
 r =5 θ =30° θ =30o r =10 

75 100
= − 100[ + ] nJ = − 8750 nJ
2 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 111 9/27/2015 9:07:41 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

112
110

Prob. 4.41

B 5
10
VAB = −  E dl = −  dr
A 1
r2
10 5 1
= 1 = 10( − 1) = −8V
r 5

Prob. 4.42

A = (2,3, −1)
↓ dl = dxa x
dl = dya
A '(8,3, −1) ⎯⎯⎯→
y
B(8, 0, −1)
W = − Q  E  dl
8 0
W
− =  E dl =  2 xy 2 dx y =3 +  2y
2
( x 2 + 1) dy x =8
Q x =2 y =3

x2 y3
= 2(3) 2 8
2 + 2(82 + 1) 0
3
2 3
2
= 9(64 − 4) + 65(0 − 81)
3
= 540 − 3510 = −2970
W = 2970Q = 5940 nJ
= 5.94 μ J

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 112 9/27/2015 9:07:41 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

113
111

Prob. 4.43

Method 1:
W = −Q  E dl , dl = ρ dφ aφ
L

 Eρ   cos φ sin φ 0   Ex 
 E  =  − sin φ cos φ 0   E 
 φ   y
 Ez   0 0 1   Ez 
Eφ = − Ex sin φ + E y cos φ = −20 x sin φ + 40 y cos φ
x = ρ cos φ , y = ρ sin φ
Eφ = −20 ρ cos φ sin φ + 40 ρ sin φ cos φ = 20 ρ cos φ sin φ

W = −Q  E dl = -2 ×10-3  20 ρ cos φ sin φρ dφ


L
ρ =2
sin 2 φ π / 2
π
= −2(20)(2)2  sin φ d (sin φ ) mJ = 160 = −80 mJ
0
2 0

Method 2:
W
− =  E dl =  20xdx + 40ydy
Q L
y = 2 − x, dy = −dx
0
W
Q 
− = 20xdx + 40(2 - x)(-dx) =  (60x - 80)dx
x=2

60 x 2 0
= − 80 x = 40
2 2
W = −40Q = −80 mJ

Method 3:
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × E = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 0
20 x 40 y −10 z
V = −  E dl = -10x 2 − 20 y 2 + 5 z 2 + C
L

W = Q(V2 − V1 ) = Q( −20 × 4 + 10 × 4) = −40Q


W = −40Q = −80 mJ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 113 9/27/2015 9:07:41 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

114
112

Prob. 4.44

W = −Q  E dl
L

ρ ρ
E = s an = s a x , dl = dxa x
2ε o 2ε o
Qρs 1 Qρs Qρs
W =− 
2ε o 3
dx = −
2ε o
(−2) =
εo
10 ×10−6 × 40 × 10−9
= = 400 × 36π ×10−6 = 45.24 mJ
10−9
36π

Prob. 4.45
∂V ∂V ∂V
(a) E = −∇V = − ax − ay − a y = −4 xa x − 8 ya y
∂x ∂y ∂z
ρv = ∇ D = ε o∇ E = ε o (−4 − 8) = −12ε o = −106.25 pC/m3

∂V 1 ∂V ∂V
(b) E = −∇V = − aρ − aφ − az
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
= −(20 ρ sin φ + 6 z )a ρ − 10 ρ cos φ aφ − 6 ρ a z

 1 
ρ v = ∇ D = ε o ∇ E = ε o  − [ 40 ρ sin φ + 6 z ] + 10sin φ 
 ρ 
 6z 
= −  30sin φ +  ε o C/m3
 ρ 

∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
(c) E = −∇V = − ar − aθ − aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
= −10r cos θ sin φ ar + 5r sin θ sin φ aθ − 5r cot θ cos φ aφ

ρ v = ∇  D = ε o ∇ E
ρv 1 5r sin φ 5r cot θ sin φ
= 2 (−30r 2 cos θ sin φ ) + 2sin θ cos θ +
εo r r sin θ r sin θ
ρv = ε o (5sin φ csc 2 θ cos θ − 20 cos θ sin φ ) C/m3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 114 9/27/2015 9:07:42 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

115
113

Prob. 4.46

V = −r −3 sin θ cos φ
∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
− E = ∇V = ar + aθ + aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
r −4 sin θ
= −3r −4 sin θ cos φ ar + r −4 cos θ cos φ aθ + (− sin φ )aφ
sin θ
3 1 sin φ
E = 4 sin θ cos φ ar − 4 cos θ cos φ aθ + 4 aφ
r r r
At (1,30 , 60 ), r = 1,θ = 30 , φ = 60
o o o o

E = 3sin 30o cos 60o ar − cos 30o cos 60o aθ + sin 60o aφ
= 0.75ar − 0.433aθ + 0.866aφ
10−9
D = εo E = (0.75ar − 0.433aθ + 0.866aφ )
36π
= 6.635ar − 3.829aθ + 7.657aφ pC/m 2

Prob. 4.47

For a < r < b, we apply Gauss’s law.

 DdS = Q
S
enc =Q

Dr Q
Dr (4π r 2 ) = Q → Er =
⎯⎯ =
εo 4πε o r 2

Q 1b
b b
Q 1 Q 1 1
Vab = −  E dl = −  dr = =−  − 
a
4πε o a r 2
4πε o r a 4πε o  a b 

Prob. 4.48

ρ s dS ρ 2π π / 2 r 2 sin θ dθ dφ ρs π /2
V = = s   = (2π )  sinθ dθ
S
4πε o r 4πε o φ =0 θ =0 r 4πε o r 0

ρs  π / 2
=  − cos θ 
2ε o r  0 r=a
ρ
V = s
2ε o a

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 115 9/27/2015 9:07:42 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

116
114

Prob. 4.49
∇× E = 0 ⎯⎯
→ ∇× D = 0
 1 ∂Dz ∂Dφ   ∂D ∂D  1 ∂ ∂D 
∇× D =  −  aρ +  ρ − z  aφ +  ( ρ Dφ ) − ρ  a z
 ρ ∂φ ∂z   ∂z ρ  ρ  ∂ρ ∂φ 
1
= 0 a ρ − 0aφ − 2 ρ cos φ a z ≠ 0
ρ
Hence D is not a genuine EM field.

π /4 1 π /4 1
ψ =  DdS =   2 ρ sin φρ dφ dz = 2  sin φ dφ  dz ρ
2

S φ=0 z =0 0 0
ρ =1
π /4
= −2 cos φ (1)(1) 2 = −2(cos π / 4 − 1) = 0.5858 C
0

Prob. 4.50
(a)
d2y
m 2 = eE ; divide by m , and integrate once, one obtains :
dt
dy eEt
u= = + c0
dt m
e E t2
y = + c0t + c1 (1)
2m
"From rest" implies c1 = 0 = c0
V
At t = t0 , y = d, E = or V = E d .
d
Substituting this in (1) yields :
2m d
t2 =
eE
Hence :
eE 2md 2 e Ed 2eV
u= = =
m eE m m
that is, u α V
or u= k V
(b)
2e 2 (1.603) 10−19
k = =
m 9.1066 (10−31 )
= 5.933 × 105

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 116 9/27/2015 9:07:43 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

117
115

(c)
1
9(1016 )
u2 m 100 = 2.557 k V
V= =
2e 2 (1.76) (1011 )

Prob. 4.51
(a)
This is similar to Example 4.3.
eEt
uy = , u x = u0
m
e E t2
y = , x = u0 t
2m
x 10 (10−2 )
t= = = 10 ns
u0 107
Since x =10 cm when y =1cm,
2m y 2 (10−2 )
E= = = 1.136 kV/m
et2 1.76 (1011 ) (10−16 )

E = − 1.136 a y kV/m
(b)
u x = u0 = 107 ,
2000
uy = (1.76)1011 (10 −8 ) = 2(106 )
1.76
u = (a x + 0.2a y ) (107 ) m/s

Prob. 4.52
1 ∂  20 cos θ  1 ∂  10sin 2 θ 
∇ E = 2   +  +0
 r sin θ ∂θ  r
3
r ∂r  r 
20 cos θ 20 cos θ
=− + =0
r4 r4
1  ∂  10sin θ  20sin θ 
∇× E =   + aφ
r  ∂r  r 2  r 3 
1  20sin θ 20sin θ 
= − + aφ = 0
r r3 r 3 

At r = 0, ∇E and ∇ × E are not defined. So they are zero every where except at the origin.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 117 9/27/2015 9:07:43 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

118
116

Prob. 4.53

The dipole is oriented along y − axis.


p•r
V= ; p • r = Q d a y • a r = Qd sin θ sin φ
4πε 0 r 2
Qd sin θ sin φ
V=
4π ε0 r2

∂V 1∂V 1 ∂V
E = − ∇V = − ar − aθ − aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ φ

Qd  2sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ cos φ 



=  ar − aθ − 3 a φ 
4π ε0  r 3
r 3
r 
_
Qd
E= (2sin θ sin φ a r − cos θ sin φ aθ − cos φ aφ )
4π ε 0r 3

Prob. 4.54

p cos θ k cos θ
V= =
4π ε0 r 2
r2
At (0, l nm), θ = 0, r = 1 nm, V = 9;
k (1)
that is, 9= −18
, ∴ k = 9(10−18 )
1(10 )
cos θ
V = 9(10−18 ) 2
r
At (1,1) nm, r = 2 nm, θ = 45°,
9(10−18 ) cos 45° 9
V= −18 2
= = 3.182 V
10 ( 2) 2 2

Prob. 4.55

Q1
W = W1 + W2 = 0 + Q2V21 = Q2
4πε o | (2, 0, 0) − (0, 0,1) |
40 ×10−9 × ( −50) ×10 −9 40 × 9 × ( −50) ×10 −9
= =
10−9 4 +1
4π × | (2, 0, −1) |
36π
= −8.05 μ J

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 118 9/27/2015 9:07:44 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

119
117

Prob. 4.56
∂V ∂V
E = −∇V = − ax − a y = −4 xa x − 12 ya y V/m
∂x ∂y
1 1 1
1 1
W = ε o  | E |2 dv = ε o    (16 x 2 + 144 y 2 )dxdydz
2 v 2 z =−1 y =−1 x =−1
1  x3 1 y 3 1  1 10−9 1
= ε o 16(4) + 144(4) = (160)(4) (1 + 1)
2  3 −1 3 −1 2 36π 3
= 1.886 nJ

Prob. 4.57
Given that E = 2r sin θ cos φ ar + r cos θ cos φ aθ − r sin φ aφ
E 2 = 4r 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 φ + r 2 cos 2 θ cos 2 φ + r 2 sin 2 φ
= r 2 cos 2 φ ( 4sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) + r 2 sin 2 φ
= r 2 cos 2 φ + 3r 2 cos 2 φ sin 2 θ + r 2 sin 2 φ
= r 2 (1 + 3cos 2 φ sin 2 θ )
ε
2 
W= E 2 r 2 sin θ drdθ dφ
2 π π
ε
2
= r dr   (1 + 3cos
4 2
φ sin 2 θ ) sin θ dθ dφ
0 θ φ =0
π
16ε 3π
=
5 0 (π sin θ +
2
sin 2θ )dθ

16 10−9 16
= x (4π ) = nJ= 0.36 nJ
5 36π 45

Prob. 4.58
Method 1:

1 V 1
W=
2S ρ sVdS =  ρ s dS = QV
2S 2
Q
But V=
4πε o a
2
Q
W=
8πε o a

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 119 9/27/2015 9:07:44 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

120
118

Method 2:
1 1
W =  D Edv = ε o  E 2 dv
2v 2 v
2
1  Q  2
= ε o   2 
r sin θ dθ drdφ
2  4πε o r 
2π π ∞
1 Q2 εo Q2
= ε o  dφ  sin θ dθ  dr = (2π )(2)
2 0 0 r =a
16π 2ε o2 r 2 2 16π 2ε o2 a
Q2
W=
8πε o a

Prob. 4.59

1
2 v
W= ε o | E |2 dv
3 2 1
εo
   (9 x
2
= + 25 z 2 )dxdydz
2 z =0 y =0 x =0

1 10−9  
3 2 1 3 2 1

9  dz  dy  x dx + 25 z dz  dy  dx 
2 2
=
2 36π  0 0 0 0 0 0 
1  x3 1 z3 3 1 468
= 9(3)(2) + 25(1)(2)  nJ= (18 + 50 × 9) = nJ
72π  3 0 3 0  72π 72π
W=2.069 nJ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch04.indd 120 9/27/2015 9:07:44 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

121

CHAPTER 5

P. E. 5.1 dS = ρ dφ dzaρ
2π 5 5 2π
z2 1
I =  J • dS =   φρ dzdφ |ρ = 2  2 (1 − cos 2φ )dφ = 240π
2
10 z sin = 10(2)
φ= 0 z =1 2 1 0

I = 754 A

P. E. 5.2

I = ρ s wu = 0.5 ×10−6 × 0.1×10 = 0.5μ A

V = IR = 1014 × 0.5 × 10−6 = 50 MV

P. E. 5.3 σ = 5.8 ×107 S/m


J 8 × 106
J =σE ⎯⎯ → E= = = 0.138 V/m
σ 5.8 ×107

8 × 106
J
J = ρvu ⎯⎯
→ u= = 4.42 ×10−4 m/s
=
ρv 1.81×10 10

P. E. 5.4 The composite bar can be modeled as a parallel combination of resistors as


shown below.

RL
Rc

l π
For the lead, RL = , SL = d 2 − π r 2 = 9 − cm2
σ L SL 4

RL = 0.974 m Ω

l π
For copper, Rc = , Sc = π r 2 = cm2
σ c Sc 4

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

12

4
Rc = = 0.8781 m Ω
π
5.8 × 107 × ×10−4
4
RL Rc 0.974 x0.8781
R= = = 461.7 μΩ
RL + Rc 0.974 + 0.8781

P. E. 5.5 ρ Ps = P • a x = ax 2 + b

ρ ps x=0
= P • ( − a x ) x = 0 = −b

ρ ps x=L
= P • ax x=L
= aL2 + b

Qs =  ρ ps dS = −bA + (aL2 + b) A = AaL2

d
ρ pv = −∇ • P = − (ax 2 + b) = −2ax
dx

ρ pv x=0
= 0, ρ pv x=L
= −2aL

L
Qv =  ρ pv dv =  (−2ax) Adx = − AaL2
0

Hence,

QT = Qv + Qs = − AaL2 + AaL2 = 0

P. E. 5.6

V 103
E= ax = a x = 500a x kV/m
d 2 x10−3
10−9
P = χ eε o E = (2.55 − 1) x x0.5 x106 a x = 6.853a x μC / m 2
36π
ρ ps = P • a x = 6.853μ C/m 2

P. E. 5.7 (a) Since P = ε o χ e E , Px = ε o χ e Ex

Px 3x10−9 1
χe = = x36π x109 = 2.16
ε o Ex 10π 5

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

123

P 36π ×109 1
(b) E = = (3, −1, 4)10−9 = 5ax − 1.67 a y + 6.67az V/m
χ eε o 2.16 10π
(c)
ε r P 3.16  1 
D = ε oε r E = = 2
 (3, −1, 4) nC/m = 139.7ax −46.6a y + 186.3az pC/m 2
χ e 2.16  10π 
P. E. 5.8 From Example 5.8,
ρs 2S 2ε F
F= ⎯⎯ → ρs 2 = o
2ε o S
V
But ρ s = ε o E = ε o d . Hence
d
2ε o F ε o 2Vd 2 2 Fd 2
ρs2 = = ⎯⎯
→ Vd 2 =
S d2 ε oS
i.e.
2 Fd 2
Vd = V1 − V2 =
εoS
as required.
P. E. 5.9 (a) Since an = ax ,

D1n = 12ax , D1t = −10ax + 4az , D2 n = D1n = 12ax

ε 2 D1t 1
E2t = E1t ⎯⎯
→ D2t = = (−10a y + 4az ) = −4a y + 1.6az
ε1 2.5

D2 = D2 n + D2t = 12ax − 4a y + 1.6az nC/m2.

D2t (−4) 2 + (1.6) 2


tan θ 2 = = = 0.359 ⎯⎯
→ θ 2 = 19.75o
D2 n 12

(b) E1t = E2t = E2 sin θ 2 = 12sin 60o = 10.392


E2
E 2t

θ2

x
E2n

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

12

εr2 1
E1n = E2 n = 12cos 60o = 2.4
ε r1 2.5

E1 = E1t 2 + E1n 2 = 10.67

ε r1 2.5
tan θ1 = tan θ 2 = tan 60o = 4.33 ⎯⎯
→ θ1 = 77o
εr2 1

Note that θ1 > θ 2 .

P. E. 5.10

10−9
D = εoE = (60,20, −30) x10−3 = 0.531ax + 0.177 a y − 0.265az pC/m2
36π

10−9
ρ s = Dn =| D |= (10) 36 + 4 + 9(10−3 ) = 0.619 pC/m2
36π

Prob. 5.1

I =  J • dS , dS = dydza x
π /3 4
I =  e cos(4 y )dydz
−x
=e −2
 cos(4 y)dy  dz
x=2 0 0

 sin 4 y π / 3  −2  4π 
= 4e−2   = e  sin( ) − 0  = −0.1172 A
 4 0   3 

Prob. 5.2

Method 1:
10 −103 t 2
I =  J • dS =  e r sin dθ dφ
r t = 2ms, r = 4m
π 2π

  dφ = 40e
3 −3
= 10(4)e−10 ×2×10 sin θ dθ −2
(2)(2π ) = 160π e−2
θ=0 φ=0

= 68.03 A

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

125

Method 2:

10 −103 t 10
I =  J • dS = 
3
e dS = e −10 t (4π r 2 )
r r
since r is constant on the surface.
I=40π re −2 = 160π e −2 = 68.03 A

Prob. 5.3
dQ
I =− = 3x10−4 e−3t
dt

I(t=0) = 0.3 mA, I(t=2.5) = 0.3 e-7.5 = 166 nA

Prob. 5.4
a 2π 2π a
I =  J • dS =5   e −10 ρ ρ dφ d ρ = 5  dφ  ρ e−10 ρ d ρ
ρ φ
=0 =0 0 ρ=0

 e−10 ρ  a 10π −10 a


= 5(2π )  (−10 ρ − 1)  =  e (−10a − 1) − 1(−0 − 1) 
 100  0 100
π π
= e−0.04 (−0.04 − 1) + 1 = (0.00078) = 244.7 μ A
10  10

Prob. 5.5
5 π
10
I =  J dS =  sin φρ dφ dz = 10  dz  sin φ dφ
ρ 0 0

π
= 10(5)(− cos φ ) = 100 A
0

Prob. 5.6
l l 2 × 10−2
R= → σ=
⎯⎯ = 6 = 3.978 × 10−4 S/m
σS RS 10 (π )(4 × 10 )
−3 2

l 8 ×10−2 8
Prob. 5.7 (a) R = = = = 33.95mΩ
σ S 3 ×10 π (25)10
4 −6
75π

75π
(b) I = V / R = 9 × = 265.1 A
8

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

126

(c) P = IV = 2.386 kW

Prob. 5.8
If R and S are the same,
  σ
R1 = 1 = R2 = 2 ⎯⎯
→ 1 =  2 1
σ 1S σ 2S σ2
If 1 corresponds to copper and 2 to silver,
σ 1 = 5.8 ×107 S/m, σ 2 = 6.1×107 S/m
5.8
1 =  2 = 0.951 2
6.1
That is, the copper wire is shorter than silver wire or the silver wire is longer.

Prob. 5.9 (a) Si = π ri 2 = π (1.5) 2 x10−4 = 7.068 x10−4


So = π (ro 2 − ri 2 ) = π (4 − 2.25) ×10−4 = 5.498 ×10−4
ρI l 11.8 × 10−8 × 10
RI = = −4
= 16.69 × 10−4
SI 7.068 X 10
ρol 1.77 × 10−8 × 10
Ro = = −4
= 3.219 × 10−4
So 5.498 × 10
Ri Ro 16.69 × 3.219 × 10−4
R = Ri // Ro = = = 0.27mΩ
Ri + Ro 16.69 + 3.219

I i Ro 0.3219
(b) V = I i Ri = I o Ro ⎯⎯⎯
→ = = = 0.1929
I o Ri 1.669
I i + I o = 1.1929 I o = 60 A
I o = 50.3 A (copper), I i = 9.7 A (steel)

Alternatively, using the principle of current division,

Ri
I o = 60 = 50.3 A
Ri + Ro
Ro
I i = 60 = 9.7 A
Ri + Ro

10 × 1.77 ×10−8
(c) R= = 0.322mΩ
1.75π ×10−4

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

127

Prob. 5.10

From eq. (5.16),


ρ ρ ρ2 ρ2
R1 = 1 = 1 , R2 = =
S1 ab S2 ac
ρ1 ρ 2
R1 R2 ρ1 ρ 2  2
R = R1  R2 = = ab ac =
R1 + R2 ρ1 + ρ 2  ac ρ1 + abρ 2 
ab ac
ρ1 ρ 2 
R=
a (c ρ1 + bρ 2 )

Prob. 5.11

| P |= n | p |= nQd = 2ned = χ eε o E (Q = 2e)

2ned 2 × 5 × 1025 × 1.602 × 10−19 × 10−18


χe = = = 0.000182
εoE 10−9 4
×10
36π

ε r = 1 + χ e = 1.000182

Prob. 5.12

N N

 qi di p i
P= i =1
= i =1

v v

N
| P |= | p |= 2 ×1019 ×1.8 ×10−27 = 3.6 ×10−8
v

P =| P | a x = 3.6 × 10−8 a x C/m 2

P 3.6 × 36π × 109 × 10−18


But P = χ eε o E or χe = = = 0.0407
εoE 105

ε r = 1 + χ e = 1.0407

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

128

Prob. 5.13

Q
E= ar
4πε oε r r 2
χ eQ 3(10)10−3
P = χ eε o E = a =
2 r
ar = 596.8ar μ C/m 2
4πε r r 4π (4)12

Prob. 5.14

P 100 × 10−9
P = χ eε o E ⎯⎯
→ E= = a ρ = 2.261a ρ kV/m
χ eε o 10−9
2.5 (2)
36π
10−9
D = ε oε r E = 3.5 × 2.261×103 a ρ = 70a ρ nC/m 2
36π

Prob. 5.15

(a)
Qs1 =  P dS , dS = r 2 sin dθ dφ (−ar )
S

= −  4r r 2 sin θ dθ dφ
r = 1.2cm

= −4(1.2) (10−6 )  dφ  sin θ dθ (10−12 )
3

= −6.912(2π )(2) × 10−18


= −86.86 × 10−18 C

(b)
Qs 2 =  P dS , dS = r 2 sin dθ dφ (−ar )
S

= −  4r r 2 sin θ dθ dφ
r = 2.6cm

= −4(2.6) (10−6 )  dφ  sin θ dθ (10−12 )
3

= −4(2.6) (2π )(2) ×10−18 = 883.5 ×10−18 C


3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

129

(c)
1 ∂
ρ pv = −∇P = − (4r 3 ) pC/m3 = −12pC/m3
r 2 ∂r
π 2π 2.6
Qv =  ρ pv dv = −12 dv = −12 sin θ dθ  dφ  r 2 dr (10−18 )
v 0 0 1.2

r 2.6 −18
3
= −12(2)(2π ) (10 ) = −16π (2.63 − 1.23 )(10−18 )
3 1.2
= −796.61×10−18 C

Prob. 5.16

10−9
D = ε oε r E = 2.1x (6,12, −20) = 0.1114a x + 0.2228a y − 0.3714a z nC/m 2
36π
10−9
P = χ eε o E = 1.1x (6,12, −20) = 0.0584a x + 0.1167a y − 0.1945a z nC/m 2
36π

Prob. 5.17

 ∂V 1 ∂V ∂V 
E = −∇V = −  aρ + aφ + az 
 ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z 
= (10zsinφ a ρ + 10 z cos φ aφ + 10 ρ sin φ a z )
D = ε E = 5ε o E
= −50ε 0 ( zsinφ a ρ + z cos φ aφ + ρ sin φ a z ) C/m 2

Prob. 5.18

 ∂V ∂V ∂V 
(a) E = −∇V = −  ax + ay + a z  = −20 xyza x − 10 x 2 za y − 10( x 2 y − z )a z V/m
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
(b) D = ε E = 5ε o E = −0.8842 xyza x − 0.4421x 2 za y − 0.4421( x 2 y − z )a z nC/m 2
(c) P = χ eε o E = 4ε o E = −0.7073xyza x − 0.3537 x 2 za y − 0.3537( x 2 y − z )a z nC/m 2
(d) ρ v = −ε∇ 2V
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ 2V = (20 xyz ) + (10 x 2 z ) + (10 x 2 y − 10 z ) = 20 yz − 10
∂x ∂y ∂z
ρv = −5ε o10(2 yz − 1) = −0.8854 yz + 0.4427 nC/m3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

130

Prob. 5.19

D (ε r − 1) D 1.4
P = χ e ε o E =χ e ε o = = × 450a x nC/m 2
ε oε r εr 2.4
P = 262.5a x nC/m 2

Prob. 5.20 (a) Applying Coulomb’s law,

 Dr Q
 ε = 4πε r 2 , r > b
Er =  o o

 Dr = Q , a < r < b
 ε 4πε r 2
ε −1
P= r D (= D − ε O E )
εr
Hence
εr −1 Q
Pr = . , a<r <b
ε r 4π r 2
1 d 2
(b) ρ pv = −∇ • P = − (r Pr ) = 0
r 2 dr
(c)
Q εr −1
ρ ps = P • (−ar ) = − ( ), r=a
4π a 2 ε r

Q εr −1
ρ ps = P • (ar ) = − ( ), r =b
4π b 2 ε r

Prob. 5.21

Q1Q2 Q1Q2
F1 = = 2.6 nN, F2 = = 1.5 nN
4πε o d 2
4πε oε r d 2
F1 2.6
= = ε r = 1.733
F2 1.5

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

131

Prob. 5.22

(a) By Gauss’s law,


Q
 DdS = Q
S
enc ⎯⎯
→ Dr =
4π r 2
Dr Q
Er = =
ε 4πε r 2
1
W =  ε | E |2 dv, dv = r 2 sin θ drdφ dθ
v
2
2π π ∞
1 Q2 Q2
W= ε    r 2
sin θ drd φ dθ =
2 φ =0 θ r = a 16π 2ε 2 r 4 8πε a
(b) Dr remains the same but
D Q Q
Er = r = =
ε 4πε o ( r + a )
2 2
 a
4π r 2ε o 1 + 
 r
2π π ∞ 2
1 1 Q 2 r 2 sin θ drdθ dφ  r + a 
W =  ε | E |2 dv =    εo  
v
2 2 φ =0 θ =0 r = a 16π 2ε 2 ( r + a )4  r 
Q2  1 ∞  Q2 1

Q2 dr
=
32π 2ε o
(4π ) a ( r + a )2 8πε o  r + a a  = 8πε o 2a
= −

Q2
W=
16aπε o

Prob. 5.23
(a)
ρ , 0<r <a
ρv =  o
 0, r>a
4π r 3 ρo r
For r < a, ε Er (4π r 2 ) = ρo ⎯⎯
→ Er =
3 3ε
ρo r 2
V = −  E • dl = − + c1

4π a 3 ρo a3
For r > a, ε o Er (4π r 2 ) = ρ o ⎯⎯
→ Er =
3 3ε o r 2
ρo a3
V = −  E • dl = + c2
3ε o r
As r ⎯⎯
→∞, V = 0 and c2 = 0

At r = a, V(a+) = V(a-)

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

132

ρo a 2 ρ a2 ρo a 2
− + c1 = o ⎯⎯⎯
→ c1 = (2ε r + 1)
6ε oε r 3ε o 6ε oε r
ρo a 2 (2ε r + 1)
V(r=0) = c1 =
6ε oε r

ρo a 2
(b) V (r = a ) =
3ε o

Prob. 5.24

 Dx  4 1 1  1 
 D  = ε E 1 3 1   1 
 y o o   
 Dz  1 1 2   −1

Dx = ε o Eo (4 + 1 − 1) = 4ε o Eo
Dy = ε o Eo (1 + 3 − 1) = 3ε o Eo
Dz = ε o Eo (1 + 1 − 2) = 0
D = ε o Eo (4a x + 3a y ) C/m 2

Prob. 5.25

∂ρv
Since = 0, ∇ • J = 0 must hold.
∂t

(a) ∇ • J = 6 x2 y + 0 − 6 x2 y = 0 ⎯⎯
→ This is possible.

(b) ∇ • J = y + ( z + 1) ≠ 0 ⎯⎯
→ This is not possible.

1 ∂
(c) ∇•J = ( z 2 ) + cos φ ≠ 0 ⎯⎯
→ This is not possible.
ρ ∂ρ

1 ∂
(d) ∇•J = (sin θ ) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ This is possible.
r2 ∂ r

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

133

Prob. 5.26
∂J ∂J ∂J ∂ρ
∇ J = x + y + z = 2e −2 y cos 2 x − 2e −2 y cos 2 x + 1 = 1 = − v
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂ρ v
Hence, = −1 C/m3 s
∂t

Prob. 5.27
1 ∂ 100 100
(a) ∇ • J = ( )=− 3
ρ ∂ρ ρ ρ

∂ρv 100 ∂ρ v 100


− = ∇•J = − 3 ⎯⎯
→ = 3 C/m3 .s
∂t ρ ∂t ρ
2π 1
100 100
(b) I =  J • dS =  ρ dφ dz ρ = 2 =  dφ  dz = 100π = 314.16 A
ρ2 2 0 0

Prob. 5.28
ε 2.5 × 10−9
Tr = = = 4.42 μ s
σ 5 ×10−6 × 36π
Q 1
ρvo = = = 29.84 kC / m3
V 4 π
×10−6 × 8
3
ρ v = ρ vo e − t / Tr = 29.84e −2 / 4.42 = 18.98 kC/m3

Prob. 5.29
∂ρv ∂J
− = ∇ • J = x = 0.5π cos π x
∂t ∂x
At P(2,4,-3), x= 2
∂ρv
= −0.5π cos(2π ) = −0.5π = −1.571 C/m 2 s
∂t

Prob. 5.30
(a)
10−9
3.1×
ε 36π = 2.741×104 s
=
σ 10 −15

10−9

ε 36π = 5.305 × 104 s
(b) =
σ 10−15

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

134

10−9
80 ×
ε 36π = 7.07 μ s
(c) =
σ 10−4

Prob. 5.31
∂ρ
∇ J = − v ⎯⎯ → ρv = −  ∇ Jdt
∂t
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 0.5
∇ J = 2 (r J r ) = 2 (0.5r exp( −104 t )) = 2 exp(−104 t )
r ∂r r ∂r r
0.5
ρ v = −  ∇ Jdt = 2 4 exp(−104 t ) + C
r 10
If ρ v → 0 as t → ∞, C = 0.
50
ρv = 2
exp(−104 t ) μ C/m 3
r

Prob. 5.32
D1 4 −1 3
P1 = χ e1ε o E1 = χ e1ε o
ε oε r1 = 4 D1 = 4 D1
= 12a x + 22.5a y − 15az nC/m 2
D2 n = D1n = −20a z
D2t D1t
E2t = E1t ⎯⎯
→ =
ε2 ε1
ε2 6.5ε o
D2t = D1t = (16a x + 30a y ) = 26a x + 48.75a y
ε1 4ε o
D2 = D2 n + D2t = 26a x + 48.75a y − 20a z nC/m 2

Prob. 5.33
Let x > 0 be region 1 and x < 0 be region 2.
D1n = 50a x , D1t = 80a y − 30a z
D2 n = D1n = 50a x
D2t D1t
E2t = E1t ⎯⎯
→ =
ε2 ε1
ε2 7.6
D2t = D1t = (80a y − 30a z ) = 289.5a y − 108.6a z
ε1 2.1
D2 = D2t + D2 n = 50a x + 289.5a y − 108.6a z nC/m 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

135

Prob. 5.34
f(x,y)= 4x +3y –10=0
∇f −(4a x + 3a y )
∇f = 4a x + 3a y ⎯⎯
→ an = −
= = −0.8a x − 0.6a y
| ∇f | 5
The minus sign is chosen for an because it is directed toward the origin.

D1n = ( D1 ⋅ an )an = (1.6 − 2.4)an = −0.64a x − 0.48a y


D1t = D1 − D1n = 2.64a x − 3.52a y + 6.5a z
D2 n = D1n = −0.64a x − 0.48a y
D2t D1t
E2t = E1t ⎯⎯
→ =
ε2 ε2
ε2 2.5
D2t = D1t = (2.64, −3.52, 6.5) = (6.6, −8.8,16.25)
ε1 1
D2 = D2 n + D2t = 5.96a x − 9.28a y + 16.25a z nC/m 2
D2 an
θ 2 = cos −1 = 87.66o
| D2 |

Prob. 5.35
10−9
(a) P1 = ε o χ e1 E1 = 2 × (10, −6,12) = 0.1768a x − 0.1061a y + 0.2122a z nC/m 2
36π

(b) E1n = −6a y , E2t = E1t = 10a x + 12a z

D2 n = D1n ⎯⎯
→ ε 2 E2 n = ε1 E1n

ε1 3ε o
or E2 n = E1n = (−6a z ) = −4a y
ε2 4.5ε o

E2 = 10a x − 4a y + 12a z V/m

E2t 102 + 122


tan θ 2 = = = 3.905 ⎯⎯
→ θ 2 = 75.64o
E2 n 4

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

136

1 1
(c) wE = D•E = ε | E | 2
2 2

1 1 10−9
wE1 = ε1 | E1 |2 = x3x (102 + 62 + 122 ) = 3.7136 nJ/m3
2 2 36π

1 1 10−9
wE 2 = ε 2 | E2 |2 = x 4.5 x (102 + 42 + 122 ) = 5.1725 nJ/m3
2 2 36π

Prob. 5.36 (a) D2 n = 12a ρ = D1n , D2t = −6aφ + 9a z

D1t D2t
E2t = E 2t ⎯⎯
→ =
ε1 ε2
ε1 3.5ε o
D1t = D2t = (−6aφ + 9a z ) = −14aφ + 21a z
ε2 1.5ε o

D1 = 12a ρ − 14aφ + 21a z nC/m 2

(12, −14, 21) ×10−9


E1 = D1 / ε1 = = 387.8a ρ − 452.4aφ + 678.6a z
10−9
3.5 ×
36π
D 0.5ε o
(b) P2 = ε o χ e 2 E2 = 0.5ε o 2 = (12, −6,9) = 4aρ − 2aφ + 3a z nC/m 2
ε 2 1.5ε o

ρv 2 = ∇ • P2 = 0

1 1 D1 • D1 1 (122 + 142 + 212 ) x10−18


(c) wE1 = D1 • E1 = = −9
= 12.62 μ J/m 2
2 2 ε oε r 1 2 10
3.5 x
36π

1 D2 • D2 1 (122 + 62 + 92 ) x10−18
wE 2 = = −9
= 9.839 μ J/m 2
2 ε oε r 2 2 10
1.5 x
36π

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

137

Prob. 5.37

Gaussian surface

4π r 2 4π r 2
Q =  D.dS = ε1 Er + ε 2 Er = 2π r 2 (ε1 + ε 2 ) Er
2 2

 Q
 , r>a
E r =  2π (ε1 + ε 2 )r 2
 0, r<a

Prob. 5.38
(a) The two interfaces are shown below

glass
oil glass air

1 2 2 3

oil-glass glass-air

E1n = 2000, E1t = 0 = E2t = E3t

D1n = D2 n = D3n ⎯⎯
→ ε1 E1n = ε 2 E2 n = ε 3 E3n

ε1 3.0
E2 n = E1n = (2000) = 705.9 V/m, θ 2 = 0o
ε2 8.5

ε1 3.0
E3n = E1n = (2000) = 6000 V/m, θ 3 = 0o
ε3 1.0

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

138

(b)

oil glass glass air


θ2

θ 1 = 75 o

1 2 2 3

E1n = 2000cos 75o = 517.63, E1t = 2000sin 75o = E2t = E3t = 1931.85
ε 3 ε 3
E2 n = 1 E1n = (517.63) = 182.7, E3n = 1 E1n = (517.63) = 1552.89
ε2 8.5 ε3 1

E2t
E2 = E2 n 2 + E2t 2 = 1940.5, θ 2 = tan −1 = 84.6o ,
E2 n

E3t
E3 = E3n 2 + E3t 2 = 2478.6, θ3 = tan −1 = 51.2o
E3n

Prob. 5.39
10−9 2900
ρ s = Dn = ε o E = 302 + 402 + 202 × 10−3 = pC/m 2
36π 36π
= 0.476 pC/m 2

10−9
Prob. 5.40 (a) ρ s = Dn = ε o En = 152 + 82 = 0.1503 nC/m 2
36π
(b) Dn = ρ s = −20 nC

D = Dn an = ( − 20 nC)(-a y ) = 20 a y nC / m2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

139

Prob. 5.41

At the interface between ε o and 2ε o ,


E1n = Eo cos 30o , E1t = Eo sin 30o
E2t = E1t = 0.5Eo
D2 n = D1n ⎯⎯
→ ε1 E1n = ε 2 E2 n
ε1 ε
E2 n = E1n = o (0.866 Eo ) = 0.433Eo
ε2 2ε o
The angle E makes with the z-axis is
E 0.5
θ1 = tan −1 2t = tan −1 = 49.11o
E2 n 0.433
At the interface between 2ε o and 3ε o ,
E3t = E2t = 0.5 Eo
ε2 2ε
D3n = D2 n ⎯⎯
→ E3n = E2 n = o (0.433Eo ) = 0.2887 Eo
ε3 3ε o
The angle E makes with the z-axis is
E 0.5
θ 2 = tan −1 3t = tan −1 = 60o
E3n 0.2887
At the interface between 3ε o and ε o ,
E4t = E3t = 0.5 Eo
ε3 3ε
D4 n = D3n ⎯⎯
→ E4 n = E3n = o (0.2887 Eo ) = 0.866 Eo
ε4 εo
The angle E makes with the z-axis is
E 0.5
θ 3 = tan −1 4t = tan −1 = 30o
E4 n 0.866

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

140
138

CHAPTER 6

P. E. 6.1
ρ d 2V ρ x
∇ 2V = − ⎯⎯
→ =− o
ε dx 2
εa
ρo x3
V =− + Ax + B
6ε a
dV  ρo x 2 
E=− ax =  − A  ax
dx  2ε a 
If E = 0 at x =0, then

0=0− A ⎯⎯
→ A=0

If V= 0 at x =a, then

ρo a3 ρo a 2
0=− +B ⎯⎯
→ B=
6ε a 6ε

Thus
ρ ρo x 2
V = o (a 3 − x 3 ), E= ax
6ε a 2ε a

P. E. 6.2 V1 = A1 x + B1 , V2 = A2 x + B2
V1 ( x = d ) = Vo = A1d + B1 ⎯⎯
→ B1 = Vo − A1d
V1 ( x = 0) = 0 = 0 + B2 ⎯⎯
→ B2 = 0
V1 ( x = a) = V2 ( x = a) ⎯⎯
→ aA1 + B1 = A2 a
ε1
D1n = D2 n ⎯⎯
→ ε1 A1 = ε 2 A2 ⎯⎯
→ A2 = A1
ε2
ε1  ε 
A1a + Vo − A1d = aA1 ⎯⎯
→ Vo = A1  − a + d + 1 a 
ε2  ε2 
or
Vo ε1 ε1Vo
A1 = , A2 = A1
d − a + ε1a / ε 2 ε 2 ε 2 d − ε 2 a + ε1a
Hence

−Vo ax −Vo a x
E1 = − A1a x = , E2 = − A2a x =
d − a + ε1a / ε 2 a + ε 2 d / ε1 − ε 2 a / ε1

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 140 10/13/2015 9:12:14 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

141
139

P. E. 6.3 From Example 6.3,


V
E = − o aφ , D = εoE
ρφo
Voε
ρ s = Dn (φ = 0) = −
ρφo
The charge on the plate φ = 0 is

L b
Voε 1 Voε
Q =  ρ s dS = −  ρ dzd ρ = − L ln(b / a )
φo z =0 =a ρ φo

|Q | εL b
C= = ln
Vo φo a
4mm
a

45o

45o 2
a sin =2 ⎯⎯
→ a= = 5.226 mm
2 sin 22.5o

10−9
1.5 ×
C= 36π 5ln 1000 = 444 pF
π 5.226
4

Q = CVo = 444 × 10−12 × 50 C = 22.2 nC

P. E. 6.4 From Example 6.4,


ρ
Vo = 50, θ 2 = 45o , θ1 = 90o , r = 32 + 42 + 22 = 29 , θ = tan −1 =
z
5
tan −1 ⎯⎯ → θ = 68.2o ; tan 45o = 1
2
50ln(tan 34.1o )
V= = 22.125 V,
ln(tan 22.5o )
50aθ
E= = 11.35aθ V/m
29 sin 68.2o ln(tan 22.5o )

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 141 10/13/2015 9:12:15 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

142
140

P. E. 6.5
∂V ∂V
E = −∇V = − ax − ay
∂x ∂y
4Vo ∞
1
=−
b
 sinh nπ a/b cos(nπ x/b)sinh (nπ y/b) a
n = odd
x + sin(nπ x/b)cosh(nπ y/b)a y 

(a) At (x,y) = (a, a/2),

400
V= (0.3775 − 0.0313 + 0.00394 − 0.000585 + ...) = 44.51 V
π

E = 0a x + (−115.12 + 19.127 − 3.9411 + 0.8192 − 0.1703 + 0.035 − 0.0074 + ...)a y


= −99.25a y V/m

(b) At (x,y) = (3a/2, a/4),

400
V= (0.1238 + 0.006226 − 0.00383 + 0.0000264 + ...) = 16.50 V
π

E = (24.757 − 3.7358 − 0.3834 + 0.0369 + 0.00351 − 0.00033 + ...)a x


+ (−66.25 − 4.518 + 0.3988 + 0.03722 − 0.00352 − 0.000333 + ...)a y
= 20.68a x − 70.34a y V/m

P. E. 6.6

V ( y = a ) = Vo sin(7π x / b) =  cn sin( nπ x / b)sinh(nπ a / b)
n =1

By equating coefficients, we notice that cn = 0 for n ≠ 7 . For n=7,

Vo
Vo sin(7π x / b) = c7 sin(7π x / b)sinh(7π a / b) ⎯⎯
→ c7 =
sinh(7π a / b)
Hence
Vo
V ( x, y) = sin(7 π x / b) sinh(7 π y / b)
sinh(7 π a / b)

P. E. 6.7 Let V (r ,θ , φ ) = R(r )F (θ )Φ (φ ).


Substituting this in Laplace’s equation gives

ΦF d  2 dR  RΦ d  dF  RF d 2Φ
 r  +  sin θ  + =0
r 2 dr  dr  r 2 sin θ dθ  dθ  r 2 sin 2 θ dφ 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 142 10/13/2015 9:12:15 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

143
141

Dividing by RF Φ / r 2 sin 2 θ gives

sin 2 θ d 2 sin θ d 1 d 2Φ
R dr
( r R ') +
F dθ
( sin θ F ') = −
Φ dφ 2
= λ2

Φ ''+ λ 2Φ = 0

1 d 2 1 d
R dr
( r R ') +
F sin θ dθ
( sin θ F ') = λ 2 / sin 2 θ

1 d 2 λ2 1 d
R dr
( r R ' ) = −
sin θ F sin θ dθ
2 ( sin θ F ') = μ 2

2rR '+ r 2 R '' = μ 2 R


or
2 μ2
R ''+ R '− 2 R = 0
r r

sin θ d
( sin θ F ') − λ 2 + μ 2 sin 2 θ = 0
F dθ
or

F ''+ cos θ F '+ ( μ 2 sin θ − λ 2 cs cθ ) F = 0

P. E. 6.8 (a) This is similar to Example 6.8(a) except that here 0 < φ < 2π instead of
0 < φ < π / 2 . Hence
b
ln
2π tVoσ Vo a
I= and R= =
ln(b / a ) I 2π tσ

(b) This to similar to Example 6.8(b) except that here 0 < φ < 2π . Hence

b 2π
Voσ Voσπ (b 2 − a 2 )
I=
t   ρ d ρ dφ =
a 0 t

Vo t
and R = =
I σπ (b − a 2 )
2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 143 10/13/2015 9:12:16 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

144
142

P. E. 6.9 From Example 6.9,

σ 1Vo σ 2Vo
J1 = , J2 =
b b
ρ ln ρ ln
a a

π L 2π
 Vl
I =  J • dS =
z = 0 φ= 0 1
 J ρ d φ +  J 2 ρ dφ dz = o [πσ 1 + πσ 2 ]
 b
 φ =π ln
a
b
ln
Vo a
R= =
I π l [σ 1 + σ 2 ]

4πε
P. E. 6.10 (a) C= , C1 and C2 are in series.
1 1

a b
   
10  2.5
−9  10  3.5
−9 
C1 = 4π x   = 5 / 3 pF, C2 = 4π x   = 7 / 9 pF
36π  103 103  36π  103 103 
 −   − 
 2 3   1 2 

C1C2 (5 / 3)(7 / 9 )
C= = = 0.53 pF
C1 + C2 (5 / 3) + (7 / 9 )

2πε
(b) C= , C1 and C2 are in parallel.
1 1

a b
   
−9   −9  
10 2.5 10 3.5
C1 = 2π ×  3 3 
= 5 / 24 pF, C2 = 2π ×  3  = 7 / 24 pF
36π  10 10  36π  10 103 
 −   − 
 1 3   1 3 

C = C1+ C2 = 0.5 pF

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 144 10/13/2015 9:12:16 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

145
143

P. E. 6.11 As in Example 6.8, assuming V ( ρ = a) = 0, V ( ρ = b) = Vo ,

ln ρ / a Vo
V = Vo , E = −∇V = − aρ
ln b / a ρ ln b / a

L 2π
Voε 1 V 2πε L
Q =  ε E • dS =   dz ρ dφ = o
ln b / a z = 0 φ = 0 ρ ln b / a

Q 2πε L
C= =
Vo ln b / a

P. E. 6.12

(a) Let C1 and C2 be capacitances per unit length of each section and CT be the total
capacitance of 10m length. C1 and C2 are in series.

2πε r1ε o 2π x 2.5 10−9


C1 = = = 342.54 pF/m,
ln b / c ln 3 / 2 36π
2πε r 2ε o 2π x3.5 10−9
C2 = = = 280.52 pF/m
ln c / a ln 2 36π

C1C2 342.54 x 280.52


C= = = 154.22 pF
C1 + C2 342.54 + 280.52
CT = Cl = 1.54 nF

(b) C1 and C2 are in parallel.

πε r1ε o πε r 2ε o π (ε r1 + ε r 2 )ε o 6π 10−9
C = C1 + C2 = + = = = 151.7 pF/m
ln b / a ln b / a ln b / a ln 3 36π
CT = Cl = 1.52 nF

P. E. 6.13 Instead of Eq. (6.31), we now have


a a
Qdr Qdr Q
V = − = − =− ln b / a
4πε r 2
b 4π
10ε o 2 40πε
b r o
r
Q 40 π 10 −9
C= = = 113
. nF
|V | ln 4 / 1.5 36 π

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 145 10/13/2015 9:12:16 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

146
144

P. E. 6.14 Let

F = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 + F5

where Fi , i = 1,2,...,5 are shown on in the figure below.

Q2 Q 2 (a x sin 30o + a y cos30o ) Q 2 (a x cos30o + a y sin 30o ) Q 2a x


F =− a +
2 y
− +
4πε o r 4πε o (2r cos30o ) 2 4πε o (2r ) 2 4πε o (2r cos30o ) 2
Q 2 (a x cos30o − a y sin 30o )

4πε o r 2
Q2  1 a 3a y  1  3a ay  1 3a x a y 
=  −a y +  x +  −  x
+  + ax − + 
4πε o r 
2
3  2 2  4
  2 2  3 2 2
 

 1 5 3  −5 3 
= 9 x10−5 a x  −  + a y  +   = −52.4279a x − 30.27a y μ N
  2 8   8 6  

| F |= 60.54 μ N
Note that the force tends to pull Q toward the origin.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 146 10/13/2015 9:12:17 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

147

P.E. 6.15

(a)       and      

(b)       and      

E
Dielectric�1 Dielectric�2
ε1>ε2 ρ

Dielectric�1 Dielectric�2
ρ
ε1<ε2
Figure. Electric field intensity distribution in a multi-dielectric coaxial capacitor
It can be noted from this practice exercise that, in a non-uniform field, the dielectric with
higher permittivity should be placed in the high field region and the one with lower
permittivity in the low field region (this is case-a). The difference in the average stress
levels of the two dielectrics reduces. If the placement is done the other way round, the
difference increases further (case-b). The electric field intensities in the two cases are
plotted as a function of radius in the figure above.

P.E. 6.16
(a)     , breakdown voltage      , breakdown occurs
(b)  
 , breakdown voltage       , breakdown does not occur
Note: One has to properly size the thickness of dielectric layers with lower permittivity,
as in case-b in this practice exercise.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 147 10/13/2015 9:12:17 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

148
164

P.E. 6.17
(a) For the parallel-plate capacitor,
V
E = − o ax
d

From Example 6.11,


1 1 V2 ε εS
C = 2  ε | E |2 dv = 2  ε o2 dv = 2 Sd =
Vo Vo d d d
(b) For the cylindrical capacitor,

Vo
E=− aρ
ρ ln b / a

From Example 6.8,


b
1 εVo2 2πε L dρ 2πε L
C = 2  ρ d ρ dφ dz = 2 
=
( ρ ln b / a ) ( ln b / a ) a ρ ln b / a
2
Vo

(c) For the spherical capacitor,

Vo
E= 2
ar
r (1/ a − 1/ b)

From Example 6.10,


b
1 εVo2 ε dr 4πε
2  4
C= r 2 sin θ dθ drdφ = 4π  2 =
r (1 / a − 1 / b ) (1 / a − 1 / b ) a r 1 − 1
2 2
Vo
a b

Prob. 6.31

εS Cd 2 ×10−9 × 10−6 2
C= ⎯⎯
→ S= = m = 0.5655 cm 2
d ε oε r 4 ×10 / 36π
−9

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 148 10/13/2015 9:12:18 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

149
145

Prob. 6.1
(a)
20 10 1 10
− E = ∇V = − cos θ sin φ ar − 3 sin θ sin φ aθ + cos θ cos φ aφ
r 3
r rsinθ r 2
At P(1,60o ,30o ), r = 1, θ = 60o , φ = 30o
20 o o 10 o o 1 10 cos 60o cos 30o
E= cos 60 sin 30 a r + sin 60 sin 30 aθ − aφ
13 13 sin60o 13
= 5ar + 4.33aθ − 5aφ V/m

(b)
1 ∂  −20 cos θ sin φ  1 ∂  −10sin 2 θ sin φ 
∇ 2V =  +
 2  
r 2 ∂r  r  r sin θ ∂θ  r2 
1 10 cos θ sin φ
− 2 2
r sin θ r2
20 cos θ sin φ 20sin θ cos θ sin φ 10 cos θ sin φ
= − −
r4 r 4 sin θ r 4 sin 2 θ
10 cos θ sin φ
=−
r 4 sin 2 θ
ρ 10ε o cos θ sin φ
∇ 2V = − v ⎯⎯ → ρ v = −ε ∇ 2V =
ε r 4 sin 2 θ
At P, r =1, θ =60o , φ =30o
10-9 cos60o sin 30o
ρ v =10 × =29.47 pC/m3
36π 14 sin 2 60o

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 149 10/13/2015 9:12:18 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

150
146

Prob. 6.2
(a)
 ∂V ∂V ∂V 
E = −∇V = −  ax + ay + az 
 ∂x ∂z ∂z 
= −(15 x 2 y 2 za x + 10 x 3 yza y + 5 x 3 y 2 a z )
At P, x=-3, y=1, z=2,
E = −15(9)(1)(2)a x + 10(−27)(1)(2)a y − 5(−27)(1)a z = −270a x + 540a y + 135a z V/m

(b) ρv = ∇ • D or ρv = −ε∇ 2V
∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ V = 2 + 2 + 2 = (15 x 2 y 2 z ) + (10 x 3 yz ) + (5 x 3 y 2 )
2

∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z
= 30 xy 2 z + 10 x 3 z
At P,
10−9
ρv = −ε∇ 2V = −2.25 × [30(−3)(1)(2) + 10(−27)(2)] = 14.324 nC/m3
36π

Prob. 6.3
∂V 1 ∂V sin 3φ 3cos 3φ
(a) E = −∇V = − aρ − aφ = aρ − aφ
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ρ 2
ρ2
At A, ρ =1, φ =20o , z=4,
sin 60o 3cos 60o
E= a ρ − aφ = 0.866a ρ − 1.5aφ V/m
12 12

10−9
P = χ eε o E = 1.8 × (0.866a ρ − 1.5aφ )
36π
= 13.783a ρ − 23.87aφ pC/m 2

 1 ∂  sin 3φ  9sin 3φ 
(b) ρ v = ∇ D = ε∇ E = ε   + 
 ρ ∂ρ  ρ  ρ3 
ρv − sin 3φ 9sin 3φ
= +
ε 3
ρ 3
ρ
8ε sin 3φ
ρv =
ρ3
10−9 sin 60o
At A, ρv = 8 × 2.8 × = 171.52 pC/m 3
36π 1 3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 150 10/13/2015 9:12:18 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

151
147

Prob. 6.4
ρv
∇ 2V = −
ε
d 2V y 10−9 y 10−9
=− ⋅ =− ⋅ = −2.25 y
dy 2 4π 4ε o 4π 10−9
4
36π
2
dV y
= −2.25 + B
dy 2
3
V = −0.375 y + By + C
V (1) = 0 = −0.375 + B + C (1)
V (3) = 50 = −10.125 + 3B + C (2)
From (1) and (2), B=29.875 and C=-29.5
V = −0.375 y 3 + 29.875 y − 29.5
V (2) = 27.25 V

Prob. 6.5
2 ρv d 2V ρz
∇V =− ⎯⎯→ =− o
ε dz 2
εd
dV ρz 2
=− o +A
dz 2ε d
ρ z3
V = − o + Az + B
6ε d
z = 0,V = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = 0 + B, i.e. B = 0
ρo d 2
z = d ,V = Vo ⎯⎯
→ Vo = − + Ad

Vo ρ o d
A= +
d 6ε
Hence,
ρo z 3  Vo ρo d 
V =− + + z
6ε d  d 6ε 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 151 10/13/2015 9:12:19 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

152
148

Prob. 6.6

d 2V ρv 50(1 − y 2 ) x10−6
∇ 2V = = − = − = − k (1 − y 2 )
dx 2
ε ε
−6
50 ×10
where k= −9
= 600π ×103
10

36π
dV
= − k ( y − y 3 / 3) + A
dy
 y2 y4 
V = −k  −  + Ay + B = 50π .103 y 4 − 300π .103 y 2 + Ay + B
 2 12 
When y=2cm, V=30X103,

30 ×103 = 50π ×103 ×16 × 10−6 − 300π × 103 × 4 ×10−4 + Ay + B


or

30,374.5 = 0.02A + B (1)

When y=-2cm, V=30x103,

30,374.5 = −0.02A + B (2)

From (1) and (2), A=0, B=30,374.5. Thus,

V = 157.08 y 4 − 942.5 y 2 + 30.374 kV

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 152 10/13/2015 9:12:19 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

153
149

Prob. 6.7
10
− × 10−12
ρ ρ 0.1π
∇ 2V = − v = =−
ε 10 −9
ρ
3.6 ×
36π
Let α = 0.1π .
α 1 d  dV 
∇ 2V = − = ρ
ρ ρ d ρ  d ρ 
d  dV 
−α = ρ 
dρ  dρ 
dV
ρ = −αρ + A

dV A
= −α +
dρ ρ
V = −αρ + A ln ρ + B
At ρ =2, V=0 → 0 = −2α + A ln 2 + B
⎯⎯ (1)
At ρ =5, V=60 ⎯⎯ → 60 = −5α + A ln 5 + B (2)
Subtracting (1) from (2),
60 + 3α
60 = −3α + A ln 5 / 2 ⎯⎯
→ A= = 66.51
ln 2.5
From (1),
B = 2α − A ln 2 = −45.473
dV A 66.51
E=− a ρ = (α − )a ρ = (0.3142 − )a ρ
dρ ρ ρ

Prob. 6.8

2 ∂ 2U ∂ 2U ∂ 2U
∇ U = 2 + 2 + 2 = 0 + 0 − 2 = −2 ≠ 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Does not satisfy Laplace's equation.

Prob. 6.9

∂ 2U ∂ 2U ∂ 2U
∇ 2U = + + = 6 xy + 0 + 2c = 0
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
c = −3xy

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 153 10/13/2015 9:12:19 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

154
150

Prob. 6.10
1 d  dV 
V = V ( ρ ), ∇ 2V = ρ =0
ρ d ρ  d ρ 
dV dV A
ρ =A ⎯⎯
→ =
dρ dρ ρ
V = A ln ρ + B
When ρ =4mm=a, V=0 ⎯⎯
→ 0=Alna+B or B = -Alna
Vo
When ρ =12mm=b, V=Vo → Vo =Alnb-Alna or A =
⎯⎯
b
ln
a
dV A V
E = −∇V = − aρ = − aρ = − o aρ
dρ ρ b
ρ ln
a
At ρ =8mm,
Vo
−6aρ kV/m = − aρ ⎯⎯
→ Vo = 48ln 3 = 53.73
−3 12
8 × 10 ln
4

Prob. 6.11
d 2V
∇ 2V = =0 ⎯⎯
→ V = Az + B
dz 2
When z=0, V = 0 B=0
When z=d, V = Vo Vo=Ad or A = Vo/d
Hence,
Vo z
V=
d
dV V
E = −∇V = − az = − o az
dz d
V
D = ε E = −ε oε r o a z
d
Since Vo = 50 V and d = 2mm,
V = 25z kV, E = - 25az kV/m

10−9
D=− (1.5)25 ×103 a z = −332a z nC/m 2
36π

ρ s = Dn = ± 332 nC / m2

The surface charge density is positive on the plate at z=d and negative on the plate at z=0.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 154 10/13/2015 9:12:20 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

155
151

Prob. 6.12 From Example 6.8, solving ∇ 2V = 0 when V = V ( ρ ) leads to

Vo ln ρ / a ln(a / ρ )
V= = Vo
ln b / a ln(a / b)
Vo Vo ε oε rVo
E = −∇V = − aρ = aρ , D =εE =− aρ
ρ ln b / a ρ ln a / b ρ ln b / a
ε oε rVo
ρs = Dn = ±
ρ ln b / a ρ = a ,b
In this case, Vo=100 V, b=5mm, a=15mm, ε r = 2. Hence at ρ =10mm,

100ln(10 / 15)
V= = 36.91 V
ln(5 / 15)

100
E= a ρ = 9.102a ρ kV/m
10 x10−3 ln 3
10−9
D = 9.102 x103 x 2aρ = 161a ρ nC/m 2
36π

10−9 105
ρ s ( ρ = 5mm) = (2) = 322 nC/m 2
36π 5ln 3

10−9 105
ρ s ( ρ = 15mm) = − (2) = −107.3
152 nC/m 2
36π 15ln 3

Prob.
Prob.6.14
6.13
(a) 2
1 d V 1 ∂  ∂V  d 21V ∂ 2V dV
∇ 2
V 2=
=0 ⎯⎯
ρ → + 2 = 0 + 0⎯⎯ → =A
ρ dφ ρ ∂ρ  ∂ρ  dρ φ 2 ∂φ 2 dφ
 
V = Aφ + B
1 ∂ 4
0 = 0 +=Bρ ∂ρ⎯⎯ ( 2→
c1ρ 2 −B 2=c02 ρ ) sin 2φ − ρ 2 (c1ρ + c2 ρ )sin 2φ
−2 2 −2

c2 ρ→
−4 100
4c2 ρ −4 )sin 2φ = 0
50 = A=π (4/ 2c1 + 4⎯⎯ − A4c=1 −
(b) π
o 1 dV Ao 100
EAt= −∇ V = −,1), ρ = a1,φφ==−45 aφ = −
P(2,45 a
ρ dφ o ρ πρ φ
50 = (c1 + c2 ) sin 90 = c1 + c2 (1)
∂V 1 ∂V
− E = ∇V = aρ + a +0
∂ρ ρ ∂φ φ
= (2c1 ρ − 2c2 ρ −3 ) sin 2φ a ρ + (c1 ρ + c2 ρ −3 )(2) cos 2φ aφ
At P,
− E = (2c1 − 2c2 )(1)aρ + 0
| E |= 100 = 2c1 − 2c2 ⎯⎯
→ 50 = c1 − c2 (2)
From (1) and (2), c1 = 50, c2 = 0

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Prob. 6.15
POESM_Ch06.indd 155 (a) 10/13/2015 9:12:20 PM
(b) 100ln(10 / 15)
At V = o ,1), ρ = 1, φ = 36.91
P(2,45 45o V
Sadiku & Kulkarni
ln(5 / 15) Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
50 = (c1 + c2 ) sin 90o = c1 + c2 (1)
∂V
100 1 ∂V
− EE= =∇V = −3 a ρ +a ρ = 9.102 a φ +a0ρ kV/m 156
10 x10∂ρ ln 3 ρ ∂φ 152
−3−9
D= = 9.102 2c3 2xρ10
(2c1 ρ x−10 2a2ρ φ=a161
) sin ρ +a(c1 ρnC/m
+ c2 ρ2−3 )(2) cos 2φ aφ
ρ
Prob. 6.13 36π
At P,
(a)
− E = (2 V aρ +10
1 c1∂− 2c2∂)(1) 10−9∂ 2V 105
∇ 2V = ρ s ( ρ = ρ
c5mm) +
 = 2⎯⎯ (2) + 0 = 322 nC/m 2
| E |= 100 = 2 − 2
ρ ∂ρ  1 ∂ρ 2 36c →
ρ π∂φ 5ln50
2
3 = c1 − c2 (2)
From (1) 1 and ∂ (2), 2 c1 = −50, c =0 4
= ( 2c1ρ − 2c210 ρ −29) sin2 2φ10−5 2 (c1ρ 2 + c2 ρ −2 )sin 2φ
ρρs ( ∂ρρ= 15mm) = − (2) ρ = −107.3 nC/m 2
36π 15ln 3
Prob.=6.15 (4c1 + 4c2 ρ −4 − 4c1 − 4c2 ρ −4 )sin 2φ = 0
(a)
(b)
Prob. 6.14 2
∂AtV P(2,45o ,1), a
= Vo (1 + 2 )ρsin = 1,
φ φ = 45o
ρd=2V(c + c ρ) sin 90o = dc 2V+ c
∂150 dV
1= 0 2 ⎯⎯ → 1 2 =2 0 ⎯⎯ →(1) =A
ρ ∂dVφ 2
∂ Va 2
1 d∂φV dφ
ρ ==∇VVo (=ρ + a) sin φ
V− E ∂ρAφ + B ∂ρρ ρ + ρ ∂φ a φ +0
=
2
V c1 ρ⎯⎯
0∂= 0 +=∂B(2 − 2→ c2−ρ a−B3 )=)sin
0
sin2φφ a ρ + (c1 ρ + c2 ρ )(2) cos 2φ aφ
−3
 ρ  o= V (1
∂ρ  ∂ρ  ρ 2
100
At=P,Aπ / 2
50 ⎯⎯ → A=
2 π
1− E∂ =(2c∂1 V− 2c )(1)a1 + a0
ρ  1=2 VdV
o(
ρ− ) sin φ 100
3 A
ρ
E ∂ρ  ∂ ρ  ρ ρ
| E=|=−∇100V= =− 2cρ1 −d2φc2aφ = ⎯⎯ − → a = − = caφ− c
ρ φ 50πρ 1 2 (2)
2 2
∂V a
From= (1) ( ρ −(2), ) sin φc1 = 50, c2 = 0
−Voand
∂φ 2 ρ
1 ∂ 2V 1 a2
Prob. = −Vo ( − 3 ) sin φ
6.15
ρ
(a)
2
∂φ 2
ρ ρ
2
∂V2V = 1 ∂ a 2ρ ∂V  + ∂ V = 0
∇ = Vo (1 +  2 ) sin φ
∂ρ ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂ρ  ∂φ 2
∂V a2
ρ = Vo ( ρ + ) sin φ
∂ρ ρ
∂  ∂V  a2
ρ  = Vo (1 − 2 ) sin φ
∂ρ  ∂ρ  ρ
1 ∂  ∂V  1 a2
ρ = V ( − ) sin φ
ρ ∂ρ  ∂ρ  o ρ ρ 3
∂ 2V a2
= −Vo ( ρ − ) sin φ
∂φ 2 ρ
1 ∂ 2V 1 a2
= −Vo ( − ) sin φ
ρ 2 ∂φ 2 ρ ρ3
1 ∂  ∂V  ∂ 2V
∇ 2V = ρ + 2 = 0
ρ ∂ρ  ∂ρ  ∂φ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 156 10/13/2015 9:12:21 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

157
153

(b)
2
If ρ 2  a 2 , then a  1 and V  Vo ρ sin φ
ρ2
∂V 1 ∂V
E = −∇V = − aρ − a = −Vo sin φ aρ − Vo cos φ aφ
∂ρ ρ ∂φ φ

Prob. 6.16
d 2V
∇ 2V = 2 = 0 ⎯⎯ → V = Ax + B
dx
At x = 20 mm = 0.02 m, V = 0
0 = 0.02 A + B ⎯⎯ → (1)
dV
E=− ax → A = 110 ⎯⎯
⎯⎯ → (2)
dx

From (1) B = −0.02 A = −2.2


Then V = 110 x − 2.2
At x = 0 V = −2.2V
At x = 50 mm = 0.05 m,
V = 110 × 0.05 − 2.2 = 3.3V

Prob. 6.17

∇ 2V = 0 ⎯⎯
→ V = −A / r + B

At r=0.5, V=-50 -50 = -A/0.5 + B

Or
-50 = -2A + B (1)

At r = 1, V =50 50 = -A + B (2)

From (1) and (2), A = 100, B = 150, and

100
V =− + 150
r

A 100
E = −∇V = − a = − 2 ar V/m
2 r
r r

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 157 10/13/2015 9:12:22 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

158
154

Prob. 6.18 From Example 6.4,

 tan θ / 2 
Vo ln  
 tan θ1 / 2 
V=
 tan θ 2 / 2 
ln  
 tan θ1 / 2 

Vo = 100, θ1 = 30o , θ 2 = 120o , r = 32 + 02 + 42 = 5, θ = tan −1 ρ / z = tan −1 3 / 4 = 36.87 o

 tan 18.435 o 
ln 
 tan 15 o 
V = 100 = 117
. V
 tan 60 o 
ln 
 tan 15 o 

−Vo aθ −100aθ
E= = = −17.86aθ V/m
 tan θ 2 / 2  5sin 36.87o ln 6.464
r sin θ ln  
 tan θ1 / 2 

Prob. 6.19
(a)
1 ∂  ∂V 
∇ 2V = ρ =0 ⎯⎯
→ V = A ln ρ + B
ρ ∂ρ  ∂ρ 
V ( ρ = b) = 0 ⎯⎯→ 0 = A ln b + B ⎯⎯
→ B = − A ln b
Vo
V ( ρ = a) = Vo ⎯⎯
→ Vo = A ln a / b ⎯⎯
→ A=−
ln b / a
Vo V ln b / ρ
V =− ln ρ / b = o
ln b / a ln b / a

ln2
V ( ρ = 15mm)=70 = 12.4 V
ln50

(b) As the electron decelerates, potential energy gained = K.E. loss

1 2e
e[70 − 12.4] = m[(107 ) 2 − u 2 ] ⎯⎯
→ 1014 − u 2 = × 57.6
2 m

2 × 1.6 × 10−19
u 2 = 1014 − × 57.6 = 1012 (100 − 20.25)
9.1× 10−31

u = 8.93 ×106 m/s

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 158 10/13/2015 9:12:22 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

159
155

Prob. 6.20 This is similar to case 1 of Example 6.5.

X = c1 x + c2 , Y = c3 y + c4

But X (0) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = c2 , Y (0) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = c4

Hence,

V ( x, y ) = XY = ao xy, ao = c1c3

Also, V ( xy = 4) = 20 ⎯⎯
→ 20 = 4ao ⎯⎯
→ ao = 5

Thus,
V ( x, y ) = 5 xy and E = −∇V = −5 ya x − 5 xa y

At (x,y) = (1,2),

V = 10 V, E = −10a x − 5a y V/m

Prob. 6.21

(a) As in Example 6.5, X ( x) = A sin(nπ x / b)

For Y,

Y ( y ) = c1 cosh(nπ y / b) + c2 sinh(nπ y / b)

Y (a) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = c1 cosh(nπ a / b) + c2 sinh(nπ a / b) ⎯⎯
→ c1 = −c2 tanh(nπ a / b)


V =  an sin(nπ x / b) [sinh(nπ y / b) − tanh(nπ a / b)cosh(nπ y / b)]
n =1

V ( x, y = 0) = Vo = − an tanh(nπ a / b)sin(nπ x / b)
n =1

b  4Vo
2  , n = odd
− an tanh(nπ a / b) =  Vo sin(nπ x / b)dx =  nπ
b0  0, n = even

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 159 10/13/2015 9:12:22 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

160
156

Hence,

4Vo ∞
 sinh(nπ y / b) cosh( nπ y / b) 
V =−
π
 sin(nπ x / b)  n tanh(nπ a / b) − n

n = odd  

4Vo ∞
sin(nπ x / b)
=−  [sinh(nπ y / b)cosh(nπ a / b) − cosh(nπ y / b)sinh(nπ a / b)]
π n = odd n sinh(nπ a / b)

4Vo sin(nπ x / b)sinh[nπ (a − y ) / b]



= 
π n = odd n sinh(nπ a / b)

Alternatively, for Y

Y ( y ) = c1 sinh nπ ( y − c2 ) / b

Y (a) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = c1 sinh[nπ (a − c2 ) / b] ⎯⎯
→ c2 = a


V =  bn sin(nπ x / b)sinh[ nπ ( y − a) / b]
n =1
where
 4Vo
− , n = odd
bn =  nπ sinh(nπ a / b)
 0, n = even

(b) This is the same as Example 6.5 except that we exchange y and x. Hence

4Vo sin(nπ y / a )sinh(nπ x / a )]



V ( x, y ) =
π n = odd
 n sinh(nπ b / a)

(c) This is the same as part (a) except that we must exchange x and y. Hence

4Vo ∞
sin(nπ y / a )sinh[nπ (b − x ) / a ]
V ( x, y ) =
π n = odd
 n sinh(nπ b / a)

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 160 10/13/2015 9:12:23 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

161
157

Prob. 6.22 (a) X(x) is the same as in Example 6.5. Hence



V ( x, y ) =  sin( nπ x / b) [ an sinh( nπ y / b) + bn cosh( nπ y / b) ]
n =1

At y=0, V = V1
 4V1
 nπ , n = odd


V1 =  bn sin(nπ x / b) ⎯⎯
→ bn = 
n =1  0, n = even


At y=a, V = V2

V2 =  sin(nπ x / b) [ an sinh(nπ a / b) + bn cosh(nπ a / b) ]
n =1

 4V2
 nπ , n = odd

an sinh( nπ a / b) + bn cosh(nπ a / b) = 
 0, n=even


or
 4V2
 nπ sinh(nπ a / b) (V2 − V1 cosh(nπ a / b) ) , n = odd

an = 
 0, n=even


Alternatively, we may apply superposition principle.

y V2 V2 0

0
0 0 0 0 0
V VA VB

V1 x 0
V1

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 161 10/13/2015 9:12:23 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

162
158

i.e. V = V A + VB
VA is exactly the same as Example 6.5 with Vo = V2 , while VB is exactly the same
as Prob. 6.19(a). Hence
4 ∞ sin(nπ x / b)
V=  [
V sinh[nπ (a − y ) / b] + V2 sinh(nπ y / b)
π n = odd n sinh(nπ a / b) 1
]
(b)
V ( x, y ) = (a1e −α x + a2e+α x )(a3 sin α y + a4 cos α y )

lim V ( x, y ) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ a2 = 0
x ⎯⎯
→∞

V ( x, y = 0) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ a4 = 0
V ( x, y = a ) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ α = nπ / a, n = 1, 2,3,...
Hence,

V ( x, y ) =  an e− nπ x / a sin(nπ y / a)
n =1

 4Vo

 , n = odd
V ( x = 0, y ) = Vo =  an sin( nπ y / a) ⎯⎯
→ an =  nπ
n =1 0, n = even
4Vo ∞
sin(nπ y / a )
V ( x, y ) = 
π n = odd n
exp(− nπ x / a)

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 162 10/13/2015 9:12:23 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

163
159

(c) The problem is easily solved using superposition theorem, as illustrated below.

V3
a
V2
V4 V

x
0 b 0
V1
V2
0 0
VI 0 VII

0
V1 V3 0

0 0 VIV 0
VIII
V4

0 0
Therefore,
V = VI + VII + VIII + VIV
 sin(nπ x / b)
 [V1 sinh(nπ (a − y) / b) + V3 sinh(nπ y / b)] 
4 ∞
1  sinh(nπ a / b) 
=   
π n =odd n  sin(nπ x / a)
+
 sinh(nπ b / a) 2
[V sinh(nπ y / a) + V4 sinh(nπ (b − x) / a)]

where

4V1 ∞
sin( nπ x / b)sinh[nπ ( a − y ) / b]
VI = 
π n = odd n sinh(nπ a / b)

4V2 ∞
sin( nπ x / a)sinh( nπ y / a)
VII = 
π n = odd n sinh(nπ b / a )

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 163 10/13/2015 9:12:24 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

164
160

4V3 ∞
sin( nπ x / b)sinh( nπ y / b)
VIII =
π n = odd
 n sinh(nπ a / b)

4V4 sin(nπ y / a )sinh[nπ (b − x ) / a ]



VIV = 
π n = odd n sinh(nπ b / a)

Prob. 6.23

∂V ∂V
E = −∇V = − ax − ay
∂x ∂y
4Vo nπ sin(nπ y / a )

Ex = 
π n =odd a n
exp(−nπ x / a )

4V ∞ nπ cos(nπ y / a )
Ey = − o  exp(−nπ x / a )
π n =odd a n
4V ∞
E = o  exp(− nπ x / a ) sin(nπ y / a )a x − cos(nπ y / a )a y 
a n =odd

Prob. 6.24

This is similar to Example 6.5 except that we must exchange x and y. Going through the
same arguments, we have
 nπ x   nπ y 
V ( x, y ) =  cn sinh   sin  
 b   b 
Applying the condition at x=a, we get
π y   nπ a   nπ y 
Vo sin   =  cn sinh   sin  
 b   b   b 
This yields
 nπ a  Vo , n =1
cn sinh  =
 b   0, n ≠1
Hence,
πx  π y 
sinh   sin  
 b   b 
V ( x, y ) = Vo
πa 
sinh  
 b 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 164 10/13/2015 9:12:25 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

165
161

Prob. 6.25
1 ∂  ∂V  1 ∂ 2V
∇ 2V = ρ + 2 =0
ρ ∂ρ  ∂ρ  ρ ∂φ
2

If we let V ( ρ ,φ ) = R ( ρ )Φ (φ ),

Φ ∂ 1
( ρ R ') + RΦ '' = 0
ρ ∂ρ ρ2
or
ρ ∂ Φ ''
( ρ R ') = − =λ
R ∂ρ Φ
Hence

Φ ''+ λΦ = 0
163
and

Prob. 6.29
∂ λR
( ρ R ') − =0
∂ρ ρ
This is the same as Problem 6.30 except that α = π . Hence,
or
1 1 1 1 1 1
R=  − =  − 
2πσ (1 −Rcos ' πλ)R a b  4πσ  a b 
R ''+ − 2 = 0
ρ ρ

Prob. 6.26
6.30
For a spherical capacitor, from Eq. (6.38),
1 ∂  2 ∂V  1 ∂ ∂V
∇2V = 1 r 1  + 2 (sinθ )=0
r ∂ r  − ∂ r  r sinθ ∂θ
2
∂θ
a b
If V (r ,Rθ )== R(r ) F (θ ), r ≠ 0,
4πσ
d hemisphere,
ForF the R Rd ' = 2 R since the sphere consists of two hemispheres in parallel.
(r 2 R ') + (sin θ F ') = 0
As dr sin θ dθ
b ⎯⎯ → ∞,
Dividing through by RF gives
1 1
2 − 
1 Rd' = 2lim  a 1b  =d 1
(r R ') = − (sin θ F ') = λ
R dr b ⎯⎯→ ∞ 4Fπσ sin θ dθ2π aσ
G = 1 / R ' = 2π aσ
Hence,

sin θ F ''+ cos θ F '+ λ F sin θ = 0

or

F ''+ cot θ F '+ λ F = 0


Also,

d 2 Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


(r R ') − λ R = 0
POESM_Ch06.indd 165
dr 10/13/2015 9:12:25 PM
1 d 2 1 d
(r R ') = − (sin θ F ') = λ
Sadiku & Kulkarni R dr F sin θ dθ Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

Hence,
166
sin θ F ''+ cos θ F '+ λ F sin θ = 0

or

F ''+ cot θ F '+ λ F = 0


162
Also,

Alternatively,
d 2 for an isolated sphere, C = 4πε a. But
(r R ') − λ R = 0
dr
or ε 1
RC = ⎯⎯ → R=
σ 4π aσ
2R ' λ
R ''+ − 21R = 0
R ' = 2R = r
r or G = 2π aσ
2π aσ

Prob. 6.27 If the centers at φ = 0 and φ = π / 2 are maintained at a potential difference


of Vo, from Example 6.3,

2Vo
Eφ = , J =σE
πρ
Hence,
b t
2Voσ 1 2Voσ t
I =  J • dS =   d ρ dz = ln(b / a )
π ρ =a z =0 ρ π
and
Vo π
R= =
I 2σ t ln(b / a )

Prob. 6.28 If V (r = a ) = 0, V (r = b) = Vo , from Example 6.9,

Vo
E= 2
, J =σE
r (1 / a − 1 / b)
Hence,
α 2π
Voσ 1 2 2π Voσ
I =  J • dS =   2
r sin θ dθ dφ = ( − cosθ ) |0α
1 / a − 1 / b θ =0 φ =0 r 1 / a −1 / b

1 1

Vo a b
R= =
I 2πσ (1 − cos α )

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 166 10/13/2015 9:12:26 PM


R ∂ρ Φ
Hence
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

Φ ''+ λΦ = 0
167
and 163
164
∂ λR
Prob. 6.29( ρ R ') − =0
∂ρ
P.E. 6.17 ρ
or
(a)
ThisFor thesame
is the parallel-plate
as Problem capacitor,
6.30 except that α = π . Hence,
Vo
E = −1 R 'a x λ R 1 1  1 1 1
R= R ''+ d −  = −0  =  − 
2πσ (1 − ρ cos πρ) 2 a b  4πσ  a b 
From Example 6.11,
Prob.C6.30 1 1 V2 ε εS
= 2  ε | E |2 dv = 2  ε o2 dv = 2 Sd =
Prob.
For 6.26
a spherical
Vo capacitor, from Vo Eq. d (6.38),
d d
(b) For the cylindrical capacitor,
1 ∂ 1 1∂ V  1 ∂ ∂V
∇2V = 2  −r 2  + 2 (sinθ )=0
rR ∂
= Vrao b∂ r  r sinθ ∂θ ∂θ
E=− aρ
If V (r ,θρ)ln= b4Rπσ
/(ar ) F (θ ), r ≠ 0,
For
From theExample
hemisphere,6.8, R ' = 2 R since the sphere consists of two hemispheres in parallel.
AsF d (r 2 R ') + R d (sin θ F ') = 0
b dr⎯⎯ → sin ,θ dθ
1 ε∞
Vo2 2πε L
b
dρ 2πε L
C = 2   1 1 ρ
2 
d ρ d φ dz = 2 
=
( ρ ln2 b by
Vo through
Dividing / a−)RF gives ( ln b / a ) a ρ ln b / a
 a b  1
R ' = lim =
1 d b ⎯⎯ →∞ 4πσ1 d 2π aσ
(c) For (the
r Rspherical
2
') = − capacitor, (sin θ F ') = λ 162
R dr F sin θ dθ
G = 1 / R ' = 2π aσ
Vo
E
Hence, = ar
Alternatively,
r (1/ afor
2
− 1/anb)isolated sphere, C = 4πε a. But
sin θ F ''+ cos ε θ F '+ λ F sin θ = 0 1
From Example
RC = 6.10,⎯⎯ → R=
σ 4π aσ
or b
1 εVo 2
ε dr 4πε
C = 2  4 1 r 2
sin θ dθ drd φ = 4π  =
F V''+o cot
R' =θrF2(R'1+/=λaF− =1 /0b ) or G = 2π aσ (1 / a − 1 / b )
2 2
r 2
1 1
2π aσ
a −
Also, a b
Prob.
Prob. 6.27 If the centers at φ = 0 and φ = π / 2 are maintained at a potential difference
d 6.31
− λ R = 0 6.3,
r 2 R ') Example
of Vo,(from
dr
orC = ε S ⎯⎯
2Vo→ S=
Cd 2 ×10−9 × 10−6 2
= m = 0.5655 cm 2
dEφ = , J = σεEoε r 4 × 10 / 36π
−9

2πρ
R' λ
Hence, R ''+ − 2 R=0
r r
b t
2Voσ 1 2Voσ t
I =  J • dS =   d ρ dz = ln(b / a )
π ρ=a z =0 ρ π
and
Vo π
R= =
I 2σ t ln(b / a )

Prob. 6.28 If V (r = a ) = 0, V (r = b) = Vo , from Example 6.9,

Vo
E= 2
, J =σE
r (1 / a − 1 / bCopyright
) © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 167
Hence, 10/13/2015 9:12:27 PM
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

168
165

Prob. 6.32
This can be regarded as three capacitors in parallel.

C1 C2 C3

ε oε rk S k
C = C1 + C2 + C3 = 
dk
εo
= 3 × 15 × 10−2 × 20 × 10−2 + 5 × 15 × 10−2 × 20 × 10−2 + 8 × 15 × 10−2 × 20 × 10−2 
−3
2 ×10
10−9 15 × 10−2 × 20 × 10−2
= × [3 + 5 + 8] = 2.122 nF
36π 2 × 10−3

Prob. 6.33

This may be regarded as three capacitors in series.

C1

C2

C3

1 1 1 1 3
d 1×10−3  1 1 1  36π
= + + =  k = −9 9
 3 + 5 + 8  = 8 × 10 × 0.6583
Ceq C1 C2 C3 k =1 ε k Sk 10
× 80 × 10−4
36π

8
Ceq = nF=0.1076 nF
36π x0.6583

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 168 10/13/2015 9:12:27 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

169
166

Prob. 6.34
A

C1 C1 C3
d C3
C2
C2

From the figure above,

C1C2
C= + C3
C1 + C2
here

εo A / 2 εo A ε oε r A εo A
C1 = = , C2 = , C3 =
d/2 d d 2d

ε o 2ε r A2 / d 2 ε A ε A 1 ε  10−9 10 × 10−4  1 6 
C= + o = o  + r =  +  ≅ 6 pF
ε o (ε r + 1) A / d 2d d  2 ε r + 1  36π 2 × 10−3  2 7 

Prob. 6.35

εoS Cd
C= →S =
⎯⎯
d εo
−3
1 × 1 × 10
S= = 36π × 106
10 / 36π
−9

S = 1.131 × 108 m 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 169 10/13/2015 9:12:28 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

170
167

Prob. 6.36
dWE
Fdx = dWE ⎯⎯
→ F=
dx
1 1 1
WE =  ε | E |2 dv = ε oε r E 2 xad + ε o E 2 da(1 − x)
2 2 2

where E = Vo / d .

dWE 1 Vo 2 ε o (ε r − 1)Vo 2 a
= ε o 2 (ε r − 1)da ⎯⎯
→ F=
dx 2 d 2d

1
Alternatively, WE = CVo 2 , where
2
ε ε ax ε ε (1 − x)
C = C1 + C2 = o r + o r
d d
2
dWE 1 Vo a
= εo (ε r − 1)
dx 2 d

ε o (ε r − 1)Vo 2 a
F=
2d

Prob.6.37
(a)
10−9
4π × 2.25 ×
4πε 36π = 25 pF
C= =
1 1 1 1
− −2

a b 5 x10 10 x10−2

(b) Q = C Vo= 25x80 pC

Q 25 × 80
ρs = = pC/m 2 = 63.66 nC/m 2
4π r 2
4π × 25 × 10−4

Prob. 6.38
εεS ε S
C1 = o r , C2 = o
d d
C1 56μ F
= εr → εr =
⎯⎯ = 1.75
C2 32μ F

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 170 10/13/2015 9:12:28 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

171
168

Prob. 6.39

d 2V
=0 ⎯⎯ → V = Az + B
dz 2
At z=0, V=40 ⎯⎯→ 40=B
At z=2mm=d, V=0 → 0 = Ad + 40
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
→ A = −40 / d
40 40 z
V =− z + 40 = − −3
+ 40 = −20 × 103 z + 40 V
d 2 × 10

Prob. 6.40
10−9
ε S 6.8 × 36π × 0.5
(a) C = = = 7.515 nF
d 4 × 10−3

Q Q
ρs =
, C= ⎯⎯ → Q = CV
S V
(b)
CV 7.515 ×10−9 × 9
ρs = ± =± = ±135.27 nC/m 2
S 0.5

Prob. 6.41
Q2
WE =
2C
ε oε r S
C=
d
Q2d
WE =
2ε 0ε r S
When the plate spacing is doubled
Q 2 (2d ) Q 2 d
WE = =
2ε 0ε r S ε 0ε r S
When the plate spacing is halved
Q 2 (d ) 2
WE = 2 = Qd
2ε 0ε r S 4ε 0ε r S

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 171 10/13/2015 9:12:29 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

172
169

Prob.6.42

This can be treated as three capacitors in series


ε1S ε o (2.5)(0.4)
C1 = = = 666.67ε o
d1 1.5 ×10−3
ε 2S ε o (5.6)(0.4)
C2 = = = 1493.33ε o
d2 1.5 × 10−3
ε 3S ε o (8.1)(0.4)
C3 = = = 1620ε o
d3 2 ×10−3
1 1 1 1 0.002787
= + + =
C C1 C2 C3 ε0
10−9
C = 358.81ε o = 358.81×
36π
C = 3.1726 nF

Prob. 6.43
(a)
εoS 10−9 200 × 10−4
C= = = 59 pF
d 36π 3 × 10−3

(b) ρ s = Dn = 10−6 nC/m 2 . But

ε oVo
Dn = ε En = = ρs
d
or
ρs d
Vo = = 10−6 × 3 × 10−3 × 36π × 109 = 339.3 V
εo
(c)
2
Q2 ρ s S 10−12 × 200 ×10−4 × 36π ×109
F= = = = 1.131 mN
2Sε o 2ε o 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 172 10/13/2015 9:12:29 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

173
170

Prob. 6.44

C1
b
c
C2
d

C3

1 1 1 1
= + +
C C1 C2 C3
4πε 3 4πε 2 4πε1
where C1 = , C2 = , C3 = ,
1 1 1 1 1 1
− − −
b a c b d c

4π 1/ b − 1/ a 1/ c − 1/ b 1/ d − 1/ c
= + +
C ε3 ε2 ε1

C=
ε1 ε ε
+ 2 + 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
− − −
d c c b b a

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 173 10/13/2015 9:12:29 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

174
171

Prob. 6.45
We may place a charge Q on the inner conductor. The negative charge –Q is on the outer
surface of the shell. Within the shell, E = 0, i.e. between r=c and r=b. Otherwise,
Q
E= ar
4πε o r 2
The potential at r=a is
a c b a
Va = −  E dl = −  Er dr −  Er dr −  Er dr
−∞ −∞ c b
c a
Q dr Q dr Q Q 1 1
=−
4πε o r
−∞
2
−0−
4πε o r
b
2
=
4πε o c
+  − 
4πε o  a b 
Q 1
C= =
Va 1 1 1 1
+  − 
4πε o c 4πε o  a b 

Prob. 6.46
10−9
2π × 2.5 × × 3 × 103
2πε L 36π
C= = = 0.8665 μ F
ln(b / a) ln(8 / 5)

Prob. 6.47
Let the plate at φ=0 be 0, i.e. V(0)=0 and let the plate at φ=π/4 be Vo , i.e. V(π/4)=Vo.
1 d 2V dV
∇ 2V = 2 =0 ⎯⎯ → =A ⎯⎯ → V = Aφ + B
ρ dφ 2

V (0) = 0 → 0 = 0+ B
⎯⎯ → B=0
⎯⎯
4Vo
V (π / 4) = Vo → Vo = Aπ / 4
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
→ A=
π
1 dV A 4V
E = −∇V = − aφ = − aφ = − o aφ
ρ dφ ρ πρ
4ε Vo
D =εE = − aφ
πρ
4ε Vo
ρ s = Dn = −
πρ
b L
4ε Vo 4ε Vo
Q =  ρ s dS = −   d ρ dz = − L ln(b / a)
ρ
= a z =0
πρ π
| Q | 4ε L
C= = ln(b / a)
Vo π

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 174 10/13/2015 9:12:30 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

175
172

Prob. 6.48
10−9
2π × × 4.2 × 400 × 10−3
2πε L 36π
C= = = 74.5 pF
ln(b / a ) ln(3.5 /1)

Prob. 6.49
10−9
2π × × 100 × 10−6
2πε o L 36π
C= = = 1.633 × 10−15 F
ln(b / a ) ln(600 / 20)

50 ×10−15
V = Q/C = = 30.62 V
1.633 ×10−15

Prob. 6.50
2πε1 2πε 2
C1 = , C2 =
ln(b / a) ln(c / b)
Since the capacitance are in series, the total capacitance per unit length is
CC 2πε1ε 2
C= 1 2 =
C1 + C2 ε 2 ln(b / a ) + ε1 ln(c / b)

Prob. 6.51
Q
E= ar
4πε r 2

Q
Vo

1 Q2
 ε E  ε r 2 sin θ dθ dφ dr
2
W= | | dv =
2 32π ε r
2 2 4

b
Q2 dr Q 2  1 1 
=
32π 2ε
(2π )(2) c r 2 = 8πε  c − b 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 175 10/13/2015 9:12:30 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

176
173

Q 2 (b − c)
W=
8πε bc

Prob. 6.52
ρs
(a) Method 1: E=(−a x ) , where ρ s is to be determined.
ε
−ρ d
1 d ρ d
Vo = −  E • dl = −  s dx = ρ s  dx = s d ln( x + d )
ε ε d+x
0 o
ε 0

2d Voε o
Vo = ρ s d ln ⎯⎯
→ ρs =
d d ln 2

ρs Vo
E=− ax = − ax
ε ( x + d )ln 2

Method 2: We solve Laplace’s equation

d dV dV
∇ • (ε∇V ) = (ε )=0 ⎯⎯
→ ε =A
dx dx dx

dV A Ad c
= = = 1
dx ε ε o ( x + d ) x + d

V = c1 ln( x + d ) + c2

V ( x = 0) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = c1 ln d + c2 ⎯⎯
→ c2 = −c1 ln d

V ( x = d ) = Vo ⎯⎯
→ Vo = c1 ln 2d − c1 ln d = c1 ln 2

Vo
c1 =
ln 2

x + d Vo x+ d
V = c1 ln = ln
d ln 2 d

dV Vo
E=− ax = − ax
dx ( x + d )ln 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 176 10/13/2015 9:12:31 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

177
174

 x+d  ε oVo ε o xVo


(b) P = (ε r − 1)ε o E = −  − 1 ax = − ax
 d  ( x + d ) ln 2 d ( x + d ) ln 2

(c)

x=d

x=0

ρ ps |x = 0 = P • ( − a x ) |x = 0 = 0

ε oVo
ρ ps |x = d = P • a x |x = d = −
2d ln 2

ρs Q Q
(d) E= ax = ax = ax
ε εS x
ε o (1 + ) S
d
d
Q dx Q
V = −  E dl = −  = d ln 2
ε o S a (1 + x ) ε o S
d
Q ε S
C= = o
V d ln 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 177 10/13/2015 9:12:31 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

178
175

Prob. 6.53

We solve Laplace’s equation for an inhomogeneous medium.


d  dV  dV
∇(ε∇V ) =  ε =0 ⎯⎯ → ε =A
dx  dx  dx
A  x 
2
dV A
= = 1 +
   
dx ε 2ε o   d  
A x3
V= (x + 2 ) + B
2ε o 3d
When x=d, V=Vo ,
A d 2 Ad
Vo = (d + ) + B ⎯⎯
→ Vo = +B (1)
2ε o 3 3ε o
When x = -d, V=0,
A d 2 Ad
0= (−d − ) + B ⎯⎯
→ 0=− +B (2)
2ε o 3 3ε o
Adding (1) and (2), Vo = 2 B → B = Vo / 2
⎯⎯
From (2),
2 Ad Vo 3ε oVo
B= = ⎯⎯
→ A=
3ε o 2 4d
  x 2 
1 +   
3ε oVo   d   −3Vo   x  
2
dV A
E = −∇V = − ax = − ax = − ax = − 1 +    a x
dx ε 4d 2ε o 8d   d  
3ε oVo
ρ s = Dan = ε E ax = −A = −
x=d 4d
3Sε oVo
Q =  ρ s dS = ρ s S = −
S
4d
| Q | 3ε o S
C= =
Vo 4d

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 178 10/13/2015 9:12:32 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

179
176

Prob. 6.54
Method 1: Using Gauss’s law,

Q ε ok
Q =  D • dS = 4π r 2 Dr ⎯⎯
→ D= ar , ε=
4π r 2 r2

Q
E = D/ε = ar
4πε o k

a
Q Q
V = −  E • dl = −
4πε k 
dr = − (b − a )
o b 4πε k o

Q 4π ε o k
C= =
|V | b − a

Method 2: Using the inhomogeneous Laplace’s equation,

1 d  ε o k 2 dV 
∇ • (ε∇V ) = 0 ⎯⎯
→  r =0
r 2 dr  r 2 dr 
dV dV
ε ok = A' ⎯⎯
→ = A or V = Ar + B
dr dr
V (r = a ) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = Aa + B ⎯⎯→ B = − Aa
Vo
V (r = b) = Vo ⎯⎯
→ Vo = Ab + B = A(b − a) ⎯⎯
→ A=
b−a
dV V
E=− ar = − Aar = − o ar
dr b−a

Vo ε o k
ρ s = Dn = − |r = a , b
b − a r2

Voε o k 1 2 Vε k
Q =  ρ s dS = −  2
r sin θ dθ dφ = − o o 4π
b−a r b−a

| Q| 4π ε o k
C= =
Vo b− a

Prob. 6.55
10−9
C = 4πε o a = 4π × × 6.37 × 106 = 0.708 mF
36π

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 179 10/13/2015 9:12:32 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

180
177

Prob.6.56
Q
C=
V
Q
D= aρ
2πρ L
D Q
E= =
ε 2πρ Lε o (3)(1 + ρ )
b
Q dρ
V = −  E dl =  ρ (1 + ρ )
6π Lε o a

1 A B
Let = +
ρ (1 + ρ ) ρ 1 + ρ
Using partial fractions
A=1, B= -1

Q b dρ b dρ 
6πε 0 L  a ρ a 1 + ρ 
V=  − 

Q
= [ ln ρ − ln(1 + ρ )] b
a
6πε 0 L
 Q b a 
=  ln − ln
6πε 0 L  1 + b 1 + a 
If a=1 mm, and b=5 mm
Q
C=
|V |
6πε o
=
b a
ln − ln
1+ b 1+ a
−9
10
6π ×
= 36π
5 1
ln − ln
6 2
1
× 10−9
6 1
= = × 1.9591 nF
ln 0.8333 − ln 0.5 6
C = 0.326 nF

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 180 10/13/2015 9:12:33 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

181
178

Prob. 6.57

y=2 y=4 y=8 y=-4 y=0 y=2 y=4 y=8

At P(0,0,0), E=0 since E does not exist for y<2.

At Q(-4,6,2), y=6 and

ρs 10−9
E = an = (−30a y + 20a y − 20a y − 30a y ) = 18π (−60)a y
2ε o 2 x10−9 / 36π
= −3.4a y kV/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 181 10/13/2015 9:12:33 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

182
179

Prob. 6.58
4nC -3nC 3nC -4nC
-2 -1 0 1 2
4 3 2 1
(a) Qi = -(3nC – 4nC) = 1nC

(b) The force of attraction between the charges and the plates is

F = F13 + F14 + F23 + F24

10−18  9 2(12) 16 
| F |=  22 − 32 + 42  = 5.25 nN
4π × 10−9 / 36π

Prob. 6.59

We have 7 images as follows: -Q at (-1,1,1), -Q at (1,-1,1), -Q at (1,1,-1),

-Q at (-1,-1,-1), Q at (1,-1,-1), Q at (-1,-1,1), and Q at (-1,1,-1). Hence,

 2 2 2 (2a x + 2a y + 2a z ) (2a y + 2a z ) 
2 − 3 ax − 3 a y − 3 az − + 
Q 2 2 2 12 3/ 2
83/ 2
F=  
4πε o  (2a x + 2a y ) (2a x + 2a z ) 
 + 8 3/ 2
+
83/ 2 

 1 1 1 
= 0.9(a x + a y + a z )  − − +  = −0.1092(a x + a y + a z ) N
 4 12 3 4 2 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 182 10/13/2015 9:12:34 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

183
180

Prob. 6.60

 360 o 
N= − 1 = 7
 45 o 

Prob. 6.61

(a)
ρL  aρ1 aρ 2  16 × 10−9  (2, −2,3) − (3, −2,4) (2, −2,3) − (3, −2, −4) 
E = E+ + E − =  − = −
2πε o  ρ1 ρ2  10  | (2, −2,3) − (3, −2,4) | | (2, −2,3) − (3, −2, −4) |2 
−9  2
2π ×
36π

 (−1,0, −1) (−1,0,7) 


= 18 x16  − = −138.2a x − 184.3a y V/m
 2 50 

(b) ρ s = Dn

ρL  aρ1 aρ 2  16 x10−9  (5, −6,0) − (3, −6,4) (5, −6,0) − (3, −6, −4) 
D = D+ + D− =  − =  − 
2π  ρ1 ρ2  2π  | (5, −6,0) − (3, −6,4) | | (5, −6,0) − (3, −6, −4) |2 
2

8  (2, 0, −4) (2, 0, 4) 


= − nC/m 2 = −1.018a z nC/m 2
π  20 20 

ρ s = −1.018 nC/m 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 183 10/13/2015 9:12:34 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

184
181

Prob. 6.62
The images are shown with proper sign at proper locations. Figure does not show the
actual direction of forces but they are expressed a follows:

+Q (0, 0, a)
F2 F3

-Q(a, 0, a)
F1 y
O

- Q (0, 0, -a)

PEC
x
+Q (a, 0, -a)

Q2  −a x 
F1 =  a 2 
4πε o

 
Q 2  aa x + 2 aa z 
F2 =
4πε o  a 2 + 4a 2 3 

 ( 
 )
2
Q  −a z 
F3 =
4πε o  4a 2 

Q2  1   2 1 
Ftotal =  − 1 a x +  −  az 
4πε o a 2  5 5   5 5 4 

Q2
=  −0.91a x − 0.071a y  N
4πε o a 2 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch06.indd 184 10/13/2015 9:12:35 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

185
182

CHAPTER 7

P.E. 7.1
z

α1 α2

2
ρ = 5, cos α1 = 0, cos α 2 =
27
 −a − a y  −a x + a y
aφ = al × a ρ =  x  × az =
 2  2

10  2   −a + a y 
H3 =  − 0   x  = −30.63a x + 30.63a y mA/m
4π (5)  27  2 

P.E. 7.2
2  3 
(a) H =  1+  az = 0.1458az A/m
4π (2)  13 
12
ρ = 32 + 42 = 5, α 2 = 0, cos α1 = − ,
(b) 13

 3a − 4a z  4a x + 3a z
aφ = −a y ×  x =
 5  5
2  12   4a x + 3az  1
H= 1 +  = ( 4ax + 3az )
4π (5)  13  5  26π
= 48.97a x + 36.73a z mA/m

P.E. 7.3
(a) From Example 7.3,
Ia 2
H= az
2(a 2 + z 2 )3/ 2
At (0,0,-1cm), z = 2cm,
50 × 10−3 × 25 ×10−4
H= a z = 400.2a z mA/m
2(52 + 22 )3/ 2 × 10−6

(b) At (0,0,10cm), z = 9cm,

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 185 10/14/2015 11:46:00 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

186
183

50 × 10−3 × 25 ×10−4
H= a z = 57.3a z mA/m
2(52 + 92 )3/ 2 × 10−6

P.E. 7.4
NI 2 × 103 × 50 × 10−3 (cosθ 2 − cosθ1 )a z
H= ( cosθ 2 − cosθ1 ) a z =
2L 2 × 0.75
100
= ( cosθ 2 − cosθ1 ) az
1.5
0.75
(a) At (0,0,0), θ = 90o , cosθ 2 =
0.752 + 0.052
= 0.9978 θ1 θ2
100
H= ( 0.9978 − 0 ) az
1.5

= 66.52 az A/m
(b) At (0,0,0.75), θ 2 = 90o ,cosθ1 = −0.9978 θ1 θ2
100
H= ( 0 + 0.9978 ) a z
1.5
= 66.52az A/m
−0.5
(c) At (0,0,0.5), cosθ1 = = −0.995
0.52 + 0.052
0.25 θ1
cosθ1 = = 0.9806 θ2
0.252 + 0.052
100
H= ( 0.9806 + 0.995) a z
1.5
= 131.7az A/m

P.E. 7.5
1
H= K × an
2
1
(a) H (0, 0, 0) = 50a z × (−a y ) = 25a x mA/m
2
1
(b) H (1,5, −3) = 50a z × a y = −25a x mA/m
2

P.E. 7.6
 NI
 , ρ − a < ρ < ρ + a, 9<ρ < 11
H =  2πρ
 0, otherwise

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 186 10/14/2015 11:46:00 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

187
184

(a) At (3,-4,0), ρ = 32 + 42 =5cm ‹ 9cm


H =0
(b) At (6,9,0), ρ = 62 + 92 = 117 ‹ 11
103 × 100 ×10−3
H = = 147.1 A/m
2π 117 × 102

P.E. 7.7
(a) B = ∇ × A = (−4 xz − 0)ax + (0 + 4 yz )a y + ( y 2 − x 2 )az
B (−1, 2,5) = 20a x + 40a y + 3a z Wb/m2
4 1 4 1
(b) ψ =  B.dS =   ( y 2 − x 2 )dxdy =  y 2 dy − 5 x 2 dx
y =−1 x = 0 −1 0

1 5
= (64 + 1) − = 20 Wb
3 3

Alternatively,
1 4 0
ψ =  A.dl =  x 2 (−1)dx +  y 2 (1)dy +  x 2 (4)dx + 0
0 −1 1

5 65
=− + = 20 Wb
3 3

P.E. 7.8
z

R
h

k y

dS

kdS × R
H = ,
4π R 3

dS = dxdy, k = k y a y ,
R = (− x, − y, h),

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 187 10/14/2015 11:46:01 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

185215
188

2 2π
−40
(b) k × IR==(Jhadx S+ =xa z )k y ,  ρ dφ d ρ , dS = ρ dφ d ρ a z
k y (ha x + xaμzo)dxdy
ρ =0 φ =0
H = 2 2π
2 2ρ
3 2
−40 4π ( x 2 + y 2 + −h40 )
 ρ ρ  φ 0 (2π )
2
= d d =
μko ha0 ∞ ∞ 0 μo 2
dxdy k y az ∞ ∞ xdxdy
= y x   −6 +  
−80 × 2 × 10 2 + 2 + 2 2 4π
= 4π −∞ −∞
3 3
2 2 2 2
( x = y
− 400 h A ) −∞ −∞ ( x + y + h )
4π × 10−7
The integrand in the last term is zero because it is an odd function of x.
Prob. 7.51 H = − ∇V → V = − H ⋅ dl = −mmf
m m 
k y ha x 2π ∞
ρ dφ d ρ k y h2π a x ∞ 2 2 2 − 3 2 d ( ρ 2 )
H=
4π From  Example
φ =0 ρ =0 ( ρ + h )
2 2 7.3,
3
2
=
H 4= π 0 2 2 3 2 a z 2
( ρIa+ h )
2 (z + a )
k h  −1  k
= y ax   ∞0 = yIaa2x − Iz
( )
3
2 − 2

2
2  ( ρ 2 + hV 2 m 2 =
)
1
− 2 z + a dz = + c
 
2 ( z2 + a 2 ) 2
1
2
1
Similarly, for point (0,0,-h),
As z → ∞, Vm = 0 , 2i.e. H = − k y ax
Hence, I I
0 = − + c → c =
1 2
 k a , z >2 0
2 y x
H =Hence,
1
 k a , z I< 0 z 
 2 y Vxm = 1 − 
2  z2 + a 2 
P.E. 7.9
I
H = aφ
2πρ
Prob. 7.1
But H = − ∇Vm ( J = 0 )
(a) See text
(b) Let I H = Hy + Hz 1 ∂Vm I
aφ = − aϕ → Vm = − φ + C
2πρ ρ ∂φ 2π
I
For H = a ρ = (π−3) 2 + 42 = 5 I π
At (10, 60 , 7 ) , 2πρ
o z
φ =φ 60o = , Vm = 0 → 0 = − ⋅ + C
3 2π 3
(−3a +I 4a y ) (3a y − 4ax )
aφ =or−az ×C = x =
56 5
20Vm = − I I
Hz = (4ax + 32aπy )φ= 0.5093
+
6 ax + 0.382a y
2π (25)
π
At ( 4, 30o , − 2 ) , φ = 30o = ,
I 6
For H y = aφ , ρ = (−3) + 52 = 34
2

2πρ I π I I 12
Vm = − ⋅ + = =
(−3a + 5a )2π 36a + 5a x6 12 12
aφ = a y × Vm x = 1 zA = z
34 34

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 188 10/14/2015 11:46:02 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

189
211
185
P.E. 7.10
k × R = (ha x + xa z )k y , ∂ ∂ ∂
(a ) B = ∇k y×(hAa x = + xa z )dxdy∂x ∂y ∂z
H = 2 3
4π ( x 2 + y 2 +2x h 2 )y +
2 yz xy 2 − xz3 − 6 xy + 2z 2 y 2
B k=y ha( x− ∞6xz dxdy (
∞ + 4 x 2 y + 3 xz 2 )a + y + 6yz-4xy
x k y az
∞ ∞ 2
) ( )
a y + y 2 − z 3 − 2 x 2 − z a z Wb/m 2
xdxdy
=
4π  −∞ ( x 2 + y 2 + h2 ) 3 2 + 4π −∞ −∞ ( x2 + y 2 + h2 ) 3 2
(b) −∞

( −6 xz +in4the
x y + 3 xz ) dy dz
2 2
ψ =  integrand
2 2
The z=0 y=0 last term is zero because it is an odd function of x.
x =1

= k ha ( − ∞ ) dy dz + 4  x y dy
2π6 xz
k h 2π
2
a ∞ dz + 3  xz2 dy dz
2
0 ρ d φ d ρ 0 − 3 d
0 ( ρ )
  
y x
H= = y x
(2ρ 2 +2 h 2 ) 2
4π 2 =0 ρ =20 ( ρ 2 + h 2 ) 22
3
2 4π 2
= − 6 φdz  dy + 4 dz  y dy + 03 dy  z 2 dz
0 0 0 0
kyh  −1  ∞ ky 0 0
= ax   = a
2y  2
z  2
2  ( ρ 2 + h2 ) 12  0 2 x 3
 ( 2) + 4(2)
= − 6(2)    +3(2)   = -24+16+16
 2 0 1  3 0
Similarly, for point (0,0,-h), H = − k y a x
ψ = 8 Wb 2
Hence,
∂Ax 1 ∂A y ∂A
(c ) ∇ ⋅ A = k+ a , +z > 0 z = 4xy + 2xy − 6 xy = 0
∂x y x ∂y ∂z
H =2
∇ ⋅ B = − 6 z + 8 xy +1 3kz 3a+ ,6 z − 8zxy<+01 − 3z 3 − 1 = 0
2 y x

As a matter of mathematical necessity,


∇ • B = ∇ • (∇ × A) = 0

Prob. 7.1
7.43
(a) See∂ text ∂ ∂
B1 = ∇ × A1 = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (cos x + sin y )a z
(b) Let H = Hy + Hz
0 (sin x + x sin y ) 0
I
For ∂H z = ∂ aφ∂ ρ = (−3) 2 + 42 = 5
2πρ
B2 = ∇ × A2 = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (cos x + sin y )a z
sin(−x3ax 0+ 4a y ) = (3a y − 4ax )
= −yaz ×
aφcos
B =B =B 5 5
1 2
20 the same B.
Hence, A 2 and A 2 give
Hz = (4ax + 3a y ) = 0.5093ax + 0.382a y
∇ B = 0 2π (25)
showing that B is solenoidal.
I
For H y = aφ , ρ = (−3)2 + 52 = 34
2πρ
(−3a x + 5a z ) 3a z + 5a x
aφ = a y × =
34 34

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 189 10/14/2015 11:46:02 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

190
186

10
Hy = (5a x + 3a z ) = 0.234a x + 0.1404a z
2π (34)
H = Hy + Hz
= 0.7433ax + 0.382ay + 0.1404az A/m

Prob. 7.2
Idl × R
dH =
4π R 3
(a) At (1,0,0), R=(1,0,0) - (0,0,0) = (1,0,0)
4a × a
dH = x 3x = 0
4π (1)
(b) At (0, 1,0), R = ay

4a x × a y
dH = = 0.3183a z A/m
4π (1)3
(c) At (0,0,1), R =az

4a x × a z
dH = = −0.3183a y A/m
4π (1)3

(d) At (1,1,1), R=(1,1,1)

4a x × ( a x + a y + a z )
dH = = 61.26(−a y + a z ) mA/m
4π (3)3/ 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 190 10/14/2015 11:46:02 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

191
187

Prob. 7.3
Let H = H1 + H 2
where H1 and H 2 are respectively due to the lines located at (0,0) and (0,5).
I
H1 = aφ , ρ = 5, aφ = a × a ρ = a z × a x = a y
2πρ
10 ay
H1 = ay =
2π (5) π
I
H2 = aφ , ρ = 5 2, aφ = a × a ρ , a = −a z
2πρ
5a x − 5a y a x − a y
aρ = =
5 2 2
 a x − a y  -a x − a y
aφ = −a z ×  =
 2  2
10  -a x − a y  1
H2 =  = ( -a x − a y )
2π 5 2  2  2π
ay 1
H = H1 + H 2 = + (-a x − a y ) = −0.1592a x + 0.1592a y
π 2π

Prob. 7.4
I
H= aφ , ρ = 5, I = 12
2πρ
 3a + 4a y  4 3
aφ = a × a ρ = −a z ×  x  = ax − a y
 5  5 5
12  4 3 
H=  a x − a y  = 0.3056a x − 0.2292a y
2π (5)  5 5 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 191 10/14/2015 11:46:03 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

192
188

Prob. 7.5

I
α2
a

α1
y

x y

I
H= (cos α 2 − cos α1 )aφ
4πρ

a b
ρ = x 2 + y 2 , cos α1 = , cos α 2 =
a2 + ρ 2 b2 + ρ 2

aφ = al × aρ = a z × a ρ = aφ . Hence,

I  b a 
H=  − aφ
4π x 2 + y 2  x 2 + y 2 + b 2 x2 + y 2 + a2 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 192 10/14/2015 11:46:03 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

193
189

Prob. 7.6
y
1 A
α2 6A
P

ρ
B x
O α1 1

I
H =
4πρ
( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) aφ
1 2
α 1 = 135o , α 2 = 45o , ρ = 2 =
2 2
 −a x + a y   −a x − a y  1 -1 1 0
aφ = al × a ρ =   ×   = = az
 2 2 2 -1 -1 0
6 3
H =
2
( cos 45 o
)
− cos135o a z =
π
az

2
H ( 0, 0, 0) = 0.954a z A/m

Prob. 7.7
10
(a) At (5,0,0), ρ = 5, aφ = a y , cos α 1 = 0, cos α 2 =
125
2 10
H= ( )a y = 28.471a y mA/m
4π (5) 125
10
(b) At (5,5,0), ρ = 5 2, cos α1 = 0, cos α 2 =
150
−a x + a y
aφ =
2
2 10  −a x + a y 
H= ( )  = 13(−a x + a y ) mA/m
4π (5 2) 150  2 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 193 10/14/2015 11:46:03 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

194
190

10
(c) At (5,15,0), ρ = 250 = 5 10, cos α1 = 0, cos α 2 =
350
5a y - 15a x
aφ =
5 10
2 10  −15a x + 5a y 
H= ( )  = −5.1a x + 1.7a y mA/m
4π (5 10) 350  5 10 
d) At (5,-15,0), by symmetry,

H = 5.1a x + 1.7a y mA/m

Prob. 7.8
z C (0, 0, 5)

y
α1
α2
x A (2, 0, 0) B (1, 1, 0)

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 194 10/14/2015 11:46:04 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

195
191

(a) Consider the figure above.


AB = (1, 1, 0) − ( 2, 0, 0) = ( −1, 1, 0)
AC = ( 0, 0, 5) − ( 2, 0, 0 ) = ( −2, 0, 5)
AB ⋅ AC = 2, i.e AB and AC are not perpendicular.
AB ⋅ AC 2 2
(
cos 180o − α 1 ) =
AB AC
=
2 29
→ cos α 1 = −
29
BC = ( 0, 0, 5) − (1, 1, 0) = ( −1, − 1, 5)
BA = (1, − 1, 0)
BC ⋅ BA −1 + 1
cos α 2 = = = 0
BC BA BC BA
i.e. BC = ρ = ( −1, − 1, 5) , ρ = 27

aφ = al × a ρ =
( −1, 1, 0) ×
( −1, − 1, 5)
=
( 5, 5, 2)
2 27 54

H2 =
10 
0+
2 ( 5, 5, 2) =
5

( 5, 5, 2) A/m

4π 27  29  2 27 2π 29 27
= 27.37 a x + 27.37a y + 10.95 a z mA/m

(b) H = H1 + H 2 + H 3 = ( 0, − 59.1, 0) + ( 27.37, 27.37, 10.95)


+ ( −30.63, 30.63, 0)
= − 3.26 a x − 1.1 a y + 10.95a z mA/m

Prob. 7.9
y

(a) Let H = H x + H y = 2H x
I
Hx = ( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) aφ
4πρ 5A α1
α2
x
O

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 195 10/14/2015 11:46:04 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

196
192

where aφ = − ax × a y = − a z , α1 = 180o , α 2 = 45o


5
Hx =
4π ( 2 )
( cos 45 o
− cos 180o ) ( −a )
z

= −0.6792 a z A/m
(b) H = Hx + H y
5
where H x = (1 − 0) aφ , aφ = − a x × −a y = a z
4π ( 2 )
= 198.9a z mA/m
H y = 0 since α 1 = α 2 = 0
H = 0.1989 a z A/m
(c ) H = Hx + H y
5
where H x = (1 − 0) ( −ax × az ) = 198.9 a y mA/m
4π ( 2 )
5
Hy =
4π ( 2 )
(1 − 0) (a y × az ) = 198.9 a x mA/m

H = 0.1989 a x + 0.1989 a y A/m.

Prob. 7.10
3
Let H = H1 + H 2 + H 3 + H 4
4 2
where H n is the contribution by side n.
(a) H = 2H1 + H 2 + H 4 since H1 = H 3
1
I 10  6 1 
H1 =
4πρ
( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) aφ = 
4π ( 2)  40
+  az
2
10  2  10  1 
H2 = 
4π ( 6 ) 
2×  az , H 4 = 
4π ( 2 ) 
2⋅  az
40  2
 5  3 1  5 5 
H =   +  + +  a z = 1.964a z A/m
 2π  10 2 6π 10 2π 2 
(b) At ( 4, 2, 0) , H = 2 ( H1 + H 4 )
10 8 10 4
H1 = az , H 4 = az
4π ( 2) 20 4π ( 4 ) 20
2 5  1
H = 1 +  a = 1.78a z A/m
π  4 z

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 196 10/14/2015 11:46:04 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

197
193

(c ) At ( 4, 8, 0) , H = H1 + 2H 2 + H 3
10  4  10  8 1 
H1 = 2⋅ az , H 2 = −  az
4π ( 8)  4 5 
 
4π ( 4 )  4 5 2
10  2 
H3 =
4π ( 4)  2 
( −a z )
5  1 4 4 
H =

( az )  + −  = −0.1178a z A/m
5 5 2

(d ) At ( 0, 0, 2) ,
10  8  10
H1 = 
4π ( 2)  68
− 0

( ax × az ) = − ay
π 68
10  4   2a − 8a x  5 ( a x + 4a z )
H2 =  − 0 a y ×  z  =
4π 68 84   68  17π 84

10  8   2a x − 4a y  a y + 2a z
H3 = − − 0  ax ×   =
4π 20  84   20  π 21
10  4  −5a x
H4 = 0 +  ( −a y × a z ) =
4π 2  20  π 20
 5 5   1 10   20 2 
H =  −  ax +  −  ay +  +  az
 34π 21 π 20   π 21 π 68   34π 21 π 21 
= −0.3457 ax − 0.3165 a y + 0.1798 az A/m

Prob. 7.11
For the side of the loop along y-axis,
I
H1 =
4πρ
( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) aφ
2
where aφ = − a x , ρ = 2 tan 30o = , α 2 = 30o , α 1 = 150o
3
5 3 15
H1 =
4π 2
(
cos 30o − cos 150o ) ( −a )
x = −

ax

H = 3H1 = − 1.79a x A/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 197 10/14/2015 11:46:05 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

198
194

Prob. 7.12

I
H = 4 H1 = 4 (cos α 2 − cos α1 )aφ
4πρ
ρ = a = 2cm, I = mA, α 2 = 45o , α1 = 90o + 45o = 135o
aφ = a × a ρ = a y × (−a x ) = a z
I 1 1 2I 2 × 5 ×10−3
H= ( −− )a z = az = a = 0.1125a z
πa 2 2 πa π × 2 ×10−2 z

Prob. 7.13

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 198 10/14/2015 11:46:05 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

199
195

(a) Consider one side of the polygon as shown. The angle subtended by the Side At the
center of the circle

360° 2π
=
n n
The filed due to this side is
I
H1 = (cos α 2 − cos α1 )
4π ρ
π π
where ρ = r , cos α 2 = cos(90 − ) = sin
n n
π
cos α1 = − sin
n
I π
H1 = 2 sin
4π r n
nI π
H = nH 1 = sin
2π r n
3I π
(b) For n = 3, H = sin
2π r 3
2
r cot 30o = 2 → r =
3
3× 5 3 45
H = ⋅ = = 1.79 A/m.
2π 2 2 8π
3

4I π 4×5 1
For n = 4, H = sin = ⋅
2π r 4 2π ( 2 ) 2
= 1.128 A/m.
(c) As n → ∞,
nI π nI π I
H = lim sin = ⋅ =
n →∞ 2π r n 2π r n 2r
From Example 7.3, when h = 0,
I
H =
2r
which agrees.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 199 10/14/2015 11:46:05 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

200
196

Prob. 7.14
4

β 3
1
α2

2
Let H = H1 + H 2 + H 3 + H 4
I 10
H1 = az = a z = 62.5 a z
4a 4 × 4 × 10−2
I 4
−2 (
H2 = H4 = cos α 2 − cos 90o ) a z , α 2 = tan −1 = 2.29o
4π × 4 × 10 100
= 19.88 a z
I 100
H3 = 2 cos β a z , β = tan −1 = 87.7o
4π (1) 4
10
= 2 cos 87.7 oa z = 0.06361 a z

H = ( 62.5 + 2 × 19.88 + 0.06361) a z
= 102.32 a z A/m.

Prob. 7.15

From Example 7.3, H due to circular loop is


Iρ 2
H1 = az
(
2 ρ2 + z2 )
5 × 22 5 × 22
(a) H ( 0, 0, 0) = az + az
( ) ( )
3 3
2 22 + 02 2
2 22 + 42 2

= 1.36 a z A/m

5 × 22
(b) H ( 0, 0, 2) = 2 az
( )
3
2 22 + 22 2

= 0.884 a z A/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 200 10/14/2015 11:46:06 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

201
197

Prob. 7.16

α2
θ2

nI
H =
2
( cos θ 2 − cos θ1 )

cos θ 2 = -cos θ1 = 2

( 4)
1
2 2
a + 
2

nI  0.5 × 150 × 2 × 10−2


H = = = 69.63 A/m
( )
1
2 a + 
2 2 2 2 × 10−3 × 42 + 102
4

(b)
α1 α2

a 4
α 1 = 90o , tan θ 2 = = = 0.2 → θ 2 = 11.31o
b 20
nI 150 × 0.5
H = cos θ 2 = cos 11.31o = 36.77 A/m
2 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 201 10/14/2015 11:46:06 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

202
198

Prob. 7.17

y
• P (4, 3, 2)

Let H = Hl + H p
1
Hl = aφ
2πρ
ρ = ( 4, 3, 2) − (1, -2, 2) = (3, 5, 0), ρ = ρ = 34
3a x + 5a y
aρ = , al = az
34
 3a x + 5a y  3a y − 5a x
aφ = a l × a ρ = a z ×  =
 34  34
20π  −5a x + 3a y 
Hl =   x10-3 = ( − 1.47a y + 0.88a y ) mA/m
2π  34 
1 1
Hp =
2
K × an =
2
( )
100 × 10 −3 a z × ( -a x ) = − 0.05a y A/m

H = H l + H p = −1.47a x − 49.12 a y mA/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 202 10/14/2015 11:46:06 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

203
199

Prob. 7.18

(a) See text

(b)

I
a

For ρ < a,  H ⋅ dl = Ienc = 0 → H = 0


Iπ ( ρ 2 − a2 )
For a < ρ < b, Hφ ⋅ 2πρ =
π ( b2 − a 2 )
I  ρ 2 − a2 
Hφ =  
2πρ  b2 − a2 
I
For ρ > b, Hφ ⋅ 2πρ = I → Hφ =
2πρ
Thus,

 0, ρ <a

 I  ρ 2 − a2 
Hφ =   2 2 , a < ρ <b
 2πρ  b −a 
 I
 , ρ >b
 2πρ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 203 10/14/2015 11:46:06 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

204
200

Prob. 7.19
x

-1 1

1
H =  K × an
2
1 1
= (20a x ) × (−a y ) + (−20a x ) × a y
2 2
= 10(−a z ) − 10(a z )
= −20a z A/m

Prob. 7.20
1 1
HP = k × an = 10a x × a z = −5a y
2 2

I I I
HL = aφ = (a x × −a z ) = ay
2πρ 2π (3) 6π

I
H P + H L = −5a y + ay = 0 → I = 30π = 94.25 A
⎯⎯

Prob. 7.21
(a) Applying Ampere's law,
πρ 2 ρ2
Hφ ⋅ 2πρ = I ⋅ → Hφ = I ⋅
π a2 2π a 2

i.e H = aφ
2π a 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 204 10/14/2015 11:46:07 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

205
201

(b) From Eq. (7.29),


 Iρ
 2π a 2 , ρ < a
Hφ = 
 I , ρ >a
 2πρ
At ( 0, 1 cm, 0 ) ,
3 × 1× 10−2 300
Hφ = =
2π × 4 × 10−4 8π
H = 11.94 aφ A/m

At ( 0, 4 cm, 0 ) ,
3 300
Hφ = =
2π × 4 × 10−2 8π
H = 11.94 aφ A/m

Prob. 7.22

For 0 < ρ < a

 L
H dl = I enc =  J dS
ρ
2π Jo
H φ 2πρ =   ρ dφ d ρ
φ =0
ρ=0
ρ
= J o 2πρ
Hφ = J o

For ρ > a
2π a
Jo
 Hdl =  J dS = φ ρ =0 =0
ρ
ρ dφ d ρ

H ρ 2πρ = J o 2π a
Joa
Hφ =
ρ
 J o , 0<ρ <a

Hence H φ =  J o a
 ρ , ρ >a

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 205 10/14/2015 11:46:07 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

206
202

Prob. 7.23

1 d 1 d ρ2 2k
(a) J = ∇ × H = ( ρ H φ )a z = ( ko )a z = o a z
ρ dρ ρ dρ a a
(b) For ρ>a,

a
2 ko 2ko ρ2 a
 H ⋅ dl = I enc =  J ⋅ dS =  
ρ =0 φ =0 a
ρ d ρ dφ =
a
(2π )
2 0
ko a
H φ 2πρ = 2π ko a → Hφ =
⎯⎯
ρ
a
H = ko   aφ , ρ >a
ρ

Prob. 7.24

∂ ∂ ∂
J = ∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (2 x − 2 y )a z
y2 x2 0
At (1,-4,7), x =1, y = -4, z=7,
J = [ 2(1) − 2(−4) ] a z = 10a z A/m 2

Prob. 7.25

(a)
1 ∂ 1 ∂
J = ∇× H = ( ρ Hφ )a z = (103 ρ 3 )a z
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂ρ
2
= 3ρ ×103 a z A/m
(b)
Method 1:
2 2π
I =  J dS =  3ρ ρ dφ d ρ103 = 3 × 103  ρ 2 d ρ  dφ
S 0 0

ρ 2 3
= 3 × 103 (2π ) = 16π × 103 A = 50.265 kA
3 2
Method 2:

I =  H dl =103  ρ 2 ρ dφ = 103 (8)(2π ) = 50.265 kA
L 0

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 206 10/14/2015 11:46:08 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

207
203

Prob. 7.26

Let H = H1 + H 2
where H1 and H 2 are due to the wires centered at x = 0 and x = 10cm respectively.
(a) For H1 , ρ = 50 cm, aφ = al × a ρ = a z × a x = a y
5 50
H1 = ay = a
2π ( 5 × 10 )
−2
π y
For H 2 , ρ = 5 cm, aφ = − a z × −a x = a y , H 2 = H1
100
H = 2H1 = ay
π
= 31.83 a y A/m

 2a + a y  2a y − a x
(b) For H1 , aφ = a z ×  x  =
 5  5
5  −a x + 2a y 
H1 = −2   = − 3.183a x + 6.366a y
2π 5 5 ×10  5 
For H 2 , a ρ = − a z × a y = a x
5
H2 = a x = 15.915a x
2π ( 5 )
H = H1 + H 2
= 12.3 a x + 6.366a y A/m
Prob. 7.27

μo I
(a) B = aφ
2πρ
At (-3,4,5), ρ=5.
4π × 10−7 × 2
B= aφ = 80aφ nW/m 2
2π (5)
μI d ρ dz 4π ×10−7 × 2 6 4
Ψ =  B • dS = o  = ln ρ z
(b) 2π ρ 2π 2 0
= 16 ×10−7 ln 3 = 1.756 μ Wb

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 207 10/14/2015 11:46:08 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

208
204

Prob. 7.28

(a) I =  J dS

2π a 2π a
ρ2 ρ3
=  
φ =0 ρ =0
J o (1 −
a2
) ρ d ρ dφ = J o  dφ  ( ρ −
0 0
a2
)d ρ

 ρ2 ρ4  2π  2 a 2 
= 2π J o  − 2 a
0 = Jo  a − 
 2 4a  2  2 
1
= π a2 Jo
2

(b)  H dl = I enc =  J dS

For ρ < a,
H φ 2πρ =  J dS
 ρ2 ρ4 
= 2π J o  − 2
 2 4a 
ρ2  ρ2 
H ρ 2πρ = 2π J o  2 − 
4  a2 
Jo ρ  ρ2 
Hρ =  2 − 
4  a2 

For ρ > a,

 Hdl =  J o dS = I

1
H φ 2πρ = π a 2 J o
2
2
a Jo
Hφ =

 Jo ρ  ρ2 
  2 − , ρ < a
 4  a2 
Hence Hφ = 
 aJ o
, ρ >a
 4ρ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 208 10/14/2015 11:46:08 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

209
205

Prob. 7.29
μ0 I
B = aφ
2πρ
d+a b μ0 I
ψ =  B ⋅ dS = ρ  =d z = 0 2πρ
dρ dz

μ0 Ib d + a
= In
2π d

Prob. 7.30
For a whole circular loop of radius a, Example 7.3 gives
Ia 2 a z
H= 3/2
2  a 2 + h 2 
Let h ⎯⎯
→0
I
H= az
2a
For a semicircular loop, H is halfed
I
H= az
4a
μI
B = μo H = o a z
4a

Prob. 7.31
∂Bx ∂By ∂Bz
(a) ∇ • B = + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
showing that B satisfies Maxwell’s equation.

(b) dS = dydza x
y3 1 4
4 1

Ψ =  B • dS =   y 2 dydz = ( z ) = 1 Wb
z =1 y = 0
3 0 1

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 209 10/14/2015 11:46:09 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

210
206

B
(c) ∇ × H = J ⎯⎯
→ J = ∇×
μo
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × B = ∂x ∂y ∂z = −2 za x − 2 xa y − 2 ya z
y 2 z 2 x2
2
J = − ( za x + xa y + ya z ) A/m 2
μo

Prob. 7.32
h
On the slant side of the ring, z = ( ρ − a)
6
where H1 and H 2 are due to the wires centered at x = 0 and x = 10cm respectively.
μo I
ψ =  B.dS =  2πρ dρ dz
h
μo I a+b ( ρ −a) dz dρ μo Ih a+b  a
=
2π ρ 
=a
b
z=0 ρ
=
2π b ρ =a 
1−
 ρ 

μo Ih  a + b
=  b − a ln  as required.
2π b a 
If a = 30 cm, b = 10 cm, h = 5 cm, I = 10 A,
4π × 10 −7 × 10 × 0.05  4
ψ =  0.1 − 0.3 ln 
(
2π 10 × 10 −2
) 3
= 1.37 × 10 −8 Wb

Prob. 7.33
0.2 50o 106
ψ =  BdS = μo  
z=0 φ =0 ρ
sin 2φ ρ dφ dz

50o
 cos 2φ 
ψ = 4π × 10 × 10 ( 0.2)  −
−7 6

 2  0

= (
0.04π 1 − cos 100 o
)
= 0.1475 Wb

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 210 10/14/2015 11:46:09 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

211
207

Prob. 7.34

π /4 2 2 π /4
20
ψ =  B  dS =   sin φ ρ d ρ dφ = 20 d ρ
2
 sin
2
φ dφ
S φ = 0 =1
ρ ρ 1 0
π /4
1 1 π /4
= 20(1) 
0
2
(1 − cos 2φ )dφ = 10(φ − sin 2φ )
2 0
π
1
= 10( − ) = 2.854 Wb
4 2

Prob. 7.35

ψ =  B dS , dS = r 2sinθ dθ dφ ar
S
2π π /3
2
ψ =  cos θ r 2sinθ dθ dφ = 2  dφ  cos θ sin θ dθ
r3 r =1 0 0

sin 2 θ π / 3
π /3
= 2(2π )  sin θ d (sin θ ) = 4π = 2π sin 2 (π / 3)
0
2 0
= 4.7123 Wb

Prob. 7.36

μo J × R
4π v R 3
B = μo H = dv

Since current is the flow of charge, we can express this in terms of a charge moving with
velocity u. Jdv = dqu.

μo  qu × R 
B=  R 3 

In our case, u and R are perpendicular. Hence,
μo qu 4π ×10−7 1.6 ×10−19 × 2.2 ×106 1.6 ×10−20
B= = × =
4π R 2 4π (5.3 ×10−11 ) 2 (5.3) 2 ×10 −22
= 12.53 Wb/m 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 211 10/14/2015 11:46:09 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

212
208

Prob. 7.37
(a ) ∇A = − ya sin ax ≠ 0
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×A = ∂x ∂y ∂z
y cos ax 0 y + e-x
= a x + e − x a y − cos axa z ≠ 0
A is neither electrostatic nor magnetostatic field

1 ∂ 1 ∂
(b) ∇⋅ B =
ρ ∂ρ
(
ρ Bρ = )
ρ ∂ρ
( 20) = 0
∇× B = 0
B can be E-field in a charge-free region.
1 ∂ 2
(c ) ∇⋅ C = (r sinθ ) = 0
r sin θ ∂φ
1 ∂ 1∂ 3
∇×C =
r sin θ ∂θ
(
r 2 sin 2 θ ar -
r ∂r
)
(r sinθ )aθ ≠ 0

C is possibly H field.

Prob. 7.38
(a) ∇⋅ D = 0
∂ ∂ ∂
∇× D = ∂x ∂y ∂z
y2 z 2(x + 1)yz -(x + 1)z 2
= 2(x + 1)ya x + . . . ≠ 0
D is possibly a magnetostatic field.

1 ∂ ∂  sin φ 
(b) ∇⋅ E = ( ( z + 1) cos φ ) +  =0
ρ ∂ρ ∂z  ρ 
1
∇× E = cos θ a ρ + . . . ≠ 0
ρ2
E could be a magnetostatic field.
1 ∂ 1 ∂  sinθ 
(c ) ∇⋅ F = ( 2cosθ ) +   ≠ 0
2
r ∂r rsinθ ∂θ  r 2 
1  ∂ 2 sin θ 
∇×F =
r  ∂r
r −1
(sin θ + )
r 2 
aθ ≠ 0

F can be neither electrostatic nor magnetostatic field.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 212 10/14/2015 11:46:09 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

213
209

Prob. 7.39
μo Idl μo ILaz
A= =
4π r 4π r
This requires no integration since L << r.
1 ∂Az ∂A
B = ∇× A = a ρ − z aφ
ρ ∂φ ∂ρ
But r = ρ 2 + z 2

μo ILa z
A=
4π ( ρ 2 + z 2 )1/ 2
∂Az μo IL ∂ μ IL 1
= ( ρ 2 + z 2 )1/ 2 = o (− )( ρ 2 + z 2 ) −3/ 2 (2 ρ )
∂ρ 4π ∂ρ 4π 2
μo IL ρ aφ μo IL ρ aφ
B= =
4π ( ρ 2 + z 2 )3/ 2 4π r 3

Prob. 7.40
y

2 a

1
I
P
0 a 2a x
3 R
dl

Divide the loop into four segments as shown above. Due to segment 1,

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 213 10/14/2015 11:46:10 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

214
210

μo Idl
A1 =  , dl = dya y , R = y2 + a2
4π R

( a
)
a
μo I dy μI
A1 = ay  = o a y ln( y + y 2 + a 2
4π y =− a y 2 + a 2 4π −a

μo I  2 + 1  μo I
= a y ln   = ln( 2 + 1) a y
4π  2 − 1  2π
By symmetry, the contributions due to sides 2 and 4 cancel. For side 3,
μ Idl
A3 =  o , dl = dy (−a y ), R = y 2 + (−3a) 2
4π R

A3 =
μo I

(
(-a y ) ln( y + y 2 + 9a 2
a μo I
=
−a 4π
)  10 + 1 
(-a y ) ln  
 10 − 1 
μo I  10 + 1 
= ln   (-a y )
2π  3 
μo I μo I  10 + 1 
A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 = ln( 2 + 1) a y − ln   ay
2π 2π  3 
μo I  3( 2 + 1) 
= ln   ay
2π  10 + 1 

Prob. 7.41

∂ ∂ ∂
∂A ∂A
B = ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = z ax − z a y
∂y ∂x
0 0 Az ( x, y )
π πx πy π πx πy
=− sin sin ax − cos cos ay
2 2 2 2 2 2

Prob. 7.42

∂ ∂ ∂
∂A ∂A
B = μ o H = ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = z a x − z a z = −2 μo kya x + 2 μo kxa y
∂y ∂x
0 0 Az ( x, y )
H = −2kya x + 2kxa y

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 214 10/14/2015 11:46:10 AM


y
(c ) ∇⋅ A = x
+ + z
= 4xy + 2xy − 6 xy = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Sadiku & Kulkarni ∇ ⋅ B = − 6 z + 8 xy + 3 z 3 + 6 z − 8 xy + 1 − 3z 3 − 1 = 0 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

As a matter of mathematical necessity, 215


∇ • B = ∇ • (∇ × A) = 0

Prob. 7.43
∂ ∂ ∂
B1 = ∇ × A1 = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (cos x + sin y )a z
0 (sin x + x sin y ) 0
∂ ∂ ∂
B2 = ∇ × A2 = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (cos x + sin y )a z
cos y sin x 0
B1 = B2 = B
Hence, A 2 and A 2 give the same B.
∇ B = 0
showing that B is solenoidal. 212

Prob. 7.44
1 ∂Az ∂A
B = ∇× A = a ρ − z aφ
ρ ∂φ ∂ρ
15
= e − ρ cos φ a ρ + 15 e − ρ sin φ aφ
ρ
 π  1 1
B  3, , -10  = 5 e −3 a ρ + 15 e −3 aφ
 4  2 2
B 107 15 −3  1 
H = = e  a ρ + aφ 
μo 4π 2 3 
H = (14 a ρ + 42 aφ ) ⋅10 4 A/m
15
ψ =  B ⋅ dS =  ρ e − ρ cos φ ρ dφ dz
π
( sin φ ) 0 2
10
= 15 z 0
e −5 = 150 e −5  ψ = 1.011 Wb

Prob. 7.45

 ∂
1 ∂Aθ  1  1 ∂Ar ∂ 
B = ∇× A =  ∂θ ( Aφ sin θ ) − ∂φ  ar + r  sin θ ∂φ − ∂r (rAφ )  aθ
r sin θ
   
1 ∂ ∂A 
+  (rAθ ) − r  aφ
r  ∂r ∂θ 
1 10 1 ∂
= 2sin θ cos θ ar − (10) sin θ aθ + 0aφ
r sin θ r r ∂r
20
B = 2 cos θ ar
r
At (4, 60o , 30o ), r = 4, θ =60o
B 1  20 
H= = −7  2
cos 60o ar  = 4.974 × 105 ar A/m
μo 4π × 10  4 
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 215 10/14/2015 11:46:11 AM


o

H = (14 a ρ + 42 aφ ) ⋅10 4 A/m


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
15
ψ =  B ⋅ dS =  ρ e − ρ cos φ ρ dφ dz
π 216
( sin φ ) 0 2
10
= 15 z 0
e −5 = 150 e −5  ψ = 1.011 Wb


Prob. 7.45

1  ∂ ∂Aθ  1  1 ∂Ar ∂ 
B = ∇× A =  ∂θ ( Aφ sin θ ) − ∂φ  ar + r  sin θ ∂φ − ∂r (rAφ )  aθ
r sin θ
   
1 ∂ ∂A 
+  (rAθ ) − r  aφ
r  ∂r ∂θ 
1 10 1 ∂
= 2sin θ cos θ ar − (10) sin θ aθ + 0aφ
r sin θ r r ∂r
20
B = 2 cos θ ar
r
At (4, 60o , 30o ), r = 4, θ =60o
B 1  20 o 
 42 cos 60 ar  = 4.974 × 10 ar A/m
5
H= =
μo 4π × 10−7
213

Prob. 7.46

Applying Ampere's law gives


H φ ⋅ 2πρ = J o ⋅ πρ 2
Jo
Hφ = ρ ρ
2 a
Jo ρ
Bφ = μo H φ = μo
2
∂AZ
But B = ∇× A = − aϕ + . . .
∂ρ
∂AZ 1 Jo ρ 2
− = μ Jo ρ ⎯⎯
→ AZ = − μo
∂ρ 2 4
1
or A = - μo J o ρ 2 a z
4

Prob. 7.47

∂ ∂ ∂
B = μo H = ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = π sin π xa y − 10π cos π ya z
10sin π y 0 4 + cos π x
π  
H=  sin π xa y − 10 cos π ya z 
μo  
∂ ∂ ∂
π π  
J = ∇× H = ∂x ∂y ∂z =  10π sin π ya x + π cos π xa z 
μo μo  
0 sin π x −10 cos π y
π2
J= (10sin π ya x + cos π xa z )
μo Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 216 10/14/2015 11:46:11 AM


But B = ∇× A = − aϕ + . . .
∂ρ
Sadiku & Kulkarni ∂A 1 Jo ρ 2 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
− Z = μ Jo ρ ⎯⎯
→ AZ = − μo
∂ρ 2 4
1
or A = - μo J o217
ρ 2 az
4

Prob. 7.47

∂ ∂ ∂
B = μo H = ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = π sin π xa y − 10π cos π ya z
10sin π y 0 4 + cos π x
π  
H=  sin π xa y − 10 cos π ya z 
μo  
∂ ∂ ∂
π π  
J = ∇× H = ∂x ∂y ∂z =  10π sin π ya x + π cos π xa z 
μo μo  
0 sin π x −10 cos π y
π2
J= (10sin π ya x + cos π xa z )
μo
214

Prob. 7.48

1 ∂ 1 ∂
B = ∇× A = ( Aφ sin θ )ar − (rAφ )aθ
r sin θ ∂θ r ∂r
1 Ao A
= (2sin θ cos θ )ar − o sin θ ( −r −2 )aθ
r sin θ r 2
r
A
= 3o (2 cos θ ar + sin θ aθ )
r

Prob. 7.49

∂ ∂ ∂
(a) J = ∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (−2 yz − x 2 )a x + (2 xz − 2 xy )a z
xy 2 x 2 z − y 2 z
At (2,-1,3), x=2, y=-1, z=3.
J = 2a x + 16a z A/m 2
∂ρ v
(b) − = ∇ • J = 0 − 2x + 2x = 0
∂t

At (2,-1,3),
∂ρv
= 0 C/m3s
∂t

Prob. 7.50

(a) B = ∇ × A
 1 ∂Az ∂Aφ   ∂Aρ ∂Az  1 ∂ ∂Aρ 
= − a + − a + ( ρ A ) − az
∂z   ∂z ∂ρ  ρ  ∂ρ ∂φ 
ρ φ φ
 ρ ∂φ 
∂A
= − z aφ = 20 ρ aCopyright
φ μ Wb/m
2
© 2015 by Oxford University Press
∂ρ
POESM_Ch07.indd 217 B −20 ρ 10/14/2015 11:46:12 AM
∂ρ v
(b) − = ∇ • J = 0 − 2x + 2x = 0
Sadiku & Kulkarni
∂t Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

At (2,-1,3),
∂ρv 218
= 0 C/m3s
∂t

Prob. 7.50

(a) B = ∇ × A
 1 ∂Az ∂Aφ   ∂A ∂A  1 ∂ ∂A 
= −  a ρ +  ρ − z  aφ +  ( ρ Aφ ) − ρ  a z
 ρ ∂φ ∂z   ∂z ∂ρ  ρ  ∂ρ ∂φ 
∂A
= − z aφ = 20 ρ aφ μ Wb/m 2
∂ρ
B −20 ρ
H= = aφ μ A/m
μo μo

1 ∂
J = ∇× H = ( ρ Aφ )a z
ρ ∂ρ
1 −40
= (−40 ρ )a z = a z μ A/m 2
μo ρ μo 215

2 2π
−40
(b) I =  J dS =   ρ dφ d ρ , dS = ρ dφ d ρ a z
μo ρ =0 φ =0
2 2π
−40 −40 ρ 2
μo 0
= ρ d ρ  dφ = 2
0 (2π )
0
μo 2
−80π × 2 × 10−6
= = −400 A
4π × 10−7

Prob. 7.51 H = − ∇Vm → Vm = −  H ⋅ dl = −mmf


Ia 2
From Example 7.3, H = az
2 (z + a )
3
2 2 2

Ia 2 − Iz
 (z + a2 )
2 −3
Vm = − 2
dz = + c
2 (z + a )
1
2 2 2 2

As z → ∞, Vm = 0 , i.e.
I I
0 = − + c → c =
2 2
Hence,
I  z
Vm = 1 − 
2  2
z +a  2

P.E. 7.9
I
H = aφ
2πρ
But H = − ∇Vm ( J = 0)
I 1 ∂Vm I
aφ = − aϕ → Vm = − φ + C
2πρ ρ ∂φ© 2015 by Oxford University Press
Copyright 2π
π I π
POESM_Ch07.indd 218
At (10, 60o , 7 ) , φ = 60o = , V = 0→ 0 = − ⋅ + C 10/14/2015 11:46:12 AM
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

219
216

Prob. 7.52

1  ∂ ∂ ∂   1
2 − 2
( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
∇' =  a + a + a z  x − x' + y − y' + z − z'
∂z '  
x y
R  ∂x ' ∂y '
 1 3
2 − 2
 −  ( −2 ) ( x − x' ) a x ( x − x' ) + ( y − y' ) + ( z − z')  + a y and a z terms
2 2
=
 2
R
=
R3
1

(
= ( x − x') + ( y − y ') + z − z '  )
2 2 2 2
R = r − r'
 
1  ∂ ∂ ∂   1
2 − 2
∇ = a
 ∂x x + a + a ( x − x' ) 2
+ ( y − y' ) 2
+ ( z − z' ) 
∂z   
y z
R ∂y
1 3
2 − 2
2 ( x − x') a x ( x − x') + ( y − y') + ( z − z')  + a y and az terms
2 2
= −
2  
− ( x − x') a z + ( y − y ') a y + ( z − z') a z  R
= 3 = − 3
R R

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 219 10/14/2015 11:46:13 AM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

217220

CHAPTER 8

P.E. 8.1
∂u
(a) F = m = QE = 6a z N
∂t
∂u ∂
(b) = 6a z = (u x , u y , u z ) 
∂t ∂t
∂u x
= 0 → ux = A
∂t
∂u y
= 0 → uy = B
∂t
∂u z
= 6 → u z = 6t + C
∂t
Since u ( t = 0 ) = 0 , A=B=C=0
ux = 0 = uy, uz = 6t
∂x
ux = =0→ x= A
∂t
∂y
uy = =0→ y= B
∂t
∂z
uz = = 6t → z = 3t 2 + C1
∂t
At t = 0, (x,y,z) = (0,0,0) → A1 = 0 = B1 = C1

Hence , (x,y,z) = (0,0,3t2),

u = 6ta z at any time. At P(0,0,12), z = 12 =3t2 → t =2s

t =2s

(c) u = 6ta z = 12a z m/s .


∂u
a= = 6a z m 2
∂t s

1 1
m u = (1)(144 ) = 72 J
2
(d) K .E =
2 2

P.E. 8.2
(a) ma = eu × B = (eBouy, -eBoux, 0)

d 2 x eBo dy dy
2
= =ω (1)
dt m dt dt

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 220 10/14/2015 12:24:22 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

221
218

d2y eBo dx dx
2
=− = −ω (2)
dt m dt dt
d 2z dz
2
= 0;  = C1 (3)
dt dt

From (1) and (2),


d 3x d2y dx
3
= ω 2 = −ω 2
dt dt dt

(D2 + w2 D)x = 0 → Dx = (0, ±jω)x

x = c2 + c3cosωt +c4sinωt

dy 1 d 2 x
= = −c3ω cos ωt − c4ω sin ωt
dt ω dt 2

At t = 0, u = (α , 0, β ) . Hence,
α
c1 = β , c3 = 0, c4 =
ω
dx dy dz
= α cos ωt , = −α sin ωt , = β
dt dt dt

(b) Solving these yields


a α
x = sin ωt , y = cos ωt , z = β t
ω ω
α
The starting point of the particle is (0, ,0)
ω

α2
(c) x2 + y2 = , z=βt
ω2
showing that the particles move along a helix of radius α
ω placed along the z-axis.

P.E. 8.3

(a) From Example 8.3, QuB = QE regardless of the sign of the charge.

E = uB = 8 x 106 x 0.5 x 10-3 = 4 kV/m

(b) Yes, since QuB = QE holds for any Q and m.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 221 10/14/2015 12:24:22 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

222
219

P.E. 8.4

By Newton’s 3rd law, F12 = F21 , the force on the infinitely long wire is:
μIIb 1 1
Fl = − F = o 1 2 ( − )a
2π ρo ρo + a ρ
4π × 10−7 × 50 × 3  1 1 
=  −  a ρ = 5a ρ μ N
2π  2 3

P.E. 8.5
(2, 6, −3)
m = ISan = 10 × 10−4 × 50
7

= 7.143 x 10-3 (2, 6, -3)


= (1.429a x + 4.286a y − 2.143a z ) × 10−2 A-m 2

P.E. 8.6
10 × 10−4 × 50 2 6 −3
T = m×B =
(a) 7 × 10 6 4 5
= 0.03a x − 0.02a y − 0.02a z N-m

(b) T = ISB sin θ → T max


= ISB

50 × 10 -3
| T |max = | 6a x + 4a y + 5a z |= 0.04387 Nm
10

P.E. 8.7
μ
(a) μr = = 4.6, χ m = μ r − 1 = 3.6
μo
B 10 × 10−3 e − y
(b) H= = a z A / m = 1730e − y a z A/m
μ 4π ×10 × 4.6
−7

(c) M = χ m H = 6228e − y a z A/m

P.E. 8.8
3a x + 4a y 6a x + 8a y
an = =
5 10
(6 + 32)(6a x + 8a y )
B1n = ( B1 • an )an =
1000

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 222 10/14/2015 12:24:22 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

223
220

= 0.228a x + 0.304a y = B 2 n
B1t = B1 − B1n = −0.128a x + 0.096a y + 0.2a z
μ2
B2t = B = 10 B1t = −1.28a x + 0.96a y + 2a z
μ1 1t
B2 = B2 n + B2t = −1.052a x + 1.264a y + 2a z Wb/m2

P.E. 8.9
(a) B1n = B2 n → μ1 H1n = z μ2 H 2 n

or μ1 H1 • an 21 = μ2 H 2 • an 21
(60 + 2 − 36) (6 H 2 x − 10 − 12)
μo = 2μo
7 7
35 = 6 H 2 x
H 2 x = 5.833 A/m

(b) K = ( H1 − H 2 ) × an12 = an 21 × ( H1 − H 2 )

= an 21 ×  (10,1,12) − (35 , −5, 4) 


 6 
1 6 2 −3
= 25
7 6 6 8
K = 4.86a x − 8.64a y + 3.95a z A/m

(c) Since B = μ H , B1 and H1 are parallel, i.e. they make the same angle with the
normal to the interface.
H •a 26
cos θ1 = 1 n 21 = = 0.2373
H1 7 100 + 1 + 144
θ1 = 76.27 o
H 2 • an 21 13
cos θ 2 = = = 0.2144
H2 7 (5.833) 2 + 25 + 16
θ 2 = 77.62o

P.E. 8.10
(a) L ' = μo μr n 2 S = 4π × 10−7 × 1000 × 16 × 106 × 4 × 10−4

= 8.042 H/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 223 10/14/2015 12:24:23 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

224
221

(b) Wm ' = 1 L' I 2 = 1 (8.042)(0.5 2 ) = 1.005 J/m


2 2

P.E. 8.11 From Example 8.11,

μo l
Lin =

2 wm 1 μI 2
Lext =
I2
= 2
I  4π 2 ρ 2 ρ d ρ dφ dz
l 2π b
1 2 μo
=
4π 2  dz  dφ  (1 + ρ ) ρ dρ
0 0 a
b
2μo 1 1 
= • 2π l   − dρ
4π 2
a 
ρ (1 + ρ ) 
μ ol  b 1+ b 
=  ln − ln
π  a 1 + a 
μ l μ l b 1+ b
L = Lin + Lext = o + o ln − ln
8π π  a 1 + a 

P.E. 8.12
μo 4π × 10−7
(a) L’in = = = 0.05 μH/m
8π 8π

L’ext = L’ – L’in = 1.2 – 0.05 = 1.15 μH/m

μo 1 d − a
(b) L’ =  4 + ln a 
2π  
d − a 2π L ' 2π ×1.2 ×10−6
ln = − 0.25 = − 0.25
a μo 4π x10−7
= 6 − 0.25 = 5.75

d −a
= e 5.75 = 314.19
a
2.588 × 10 −3
d − a = 314.19a = 314.19 × = 406.6mm
2
d = 407.9mm = 40.79cm

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 224 10/14/2015 12:24:23 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

225
222

P.E. 8.13
This is similar to Example 8.13. In this case, however, h=0 so that
μ I a 2b
A1 = o 1 3 aφ
4b
μ I a2 μ πI a 2
φ12 = o 12 • 2πb = o 1
4b 2b
φ12 μoπ a 2
4π ×10−7 × π × 4
m12 = = =
I1 2b 2×3
= 2.632 μH

P.E. 8.14
μo μ 2πρo 4π × 10−7 × 10 × 10−2
Lin = l= o =
8π 8π 4

= 31.42 nH

P.E. 8.15
(a) From Example 7.6,

μo NI μo NI
Bave = =
l 2πρ o
μo NI
φ = Bave • S = • πa 2
2πρ o
2 ρ oφ 2 × 10 × 10−2 × 0.5 × 10−3
or I = =
μa 2 N 4π × 10− 7 × 10− 4 × 103

= 795.77A

Alternatively, using circuit approach


l 2πρo 2πρo
R= = =
μ S μo S μoπ a 2
φℜ 2 ρ oφ
ℑ = NI = = , as obtained before.
N μa 2 N
2 ρo 2 × 10 × 10−2
ℜ= = = 1.591× 109
μa 2 4π × 10− 7 × 10− 4

ℑ = ϕℜ = 0.5x10-3x1.591x109=7.9577x105

I = = 795.77 A as obtained before.
N

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 225 10/14/2015 12:24:23 PM


c

ψ
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

F 226
223 Ra

(b) If μ=500μo,
795.77
I= = 1.592 A
F = NI500
= 500 x 0.2 = 100 A.t

P.E. 8.16 l 42 × 10−2 42 × 106


Rc = 2c = =
3 −4
B S (1.5) 2 ×−710 × 10 22500
ℑ = μ Sa =4π × 10 × 10 −7× 4 ×=10 = π895.25N
−4
16
2 μo 2 × 4π × 10 8π241
la 10−3 108
Ra = = =
P.E. 8.17 μo S 4π ×10 × 4 × 10 16π
−7 −4

μ NI
We may approximate the longer solenoid as infinite so that B1 = o 1 1 . The flux linking
1.42 × 10 8
l1
Ra + Rc =
the second
Prob. 8.1 solenoid 16 is:π
μ NI
ψ 2 =2 N 2 B1S1 = o−31 1 1 • π r1216 N22
F =ψ mω= r =F9.11× 16πl ×100 16)π (0.4 ×10 −10 ) = 14.576 nN
=10 1 × (2 8×10 = μ Wb
R
ψa2 + Rμc o N11.42N 2 × 102 1.42
M = = • πr1
Prob. 8.2 I1 l1
(a) we assume
Here ψ air-core16π × 10 −6
solenoids.
Ba = = = 88.5 mWb/m 2
10 − 2 −4 6
F = Q(u × B )S= 101.42 −3 × 4 ×10 = 10−3 (−50a x − 250a y )
0 0 25
Prob. 8.45
P.E. 8.18
= −0.05a x −I 0.25a y N
H = R =a ρ 
2πρ μ S
(b) Constant 1velocity2implies 1 that2
1I acceleration a = 0.−2
w = μ= | H
2
F = ma = 0 =2Q( E + uo× Bπρ | = = 2μπ × (5 + 6)10 −2
= 11π ×10
2 ) 4π2 ρ
m 2 2

E = -u × B = S = 501.5a x ×+10
250 a y −IV/m
1−2 (6 2
5)10−2 = 1.5 × 10−4 1
W =  wm dv =  μ 2 2 ρ dφ d ρ dz = μ I 2 L ln(b / a)
2 4π ρ 4π ψ 
Prob. 8.3 1 F = NI = ψ−7R = ψ μ S −6 ⎯⎯ → μ=
NIS
At P, x==4π 2, ×y4=×5,4πz ×=10 -3−3 (625 × 10 −2 )3ln(18 /12) = 304.1 pJ
12 × 10 (11π × 10 2 )
E = 2(2)(5)(−3) μa=x + (2) 2 (−3)a y + (2) = 27.65 × 10−3 H/m
−4 (5)a z = −60a x − 12a y + 20a z
Alternatively, 500(2)1.5 × 10
B =ψ(5) 2 a12 −3)−32 a y + 22 a z = 25a x + 9a y + 4a z
x +×(10
B= = = 80 Wb
F =QS ( E1.5
+ u××10B−)4 1 2 1 μ L b 2 μ I 2 L b
W = LI = ln × I = ln
1.4 3.2 −21 2 2π a 4π a
u× B = = 21.8a x − 30.6a y − 67.4a z
25 9 4
E + u × B = (−60, −12, 20) + (21.8, −30.6, −67.4) = ( −38.2, −42.6, −47.4)
F = Q( E + u × B ) = 4( E + u × B ) mN
= −152.8a x − 170.4a y − 189.6a z mN

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 226 10/14/2015 12:24:24 PM


B 2 a S (1.5) 2 × 10 × 10−4 22500
ℑ= = = = 895.25N
2 μo 2 × 4π × 10−7 8π
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

227


Prob. 8.1

F = mω 2 r = 9.11×10−31 × (2 ×1016 ) 2 (0.4 ×10 −10 ) = 14.576 nN

Prob. 8.2
(a)
10 −2 6
F = Q(u × B ) = 10−3 = 10−3 (−50a x − 250a y )
0 0 25
= −0.05a x − 0.25a y N

(b) Constant velocity implies that acceleration a = 0.


F = ma = 0 = Q( E + u × B )
E = -u × B = 50a x + 250 a y V/m

Prob. 8.3
At P, x = 2, y = 5, z = -3
E = 2(2)(5)(−3)a x + (2) 2 (−3)a y + (2) 2 (5)a z = −60a x − 12a y + 20a z
B = (5) 2 a x + (−3) 2 a y + 22 a z = 25a x + 9a y + 4a z
F = Q( E + u × B)
1.4 3.2 −1
u× B = = 21.8a x − 30.6a y − 67.4a z
25 9 4
E + u × B = (−60, −12, 20) + (21.8, −30.6, −67.4) = ( −38.2, −42.6, −47.4)
F = Q( E + u × B ) = 4( E + u × B ) mN
= −152.8a x − 170.4a y − 189.6a z mN

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 227 10/14/2015 12:24:24 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

228
224

Prob. 8.4
du
F = qE = ma = m
dt
du qE 10 ×10−3
= = (30, 0, 0) ×103
dt m 2
d
(u x , u y , u z ) = (150, 0, 0)
dt
Equating components gives
du x
= 150 ⎯⎯ → u x = 150t + c1
dt
du y
=0 ⎯⎯ → u y = c2
dt
du z
=0 ⎯⎯ → u z = c3
dt
At t = 0, u =(2,5,0) × 103 .
2000 = 0 + c1 → c1 = 2000
⎯⎯
5000 = c2
0 = c3
Hence, u= (150t+2000,5000,0)
At t = 4s,
u = (2600,5000, 0) m/s
dx
ux = = 150t + 2000 → x = 75t 2 + 2000t + c4
⎯⎯
dt
dy
uy = = 5000 ⎯⎯ → y = 5000t + c5
dt
dz
uz = =0 ⎯⎯ → z = +c6
dt
At t=0, (x,y,z)=(0,0,0) ⎯⎯ → c4 = 0 = c5 = c6
Hence,
( x, y, z ) = (75t 2 + 2000t ,5000t , 0)
At t = 4s, x=9,200, y=20,000, z=0.
i.e. ( x, y, z ) = (9200, 20000, 0)

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 228 10/14/2015 12:24:25 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

229
225

Prob. 8.5
ma = Qu × B
ux uy uz
10−3 a = −2 × 10−3
0 6 0
d
(u x , u y , u z ) = (12u z ,0,−12u x )
dt
du x
i.e. = 12u z (1)
dt
du y
= 0 → u y = A1 (2)
dt
du z
= −12u x (3)
dt
From (1) and (3),

ux = 12u z = −144u x


or

ux + 144u x = 0 → u x = c1 cos12t + c 2 sin 12t

From (1), uz= - c1sin12t + c2cos12t

At t=0,
ux=5, uy=0, uz=0 → A1=0=c2, c1=5

Hence,
u = (5cos12t , 0, −5sin12t )

u(t = 10s ) = (5cos120, 0, −5sin120) = 4.071a x − 2.903a z m/s


dx
ux = = 5 cos12t → x = 5 sin 12t + B1
dt 12
dy
uy = = 0 → y = B2
dt
dz
uz = = −5 sin 12t → z = 5 cos12t + B3
dt 12
19
At t=0, (x, y, z) = (0, 1, 2) → B1=0, B2=1, B3=
12

 5 5 19 
( x , y , z) =  sin 12t ,1, cos 12t +  (4)
 12 12 12 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 229 10/14/2015 12:24:25 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

230
226

At t=10s,
 5 5 19 
( x , y , z) =  sin 120 ,1, cos 120 +  = (0.2419, 1, 1.923)
 12 12 12 

By eliminating t from (4),


x 2 + ( z − 19 ) 2 = ( 5 ) 2 , y = 1 which is a circle in the y=1 plane with center at
12 12
(0,1,19/12). The particle gyrates.

Prob. 8.6
(a) ma = −e(u × B )
m d u uy uz  
− (u x , u y , u z ) = x = u y Bo ax − Bo u x a y
e dt 0 0 Bo
du z
= 0 → uz = c = 0
dt
du x Be Be
= −u y o = −u y w , where w = o
dt m m
du y
= ux w
dt

Hence,

ux = − wu y = − w2u x


or ux + w2u x = 0 → u x = A cos wt + B sin wt

u x
uy = − = A sin wt − B cos wt
w

At t=0, ux = uo, uy = 0 → A = uo, B=0

Hence,
dx u
u x = uo cos wt = → x = o sin wt + c1
dt w
dy u
u y = uo sin wt = → y = − o cos wt + c2
dt w
u
At t=0, x = 0 = y → c1=0, c2= o . Hence,
w
uo uo
x = sin wt , y = (1 − cos wt )
w w
2
u 2o u  u
2
(cos 2 wt + sin 2 wt ) =  o  = x 2 + ( y − o ) 2
w w w

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 230 10/14/2015 12:24:25 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

231
227

uo
showing that the electron would move in a circle centered at (0, ). But since the field
w
does not exist throughout the circular region, the electron passes through a semi-circle

and leaves the field horizontally.

(b) d = twice the radius of the semi-circle


2u o 2u o m
= =
w Bo e

Prob. 8.7
0.2
F =  Idl × B =  2dy(−a y ) × (4a x − 8a z )
0

ax ay az
(−a y ) × (4a x − 8a z ) = 0 −1 0 = 8a x + 4a z
4 0 −8
F = 2(8a x + 4a z )(0.2) = 3.2a x + 1.6a z N

Prob. 8.8

qE

o
mg

mg 0.4 × 10−3 × 9.81


mg = qE → q=
⎯⎯ = = 26.67 nC
E 1.5 ×105

Prob. 8.9
F μ I I a ×a
ℑ = IL × B → ℑ = = I1al × B2 = o 1 2 l φ
L 2πρ
a × (−a y )4π ×10 (−100)(200)
−7

(a) F21 = z = 4a x mN/m (repulsive)


(b) F12 = − F21 = −4a x mN/m (repulsive)

4 3 3 4
(c) al × aφ = a z × (− a x + a y ) = − a x − a y , ρ = 5
5 5 5 5

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 231 10/14/2015 12:24:25 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

232
228

4π ×10−7 (−3 ×104 )  3 4 


F31 =  − ax − a y 
2π (5)  5 5 
= 0.72a x + 0.96a y mN/m (attractive)
(d) F3 = F31 + F32
4π ×10−7 × 6 × 104 )
F32 =
2π (3)
( az × a y ) = −4ax mN/m(attractive)
F3 = −3.28a x + 0.96a y mN/m
(attractive due to L2 and repulsive due to L1)

Prob. 8.10

μo I1 I 2 4π ×10−7 (10)10
F= = = 100 μ N
2πρ 2π (20 ×10−2 )

Prob. 8.11
W = −  F • dl , F =  Ldl × B = 3(2a z ) × cos φ aφ
3

F = 6 cos φ aφ N
3

W = −  6 cos φ ρo dφ = −6 ρo × 3sin φ 3 2π
J
3 0
0


= -1.8sin = -1.559 J
3

Prob. 8.12
6
μo I1 I 2 4π × 10−7
F1 =  d ρ a ρ × aφ = (2)(5) ln 6 a z
(a) 2πρ 2π 2
ρ =2

= 2 ln 3a z μ N = 2.197a z μ N

(b) F2 =  I 2 dl2 × B1
μo I1 I 2 1
=
2π  ρ  d ρ aρ + dza  × aφ
z

μII 1
= o 1 2
2π  ρ d ρ a z − dzaρ 

But ρ = z+2, dz=dρ


2
4π ×10−7 1
F2 = (5)(2)   d ρ a z − dza ρ 
2π ρ =4 ρ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 232 10/14/2015 12:24:26 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

233
229

2 ln 2 (a z − a ρ ) μ N = 1.386aρ − 1.386a z a z μ N
4
μo I1 I 2 1
2π  ρ 
F3 =  d ρ a z − dza ρ 

But z = -ρ + 6, dz = -dρ
4
4π × 10−7 1
F3 = (5)(2)   d ρ a z − dza ρ 
2π ρ =6 ρ

2 ln 4 (a z + a ρ ) μ N = −0.8109a ρ − 0.8109a z μ N
6
F = F1 + F2 + F3
= aρ (ln 4 + ln 4 − ln 9) + a z (ln 9 − ln 4 + ln 4 − ln 9)
= 0.575a ρ μ N

Prob. 8.13 A

From Prob. 8.7, fBC


o
C 30
μo I1 I 2 fAC
f = aρ 60o
2πρ
B
f = f AC + f BC
4π ×10−7 × 75 ×150
| f AC |=| f BC |= = 1.125 × 10−3
2π × 2
o
f = 2 × 1.125cos 30 a x mN/m

= 1.949a x mN/m

Prob. 8.14

The field due to the current sheet is


μ μo
B= K × an = 10a x × (−a z ) = 5μ o a y
2 2
L
F = I 2  dl2 × B = 2.5 dxa x × (5μo a y ) = 2.5L × 5μo (a z )
0

F
= 12.5 × 4π × 10−7 (a z ) = 15.71a z μ N/m
L

Prob. 8.15

F =  Idl × B = IL × B = 5(2a z ) × 40a x 10−3 = 0.4a y N

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 233 10/14/2015 12:24:26 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

234
230

Prob. 8.16

T = m × B = [ 0.4(0.6)(3)a x ] × (0.5a x + 0.8a y ) = 0.72(0.8)a z


= 0.576a z Nm

Prob. 8.17
F =  Idl × B → F = IB = 520 × 0.4 × 10 −3 × 30 × 10 −3
⎯⎯

F = 6.24 mN

Prob. 8.18
m m
m = IS → I=
⎯⎯ = 2
S πr
8 × 1022
I= = 6.275 × 108 = 627.5 MA
π (6370 ×10 )3 2

Prob. 8.19

Let F = F1 + F2 + F3
0
F1 =  Idl × B =  2dxa x × 30a z mN
5

0
=-60a y x = 300a y mN
5
5
F2 =  2dya y × 30a z mN
0

5
=60a x y = 300a x mN
0
5
F3 =  2(dxa x + dza z ) × 30a z mN
0

5
=60(-a y ) x
= −300a y mN
0
F = F1 + F2 + F3 = 300a y +300a x -300a y mN=300a x mN
1
T = m × B = ISan × B = 2( )(5)(5)a y × 30a z 10−3 = 0.75a x N.m
2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 234 10/14/2015 12:24:26 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

235
231

Prob. 8.20
For each turn, T = m × B, m = ISan
For N turns,
T = NISB = 50 × 4 × 12 × 10 −4 × 100 × 10 −3 = 24 mNm

Prob. 8.21
f ( x, y, z ) = x + 2 y − 5 z − 12 = 0 ⎯⎯
→ ∇f = a x + 2a y − 5a z

∇f a x + 2a y − 5a z
an = =
| ∇f | 30

(a x + 2a y − 5a z )
m = NISan = 2 × 60 × 8 ×10−4 = 17.53a x + 35.05a y − 87.64a z mAm
30

Prob. 8.22
B χm B
M = χmH = χm =
μo μr μo (1 + χ m )

Prob. 8.23
B
(a) M = χm H = χm
μo μ
4999 1.5
M = × = 1.193 × 106 A/m
5000 4π × 10 −7
N

m k
(b) M = k =1

Δv
If we assume that all mk align with the applied B field,
Nmk Nmk 1.193 × 106
M = → mk = =
Δv N 8.5 × 1028
Δv
m k = 1.404 × 10 −23 A ⋅ m 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 235 10/14/2015 12:24:26 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

236
232

Prob. 8.24

μr = χ m + 1 = 6.5 + 1 = 7.5
M 24 y 2
M = χm H → H=
⎯⎯ = az
χm 6.5
At y = 2cm,
24 × 4 × 10−4
H= a z = 1.477a z mA/m
6.5
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z 48 y
J = ∇× H = = ax
24 y 2
6.5
0 0
6.5
At y=2cm,
48 × 2 ×10−2
J= a x = 0.1477a x A/m 2
6.5

Prob. 8.25

(a) χ m = μr − 1 = 3.5
B 4y a z × 10 −3
(b) H = = = 707.3y a z A/m
μ 4π × 10 −7 × 4.5
(c) M = χ m H = 2.476y a z kA/m
∂ ∂ ∂
dM z
(d) Jb = ∇ × M = ∂x ∂y ∂z = ax
dy
0 0 M z (y)
= 2.476ax kA/m 2

Prob. 8.26

When H = 250,
2H 2(250)
B= = = 1.4286 mWb/m 2
100 + H 100 + 250
But B=μo μr H
B 1.4286 × 10−3
μr = = = 4.54
μo H 4π ×10−7 × 250

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 236 10/14/2015 12:24:27 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

237
233

Prob. 8.27

 H ⋅ dl = Ienc
πρ 2 Iρ
Hφ ⋅ 2πρ = ⋅I → Hφ =
π a2 2π a 2

M = χm H = ( μr − 1) 2π a 2

1 ∂ I
Jb = ∇ × M =
ρ ∂ρ
( ρM ) aφ z = ( μr − 1) a
π a2 z

Prob. 8.28
(a) From H1t – H2t = K and M = χmH, we obtain:

M 1t M 2t
− =K
χ m1 χm2

Also from B1n – B2n = 0 and B = μH = (μ/χm)M, we get:

μ1 M 1n μ 2 M 2 n
=
χ m1 χ m2

(b) From B1cosθ1 = B1n = B2n = B2cosθ2 (1)


B sin θ1 B sin θ 2
and 1 = H1t = K + H 2t = K + 2 (2)
μ1 μ2
Dividing (2) by (1) gives
tan θ1 k tan θ 2 tan θ 2  kμ 2 
= + = 1 + 
μ1 B2 cosθ 2 μ2 μ 2  B2 sin θ 2 
tan θ 1 μ1  kμ 2 
i.e. = 1 + 
tan θ 2 μ 2  B2 sin θ 2 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 237 10/14/2015 12:24:27 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

238
234

Prob. 8.29
B2 n = B1n = 1.8a z
B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ2 4 μo
B2t = B1t = (6a x − 4.2a y ) = 9.6a x − 6.72a y
μ1 2.5μo
B2 = B2 n + B2t = 9.6a x − 6.72a y + 1.8a z mWb/m 2
B2 10−3 (9.6, −6.72,1.8)
H2 = =
μ2 4 × 4π ×10−7
= 1,909.86 a x − 1,336.9a y + 358.1a z A/m

B2n

θ2
B2t

B2 n 1.8
tan θ 2 = = = 0.1536
B2t 9.62 + 6.722
θ 2 = 8.73o

Prob. 8.30
(a) B1n = B 2n = 15aφ
B1t B2t
H1t = H 2t → =
μ1 μ2
μ1 2
B1t =
μ2
B2t =
5
(
10a ρ − 20a z ) = 4a ρ − 8 a z

Hence,
B1 = 4aρ + 15aφ − 8a z mWb/m 2

(b) w m1 =
1
B1 ⋅ H1 =
B12
=
(4 2
)
+ 152 + 82 × 10 −6
2 2 μ1 2 × 2 × 4π × 10 −7
w m1 = 60.68 J / m3

w m2 =
B22
=
(10 2
)
+ 152 + 202 × 10 −6
= 57.7 J / m3
2 μ2 2 × 5 × 4π × 10 −7

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 238 10/14/2015 12:24:27 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

239
235

Prob. 8.31
B2 n = B1n = 40a x
40a x 40a x
B2 n = μ2 H 2 n → H 2n =
⎯⎯ =
μ2 50 μo
B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ2
B2t = B
μ1 1t
B2t B1t (−30a x + 10a y )
H 2t = = =
μ2 μ1 μo
1 40 10−3
H 2 = H 2 n + H 2t = ( , −30,10) ⋅10−3 = (0.8, −30,10)
μo 50 4π ×10−7
H 2 = 0.6366a x − 23.87a y + 7.957a z kA/m

Prob. 8.32
H 2t = H1t = α a x + δ a z
B2 n = B1n → μ2 H 2 n = μ1 H1n
⎯⎯
μ1 μ
H 2n = H1n = r1 β a y
μ2 μr 2
μ
H = α a x + r1 β a y + δ a z
μr 2

Prob. 8.33

B2 n = B1n = 0.6a y
B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ1 μ
B1t = B2t = o (1.4a x − 2a z ) = 0.1167a x − 0.1667a z
μ2 12μo
B1 = B1n + B1t = 0.1167a x + 0.6a y − 0.1667a z Wb/m 2

B1 10−3 (0.1167, 0.6, −0.1667)


H1 = =
μ1 4π ×10−7
= (0.0929 a x + 0.4775a y − 0.1327a z ) ⋅106 A/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 239 10/14/2015 12:24:27 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

240
236

Prob. 8.34
f ( x, y , z ) = x − y + 2 z
∇f = a x − a y + 2a z
∇f 1
an = = (a x − a y + 2a z )
| ∇f | 6
(a)
(a x − a y + 2a z )
H1n = ( H1 an )an = (40 − 20 − 60)
6
= −6.667a x + 6.667a y − 13.333a z A/m
(b)
H 2 = H 2 n + H 2t
But B 2 n = B1n ⎯⎯ → μ2 H 2 n = μ1 H1n
B2 = μ2 H 2 = μ2 H 2 n + μ 2 H 2t = μ1 H1n + μ 2 H 2t = μo (2 H1n + 5 H 2t )
= 4π × 10−7 [ (−13.333,13.333, −26.667) + (233.333, 66.666, −83.333]
= 4π × 10−7 (220,80, −110)
= 276.5a x + 100.5a y − 138.2a z μ Wb/m 2

Prob. 8.35
an = a ρ
B2 n = B1n = 22 μo a ρ
B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ2 μo
B2t = B1t = (45μo aφ ) = 0.05625μo aφ
μ1 800 μo

B2 = μo (22a ρ + 0.05625aφ ) Wb/m 2

Prob. 8.36

r = a is the interface between the two media.


B2 n = B1n ⎯⎯ → Bo1 (1 + 1.6) cos θ ar = Bo 2 cos θ ar
2.6 Bo1 = Bo 2 (1)

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 240 10/14/2015 12:24:28 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

241
237

B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ2 B1t = μ1 B2t
μ2 Bo1 (−0.2) sin θ aθ = μo Bo 2 (− sin θ )aθ
μB
μ2 = o o 2 (2)
0.2 Bo1
Substituting (1) into (2) gives
μo
μ2 = (2.6) = 13μo
0.2

Prob. 8.37
(a) H = 1 K × an = 1 (30 − 40)a x × (−a z ) = −5a y A/m
2 2

B = μo H = 4π × 10−7 (−5a y ) = −6.28a y μ Wb/m2

(b) H = 1 (−30 − 40)a y = −35a y A/m


2

B = μo μr H = 4π ×10−7 (2.5)( −35a y ) = −110a y μ Wb/m 2

(c) H = 1 (−30 + 40)a y = 5a y


2

B = μo H = 6.283a y μ Wb/m2

Prob. 8.38

H1n = −3a z , H1t = 10a x + 15a y


H 2t = H1t = 10a x + 15a y
μ1 1
H 2n = H1n = (−3a z ) = −0.015a z
μ2 200
H 2 = 10a x + 15a y − 0.015a z
B2 = μ2 H 2 = 200 × 4π × 10−7 (10,15, −0.015)

B2 = 2.51a x + 3.77a y − 0.0037a z mWb/m2


B2 n
tan α =
B2t
0.0037
or α = tan −1 = 0.047o
2 2
2.51 + 3.77

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 241 10/14/2015 12:24:28 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

242
238

Prob. 8.39
(a) The square cross-section of the toroid is shown below. Let (u,v) be the local
coordinates and ρ o =mean radius. Using Ampere’s law around a circle passing
through P, we get

(0, ρ o ) u

NI
H (2π )( ρ o + v) = NI ⎯⎯
→ H=
2π ( ρo + v)
The flux per turn is
a/2 a/2
μo NIa  ρo + a / 2 
Ψ=  
u =− a / 2 v =− a / 2
Bdudv =

ln  
 ρo − a / 2 

N Ψ μo N 2 a  2 ρo + a 
L= = ln  
I 2π  2 ρo − a 
(b) The circular cross-section of the toroid is shown below. Let (r,θ) be the local
coordinates. Consider a point P( r cos θ , ρ o + r sin θ ) and apply Ampere’s law
around a circle that passes through P.

NI NI  r sin θ 
H (2π )( ρ o + r sin θ ) = NI ⎯⎯
→ H= ≈ 1 − 
2π ( ρ o + r sin θ ) 2πρo  ρo 

r
θ

(0, ρ o )

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 242 10/14/2015 12:24:28 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

243
239

a 2π
μ NI  r sin θ  μ NI a 2
Flux per turn Ψ = 
r =0 θ
1 −
2πρ o  ρo 
rdrdθ =
2πρ o 2
(2π )

N Ψ μ N 2a2
L= =
I 2 ρo

Or from Example 8.10,

μo N 2lS μo N 2πa 2 μo N 2a 2
L = L' l = = =
l2 2πρ o 2 ρo

Prob. 8.40

1
ρo = (3 + 5) = 4cm
2
a = 2 cm
μo N 2 a  2 ρ o + a 
L= ln  
2π  2 ρo − a 
2π L 2π (45 × 10−6 )
N2 = = = 22, 023.17
 2 ρo + a  8+ 2
 4π ×10 (2 ×10 ) ln  8 − 2 
−7 −2
μo a ln 
2
 o ρ − a 
N = 148.4 or 148

Prob. 8.41

μ L 4π × 10−7
L= o ⎯⎯
→ = = 50 nH/m
8π  8π

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 243 10/14/2015 12:24:29 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

244
240

Prob. 8.42

μo  μo 
Lin = , Lext = ln(b / a )
8π 2π
μo  μo 
If Lin = 2L ext ⎯⎯→ = ln(b / a)
8π π
1 b
ln(b / a ) = = e1/ 8 = 1.1331
8 a
b = 1.1331a = 7.365 mm

Prob. 8.43

μ 1 b  4π ×10−7
L' =  4 + ln = [0.25 + ln(6 / 2.5)] = 225 nH
2π a  2π

Prob. 8.44
ρo + a b
μo I μ Ib a + ρo
ψ 12 =  B1 • dS =   dzd ρ = o ln
ρ ρ
= oz =0
2πρ 2π ρo
Nψ 12 N μo b a + ρ o
M 12 = = ln
I 2π ρo

For N = 1,
ψ 12 μo b a + ρ o
M 12 = = ln
I1 2π ρo
4π × 10−7
= (1) ln 2 = 0.1386 μ H

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 244 10/14/2015 12:24:29 PM


μo N1 I1 2
ψ 2 = N 2 B1S1 = • π r1  N 2
l1
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
ψ2 μo N1N 2 2
M = = •π r1
I1 l1
Here we assume air-core solenoids. 245


Prob. 8.45
I
H= aρ
2πρ
1 1 I2
wm = μ | H |2 = μ 2 2
2 2 4π ρ
1 I2 1
W =  wm dv =  μ 2 2 ρ dφ d ρ dz = μ I 2 L ln(b / a)
2 4π ρ 4π
1
= × 4 × 4π × 10−7 (625 × 10−6 )3ln(18 /12) = 304.1 pJ

Alternatively,

1 2 1 μ L b 2 242 μI 2L b
W = LI = ln × I = ln
2 2 2π a 4π a
Prob. 8.46
μr = χ m + 1 = 20
1 1
wm = B1 ⋅ H1 = μH ⋅ H
2 2
1
=
2
(
μ 25x 4 y 2 z 2 + 100x 2 y 4 z 2 + 225x 2 y 2z 4 )
Wm =  w dv
m

1  1 2 2 1 2 2
= μ  25 x 4 dx  y 2 dy  z 2 dz + 100 x 2 dx y 4 dy  z 2 dz
2  0 0 −1 0 0 −1

+ 225 x 2 dx  y 2 dy  zdz 
1 2 2

0 0 −1 
25μ  x 5
1 2 2 1 2 2
y3 z3 x3 y5 z 3
=  + 4
2  5 0 3 0 3 −1 3 0 5 0 3 −1

y3 z 5 
1 2 2
x3
+ 9 
3 0 3 0 5 −1 

25μ  1 8 9 4 32 9 9 8 33 
=  ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ 
2 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5

25 3600
= × 4π × 10 −7 × 20 ×
2 45

Wm = 25.13 mJ

Prob. 8.47

1 1
 μ H 2 dv =  4.5
Copyright © 2015
× 4π × 10−7by Oxford
2 University
W= [200 + 5002 ]10Press
−6
dxdydz
2v 2
POESM_Ch08.indd 245 10/14/2015 12:24:30 PM
25 3600
Sadiku & Kulkarni
= × 4π × 10 −7 × 20 × Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
2 45

Wm = 25.13 mJ 246


Prob. 8.47

1 1
W=
2v μ H 2 dv =  4.5 × 4π × 10−7 [2002 + 5002 ]10−6 dxdydz
2
= 2π (4.5)10 −7 (29 × 10 4 )10 −6 (2)(2)(2)10 −243
6
= 6.56 pJ

Prob. 8.48
Bl
NI = Hl =
μ l

ρo
Bl 1.5 × 0.6π
N= = N
μo μr I 4π ×10−7 × 600 ×12
= 313 turns

Prob. 8.49
F = NI = 400 x 0.5 = 200 A.t

100 6 1.8
Ra = MAt/Wb, R 1 = R2 = MAt/Wb, R3 = MAt/Wb
4π 4π 4π

Ra F
Fa = = 190.8 A.t
Ra + R3 + R1 // R2

Fa 190.8
Ha = = = 19080 A/m
l a 1 × 10 − 2

Prob. 8.50

Total F = NI = 2000 x 10 = 20,000 A.t


lc (24 + 20 − 0.6) × 10 −2
Rc = = = 0.115 x 107 A.t/m
μ o μ r S 4π × 10 −7 × 1500 × 2 × 10 − 4
la 0.6 × 10−2
Ra = = −7 −4
= 2.387 x 107 A.t/m
μo μ r S 4π × 10 (1) × 2 × 10
R = Ra + Rc = 2.502 x 107 A.t/m
ℑ 20,000
ψ= =ψa =ψc = = 8 x 10-4 Wb/m2
R 2.502 × 107
Ra 2.387 × 20,000
ℑa = ℑ= = 19,081 A.t
R a + Rc 2.502
Rc 0.115 × 20,000
ℑc = ℑ= = 919 A.t
R a + Rc 2.502

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 246 10/14/2015 12:24:30 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

247
244

Prob. 8.51
Rc

F Ra

F = NI = 500 x 0.2 = 100 A.t

lc 42 × 10−2 42 × 106
Rc = = =
μ S 4π × 10−7 × 103 × 4 ×10−4 16π

la 10−3 108
Ra = = =
μo S 4π ×10−7 × 4 ×10−4 16π

1.42 × 108
Ra + Rc =
16π

F 16π ×100 16π


ψ= = = μ Wb
Ra + Rc 1.42 × 108 1.42

ψ 16π × 10−6
Ba = = = 88.5 mWb/m 2
S 1.42 × 4 ×10−4

P.E. 8.18

R=
μS
1
 = 2πρo = 2π × (5 + 6)10−2 = 11π ×10−2
2
S = 1.5 ×10 (6 − 5)10−2 = 1.5 × 10−4
−2

 ψ
F = NI = ψ R = ψ ⎯⎯ → μ=
μS NIS
12 × 10−3 (11π × 10−2 )
μ= −4
= 27.65 × 10−3 H/m
500(2)1.5 ×10
ψ 12 ×10−3
B= = = 80 Wb
S 1.5 × 10−4

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 247 10/14/2015 12:24:31 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

248
245

Prob. 8.52
B2S ψ2 4 × 10−6
F= = = = 53.05 kN
2 μo 2μo S 2 × 4π × 10−7 × 0.3 ×10−4

Prob. 8.53
(a) F = NI = 200 x 10-3 x 750 = 150 A.t. ψ
l 10−3
Ra = a = = 3.183 × 107
μo S 25 × 10− 6 μo Rt
lt 2π × 0.1
Rt = = = 6.7 x 107 ℑ
Ra
μo μ r S μo × 300 × 25 × 10− 6
ℑ 150
ψ= = 7 = 15.23 × 10 −7
Ra + Rt 10 (3.183 + 20 / 3)

B2S ψ2 2.32 × 10−12


F= = =
2 μo 2μo S 2 × 4π ×10−7 × 25 × 10−6

= 37 mN
ℑ 150
(b) If μt → ∞, Rt = 0, ψ = =
Ra 3.183 × 107

ψ1 2 × 10−3 × 5 × 10−3 × 150


F2 = I 2 dl2 • B1 = I 2 dl2 =
S 3.183 × 107 × 25 × 10− 6

F2 = 1.885 μN

Prob. 8.54
ψ2 ψ2 ψ1
ψ1
ℑ ℑ
Ra Ra
Ra  Ra
Ra/2

ℑ 2ℑ ℑ
ψ 1 = 2ψ 2 ,ψ 1 = = →ψ2 =
3 R 3Ra 3Ra
2 a
 ψ 2  ψ 3ψ 1
2
ℑ2
ℑ = 2 2  + 1 = =
 2μo S  2 μo S 4 μo S 3Ra μo S
2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 248 10/14/2015 12:24:31 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

249
246

μo S ℑ2 4π × 10−7 × 200 ×10−4 × 9 × 106


= 2
=
3la 3 ×10−6
24π × 10 3
= 24π × 10 3 = mg → m = = 7694 kg
9.8

Prob. 8.55

ℑ ℑ = NI
Rs
Ra Rs  Ra
Rs/2

Since μ → ∞ for the core (see Figure) , Rc = 0.


a
 Rs  ψ ( 2 + x)
ℑ = NI = ψ  Ra +  =
 2  μo S
ψ (2 x + a)
=
2μo S
B2S 1 1 N 2 I 2 4μo2 S 2
ℑ= =ψ 2 = •
2 μo 2 μo S 2 μo S (a + 2 x) 2
2 N 2 I 2 μo S
=
(a + 2 x)2
F = − Fa x since the force is attractive, i.e.
−2 N 2 I 2 μo Sa x
F=
(a + 2 x) 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch08.indd 249 10/14/2015 12:24:32 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

250
247

CHAPTER 9

P.E. 9.1
(a) Vemf =  ( u × B ) ⋅ dl = uBl = 8 ( 0.5 )( 0.1) = 0.4 V
Vemf 0.4
(b) I = = = 20 mA
R 20

(c) Fm = Il × B = 0.02 ( −0.1a y × 0.5a z ) = −a x mN

(d) P = FU = I 2 R = 8 mW

or P=
Vemf
=
(0.4)2 = 8 mW
R 20

P.E. 9.2
(a) Vemf =  ( u × B ) ⋅ dl
where B = Bo a y = Bo ( sin φ a ρ + cos φ aφ ) , Bo = 0.05 Wb/m2

( u × B ) ⋅ dl = − ρω Bo sin φ dz = −0.2π sin (ωt + π 2 ) dz


0.03
Vemf =  ( u × B ) ⋅ dl = −6π cos (100π t ) mV
0

At t = 1ms,
Vemf = −6π cos 0.1π = − 17.93 mV
Vemf
i= = −60π cos(100π .t ) mA
R
At t = 3ms, i = −60π cos 0.3π = −110.8 mA

(b) Method 1:
ρ o zo
Ψ =  B ⋅ dS =  Bot ( cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ ) ⋅ d ρ dzaφ = −   Bot sin φ d ρ dz = − Bo ρo zot sin φ
0 0

where Bo = 0.02 , ρ o = 0.04 , zo = 0.03


φ = ωt + π 2
Ψ = − Bo ρo zot cos ωt

∂Ψ
Vemf = − = Bo ρ o zo cos ωt − Bo ρo zotω sin ωt
∂t

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 250 10/14/2015 12:47:10 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

251
248

= ( 0.02 )( 0.04 )( 0.03) [ cos ωt − ωt sin ωt ]

= 24 [ cos ωt − ωt sin ωt ] μV

Method 2:
∂B
Vemf = −  • dS +  (u × B ).dl
∂t
B = Bo ta x = Bot (cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ ), φ = ωt + π
2

∂B
= Bo (cos φ aρ − sin φ aφ )
∂t

Note that only explicit dependence of B on time is accounted for, i.e. we make φ

= constant because it is transformer (stationary) emf. Thus,


ρo zo 0
Vemf = − Bo   (cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ )d ρ dzaφ +  − ρoω Bot cos φ dz
0 0 zo

= Bo ρo zo (sin φ − ωt cos φ ), φ = ωt + π
2

= Bo ρo zo (cos ωt − ωt sin ωt ) as obtained earlier.


At t = 1ms,

Vemf = 24[cos18o − 100π × 10−3 sin 18o ]μV

= 20.5μV

At t = 3ms,
i = 240[cos54o − .03π sin 54o ]mA
= -41.93 mA

P.E. 9.3
dψ dψ
V1 = − N 1, V2 = − N 2
dt dt
V2 N 2 N 300 × 120
= → V2 = 2 V1 = = 72V
V1 N 1 N1 500

P.E. 9.4
∂D
(a) Jd = = −20ωε o sin(ωt − 50 x)a y A / m 2
∂t

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 251 10/14/2015 12:47:10 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

252
249

∂H z
(b) ∇ × H = Jd → − a y = −20ωε o sin(ωt − 50 x)a y
∂x
20ωε o
or H = cos(ωt − 50 x)a z
50

= 0.4ωε o cos(ωt − 50 x)a z A/m

∂H ∂E y
(c) ∇ × E = − μo → a z = 0.4 μoω 2ε o sin(ωt − 50 x)a z
∂t ∂x
ω2
1000 = 0.4μoε oω = 0.4 2

c2
10
or ω = 1.5 x 10 rad/s

P.E. 9.5
2 2
 2∠45o 
(a) 3  1+ j 
j 
2− j
 = − j  o
 5∠ − 26.56 
= − j 2 ∠143.13o
5 ( )
= 0.24 + j0.32
o
(b) 6∠30o + j 5 − 3 + e j 45 = 5.196 + j 3 + j 5 − 3 + 0.7071(1 + j )

= 2.903 + j8.707

P.E. 9.6

4 4 2 (
P = 2sin(10t + x − π )a y = 2 cos 10t + x − π − π a y , w = 10 )
= Re 2e ( j ( x − 3π )
4
)
a y e jwt = Re ( Ps e jwt )

j ( x −3π )
i.e. Ps = 2e 4
ay

Q = Re ( Qs e jwt ) = Re ( e j ( x + wt ) (a x − a z ) ) sin π y

= sin π y cos( wt + x)(a x − a z )

P.E. 9.7
∂H 1 ∂ 1 ∂
−μ = ∇× E = ( Eφ sin θ )ar − (rEφ )aθ
∂t r sin θ ∂θ r ∂r

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 252 10/14/2015 12:47:11 PM


ψ = B  S = (0.2)2 π 40 × 10−3 sin104 t
Sadiku & Kulkarni ∂ψ Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
V =− = −16π cos104 t
∂t
V 16π
i= = cos104 t 253
250
R 4
= −12.57 cos104 t A

2 cos θ β
= 2
cos(ωt − β r )ar − sin θ sin(ωt − β r )aθ
r r
Prob. 9.3 2 cos θ β
H =− sin(ωt − β r )ar − sin θ cos(ωt − β r )aθ
∂ψ μω ∂r 2
∂B μω r
Vemf = − = −  B • dS = −  dxdya z
∂t ∂t ω 6 ×107 ∂t
0.1 0.8 β= = 8
= 0.2 rad/m
=   30π × 40sin(30 c 3 ×π10 t − 3 y )dxdy mV
1 1
y = 0H
x = 0= − cos θ sin(6 × 107 − 0.2r )ar − sin θ cos(6 ×107 − 0.2r )aθ
0.8 12π 120π r
2
0.1r
= 1200π  dx  sin(30π t − 3 y )dy
0 0
P.E. 9.8
= 1200 π 3  − 1 3cos(30
(0.8) c 9 t×−1038y ) 0.1
π
ω= = −3 =  × 10 8 rad/s
= 02.846
με  μ r ε r 10 
= 320π [ cos(30
1 π t − 0.3) − 6cos(30π t ) ] mV
E =  ∇ × Hdt = − cos(ωt − 3 y )a x
Vemf Vεemf 320π ωε
I= = = [ −2sin(30π t − 0.15) sin(−0.15)]
R 10 +=4 14 −6 cos(ωt − 3 y )a x
8 −9
9 × 10
= 143.62sin(30π t − 0.15) 10
• sin(0.15)
(5)
I = 21.46sin(30π t − 0.15)36
10 π
mA
E = −476.86 cos(2.846 × 108 t − 3 y )a x V/m

P.E. 9.9
∂ψ ∂ ∂B
V =− = −  B • dS = − •S
∂t ∂t ∂t
Prob. 9.1
= 3770 sin377t x π(0.2)2 x 10-3
Measuring the induced
= 0.4738 sin377temf
V in the clockwise253
direction,
Vemf =  (u × B )dl
P.E. 9.10
1.2 0

V =  (u × Bx)dl z
= (5a × 0.2a )dya y +  (15a x × 0.2a z )dya x
0 1.2
1.2 0
u = =ρω
- aφ(1)
, dyB− = Bo ady
 
(3) z
 0 1.2
1  ω Bo  2
V == −1.2
ρω+B1.2
o d ρ×=3 = ω
− B
1.2
o ρ+
2
3.6=
ρ =0 2 0 2
= 2.4 V
30
= × 60 × 10−3 (8 × 10−2 ) 2 = 5.76 mV
2

Prob. 9.8

Method 1:
We assume that the sliding rode is on − < z < 
 = x / 3 = 5t / 3

Vemf =  (u × B )dl =  5a x × 0.6a z • dya y = −3x  dy = −3 x × 25t 23 = −86.6025t t
−

Method 2: Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

The flux linkage is given by


POESM_Ch09.indd 253 10/14/2015 12:47:11 PM
• (5)
10 36π
Sadiku & Kulkarni
E = −476.86 cos(2.846 × 108 t − 3 y )a x V/m Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

254


Prob. 9.1

Measuring the induced emf in the clockwise direction,


Vemf =  (u × B )dl
1.2 0
=  (5ax × 0.2az )dya y +  (15ax × 0.2az )dyax
0 1.2
1.2 0
= -  (1) dy −  (3)dy
0 1.2

= −1.2 + 1.2 × 3 = −1.2 + 3.6


= 2.4 V 251

Prob. 9.2

ψ = B  S = (0.2)2 π 40 × 10−3 sin104 t


∂ψ
V =− = −16π cos104 t
∂t
V 16π
i= = cos104 t
R 4
= −12.57 cos104 t A

Prob. 9.3
∂ψ ∂ ∂B
Vemf = − = −  B • dS = −  dxdya z
∂t ∂t ∂t
0.1 0.8
=   30π × 40sin(30π t − 3 y)dxdy
y =0 x =0
mV

0.8 0.1
= 1200π  dx  sin(30π t − 3 y)dy
0 0

 1 0.1
= 1200π (0.8)  − cos(30π t − 3 y ) 
 −3 0 
= 320π [ cos(30π t − 0.3) − cos(30π t ) ] mV
Vemf Vemf
320π
I= = [ −2sin(30π t − 0.15) sin(−0.15)]
=
R 10 + 4 14
= 143.62sin(30π t − 0.15) sin(0.15)
I = 21.46sin(30π t − 0.15) mA

P.E. 9.9
∂ψ ∂ ∂B
V =− = −  B • dS = − •S
∂t ∂t ∂t
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
= 3770 sin377t x π(0.2)2 x 10-3
POESM_Ch09.indd 254 10/14/2015 12:47:12 PM
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

255
252

Prob. 9.4
∂ ∂B
Vemf = −  B • dS = −  • dS
∂t ∂t
= -  (-4ω )sin ωt x 2 + y 2 dxdy = 4ω sin ωt  x 2 + y 2 dxdy
We change variables from Cartesian to cylindrical coordinates.

2π 3
ρ3 3
Vemf = 4ω sin ωt  
φ =0 ρ =0
ρ ⋅ ρ d ρ dφ = 4ω sin ωt (2π )
3 0
= 72πω sin ωt = 226.2ω sin ωt V

Prob. 9.5
μI
B = o ( −a x )
2π y

a ρ +a
μo I dzdy μo Ia ρ + a
ψ =  B • dS =  ρ = ln
2π z =0 y =
y 2π ρ
∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ρ μ Ia d
Vemf = − =− • = − o uo [ln( ρ + a ) − ln ρ ]
∂t ∂ρ ∂t 2π dρ
μ o Ia  1 1 μ o a 2 Iu o
=− uo  − =
2π  ρ + a ρ  2πρ ( ρ + a)
where ρ = ρo + u o t

Prob. 9.6
ρ +a
μo I 3μ I ρ + a
Vemf = ρ 3a z ×
2πρ
aφ • d ρ a ρ = − o ln
2π ρ
4π × 10 −7 60
=− × 15 × 3 ln = −9.888μV
2π 20
Thus the induced emf = 9.888μV, point A at higher potential.

Prob. 9.7
∂ψ ∂ dS
Vemf = − N = − N  B dS = − NB
∂t ∂t dt
d dφ
= − NB ( ρφ ) = − NBρ = − NBρω
dt dt
= −50(0.2)(30 × 10−4 )(60) = −1.8V

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 255 10/14/2015 12:47:12 PM


u = ρω aφ , B = Bo a z
Sadiku & Kulkarni 
1  ω Bo  2 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
V =  ρω Bo d ρ = ω Bo ρ 2
=
ρ =0 2 0 2
30 256
= × 60 × 10−3 (8 × 10−2 ) 2 = 5.76 mV
2

Prob. 9.8

Method 1:
We assume that the sliding rode is on − < z < 
 = x / 3 = 5t / 3

Vemf =  (u × B )dl =  5a x × 0.6a z • dya y = −3x  dy = −3 x × 25t 23 = −86.6025t t
−

Method 2:
The flux linkage is given by
5t x. 3
2
ψ=  
x = o y =− x / 3
0.6 xdxdy = 0.6 ×
3
×125t 3 / 3 = 28,8675t 3


Vemf = − = −86.602t 2
dt

Prob. 9.9

Vemf = uB = 410 × 0.4 ×10−6 × 36 = 5.904 mV

Prob. 9.10
u

B
B
u θ

Vemf =  (u × B ) ⋅ dl = uBl cos θ


 120 ×103 
= m / s  ( 4.3 × 10−5 ) (1.6 ) cos 65o
 3600 
o
= 2.293cos 65 = 0.97 mV

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 256 10/14/2015 12:47:12 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

257
254

Prob. 9.11

dψ = 0.64 – 0.45 = 0.19, dt = 0.02

dψ  0.19 
Vemf = N = 10   = 95V
dt  0.02 
Vemf  95 
I= =   = 6.33 A
R  15 

Using Lenz’s law, the direction of the induced current is counterclockwise.

Prob. 9.12

V =  (u × B ) • dl , where u = ρω aφ , B = Bo a z
ρ2
ω Bo
V=  ρω B d ρ =
ρ
o
2
( ρ 2 2 − ρ 21 )
1

60 ×15
V= • 10−3 (100 − 4) • 10−4 = 4.32 mV
2

Prob. 9.13
Vs
J ds = jωDs → J ds = ωεE s = ωε
max
d
10−9 2π × 20 × 106 × 50
= ×
36π 0.2 × 10− 3

= 277.8 A/m2

1000
I ds = J ds • S = × 2.8 × 10 − 4 = 77.78 mA
3.6

Prob. 9.14

∂D ∂E
Jc = σ E, Jd = =ε
∂t ∂t
| J c |= σ | E |, | J d |= εω | E |
If I c = I d , then | J c |=| J d | → σ = εω
⎯⎯
σ
ω = 2π f =
ε
σ 4
f = = = 8 GHz
2πε 10−9
2π × 9 ×
36π

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 257 10/14/2015 12:47:13 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

258
255

Jc σE σ
Prob. 9.15 = =
J d ωεE ωε
σ 2 × 10−3
(a) = = 0.444 × 10−3
ωε 10−9
2π ×109 × 81×
36π

σ 25
(b) = = 5.555
ωε 10−9
2π ×10 × 81×
9

36π

σ 2 × 10−4
(c) = = 7.2 × 10−4
ωε 10−9
2π ×109 × 5 ×
36π

Prob. 9.16

J d ωε E ωε σ 10−4
= = =1 → ω= =
⎯⎯ = 12π × 105
J σE σ ε 10 −9

36π
2π f = 12π × 105 ⎯⎯
→ f = 600 kHz

Prob. 9.17

J c = σ E = 0.4 cos(2π ×103 t )


0.4
E= cos(2π × 103 t )
σ
∂E 0.4ε
Jd = ε =− (2π ×103 ) sin(2π ×103 t )
∂t σ
10−9
0.4 × 4.5 ×
=− 36π (2π ×103 ) sin(2π ×103 t )
−4
10
= −100sin(2π ×103 t ) A/m 2

Prob. 9.18
∇ • Es =
ρs
(a)
ε ,∇ • Hs = 0

∇ × E s = jωμ H s , ∇ × H s = (σ − jωε ) E s

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 258 10/14/2015 12:47:13 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

259
256

∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz


(b) ∇ • D = ρv → + + = ρv (1)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂B ∂By ∂Bz
∇•B = 0 → x + + =0 (2)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂B ∂E ∂E ∂B
∇× E = − → z − y =− x (3)
∂t ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂Ex ∂Ez ∂By
− =− (4)
∂z ∂x ∂t
∂E y ∂E x ∂B
− =− z (5)
∂x ∂y ∂t
∂D ∂H z ∂H y ∂D
∇× H = J + → − = Jx + x (6)
∂t ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂H x ∂H z ∂D y
− = Jy + (7)
∂z ∂x ∂t
∂H y ∂H x ∂D z
− = Jz + (8)
∂x ∂y ∂t

Prob. 9.19

If J = 0 = ρv , then ∇•B = 0 (1)


∇ • D = ρv (2)
∂B
∇× E = − (3)
∂t
∂D
∇× H = J + (4)
∂t
Since ∇ • ∇ × A = 0 for any vector field A,

∇•∇× E = − ∇•B = 0
∂t

∇•∇× H = − ∇• D = 0
∂t
showing that (1) and (2) are incorporated in (3) and (4). Thus Maxwell’s equations can be
reduced to (3) and (4), i.e.

∂B ∂D
∇× E = − , ∇× H =
∂t ∂t

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 259 10/14/2015 12:47:13 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

260
257

Prob. 9.20

∇ E = 0 ⎯⎯
→ (1)
∇ H = 0 ⎯⎯
→ (2)
∂H
∇ × E = −μ ⎯⎯
→ (3)
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 
∇× E =  
0 E y ( x, t ) 0 

 
∂E y
= a z = − Eo sin x cos ta z
∂x

1 Eo
μ
H =− ∇ × Edt = sin× sin ta z
μ o

∂E
∇× H = ε ⎯⎯
→ (4)
∂t
∂ ∂  ∂
 ∂x ∂y  ∂z
 
∇× H =  
0 0 H z ( x, t ) 

 
∂H z E
=− a y = − o cos x sin ta y
∂x μo
1 Eo
ε
E = ∇ × Hdt = cos x cos ta y
με o

which is off the given E by a factor. Thus, Maxwell’s equations (1) to (3) are satisfied,
but (4) is not. The only way (4) is satisfied is for μoε = 1 which is not true.

Prob. 9.21

∂B
∇× E = −
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂J ∂2 E
∇×∇× E = − ∇ × B = −μ ∇ × H = −μ − με 2
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 260 10/14/2015 12:47:14 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

261
258

But
∇ × ∇ × E = ∇(∇ • E ) − ∇ 2 E

∂J ∂2 E
∇(∇ • E ) − ∇ 2 E = − μ − με 2 , J =σ E
∂t ∂t

In a source-free region, ∇ • E = ρ v / ε = 0 . Thus,

∂E ∂2 E
∇ E = μσ
2
+ με 2
∂t ∂t

Prob. 9.22

∂ρv
∇ • J = (0 + 0 + 3 z 2 )sin104 t = −
∂t

3z 2
ρv = −  ∇ • Jdt = −  3z sin10 tdt = 4 cos104 t + Co
2 4

10

If ρ v |z =0 = 0, then Co = 0 and

ρv = 0.3z 2 cos104 t mC/m3

Prob. 9.23
2
∂D ∂E 50ε o 4.421× 10−2
Jd = = εo = (−10 ) sin(10 t − kz )a ρ = −
8 8
sin(108 t − kz )a ρ A/m
∂t ∂t ρ ρ

∂H
∇ × E = − μo
∂t
∂Eρ 50k
∇× E = aφ = sin(108 t − kz )aφ
∂z ρ
1 1 50k
H =−
μo  ∇ × Edt = 4π ×10 −7
10 ρ
8
cos(108 t − kz )aφ

2.5k
H= cos(108 t − kz )aφ A/m
2πρ
∂H φ 2.5k 2
∇× H = − aρ = − sin(108 t − kz )a ρ
∂z 2πρ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 261 10/14/2015 12:47:14 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

262
259

4.421x10−2 −2.5k 2
∇ × H = Jd ⎯⎯
→ − sin(108 t − kz )a ρ = sin(108 t − kz )a ρ
ρ 2πρ


k2 = × 4.421× 10−2 ⎯⎯
→ k = 0.333
2.5

Prob. 9.24

∂D ∂E 1
∇× H = J + = 0+ε ⎯⎯ → E =  ∇ × Hdt
∂t ∂t ε
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 10β sin(ωt + β x)a y
0 0 10 cos(ωt + β x)
1 −10 β
ε
E= 10 β sin(ωt + β x) dta y = cos(ωt + β x)a y
ωε
∂H 1
μ
But ∇ × E = − μ → H =−
⎯⎯ ∇ × Edt
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z 10 β 2
∇× E = = sin(ωt + β x)a z
−10 β ωε
0 cos(ωt + β x) 0
ωε
1 10β 2 10β 2
μ  ωε
H =− sin(ωt + β x)dta z = cos(ωt + β x)a z
ω 2 με
Comparing this with the given H,
10 β 2 10−9
10 = → β = ω με = 2π × 109 4π ×10−7 ×
⎯⎯ × 81
ω 2 με 36π
β = 60π = 188.5 rad/m
−10β
E= cos(ωt + β x )a y = −148cos(ωt + β x )a y V / m
ωε

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 262 10/14/2015 12:47:15 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

263
260

Prob. 9.25

D = ε o E = ε o Eo cos(ωt − β z )a x
∂B
∇× E = − → B = −  ∇ × Edt
⎯⎯
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
∇× E = ∂x ∂y ∂z = − β Eo sin(ωt − β z )a y
Eo cos(ωt − β z ) 0 0
β Eo
B= cos(ωt − β z )a y
ω
B β Eo
H= = cos(ωt − β z )a y
μo μoω

Prob. 9.26

∂D
(a) J d = ⎯⎯ → D =  J d dt
dt
−60 ×10−3
D= cos(109 t − β z )a x = −60 × 10−12 cos(109 t − β z )a x C/m 2
109
∂H D ∂H
∇× E = μ ⎯⎯ → ∇ × = −μ
∂t ε ∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
D 1 1
∇× = = (−60)(−1) ×10−12 sin(109 t − β z )a x
ε ε ε
Dx 0 0

60β
= × 10−12 sin(109 t − β z )a y
ε
1 D 1 60 β 10−12
H =−
μ ∇×
ε μ
dt = − (−1)
ε
× 9 cos(109 t − β z )a y
10
60β
= × 10−21 cos(109 t − β z )a y A/m
με

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 263 10/14/2015 12:47:15 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

264
261

(b) ∇ × H = J + Jφ = 0 + J d
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
(− β )(−1)60β
Jd = ∇ × H = = × (10−21 ) sin(109 t − β z )a x
με
0 Hy 0

Equating this with the given J d


60 β 2
60 ×10−3 = × 10−21
με
10−9 2000
β 2 = με 1018 = 2 × 4π ×10−7 ×10 × =
36π 9
β = 14.907 rad/m

Prob. 9.27
∂H 1
∇ × E = − μo
∂t
⎯⎯
→ H =−
μo  ∇ × Edt
1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇× E = (rEθ )aφ = [10sin θ cos(ωt − β r )] aφ
r ∂r r ∂r
10β
= sin θ cos(ωt − β r )aφ
r
10β
H =− sin θ  sin(ωt − β r )dtaφ
μr
10β
= sin θ cos(ωt − β r )aφ
ωμo r

Prob. 9.28

(a) ∇ • A = 0
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ E z ( x, t )
∇× A = =− ay ≠ 0
∂x
0 0 E z ( x, t )

Yes, A is a possible EM field.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 264 10/14/2015 12:47:15 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

265
262

(b) ∇•B =0

1 ∂
∇× B = [10 cos(ωt − 2ρ )] az ≠ 0
ρ ∂ρ

Yes, B is a possible EM field.

1 ∂ sin φ sin ωt
(c) ∇•C =
ρ ∂ρ
( 3ρ 3
cot φ sin ωt −) ρ2
≠0

1 ∂ ∂
∇×C = ( cos φ sin ωt ) a z − 3ρ 2 (cot φ sin ωt )a z ≠ 0
ρ ∂ρ ∂φ
No, C cannot be an EM field.
1 ∂
(d) ∇ • D = 2 sin(ωt − 5r ) (sin 2 θ ) ≠ 0
r sin θ ∂θ

∂ Dθ 1 ∂ 1
∇× D = − ar + (rDθ )aφ = sin θ (−5) sin(ωt − 5r )aφ ≠ 0
∂φ r ∂r r

No, D cannot be an EM field.

Prob. 9.29

From Maxwell’s equations,


∂B
∇× E = − (1)
∂t
∂D
∇× H = J + (2)
∂t 
Dotting both sides of (2) with E gives:
∂D
E • (∇ × H ) = E • J + E • (3)

∂t 
But for any arbitrary vectors A and B ,
∇ • ( A × B ) = B • (∇ × A) − A • (∇ × B )
Applying this on the left-hand side of (3) by letting A ≡ H and B ≡ E , we get

H • (∇ × E ) + ∇ • ( H × E ) = E • J + 1 ( D • E ) (4)
2 ∂t
From (1),
 ∂B  1 ∂
H • (∇ × E ) = H •  −  = 2 (B • H )
 ∂t  ∂t
Substituting this in (4) gives:
∂ ∂
−1 (B • H ) − ∇ • (E × H ) = J • E + 1 (D • E)
2 ∂t 2 ∂t

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 265 10/14/2015 12:47:16 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

266
263

Rearranging terms and then taking the volume integral of both sides:


 ∇ • ( E × H )dv = − ∂t 1 2  ( E • D + H • B)dv −  J • Edv
v v v

Using the divergence theorem, we get

∂W
 ( E × H ) • dS = −
s
∂t v
− J • Edv

∂W
or = −  ( E × H ) • dS −  E • Jdv as required.
∂t s v

Prob. 9.30

∂B
− = ∇ × E = β Eo sin(ωt + β y − β z )(a y + a z )
∂t
∂H 1
−μ = ∇× E ⎯⎯ → H = -  ∇ × Edt
∂t μ
β Eo
H= cos(ωt + β y − β z )(a y + a z ) A/m
μω

Prob. 9.31 Using Maxwell’s equations,

∂E 1
∇× H = σ E +ε
∂t
(σ = 0) ⎯⎯
→ E=
ε  ∇ × Hdt
But

1 ∂ Hθ 1 ∂ 12sin θ
∇× H = − ar + (rHθ )aφ = β sin(2π ×108 t − β r )aφ
r sin θ ∂φ r ∂r r

12sin θ
E= β  sin(2π ×108 t − β r )dtaφ
εo

12sin θ
=− β cos(ωt − β r )aφ , ω = 2π ×108
ωε o r

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 266 10/14/2015 12:47:16 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

267
264

Prob. 9.32
With the given A, we need to prove that
∂2 A
∇ 2 A = με 2
∂t
∇ A = με ( jω )( jω ) A = −ω 2 με A
2

Let β 2 = ω 2 με , then ∇ 2 A = − β 2 A is to be proved. We recognize that


μo jωt − jβ r
A= e e az
4π r
e− jβ r μ
Assume ϕ= , A = o e jωt ϕ a z
r 4π
1 ∂ 2 ∂ϕ  1  ∂ 2  − j β 1  − jβ r 
∇ 2ϕ = 2 (r sin θ ) = (r )  − 2 e
r sin θ  ∂r dr  r 2  ∂r  r r  

− jβ r
1 e
= 2 ( − β 2 r + j β − j β ) e− jβ r = − β 2 = − β 2ϕ
r r
Therefore, ∇2 A = −β 2 A
We can find V using Lorentz gauge.
−1 −1
V=
μ oε o  ∇ • Adt =
jωμoε o
∇• A

−1 ∂  μo − j β r jωt  −1  − j β 1  − jβ r jωt
=  e e =  − 2  e e cos θ
jωμoε o ∂r  4π r  jωε o (4π )  r r 
cos θ  1  j (ωt − β r )
V=  jβ +  e
j 4πωε o r  r

Prob. 9.33
Take the curl of both sides of the equation.


∇ × E = −∇ × ∇V − ∇× A
∂t
But ∇ × ∇V = 0 and B =∇ × A. Hence,
∂B
∇× E = −
∂t
which is Faraday's law.

Prob. 9.34
∂Az x ∂V ∂V x x
∇⋅ A = = , = − xc, − μ oε o = 2c=
∂z c ∂t ∂t c c
(a)
∂V
Hence, ∇ ⋅ A = − μoε o
∂t

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 267 10/14/2015 12:47:16 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

268
265

∂A  ∂V ∂V 
E = −∇V − = − ax + a z  + xa z = −( za x + xa z ) + xa z
(b) ∂t  ∂x ∂z 
E = − za x

Prob. 9.35
∂V
∇ A = 0 = − με → V = constant
⎯⎯
∂t
∂A
(a) E = −∇V − = 0 − Aoω cos(ωt − β z )a x
∂t
= − Aoω cos(ωt − β z )a x

(b) Using Maxwell’s equations, we can show that


β = ω μ oε o

Prob. 9.36
(a)
z = 4∠30o − 10∠50o = 3.464 + 2 j − 6.427 − j 7.66 = −2.963 − j5.66
= 6.389∠ − 117.64o
z1/ 2 = 2.5277∠ − 58.82o
(b)
1 + j2 2.236 ∠ 63.43 o 2.236 ∠ 63.43 o
= =
6 − j 8 − 7 ∠ 15 o 6 − j 8 − 7 .761 − j1.812 9.841∠ 265.57 o

= 0.2272∠ − 202.1o

(5∠ 53.13 o ) 2 25∠ 106 .26 o


(c) z= =
12 − j7 − 6 − j10 18.028 ∠ − 70.56 o

= 1.387 ∠ 176 .8 o

(d)
1.897 ∠ − 100 o
= 0.0349 ∠ − 68 o
. ∠ 90 o )(9.434∠ − 122 o )
(576

Prob. 9.37
(a) A = 5cos(2t + π / 3 − π / 2)a x + 3cos(2t + 30o )a y = Re( As e jωt ), ω = 2

o o
As = 5e − j 30 a x + 3e j 30 a y

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 268 10/14/2015 12:47:17 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

269
266


100
(b) B = cos(ωt − 2π z − 90o )a ρ
ρ
100 o
Bs = e − j (2π z +90 ) a ρ
ρ

cos θ
(c) C = cos(ωt − 3r − 90o )aθ
r
cos θ − j (3r +90o )
Cs = e az
r

(d) Ds = 10 cos(k1 x)e − jk2 z a y


267

Prob. 9.39
We can use Maxwell’s equations or borrow ideas from chapter 10.
μ 1 120π
η= = ηo =
ε εr 9
Eo 10 × 9
Ho = = = 0.2387
η 120π
ω 2π ×109
β = ω με = εr = 81 = 60π = 188.5 rad/m
c 3 × 108

Prob. 9.40
(a)
H = Re  40e j (10 t − β z ) a x  , ω = 109
9

 
= Re  40e − jβ z a x e jωt  = Re  H s e jωt 
H s = 40e− jβ z a x
(b)
∂ ∂ ∂
Jd = ∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z
40 cos(109 t − β z ) 0 0
2
= 40β sin(109 t − β z )a y A/m

Prob. 9.41
( jω ) 2 Y + 4 jωY + Y = 2∠0o , ω =3
Y (−ω 2 + 4 jω + 1) = 2
2 2 2
Y= = = = −0.0769 − j 0.1154
−ω + 4 jω + 1 −9 + j12 + 1 −8 + j12
2

= 0.1387∠ − 123.7 o
y (t ) = Re(Ye jωt ) = 0.1387 cos(3t − 123.7 o )

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 269 10/14/2015 12:47:17 PM


(b)
∂ ∂ ∂
Sadiku & Kulkarni
Jd = ∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

40 cos(109 t − β z ) 0 0
= 40β sin(109 t − β z )a y A/m
2 270


Prob. 9.41
( jω ) 2 Y + 4 jωY + Y = 2∠0o , ω =3
Y (−ω 2 + 4 jω + 1) = 2
2 2 2
Y= = = = −0.0769 − j 0.1154
−ω + 4 jω + 1 −9 + j12 + 1 −8 + j12
2

= 0.1387∠ − 123.7 o
y (t ) = Re(Ye jωt ) = 0.1387 cos(3t − 123.7 o )

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch09.indd 270 10/14/2015 12:47:17 PM


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

271

CHAPTER 10
P. E. 10.1 (a)

2π 2π
T= = = 31.42 ns,
ω 2 × 108

λ = uT = 3 × 108 × 31.42 × 10−9 = 9.425 m

k = β = 2π / λ = 0.6667 rad/m

(b) t1 = T/8 = 3.927 ns

(c)
π
H (t = t1 ) = 0.1cos(2 × 108 − 2 x / 3)a y = 0.1cos(2 x / 3 − π / 4)a y
8 × 108
as sketched below.

P. E. 10.2 Let xo = 1 + (σ / ωε ) 2 , then

μ oε o ω 16
α =ω μrε r ( xo − 1) = xo − 1
2 c 2

α c 1 / 3 × 3 × 108 1
or xo − 1 = = = xo = 9 / 8
ω 8 108 8 8

81 σ
xo 2 = = 1 + (σ / ωε ) 2 = 0.5154
64 ωε

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

272

tan 2θη = 0.5154 θη = 13.63o

β x +1
= o = 17
α xo − 1
17
(a) β = α 17 = = 1.374 rad/m
3

σ
(b) = 0.5154
ωε
μ / ε 120π 2 / 8
(c) | η |= = = 177.72
xo 9/8

η = 177.72∠13.63o Ω

ω 108
(d) u= = = 7.278 × 107 m/s
β 1.374

(e) a H = ak × a E ⎯⎯
→ a z × a x = aH ⎯⎯
→ aH = a y

0.5 − z / 3
H= e sin(108 t − β z − 13.63o )a y = 2.817e − z /3 sin(108 t − β z − 13.63o )a y mA/m
177.5

P. E. 10.3 (a) Along -z direction


(b) λ = = 2π / 2 = 3.142 m
β

ω 108
f = = = 15.92 MHz
2π 2π

ω
β = ω με = ω μoε o μrε r = (1)ε r
c

3 × 108 × 2
or ε r = β c / ω = =6 ε r = 36
108

120π
(c) θη = 0,| η |= μ / ε = μo / ε o 1 / ε r = = 20π
6

ak = a E × a H −a z = a y × a H aH = ax

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

273

50
H= sin(ωt + β z )a x = 795.8sin(108 t + 2 z )a x mA/m
20π

P. E. 10.4 (a)

σ 10−2
= = 0.09
ωε 10−9
10 π × 4 ×
9

36π

με   ω
2
1 σ  σ 109 π
α ≅ω 1 +   − 1 = μ ε
r r = (2)(0.09) = 0.9425 Np/m
2  2  ωε   2c ωε 2 × 3 × 108

με   109 π
2
1 σ 
β ≅ω 1 +   + 1= 2[2 + 0.5(0.09) 2 ] = 20.965 rad/m
2  2  ωε   3 × 108

E = 30e −0.9425 y cos(109 π t − 20.96 y + π / 4)a z

At t = 2ns, y = 1m,

E = 30e −0.9425 cos(2π − 20.96 + π / 4)a z = 2.844a z V/m

10π
(b) β y = 10o = rad
180
or

π 1 π
y= = = 8.325 mm
18 β 18 × 20.965

(c) 30(0.6) = 30 e−α y

1 1 1
y= ln(1 / 0.6) = ln = 542 mm
α 0.9425 0.6

(d)
μ /ε 60π
| η |≅ = = 188.11 Ω
1 1.002
[1 + (0.09) 2 ]
4

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

274

2θη = tan −1 0.09 θη = 2.571o

a H = ak × a E = a y × a z = a x

30 −0.9425 y
H= e cos(109 π t − 20.96 y + π / 4 − 2.571o )a x
188.11

At y = 2m, t = 2ns,

H = (0.1595)(0.1518) cos(−34.8963rad )a x = −22.83a x mA/m

P. E. 10.5
w∞ w ∞
J xs (0) wδ
I s =   J xs dydz = J xs (0)  dy  e− z (1+ j ) / δ dz =
0 0 0 0
1+ j

J xs (0) wδ
| I s |=
2

P. E. 10.6 (a)

Rac a a 1.3 × 10−3


= = π f μσ = π × 107 × 4π × 10−7 × 3.5 × 107 = 24.16
Rdc 2δ 2 2

(b)
Rac 1.3 × 10−3
= π × 2 × 109 × 4π × 10−7 × 3.5 × 107 = 341.7
Rdc 2

P. E. 10.7

E = Re[ E s e jωt ] = Re  Eo e jωt e − j β z a x + Eo e − jπ / 2e jωt e − j β z a y 


= Eo cos(ωt − β z )a x + Eo cos(ωt − β z − π / 2)a y
= Eo cos(ωt − β z )a x + Eo sin(ωt − β z )a y
At z = 0, Ex = Eo cos ωt , E y = Eo sin ωt
2 2
E  E 
cos ωt + sin ωt = 1 ⎯⎯
2 2
→  x  + y  =1
 Eo   Eo 
which describes a circle. Hence the polarization is circular.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

275

P. E. 10.8

1
Pave = η H o 2a x
2

(a) Let f(x,z) = x + y –1 = 0

∇f a + ay
an = = x , dS = dSan
| ∇f | 2

1 a + ay
Pt =  P.dS =P.San = η H o 2a x . x
2 2

1
= (120π )(0.2) 2 (0.1) 2 = 53.31 mW
2 2
1
(b) dS = dydzax , Pt =  P.dS = η H o2S
2

1
Pt = (120π )(0.2) 2 π (0.05) 2 = 59.22 mW
2

μ ηo
P. E. 10.9 η1 = ηo = 120π ,η 2 = =
ε 2
2η2 η −η
τ= = 2 / 3, Γ = 2 1 = −1 / 3
η2 + η1 η2 + η1

10
Ero = ΓEio = −
3

10 j β1 z
Ers = − e a x V/m
3

where β1 = ω / c = 100π / 3 .
20
Eto = τ Eio =
3

20 − j β2 z
Ets = e a x V/m
3

where β 2 = ω ε r / c = 2β1 = 200π / 3 .

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

276

P. E. 10.10
ω 2ω
α1 = 0, β1 = μrε r = → ω = 5c / 2 = 7.5 × 108
= 5 ⎯⎯
c c

σ2 0.1
= = 1.2π
ωε 2 8 10−9
7.5 × 10 × 4 ×
36π

ω 4
α2 = 1 + 1.44π 2 − 1 = 6.021
c 2 

ω 4
β2 = 1 + 1.44π 2 + 1 = 7.826
c 2 

60π
| η 2 |= = 95.445,η1 = 120π ε r1 = 754
4
1 + 1.44π 2

tan 2θη2 = 1.2π ⎯⎯


→θη2 = 37.57o

η2 = 95.445∠37.57o

(a)
η2 − η1 95.445∠37.57 o − 754
Γ= = = 0.8186∠171.08o
η2 + η1 95.445∠37.57 + 754
o

τ = 1 + Γ = 0.2295∠33.56o

1+ | Γ | 1 + 0.8186
s= = = 10.025
1− | Γ | 1 − 0.8186

(b) Ei = 50sin(ωt − 5 x)a y = Im( Eis e jωt ) , where Eis = 50e − j 5 x a y .

o o
Ero = ΓEio = 0.8186e j171.08 (50) = 40.93e j171.08

o
Ers = 40.93e j 5 x + j171.08 a y

Er = Im( Ers e jωt ) = 40.93sin(ωt + 5 x + 171.1o )a y V/m

a H = ak × a E = −a x × a y = −a z

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

277

40.93
Hr = - sin(ωt + 5 x + 171.1o )a z = −0.0543sin(ωt + 5 x + 171.1o )a z A/m
754

(c)
o o
Eto = τ Eio = 0.229e j 33.56 (50) = 11.475e j 33.56

o
Ets = 11.475e− j β2 x + j 33.56 e−α 2 x a y

Et = Im( Ets e jωt ) = 11.475e −6.021x sin(ωt − 7.826 x + 33.56o )a y V/m

a H = ak × a E = a x × a y = a z

11.495 −6.021x
Ht = e sin(ωt − 7.826 x + 33.56o − 37.57 o )a z
95.445

= 0.1202e−6.021x sin(ωt − 7.826 x − 4.01o )a z A/m

(d)
Eio 2 Ero 2 1
P1ave = ax + ( −a x ) = [502 a x − 40.932 a x ] = 0.5469a x W/m2
2η1 2η1 2(240π )

Eto 2 −2α 2 x (11.475) 2


P2ave = e cosθη2 a x = cos37.57o e−2(6.021) x a x = 0.5469e−12.04 x a x W/m2
2 | η2 | 2(95.445)

P. E. 10.11 (a)
→ k = 22 + 42 = 20
k = −2a y + 4a z ⎯⎯

ω = kc = 3 × 108 20 = 1.342 × 109 rad/s ,

λ = 2π / k = 1.405m

ak × E (−2a y + 4a z )
(b) H = = × (10a y + 5a z ) cos(ωt − k.r )
ηo 20(120π )

= −29.66cos(1.342 x109 t + 2 y − 4 z )a x mA/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

278

| Eo |2 125 (−2a y + 4a z )
(c) Pave = ak = = −74.15a y + 148.9a z mW/m2
2ηo 2(120π ) 20

P. E. 10.12 (a)
y

ki

kt
θi

θr
z

kr

kiy 2
tan θi = = →θi = 26.56 = θ r
⎯⎯
kiz 4

μ1 ε1 1
sin θt = sin θi = sin 26.56o ⎯⎯
→θt = 12.92o
μ2 ε 2 2

(b) η1 = ηo ,η 2 = ηo / 2 E is parallel to the plane of incidence. Since μ1 = μ2 = μo ,

we may use the result of Prob. 10.42, i.e.

tan(θt − θi ) tan(−13.64o )
Γ\ \ = = = −0.2946
tan(θt + θi ) tan(39.48o )
2cos 26.56o sin12.92o
τ \\ = = 0.6474
sin 39.48o cos(−13.64o )

(c) kr = − β1 sin θ r a y − β1 cosθ r a z . Once kr is known, Er is chosen such that

kr .Er = 0 or ∇.Er = 0. Let


Er = ± Eor (− cosθ r a y + sin θ r a z ) cos(ωt + β1 sin θ r y + β1 cosθ r z )

Only the positive sign will satisfy the boundary conditions. It is evident that

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

279

Ei = Eoi (cos θi a y + sin θi a z ) cos(ωt + 2 y − 4 z )

Since θ r = θi ,

Eor cosθ r = Γ / / Eoi cosθi = 10Γ / / = −2.946

Eor sin θ r = Γ / / Eoi sin θi = 5Γ / / = −1.473

β1 sin θ r = 2, β1 cosθ r = 4

i.e.
Er = −(2.946a y − 1.473az ) cos(ωt + 2 y + 4 z )

E1 = Ei + Er = (10a y + 5a z )cos(ωt + 2 y − 4 z ) + (−2.946a y + 1.473a z ) cos(ωt + 2 y + 4 z )

V/m

(d) kt = − β 2 sin θt a y + β 2 cosθt a z . Since kr • Er = 0 , let

Et = Eot (cosθt a y + sin θt a z ) cos(ωt + β 2 y sin θt − β 2 z cos θt )

β 2 = ω μ2ε 2 = β1 ε r 2 = 2 20

1 1 9
sin θt = sin θi = , cosθt =
2 2 5 20
19
β 2 cosθt = 2 20 = 8.718
20
19
Eot cosθt = τ / / Eoi cosθt = 0.6474 125 = 7.055
20

1
Eot sin θt = τ / / Eoi sin θt = 0.6474 125 = 1.6185
20

Hence

E2 = Et = (7.055a y + 1.6185a z ) cos(ωt + 2 y − 8.718 z ) V/m

ε2
(d) tan θ B / / = →θ B / / = 63.43o
= 2 ⎯⎯
ε1

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

280

P.E. 10.13

1 + 0.4 1.4
Si = = = 2.333
1 − 0.4 0.6

1 + 0.2 1.2
So = = = 1.5
1 − 0.2 0.8

Prob. 10.1 (a) Wave propagates along +ax.

(b)
2π 2π
T= = = 1μ s
ω 2π × 106
2π 2π
λ= = = 1.047m
β 6
ω 2π × 106
u= = = 1.047 × 106 m/s
β 6

(c) At t=0, Ez = 25sin(−6 x) = −25sin 6 x

2π T π
At t=T/8, Ez = 25sin( − 6 x) = 25sin( − 6 x)
T 8 4

2π T
At t=T/4, Ez = 25sin( − 6 x) = 25sin(−6 x + 90o ) = 25cos 6 x
T 4

2π T
At t=T/2, Ez = 25sin( − 6 x) = 25sin(−6 x + π ) = 25sin 6 x
T 2

These are sketched below.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

281

Prob. 10.2
(a)
∂E
= − sin( x + ωt ) − sin( x − ωt )
∂x
∂2E
= − cos( x + ωt ) − cos( x − ωt ) = − E
∂x 2
∂E
= −ω sin( x + ωt ) − ω sin( x − ωt )
∂t
∂2E
2
= −ω 2 cos( x + ωt ) − ω 2 cos( x − ωt ) = −ω 2 E
∂t
∂2E 2
2 ∂ E
2
− u 2
= −ω 2 E + u 2 E = 0
∂t ∂x
if ω = u 2 and hence, eq. (10.1) is satisfied.
2

(b) u = ω

Prob. 10.3
(a) ω = 108 rad/s
ω 108
(b) β = = = 0.333 rad/m
c 3 × 108

(c) λ = = 6π = 18.85 m
β
(d) Along -ay
At y=1, t=10ms,
1
(e) H = 0.5cos(108 t × 10 × 10−9 + × 3) = 0.5cos(1 + 1)
3
= −0.1665 A/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

282

Prob. 10.4
c 3 × 108
(a) λ = = = 5 × 106 m
f 60
3 × 108
(b) λ = = 150 m
2 × 106
3 × 108
(c) λ = = 2.5 m
120 × 106
3 × 108
(d) λ = = 0.125 m
2.4 × 109

Prob. 10.5 If

γ 2 = jωμ (σ + jωε ) = −ω 2 με + jωμσ and γ = α + j β , then

| γ 2 |= (α 2 − β 2 ) + 4α 2 β 2 = (α 2 + β 2 ) 2 = α 2 + β 2
i.e.

α 2 + β 2 = ωμ (σ 2 + ω 2ε 2 ) (1)
Re(γ 2 ) = α 2 − β 2 = −ω 2 με

β 2 − α 2 = ω 2 με (2)

Subtracting and adding (1) and (2) lead respectively to

με  
2
 σ 
α =ω  1+  − 1
2   ωε  
 

με  
2
σ 
β =ω  1 +  + 1
2   ωε  
 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

283

(b) From eq. (10.25), E s ( z ) = Eo e −γ z a x .

j j
∇ × E = − jωμ H s Hs = ∇ × Es = (−γ Eo e −γ z a y )
ωμ ωμ

Eo jγ
But H s ( z ) = H o e −γ z a y , hence H o = =− Eo
η ωμ

jωμ
η=
γ

(c) From (b),

jωμ jωμ μ /ε
η= = =
jωμ (σ + jωε ) σ + jωε σ
1− j
ωε

−1
μ /ε  ωε  σ
| η |= , tan 2θη =   =
2 σ  ωε
σ 
4 1+  
 ωε 

Prob. 10.6 (a)

σ 8 × 10−2
= =8
ωε 10−9
2π × 50 × 10 × 3.6 ×
6

36π

με  
2
σ  2π × 50 × 106 2.1 × 3.6
α =ω  1 +  − 1 = [ 65 − 1] = 5.41
2   ωε   3 × 108 2
 

με  
2
σ 
β =ω  1 +  + 1 = 6.129
2   ωε  
 

γ = α + j β = 5.41 + j 6.129 /m

2π 2π
(b) λ= = = 1.025 m
β 6.129

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

284

ω 2π × 50 × 106
(c) u= = = 5.125 × 107 m/s
β 6.129

μ 2.1
120π
(d) | η |= ε = 3.6 = 101.4
4
2 65
σ 
4 1+  
 ωε 

σ
tan 2θη = →θη = 41.44o
= 8 ⎯⎯
ωε

η = 101.41∠41.44o Ω

Es 6 6 o
(e) H s = ak × = a x × e −γ z a z = − e −γ z a y = −59.16e − j 41.44 e −γ z a y mA/m
η η η

Prob. 10.7
σ 10−2
(a) tan θ = = = 1.5
ωε 10−9
2π × 12 × 10 × 10 × 6

36π
−4
10
(b) tan θ = −9
= 3.75 × 10−2
10
2π × 12 × 106 × 4 ×
36π

4
(c) tan θ = = 74.07
10−9
2π × 12 × 10 × 81 ×
6

36π

Prob. 10.8
(a)
με   2π × 15 × 109 1 × 9.6
2
 σ   1 + 9 × 10−8 − 1
α =ω  1+   − 1=
2   ωε   3 × 10 8
2  
 
1 
= 100π 4.8  × 9 × 10−8  = 0.146
2 
1
δ = = 6.85 m
α
(b) A = α  = 0.146 × 5 × 10−3 = 0.73 × 10−3 Np

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

285

Prob. 10.9
The phase difference is θη
σ 8 × 10−3
tan 2θη = = = 1.8
ωε 10−9
2π × 20 × 10 × 4 ×
6

36π
2θη = 60.9o ⎯⎯→ θη = 30.47o

Prob. 10.10
For silver, the loss tangent is
σ 6.1 × 107
= −9
= 6.1 × 18 × 108  1
ωε 10
2π × 108 ×
36π
Hence, silver is a good conductor
For rubber,

σ 10−15 18
= −9
= × 10−14  1
ωε 10 3.1
2π × 108 × 3.1 ×
36π
Hence, rubber is a poor conductor or a good insulator.

Prob. 10.11

σ 4
= = 9,000 >> 1
ωε 2π × 10 × 80 × 10−9 / 36π
5

ωμσ 2π × 105
α =β = = × 4π × 10−7 × 4 = 0.4π
2 2

2π × 105
(a) u =ω / β = = 5 × 105 m/s
0.4π


(b) λ = 2π / β = =5 m
0.4π

1
(c) δ = 1 / α = = 0.796 m
0.4π

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

286

(d) η =| η | ∠θη ,θη = 45o

μ
ε μ ωε 4π × 10−7 × 2π × 105
| η |= ≅ = = 0.4443
2 ε σ 4
σ 
4 1+  
 ωε 

η = 0.4443∠45o Ω

Prob. 10.12
σ 1
= =4.5
ωε 10−9
2π × 10 × 4 ×
9

36π

με  
2
σ 
α =ω  1 +  − 1
2   ωε  
 
4π 10−9 
= 2π × 109 × 10−7 × 4 × 9 × 1 + 4.52 − 1
2 36π  
= 20π 2[ 21.25 − 1] = 168.8 Np/m

με  
2
 σ 
β =ω  1+  + 1 = 20π 2[ 21.25 + 1] = 210.5 rad/m
2   ωε  
 
σ
tan 2θη = = 4.5 ⎯⎯→ θη = 38.73o
ωε
μ /ε 120π 9 / 4
| η |= = = 263.38
2 4
σ  1 + 4.52
4 1+
 
 ωε 
η = 263.38∠38.73o Ω
ω 2π × 109
u= = = 2.985 × 107 m/s
β 210.5

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

287

Prob. 10.13

This is a lossy medium in which μ=μo.


2
σ 
Let x =  
 ωε 
jωμ j 2π × 109 × 4π o
η= = = 35.31∠26.57
γ 100 + j 200
Eo = 0.05 × 35.31 = 1.765
a E = a H × a k = −a z
Thus, we obtain
E = -1.765cos (2π × 109 t − 200 x + 26.57 o )a z V/m

α c 100 × 3 × 108 15
ε r (1 / 3) = = =
ω 2π × 109 π
1
εr = 4.776 ⎯⎯
→ ε r = 14.32
3
σ 4
tan 2θη = = ⎯⎯
→ θη = 26.57o
ωε 3
377
μ /ε
| η |= 4 = 14.32 = 77.175
1+ x 5/3
Eo =| η | H o = 77.175 × 50 × 10−3 = 3.858
a E = − (a k × a H ) = − ( a x × a y ) = − a z
E = −3.858e −100 x cos(2π × 109 t − 200 x + 26.57o )a z V/m

Prob. 10.14 (a)



T = 1 / f = 2π / ω = = 20 ns
π x108

2
σ 
(b) Let x = 1+  
 ωε 

1/ 2
α  x −1
=
β  x + 1 

ω μrε r
But α= x −1
c 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

288

αc 0.1 × 3 × 108
x −1 = = = 0.06752 ⎯⎯
→ x = 1.0046
μrε r π × 108 2
ω
2
1/ 2 1/ 2
 x +1  2.0046 
β =  α =  0.1 = 2.088
 x −1  0.0046 


λ = 2π / β = = 3m
2.088

μ /ε 377
(c) | η |= = = 188.1
x 2 1.0046

2
σ 
x = 1+   = 1.0046
 ωε 

σ
= 0.096 = tan 2θη ⎯⎯
→θη = 2.74o
ωε

η = 188.1∠2.74o Ω

Eo = η H o = 12 × 188.1 = 2257.2

a E × a H = ak ⎯⎯
→ a E × a x = a y ⎯⎯
→ aE = az

E = 2.257e −0.1 y sin(π × 108 t − 2.088 y + 2.74o )a z kV/m

(d) The phase difference is 2.74o.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

289

Prob. 10.15
ω
(a) β = 6.5 = ω μoε o =
c
ω = β c = 6.5 × 3 × 10 = 1.95 × 109 rad/s 8

2π 2π
λ= = 0.9666 m =
β 6.5
(b) For z=0, Ez = 0.2cos ωt
2π λ
For z=λ /2, Ez = 0.2cos(ωt − ) = −0.2cos ωt
λ 2
The two waves are sketched below.

300
z = 0
z = λ/2
200
Amplitude (mV / m)

100

-100

-200

-300
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Time t (ns)

(c) H = H o cos(ωt − 6.5 z )aH


Eo 0.2
Ho = = = 5.305 × 10−4
ηo 377
a E × a H = ak ⎯⎯
→ ax × aH = az ⎯⎯
→ aH = a y
H = 0.5305cos(ωt − 6.5 z )a y mA/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

290

Prob. 10.16
c 3 × 108
u= = = 8.66 × 107 m/s
ε r μr 3× 4
u 8.66 × 107
λ= = = 1.443 m
f 60 × 106
μr 4
η = ηo = 377 = 435.32 Ω
εr 3

Prob. 10.17 (a) Along -x direction.

(b) β = 6, ω = 2 × 108 ,

ω
β = ω με = μrε r
c

6 × 3 × 108
εr = βc / ω = =9 ⎯⎯
→ ε r = 81
2 × 108

10−9
ε = ε oε r = × 81 = 7.162 × 10−10 F/m
36π

120π
(c) η = μ / ε = μo / ε o μr / ε r = = 41.89 Ω
9

Eo = H oη = 25 × 10−3 × 41.88 = 1.047

a E × a H = ak ⎯⎯
→ a E × a y = −a x ⎯⎯
→ aE = az

E = 1.047sin(2 × 108 t + 6 x)a z V/m

σ 10−6
Prob. 10.18 (a) = −9
= 3.6 × 10−4 << 1
ωε 10
2π × 107 × 5 ×
36π

Thus, the material is lossless at this frequency.

2π × 107
(b) β = ω με = 5 × 750 = 12.83 rad/m
3 × 108

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

291

2π 2π
λ= = = 0.49 m
β 12.83

(c) Phase difference = β l = 25.66 rad

μr 750
(d) η = μ / ε = 120π = 120π = 4.62 kΩ
εr 5

Prob. 10.19
(a) E = Re[ E s e jωt ] = (5a x + 12a y )e −0.2 z cos(ωt − 3.4 z )

2π T π
At z = 4m, t = T/8, ωt = =
T 8 4

E = (5a x + 12a y )e −0.8 cos(π / 4 − 13.6)

| E |= 13e −0.8 | cos(π / 4 − 13.6) |= 5.662 V/m

(b) loss = αΔz = 0.2(3) = 0.6 Np. Since 1 Np = 8.686 dB,

loss = 0.6 x 8.686 = 5.212 dB

2
σ 
(c) Let x = 1+  
 ωε 

1/ 2
α  x −1 1
= = 0.2 / 3.4 =
β  x + 1  17

x −1
= 1 / 289 ⎯⎯⎯
→ x = 1.00694
x +1

ω
α = ω με / 2 x − 1 = εr / 2 x −1
c

εr αc
0.2 × 3 × 108
= = = 7.2 ⎯⎯
→ ε r = 103.68
2 ω x − 1 108 0.00694

μo 1
.
εo εr 120π
| η |= = = 36.896
x 103.68 × 1.00694

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

292

σ
tan 2θη = = x 2 − 1 = 0.118 ⎯⎯
→ θη = 3.365o
ωε
η = 36.896∠3.365o Ω

Prob. 10.20
This is a lossless material.
μ μ
η= = 377 r = 105 (1)
ε εr
ω ω c
u= = = = 7.6 × 107 (2)
β ω με μrε r
From (1),
μr 105
= = 0.2785 (1)a
ε r 377
From (2),
1 7.6 × 107
= = 0.2533 (2)a
μrε r 3 × 108
Multiplying (1)a by (2)a,
1
= 0.2785 × 0.2533 = 0.07054 → ε r = 14.175
⎯⎯
εr
Dividing (1)a by (2)a,

0.2785
μr = = 1.0995
0.2533

Prob. 10.21
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂E ∂E
∇× E = = − y ax + x a y
(a) ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂z
Ex ( z , t ) E y ( z , t ) 0
= −6 β cos(ωt − β z )a x + 8β sin(ωt − β z )a y

∂H 1
μ
But ∇ × E = − μ ⎯⎯
→ H =− ∇ × Edt
∂t
6β 8β
H= sin(ωt − β z )a x + cos(ωt − β z )a y
μω μω

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

293

2π f 2π × 40 × 106
(b) β = ω με = 4.5 = 4.5 = 1.777 rad/m
c 3 × 108
2π 2π
λ= = = 3.536 m
β 1.777
μ 120π
η= = = 177.72 Ω
ε 4.5
1 c 3 × 108
u= = = = 1.4142 × 108 m/s
με 4.5 4.5

Prob. 10.22
1
0.4 Eo = Eo e −α z ⎯⎯
→ = e2α
0.4

1 1
Or α = ln = 0.4581 ⎯⎯
→ δ = 1 / α = 2.183 m
2 0.4

λ = 2π / β = 2π / 1.6


u = f λ = 107 × = 3.927 × 107 m/s
1.6

Prob. 10.23
(a)
ω
108 π π
β = ω με = = 8
= = 1.0472 rad/m
c 3 × 10 3
(b)
E =0 ⎯⎯ → sin(108 π to − β xo ) = 0 = sin(nπ ), n = 1, 2,3,...
108 π to − β xo = π
π
108 π × 5 × 10−3 − xo = π ⎯⎯
→ xo  5 × 105 m
3
(c)
H = H o sin(108 π t − β x)aH
Eo 50 × 10−3
Ho = = = 132.63 μ A/m
η 120π
a H = ak × a E = a x × a z = −a y
H = −132.63sin(108 π t − 1.0472 x)a y μ A/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

294

Prob. 10.24
ωμσ 2α 2
2 × 122
α =β = → σ=
⎯⎯ = = 36.48
2 ωμ 2π × 106 × 4π × 10−7
ωμ
η =| η | ∠θη = ∠45o
σ
ωμ 2π × 106 × 4π × 10−7
| η |= = = 0.4652
σ 36.48
Eo =| η | H o = 0.4652 × 20 × 10−3 = 9.305 × 10−3
a E = a H × a k = a y × ( −a z ) = −a x
E = Eo e−α z sin(ωt + β z )aE
= −9.305e −12 z sin(2π × 106 t + 12 z + 45o )a x mV/m

σ σ
Prob. 10.25 For a good conductor, >> 1, say > 100
ωε ωε
σ 10−2
(a) = = 1.5 ⎯⎯⎯
→ lossy
ωε 10−9
2π × 8 × 10 × 15 ×
6

36π

No, not conducting.

σ 0.025
(b) = = 3.515 ⎯⎯⎯
→ lossy
ωε 10−9
2π × 8 × 10 × 16 ×
6

36π

No, not conducting.

σ 25
(c) = = 694.4 ⎯⎯⎯
→ conducting
ωε 10−9
2π × 8 × 10 × 81 ×
6

36π
Yes, conducting.

Prob. 10.26

με   2π f
2
 σ  μrε r  =
2π × 6 × 106 4
α =ω  1+  − 1= 1.0049 − 1 × 2.447 × 10−3
2   ωε   c 2   8
3 × 10 2
 

α = 8.791 × 10−3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

295

δ = 1 / α = 113.75 m

με  
2
σ  4π
 1 + 
4
β =ω  + 1= 1.0049 + 1 = 0.2515
2   ωε   100 2
 

2π × 6 × 106
u =ω / β = = 1.5 × 108 m/s
0.2515

Prob. 10.27 (a)

l l 600
Rdc = = = = 2.287 Ω
σ S σπ a 2
5.8 × 10 × π × (1.2) 2 × 10−6
7

l
(b) Rac = . At 100 MHz, δ = 6.6 × 10−3 mm =6.6 × 10-6 m mm for copper
σ 2π aδ
(see Table 10.2).

600
Rac = = 207.61 Ω
5.8 × 10 × 2π × (1.2 × 10−3 ) × 6.6 × 10−6
7

Rac a 66.1 × 10−3


(c) = =1 ⎯⎯
→ δ =a/2=
Rdc 2δ f

66.1 × 2 × 10−3 66.1 × 2


f = = ⎯⎯
→ f = 12.137 kHz
a 1.2

Prob. 10.28
σ 3.5 × 107 3.5 × 18 × 109
(a) tan θ = = = >> 1
ωε 10−9 15
2π × 150 × 10 ×
6

36π

ωμσ
α =β = = π f μσ = 150π × 106 × 4π × 10−7 × 3.5 × 107 = 143,965.86
2
γ = α + j β = 1.44(1 + j ) × 105 /m
(b) δ = 1 / α = 6.946 × 10−6 m
ω 150 × 2π × 106
(c) u = = = 6547 m/s
β 1.44 × 105

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

296

Prob. 10.29

σ 4
= = 1.5
ωε 10−9
2π × 2 × 10 × 24 ×
9

36π
10−9
 2  4π × 10−7 × 24 ×
με σ 
α =ω  1 +   − 1 = 2π × 2 × 10
9 36π  1 + (1.5 )2 − 1
2   ωε   2  
 
= 130.01 Np/m
10−5 Eo = Eo e −α d
Taking the log of both sides gives
5ln10 5ln10
-5ln10 = −α d ⎯⎯ → d= = = 0.0886 m
α 130.01

Prob. 10.30

α = β =1/ δ
λ = 2π / β = 2πδ = 6.283δ ⎯⎯
→ δ = 0.1591λ

showing that δ is shorter than λ .

Prob. 10.31

5 5
t = 5δ = = = 2.94 × 10−6 m
π f μσ π × 12 × 10 × 4π × 10 × 6.1 × 10
9 −7 7

Prob. 10.32

1 1
δ= ⎯⎯
→ f =
π f μσ δ πμσ
2

1
f = = 1.038 kHz
4 × 10 × π × 4π × 10−7 × 6.1 × 107
−6

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

297

Prob. 10.33

(a) Linearly polarized along az


(b) ω = 2π f = 2π × 107 ⎯⎯ → f = 107 = 10 MHz
ω
β = ω με = ω μoε o ε r = εr
c
(c)
β c 3 × 3 × 108
εr = = = 14.32 → ε r = 205.18
⎯⎯
ω 2π × 107
Let H = H o sin(ωt − 3 y )a H
Eo μ ηo 120π
Ho = , η= = = = 26.33
η ε ε r 14.32
12
(d) H o = = 0.456
26.33
a H = ak × a E = a y × a z = a x
H = 0.456sin(2π × 107 t − 3 y )a x A/m

Prob. 10.34

E = (2a y − 5a z )sin(ωt − β x)
The ratio E y / Ez remains the same as t changes. Hence the wave is linearly polarized

Prob. 10.35
(a)
Ex = Eo cos(ωt + β y ), E y = Eo sin(ωt + β y )
Ex (0, t )
Ex (0, t ) = Eo cos ωt → cos ωt =
⎯⎯
Eo
E y (0, t )
E y (0, t ) = Eo sin ωt → sin ωt =
⎯⎯
Eo
2 2
 E   Ey 
cos ωt + sin ωt = 1 ⎯⎯
2 2
→  x  +   =1
 Eo   Eo 
Hence, we have circular polarization.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

298

(b)
Ex = Eo cos(ωt − β y ), E y = −3Eo sin(ωt − β y )
In the y=0 plane,
Ex (0, t )
Ex (0, t ) = Eo cos ωt → cos ωt =
⎯⎯
Eo
− E y (0, t )
E y (0, t ) = Eo sin ωt → sin ωt =
⎯⎯
3Eo
2 2
 E  1  Ey 
cos ωt + sin ωt = 1 ⎯⎯
2 2
→  x  +   =1
 Eo  9  Eo 
Hence, we have elliptical polarization.

Prob. 10.36

(a) We can write


E = Re( Es e jωt ) = (40a x + 60a y ) cos(ωt − 10 z )
Since E x / E y does not change with time, the wave is linearly polarized.
(b) This is elliptically polarized.

Prob. 10.37
(a)
When φ = 0,
E ( y, t ) = ( Eo1a x + Eo 2a z )cos(ωt − β y )
The two components are in phase and the wave is linearly polarized.
(b)
When φ = π / 2,
Ez = Eo 2 cos(ωt − β y + π / 2) = − Eo 2 sin(ωt − β y )
We can combine Ex and Ez to show that the wave is elliptically polarized.
(c)
When φ = π ,
E ( y, t ) = Eo1 cos(ωt − β y )a x + Eo 2 cos(ωt − β y + π )a z
= ( Eo1 a x − Eo 2a y )cos(ωt − β y )
Thus, the wave is linearly polarized.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

299

Prob. 10.38
We can write Es as

E s = E1 ( z ) + E2 ( z )
where
1
E1 ( z ) = Eo (a x − ja y )e − j β z
2
1
E2 ( z ) = Eo (a x + ja y )e− j β z
2
We recognize that E1 and E2 are circularly polarized waves. The problem is therefore proved.

Prob. 10.39

(a) The wave is elliptically polarized.


(b)
Let E = E1 + E2 ,
where E1 = 40cos(ωt − β z )a x , E2 = 60sin(ωt − β z )a y
H1 = H o1 cos(ωt − β z )aH 1
40 40
H o1 = = = 0.106
ηo 120π
a H 1 = ak × a E = a z × a x = a y
H1 = 0.106cos(ωt − β z )a y
H 2 = H o 2 sin(ωt − β z )a H 2
60 60
H o1 = = = 0.1592
ηo 120π
a H 2 = a k × a E = a z × a y = −a x
H 2 = −0.1592sin(ωt − β z )a x
H = H1 + H 2 = −159.2sin(ωt − β z )a x + 106cos(ωt − β z )a y mA/m

Prob. 10.40
Let E s = Er + jEi and H s = H r + jH i

E = Re(E s e jωt ) = Er cos ωt − Ei sin ωt

Similarly,

H = H r cos ωt − H i sin ωt

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

300

1
P = E × H = Er × H r cos 2 ωt + Ei × H i sin 2 ωt − ( Er × H i + Ei × H r )sin 2ωt
2
T T T T
1 1 1 1
Pave =  Pdt =  cos ωdt ( Er × H r ) +  sin ωdt ( Ei × Hi ) −
2T 0
2 2
sin 2ωdt ( Ei × Hi + Ei × H r )
T0 T0 T0
1 1
= ( Er × H r + Ei × H i ) = Re[( Er + jEi ) × ( H r − jH i )]
2 2

1
Pave = Re(E s × H s* )
2

as required.

Prob. 10.41

(a)
ω
β = ω με = ω μoε o ε r = εr
c
β c 8 × 3 × 108
εr = = = 2.4
ω 109
ε r = 5.76
μ μo 1 377
(b) η = = = = 157.1 Ω
ε ε o ε r 2.4
ω 109
(c) u = = = 1.25 × 108 m/s
β 8
(d)
Let H = H o cos(109 t + 8 x)a H
Eo 150
Ho = = = 0.955
η 157.1
a H = ak × a E = −a x × a z = a y
H = 0.955cos(109 t + 8 x)a y A/m
(e)
P = E × H = -150(0.955)cos 2 (109 t + 8 x)a x
= -143.25cos 2 (109 t + 8 x)a x W/m 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

301

Prob. 10.42
Ex 0 Ez
P = E×H = = − Ez H y a x + Ex H y a z
0 Hy 0
= − H o Eo 2 sin α x cos α x sin(ωt − β x) cos(ωt − β z )a x
+ H o Eo1 cos 2 α x cos 2 (ωt − β z )a z
1
= − H o Eo 2 sin 2α x sin 2(ωt − β x)a x
4
+ H o Eo1 cos 2 α x cos 2 (ωt − β z )a z
1T 1
Pave = 
T0
Pdt = 0 + H o Eo1 cos 2 α xa z
2
1
= Eo1H o cos 2 α xa z
2

Prob. 10.43
(a)
H
Let H s = o sin θ e − j 3r a H
r
E 10 1
Ho = o = =
ηo 120π 12π
a H = ak × a E = ar × aθ = aφ
1
Hs = sin θ e − j 3r aφ A/m
12π r
(b)
1 10
Pave = Re( E s × H s ) = sin 2 θ ar
2 2 × 12π r 2

Pave =  Pave dS , dS = r 2 sin θ dθ dφar


S
π π /6
10 5 5 3
 r sin 3 θ dθ
2
Pave = = − = 0.007145
24π φ θ
=0 =0
r=2 8 32
= 7.145 mW

Prob. 10.44

1 1 |E | 82 −0.2 z
(a) Pave = Re( Es H s* ) = Re( s ) = e
2 2 |η | 2 |η |

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

302

με  
2
 σ 
α =ω  1+  − 1
2   ωε  
 

με  
2
σ 
β =ω  1 +  + 1
2   ωε  
 

2
σ 
Let x = 1+  
 ωε 

α x −1
= = 0.1 / 0.3 = 1 / 3
β x +1
x −1 1
= ⎯⎯
→ x =5/4
x +1 9

2
5 σ  σ
= 1+   ⎯⎯
→ =3/ 4
4  ωε  ωε

μ
ε 120π / 81
| η |= = = 37.4657
σ 
2
5
1+ 
4
 4
 ωε 
64
Pave = e−0.2 z = 0.8541e −0.2 z W/m 2
2(37.4657)

P1 P1
(b) 20dB = 10log ⎯⎯
→ = 100
P2 P2
P2 1
= e −0.2 z = → e0.2 z = 100
⎯⎯
P1 100
z = 5log100 = 23 m

Prob. 10.45
βc 2 × 3 × 108
(a) u = ω / β ⎯⎯
→ ω = uβ = = = 2.828 × 108 rad/s
4.5 4.5

120π
η= = 177.7Ω
4.5

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

303

E az 40 0.225
H = ak × = × sin(ωt − 2 z )a ρ = sin(ωt − 2 z )aφ A/m
η η ρ ρ

9
(b) P = E × H = sin 2 (ωt − 2 z )a z W/m 2
ρ 2

4.5
(c) Pave = a z , dS = ρ dφ dρ az
ρ2

3mm 2π

Pave =  Pave • dS = 4.5   dφ = 4.5ln(3/2)(2π ) = 11.46 W
2mm ρ 0

Prob. 10.46
Eo2
P=E×H = sin 2 θ sin 2 ω (t − r / c)ar
ηr 2

T
1 Eo2
Pave =
T0 P dt =
2η r 2
sin 2 θ ar

Prob. 10.47
ω
β= ⎯⎯
→ ω = β c = 40(3 × 108 ) = 12 × 109 rad/s
c
1
E=
ε  ∇ × Hdt
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z
0 10sin(ωt − 40 x) −20sin(ωt − 40 x)
= −800cos(ωt − 40 x)a y − 400cos(ωt − 40 x)a z

1 800 400
ε
E= ∇ × Hdt = − sin(ωt − 40 x)a y − sin(ωt − 40 x)a z
ωε ωε
800 400
=− −9
sin(ωt − 40 x)a y −
sin(ωt − 40 x)a z
10 9 9 10−9
12 × 10 × 12 × 10 ×
36π 36π
= −7.539sin(ωt − 40 x)a y − 3.77sin(ωt − 40 x)a z kV/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

304

0 Ey Ez
P = E×H = = ( E y H z − E z H y )a x
0 Hy Hz
=  20(7.537)sin 2 (ωt − 40 x) + 37.7sin 2 (ωt − 40 x)  a x 103
1
Pave = [ 20(7.537) + 37.7] a x 103 = 94. 23 a x kW/m 2
2

Prob. 10.48

Eo2
P= → Eo2 = 2ηo P = 2(120π )10 × 10−3 = 7.539
⎯⎯
2ηo
Eo = 2.746 V/m

Prob. 10.49
Let T = ωt − β z.
∂ ∂ ∂
∂B
− = ∇ × E = ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂t
cos T sin T 0
∂H
−μ = β cos Ta x + β sin Ta y
∂t
β β β
H =−
μ   cos Ta x + sin Ta y dt = −
μω
sin Ta x +
μω
cos Ta y

cosT sinT 0
β
P = E×H = β β = (cos 2 T + sin 2 T )a z
− sin T cos T 0 μω
μω μω
β ε
= az = a
μω μ z
which is constant everywhere.

Prob. 10.50
E2
P = o
2ηo
Eo2 S (2.4 × 103 ) 2 × 450 × 10−4
P= PS = = = 343.8 W
2ηo 2 × 377

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

305

Prob. 10.51
Vo I o
P = E×H = sin 2 (ωt − β z )a z
2πρ ln(b / a)
2

T T
1 Vo I o 1 Vo I o 1
(a) Pave =
T0 P dt = 
2πρ ln(b / a ) T 0
2
sin 2 (ωt − β z )dta z =
2πρ ln(b / a) 2
2
az

Vo I o
= az
4πρ ln(b / a)
2

(b)
Pave =  Pave dS , dS = ρ d ρ dφ a z
S
2π b
Vo I o 1 Vo I o
=  
4π ln(b / a) φ = 0 ρ = a ρ 2
ρ d ρ dφ =
4π ln(b / a)
(2π ) ln(b / a )

1
= Vo I o
2

Prob. 10.52
E 2 Ero 2 Eto 2
(a) Pi , ave = io , Pr , ave = , Pt , ave =
2η1 2η1 2η2

2
Pr , ave E 2 η −η 
R= = ro2 = Γ 2 =  2 1 
Pi , ave Eio  η2 + η1 

2
 μo μo 
 −  2

 ε2 ε 1   μ oε 1 − μ oε 2 
R= = 
 μ μo   μoε1 + μoε 2 

 o
+ 
 ε2 ε1 

Since n1 = c μ1ε1 = c μoε1 , n2 = c μoε 2 ,

2
n −n 
R= 1 2 
 n1 + n2 

Pt , ave η1 Eto 2 η1 2 η1 4n1n2


T= = = τ = (1 + Γ) 2 =
Pi , ave η2 Eio η2
2
η2 (n1 + n2 ) 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

306

(b) If Pr , ave = Pt , ave ⎯⎯


→ RPi , ave = TPi.ave ⎯⎯
→R = T

i.e. (n1 − n2 ) 2 = 4n1n2 ⎯⎯


→ n12 − 6n1n2 + n2 2 = 0

2
n  n 
or  1  − 6  1  + 1 = 0, so
 n2   n2 

n1
= 3 ± 8 = 5.828 or 0.1716
n2
(Note that these values are mutual reciprocals, reflecting the inherent symmetry of the
problem.)
μ
Prob. 10.53 (a) η1 = ηo , η2 = = ηo / 2
ε

η2 − η1 ηo / 2 − ηo 2η 2 ηo
Γ= = = −1 / 3, τ= = =2/3
η2 + η1 3ηo / 2 η2 + η1 3ηo / 2

1+ | Γ | 1 + 1 / 3
s= = =2
1− | Γ | 1 − 1 / 3

1
(b) Eor = ΓEoi = − × (30) = −10
3

Er = −10cos(ωt + z )a x V/m

Let H r = H or cos(ωt + z )a H

a E × a H = ak ⎯⎯
→ −a x × a H = −a z ⎯⎯
→ aH = a y

10
Hr = cos(ωt + z )a y = 26.53cos(ωt + z )a y mA/m
120π

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

307

Prob. 10.54
ω 2π × 108 2π
β1 = = =
c 3 × 108 3
η1 = ηo , η 2 = 0
η2 − η1 0 − ηo
Γ= = = −1, τ =1+ Γ = 0
η 2 + η1 0 + ηo
Et = 0
E r = −50sin(2π × 108 t + β1 x)a z V/m

Prob. 10.55 (a) Medium 1 is free space. Given that β = 1 ,


ω
β =1= → ω = c = 3 × 108 rad/s
⎯⎯
c

μr 3
(b) η1 = ηo , η 2 = ηo = ηo = ηo / 2
εr 12

η2 − η1
Γ= = −1 / 3, τ =1+ Γ = 2 / 3
η2 + η1

1+ | Γ | 1 + 1 / 3
s= = =2
1− | Γ | 1 − 1 / 3

(c) Let H r = H or cos(ωt + z )a H , where

1 10 10
Er = − (30) cos(ωt + z )a y = −10cos(ωt + z )a y , H or = =
3 ηo 120π

a E × a H = ak ⎯⎯
→ −a y × a H = −a z ⎯⎯
→ a H = −a x

10
Hr = − cos(3 × 108 t + z )a x A/m= −26.53cos(3 × 108 t + z )a x mA/m
120π
Eot2 2
(d) Pt = az , Eot = τ Eoi = (30) = 20, η 2 = 60π
2η 2 3
202
Pt = (a z ) = 1.061a z W/m 2
120π

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

308

μ1
Prob. 10.56 η1 = = ηo / 2, η 2 = ηo
ε1

η2 − η1
Γ= = 1 / 3, τ =1+ Γ = 4 / 3
η2 + η1

Eor = ΓEio = (1 / 3)(5) = 5 / 3, Eot = τ Eio = 20 / 3

ω 108
β= μrε r = 4 =2/3
c 3 × 108

5
(a) Er = cos(108 t − 2 y / 3)a z
3

2 5 2
E1 = Ei + Er = 5cos(108 t + y )a z + cos(108 t − y )a z V/m
3 3 3

Eio 2 E 2 25 1
(b) Pave1 = (−a y ) + ro (+ a y ) = (1 − )(−a y ) = −0.0589a y W/m 2
2η1 2η1 2(60π ) 9

Eto 2 400
(c) Pave2 = ( −a y ) = (−a y ) = −0.0589a y W/m 2
2η2 9(2)(120π )

Prob. 10.57

(a) η1 = ηo

Ei = Eio sin(ωt − 5 x)a E

Eio = H ioηo = 120π × 4 = 480π

a E × a H = ak ⎯⎯
→ a E × a y = a x ⎯⎯
→ a E = −a z

Ei = −480π sin(ωt − 5 x)a z

μo 120π
η2 = = = 60π
4ε o 4

η2 − η1 60π − 120π
Γ= = = −1 / 3, τ =1+ Γ = 2 / 3
η2 + η1 60π + 120π

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

309

Ero = ΓEio = (−1 / 3)(−480π ) = 160π

Er = 160π sin(ωt + 5 x)a z

E1 = Ei + Er = −1.508sin(ωt − 5 x)a z + 0.503sin(ωt + 5 x)a z kV/m

(b) Eto = τ Eio = (2 / 3)(480π ) = 320π

Eto 2 (320π ) 2
P= ax = a x = 2.68a x kW/m 2
2η 2 2(60π )
1+ | Γ | 1 + 1 / 3
(c) s = = =2
1− | Γ | 1 − 1 / 3

Prob. 10.58
(a) In air, β1 = 1, λ1 = 2π / β1 = 2π = 6.283 m

ω = β1c = 3 × 108 rad/s

In the dielectric medium, ω is the same .

ω = 3 × 108 rad/s

ω
β2 = ε r 2 = β1 ε r 2 = 3
c

2π 2π
λ2 = = = 3.6276 m
β2 3
E 10
(b) H o = o = = 0.0265
ηo 120π
a H = ak × a E = a z × a y = −a x

H i = −26.5cos(ωt − z )a x mA/m

(c) η1 = ηo , η 2 = ηo / 3

η2 − η1 (1 / 3) − 1
Γ= = = −0.268, τ = 1 + Γ = 0.732
η2 + η1 (1 / 3) + 1

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

310

(d) Eto = τ Eio = 7.32, Ero = ΓEio = −2.68

E1 = Ei + Er = 10cos(ωt − z )a y − 2.68cos(ωt + z )a y V/m

E2 = Et = 7.32cos(ωt − z )a y V/m

1 1
Pave1 = (a z )[ Eio 2 − Ero 2 ] = (a z )(102 − 2.682 ) = 0.1231a z W/m 2
2η1 2(120π )
Eto 2 3
Pave2 = (a z ) = (7.32) 2 (a z ) = 0.1231a z W/m 2
2η2 2 × 120π

Prob. 10.59
η1 = ηo = 120π
For seawater (lossy medium),
jωμo j 2π × 108 × 4
η2 = = = 10.44 + j 9.333
σ + jωε 10−9
4 + j 2π × 10 × 81 ×
8

36π
η2 − η1
Γ= = 0.9461∠177.16
η2 + η1
| Γ |2 = 0.8952, 1− | Γ |= 0.1084
Pr Pt
= 89.51%, = 10.84%,
Pi Pi
η − η 7.924∠43.975 − 377
Γ= 2 1 = = 0.9702∠178.2o
η 2 + η1 7.924∠43.975 + 377
The fraction of the incident power reflected is
Pr
=| Γ |2 = 0.97022 = 0.9413
Pi
The transmitted fraction is
Pt
= 1− | Γ |2 = 1 − 0.97022 = 0.0587
Pi

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

311

Prob. 10.60
(a)
μ 120π μ2 120π
η1 = 1 = = 188.5, = η2 =
= 210.75
ε1 4 ε2 3.2
η − η 210.75 − 188.5 2η 2 2 × 210.75
Γ= 2 1 = = 0.0557, τ = = = 1.0557
η2 + η1 210.75 + 188.5 η 2 + η1 210.75 + 188.5
Ero = ΓEio = (0.0557)(12) = 0.6684 Eto = τ Eio = 1.0557(12) = 12.668
ω β1 c 40π (3 × 108 )
β1 = ω μ1ε1 = 4 → ω=
⎯⎯ = = 6π × 109 rad/s
c 2 2
(b)
ω 6π × 109 3.2
β 2 = ω μ2ε 2 = 3.2 = = 112.4
c 3 × 108
Er = Ero cos(ωt + 40π x)a z = 0.6684cos(6π × 109 t + 40π x)a z V/m

Et = Eto cos(ωt − β 2 x)a z = 12.668cos(6π × 109 t − 112.4 x)a z V/m

Prob. 10.61 (a) ω = β c = 3 × 3 × 108 = 9 × 108 rad/s

(b) λ = 2π / β = 2π / 3 = 2.094 m

σ 4
(c) = = 2π = 6.288
ωε 9 × 10 × 80 × 10−9 / 36π
8

σ
tan 2θη = = 6.288 ⎯⎯
→ θη = 40.47 o
ωε

μ2 / ε 2 377 / 80
| η2 |= = = 16.71
σ 
2 4
1 + 4π 2
4 1+  2 
 ωε 2 
η 2 = 16.71∠40.47o Ω

η 2 − η1 16.71∠40.47o − 377
(d) Γ= = = 0.935∠179.7 o
η2 + η1 16.71∠40.47o + 377

Eor = ΓEoi = 9.35∠179.7 o

Er = 9.35sin(ωt − 3 z + 179.7)a x V/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

312

  σ2 
2 
ω μr 2ε r 2  9 × 108 80 
α2 = 1+  
 −1 = 1 + 4π 2 − 1 = 43.94 Np/m
c 2   ωε 2   3 × 10 8
2  
 

9 × 108 80 
β2 = 1 + 4π 2 + 1 = 51.48 rad/m
3 × 108
2  

2η 2 2 × 16.71∠40.47o
τ= = = 0.0857∠38.89o
η 2 + η1 16.71∠40.47 + 377
o

Eot = τ Eo = 0.857∠38.89o

Et = 0.857e 43.94 z sin(9 × 108 t + 51.48 z + 38.89o )a x V/m

Prob. 10.62
Induced Currents on the surface

σ = 0 Standing waves of H
σ=∞
Zero fields

Curve 0 is at t = 0; curve 1 is at t = T/8; curve 2 is at t = T/4; curve 3 is at t = 3T/8, etc.

Prob. 10.63 Since μo = μ1 = μ2 ,

ε o sin 45o
sin θt1 = sin θi = = 0.3333 ⎯⎯
→ θt1 = 19.47 o
ε1 4.5
ε1 1 4.5
sin θt 2 = sin θt1 = = 0.4714 ⎯⎯
→ θt 2 = 28.13o
ε 2 3 2.25

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

313

Prob. 10.64
jk y − jk y
20(e jkx x − e − jk x x ) (e y + e y )
Es = az
j2 2

= − j 5 e x y + e x y − e x y − e x y  a z
j (k x+ k y) j (k x−k y) − j (k x−k y) − j (k x+ k y)

which consists of four plane waves.


j j  ∂ Ez ∂ Ez 
∇ × E s = − jωμo H s ⎯⎯
→ Hs = ∇ × Es =  ax − ay 
ωμo ωμo  ∂ y ∂x 

j 20
Hs = −  k y sin(k x x)sin(k y y )a x + k x cos( k x x) cos( k y y )a y 
ωμo 

Prob. 10.65
η1 = ηo = 377Ω
For η 2 ,
σ2 4
= = 1.2
ωε 2 10−9
2π × 1.2 × 10 × 50 × 9

36π
σ2
tan 2θη2 = = 1.2 → θη2 = 25.1o
⎯⎯
ωε 2
μ /ε 120π 1 / 50
| η 2 |= = = 42.658
2 4
σ  1 + 1.22
4 1+  2 
 ωε 2 
η 2 = 42.658∠25.1o
η − η 42.658∠25.1o − 377
Γ= 2 1 = = 0.8146∠174.4o
η 2 + η1 42.658∠25.1o + 377

Prob. 10.66
(a)
Pt = (1− | Γ |2 ) Pi
1+ | Γ | s −1
s= ⎯⎯
→ | Γ |=
1− | Γ | s +1
2
Pt  s −1 4s
=1−   =
Pi  s +1 ( s + 1) 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

314

2
Pr P  s −1
(b) Pi = Pr + Pt ⎯⎯
→ =1− t =  
Pi Pi  s + 1 

Prob. 10.67
If A is a uniform vector and Φ( r ) is a scalar,

∇ × (ΦA) = ∇Φ × A + Φ (∇ × A) = ∇Φ × A

since ∇ × A = 0.

∂ ∂ ∂ j (k x+ k y y + k z z −ω t )
∇× E = ( ax + ay + a z ) × Eo e x
= j ( k x a x + k y a y + k z a z )e j ( k • r − ω t ) × E o
∂x ∂y ∂z

= jk × E o e j ( k • r − ω t ) = j k × E

∂B ∂B
Also, − = jωμ H . Hence ∇ × E = − becomes k × E = ωμ H
∂t ∂t

From this, ak × a E = a H

Prob. 10.68

k =| k |= 1242 + 1242 + 2632 = 316.1



λ= = 19.88 mm
k
2π f kc 316.1 × 3 × 108
k = ω με = ⎯⎯ → f = = = 15.093 GHz
c 2π 2π
124
k • a x = k cos θ x → cos θ x =
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ → θ x = 66.9o = θ y
316.1
263
θ z = cos −1 = 33.69o
361.1
Thus,
θ x = θ y =66.9o , θ z = 33.69o

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

315

Prob. 10.69
k = −3.4a x + 4.2a y
kE = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = −3.4 Eo + 4.2
4.2
Eo = = 1.235
3.4
k =| k |= β = ( −3.4) 2 + (4.2) 2 = 5.403
2π 2π
λ= = = 1.162
β 5.403
3 × 108
c
f = = = 258 MHz
λ 1.162

1 1
Hs = k × Es = k × Es
μω μ kc
1 −3.4 4.2 0
= A
4π × 10 × 5.403 × 3 × 10 Eo
−7 8
1 3 + j4 o
where Ao = e − j 3.4 x + 4.2 y
H s = 4.91Ao × 10 −4  4.2(3 + j 4)a x + 3.4(3 + j 4)a y + ( −3.4 − 4.2 Eo )a z 
= 0.491 (12.6 + j16.8)a x + (10.2 + j13.6)a y − 8.59a z  e − j 3.4 x + 4.2 y mA/m

Prob.10.70
∂ ∂ ∂ j (k x + k y y + k z z −ωt )
∇•E = ( ax + ay + a z ) • Eo e x
= j ( k x a x + k y a y + k z a z )e j ( k • r −ω t ) • E o
∂x ∂y ∂z

= jk • E o e j ( k • r − ω t ) = j k • E = 0 ⎯⎯
→ k•E =0

Similarly,

∇ • H = jk • H = 0 ⎯⎯
→ k•H =0

It has been shown in the previous problem that

∂B
∇× E = − k × E = ωμ H
∂t

Similarly,

∂D
∇× H = kxH = −εω E
∂t

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

316

From k × E = ωμ H , ak × a E = a H and

From k × H = −εω E , a k × a H = −a E

Prob. 10.71
ηo η
If μo = μ1 = μ2 , η1 = ,η 2 = o
ε r1 εr2
1 1
cosθt − cos θi
εr2 ε r1
Γ\ \ =
1 1
cosθt + cosθi
εr2 ε r1

ε r 2 sin θi
ε r1 sin θi = ε r 2 sin θt ⎯⎯
→ =
ε r1 sin θt
sin θi
cos θt − cosθi
sin θt sin θt cosθt − sin θi cosθi
Γ\ \ = =
sin θi
cosθt + cos θi sin θt cosθt + sin θi cos θi
sin θt
sin 2θt − sin 2θi sin(θt − θi )cos(θt + θi ) tan(θt − θi )
= = =
sin 2θt + sin 2θi cos(θt − θi )sin(θt + θi ) tan(θt + θi )
Similarly,

2
cosθi
εr2 2cosθi
τ \\ = =
1 1 sin θi
cosθt + cosθi cosθt + cosθi
εr2 ε r1 sin θt

2cosθi sin θt
=
sin θt cos θt (sin θi + cos 2 θi ) + sin θi cos θi (sin 2 θt + cos 2 θt )
2

2cosθi sin θt
=
(sin θi cos θt + sin θt cos θi )(cosθi cosθt + sin θi sin θt )

2cosθi sin θt
=
sin(θi + θt ) cos(θi − θt )

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

317

1 1 sin θi
cosθi − cosθt cosθi −
cosθt
εr2 ε r1 sin θt sin(θt − θi )
Γ⊥ = = =
1 1 sin θi
cosθi + cosθt cosθi + cosθt sin(θt + θi )
εr2 ε r1 sin θ t

2
cos θi
εr2 2cosθi 2cos θi sin θi
τ⊥ = = =
1 1 sin θi sin(θt + θi )
cos θi + cosθt cosθi + cosθt
εr2 ε r1 sin θt

Prob. 10.72
(a) n1 = 1, n2 = c μ2ε 2 = c 6.4ε o × μo = 6.4 = 2.5298

n1 1
sin θt = sin θi = sin12o = 0.082185 → θt = 4.714o
⎯⎯
n2 2.5298
1
η1 = 120π , η 2 = 120π
= 47.43π
6.4
Ero η cosθt − η1 cosθi 47.43π cos 4.714o − 120π cos12o
=Γ= 2 =
Eio η2 cosθt + η1 cos θi 47.43π cos 4.714o + 120π cos12o
47.27 − 117.38
= = −0.4258
47.27 + 117.38
Eto 2η2 cos θi 2 x 47.43cos12o 92.787
=τ = = = = 0.5635
Eio η2 cosθt + η1 cosθi 47.27 + 117.33 164.65

Prob. 10.73
(a) ki = 4a y + 3az
ki • an = ki cosθi ⎯⎯
→ cosθi = 4 / 5 ⎯⎯
→ θi = 36.87o
(b)
1 E2 ( 82 + 62 ) 2 (4a y + 3a z )
Pave = Re( E s × H s* ) = o ak = = 106.1a y + 79.58a z mW/m 2
2 2η 2 × 120π 5

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

318

(c) θ r = θi = 36.87 o . Let

Er = ( Ery a x + Erz a z )sin(ωt − kr • r )

z
kt
Er
kr Et
θr θt

ki
θi y

Ei

From the figure, kr = krz a z − kry a y . But k r = ki = 5

krz = kr sin θ r = 5(3 / 5) = 3, kry = kr cos θ r = 5(4 / 5) = 4,

Hence, kr = −4a y + 3a z

n1 c μ1ε1 3/5
sin θt = sin θi = sin θi = = 0.3
n2 c μ2ε 2 4

θt = 17.46, cosθt = 0.9539, η1 =ηo = 120π ,η2 = ηo / 2 = 60π

ηo
(0.9539) − ηo (0.8)
Ero η 2 cos θt − η1 cosθi 2
Γ/ / = = = = −0.253
Eio η2 cosθt + η1 cosθi ηo (0.9539) + η (0.8)
o
2

Ero = Γ / / Eio = −0.253(10) = −2.53

3 4
But ( Ery a y + Erz a z ) = Ero (sin θ r a y + cosθ r a z ) = −2.53( a y + a z )
5 5

Er = −(1.518a y + 2.024a z )sin(ωt + 4 y − 3z ) V/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

319

Similarly, let

Et = ( Ety a y + Etz a z )sin(ωt − kt • r )

kt = β 2 = ω μ2ε 2 = ω 4μoε o

But ki = β1 = ω μoε o

kt
=2 ⎯⎯
→ kt = 2ki = 10
ki

kty = kt cos θt = 9.539, ktz = kt sin θt = 3,

kt = 9.539a y + 3az

Note that kiz = krz = ktz = 3

Eto 2η2 cosθi ηo (0.8)


τ \\ = = = = 0.6265
Eio η2 cos θt + η1 cos θi ηo (0.9539) + η (0.8)
o
2

Eto = τ \ \ Eio = 6.265

But

( Ety a y + Etz a z ) = Eto (sin θt a y − cos θt a z ) = 6.256(0.3a y − 0.9539a z )

Hence,

Et = (1.879a y − 5.968a z )sin(ωt − 9.539 y − 3 z ) V/m

Prob. 10.74
c
(a) n = = μrε r = 2.1 × 1 = 1.45
u
(b) n = μrε r = 1 × 81 = 9
(c) n = ε r = 2.7 = 1.643

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

320

Prob. 10.75

(a) From air to seawater,

ε r1 = 1, ε r 2 = 81
ε2 81
tan θ B = = =9 → θ B = 83.66o
⎯⎯
ε1 1
(b) From seawater to air,

ε r1 = 81, εr2 = 1
ε2 1 1
tan θ B = = = → θ B = 6.34o
⎯⎯
ε1 81 9

Prob. 10.76
(a)
k 1
tan θi = ix = ⎯⎯
→ θi = θ r = 19.47o
kiz 8
ε r1 1
sin θt = sin θi = (3) = 1 ⎯⎯
→ θt = 90o
εr2 3
ω 109
(b) β1 = ε r1 = × 3 = 10 = k 1 + 8 = 3k ⎯⎯
→ k = 3.333
c 3 × 108

(c) λ = 2π / β , λ1 = 2π / β1 = 2π / 10 = 0.6283 m

β 2 = ω / c = 10 / 3, λ2 = 2π / β 2 = 2π × 3 / 10 = 1.885 m

(a x + 8a z )
Ei = η1 H x × ak = 40π (0.2)cos(ωt − k • r )a y ×
(d) 3
9
= (23.6954a x − 8.3776a z ) cos(10 t − kx − k 8 z ) V/m

2cosθi sin θt 2cos19.47o sin 90o


(e) τ / / = = =6
sin(θi + θt ) cos(θt − θi ) sin19.47 o cos19.47 o
cot19.47o
Γ/ / = − = −1
cot19.47o

Let Et = − Eio (cosθt a x − sin θt a z ) cos(109 t − β 2 x sin θt − β 2 z cosθt )

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

321

where

Et = − Eio (cosθi a x − sin θi a z ) cos(109 t − β1 x sin θi − β1 z cosθi )

sin θ t = 1, cos θ t = 0 , β 2 sin θ t = 10 / 3

Eto sin θt = τ \ \ Eio = 6(24π )(3)(1) = 1357.2

Hence,

Et = 1357 cos(109 t − 3.333x)a z V/m

Since Γ = −1, θ r =θi

Er = (213.3a x + 75.4a z )cos(109 t − kx + k 8 z ) V/m

ε2 εo
(f) tan θ B / / = = =1/ 3 ⎯⎯
→ θ B / / = 18.43o
ε1 9ε o

Prob.10.77
Microwave is used:
(1) For surveying land with a piece of equipment called the tellurometer. This radar
system can precisely measure the distance between two points.
(2) For guidance. The guidance of missiles, the launching and homing guidance of
space vehicles, and the control of ships are performed with the aid of microwaves.
(3) In semiconductor devices. A large number of new microwave semiconductor
devices have been developed for the purpose of microwave oscillator,
amplification, mixing/detection, frequency multiplication, and switching. Without
such achievement, the majority of today’s microwave systems could not exist.

Prob.10.78
(a) In terms of the S-parameters, the T-parameters are given by

T11 = 1/S21, T12 = -S22/S21, T21 = S11/S21, T22 = S12 - S11 S22/S21

(b) T11 = 1/0.4 = 2.5, T12 = -0.2/0.4,

T21 = 0.2/0.4, T22 = 0.4 - 0.2 x 0.2/0.4 = 0.3


Hence,

 2.5 −0.5
T=  
 0.5 0.3 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

322

Prob. 10.79
Since ZL = Zo , Γ L = 0.

Γ i = S11 = 0.33 – j0.15

Γ g = (Zg - Zo)/ (Zg + Zo) = (2 –1)/(2 + 1) = 1/3

Γ o = S22 + S12S21 Γ g /(1 - S11 Γ g )

= 0.44 – j0.62 + 0.56x0.56 x(1/3)/[1 – (0.11 – j0.05)]

= 0.5571 - j0.6266

Prob. 10.80 The microwave wavelengths are of the same magnitude as the circuit
components. The wavelength in air at a microwave frequency of 300 GHz, for example,
is 1 mm. The physical dimension of the lumped element must be in this range to avoid
interference. Also, the leads connecting the lumped element probably have much more
inductance and capacitance than is needed.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

323
320

CHAPTER 11

P.E. 11.1 Since Zo is real and α ≠ 0, this is a distortionless line.

R
Zo = (1)
G

L C
or = (2)
R G

α = RG (3)

G ωL
β = ωL = (4)
R Zo

(1) × (3) → R = α Z o = 0.04 × 80 = 3.2Ω / m ,

α 0.04
(3) ÷ (1) → G = = = 5 × 10−4 S / m
Zo 80
β Zo 1.5 × 80
L= = = 38.2 nH/m
ω 2π × 5 × 108
LG 12 0.04 1
C= = × 10−8 × × = 5.97 pF/m
R π 80 0.04 × 80

P.E. 11.2

R + jω L 0.03 + j 2π × 0.1 × 10−3


(a) Z o = =
G + jωC 0 + j 2π × 0.02 × 10−6

= 70.73 − j1.688 = 70.75∠ − 1.367o Ω

(b) γ = ( R + jω L )( G + jωC ) = ( 0.03 + j 0.2π ) ( j 0.4 × 10−4 π )

= 2.121 × 10−4 + j8.888 × 10−3 / m

ω 2π × 103
(c) u = = = 7.069 × 105 m/s
β 8.888 × 10 −3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

324
321

P.E. 11.3

(a) Z o = Z l → Z in = Z o = 30 + j 60Ω

Z in V
(b) Vin = Vo = Vg = g = 7.5∠0o Vrms
Z in + Z o 2

Vg Vg 15∠0o
I in = I o = = =
Z g + Z in 2 Z o 2 ( 30 + j 60 )

= 0.2236∠ − 63.43o A
assuming that Zg = 0.
(c) Since Zo = Zr, Γ = 0 → Vo − = 0,Vo + = Vo

The load voltage is VL = Vs ( z = l ) = Vo + e −γ l

−γ l Vo + 7.5∠0o
e = = o
1.5∠48o
VL 5∠ − 48

eα l e j β l = 1.5∠48o

1 1
eα l = 1.5 → α = ln (1.5 ) = ln (1.5 ) = 0.0101
l 40
o
o 1 48
e j β l = e j 48 → β = π rad = 0.02094
l 180o
γ = 0.0101 + j 0.02094 /m
assuming that Zg =0.

P.E. 11.4

(a) Using the Smith chart, locate S at s = 1.6. Draw a circle of radius OS. Locate P
where θ Γ = 300o . At P,

OP 2.1cm
Γ = = = 0.228
OQ 9.2cm

Γ = 0.228∠300o O S

Also at P, zL =1.15-j0.48, R 


Q

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

325
322

ZL =Zo zL =70(1.15-j0.48) = 80.5-j33.6Ω

 =0.6λ → 0.6 × 720o =432o =360o +73o

From P, move 432o to R. At R, zin = 0.68 − j 025

Z in = Z o Z in = 70(0.68 − j 0.25) = 47.6 − j17.5Ω

(b) The minimum voltage (the only one) occurs at θ Γ = 180o ; its distance from the load
180 − 60 λ
is λ = = 0.1667λ
720 6

Values obtained using formulas are as follows:


s −1
Γ= ∠300o = 0.2308∠300o
s +1
Z L = 80.5755 − j 34.018 Ω
Z in = 48.655 − j17.63 Ω
These are pretty close.

P.E. 11.5
Z − Z o 60 + j 60 − 60 j
(a) Γ = L = = = 0.4472∠63.43o
Z L + Z o 60 + j 60 + 60 2 + j

1+ Γ 1 + 0.4472
s= = = 2.618
1− Γ 1 − 0.4472

2π l
Let x = tan ( β l ) = tan
λ

 Z + jZ o tan ( β l ) 
Z in = Z o  L 
 Z o + jZ L tan ( β l ) 

 60 + j 60 + j 60 x 
120 − j 60 = 60  
 60 + j ( 60 + j 60 ) x 

1 + j (1 + x )
Or 2 − j = → 1 − x + j ( 2x − 2) = 0
1 − x + jx

Or x = 1 = tan ( β l )

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

326
323

π 2π l
+ nπ =
4 λ
λ
i.e l= (1 + 4n ) , n = 0,1, 2,3...
8

Z L 60 + j 60
(b) z L = =1+ j
Zo 60
Locate the load point P on the Smith chart.

OP 4.1cm
Γ = = = 0.4457,θ Γ = 62o
OQ 9.2cm

Γ = 0.4457∠62o

Locate the point S on the Smith chart. At S, r = s = 2.6


Z 120 + j 60
Z in = in = = 2 − j , which is located at R on the chart. The angle between
Zo 60
90λ λ Q
OP and OR is 64o-(-25o) = 90o which is equivalent to = . 64º
720 8 P
λ λ λ
Hence l = +n (1 + 4n ) , n = 0,1, 2........
=
8 2 8
S
( Zin )max = sZ o = 2.618 ( 60 ) = 157.08Ω
O
( Z in ) min = Z o / s = 60 / 2.618 = 22.92 Ω
R
-26º
62o
l= λ = 0.0851λ
720o

P.E. 11.6

λ
ZL 57.6 º = 37.5 − 25 = 12.5cm or λ = 25cm
2

l = 37.5 − 35.5 = 2cm =
Vmax 25
l = 0.08λ → 57.6o

S = 1.8 z L = 1.184 + j 0.622

Z L = Z o z L = 50 (1.184 − j 0.622 )

= 59.22 + j31.11Ω

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

327
324

P.E. 11.7 See the Smith chart 91º B´


1 + j0.97
100 − j80 Y = 1 + jb
zL = = 1.33 − j1.067 lA A
75
132o − 65 yL lB
lA = λ = 0.093λ
72 zL
132o + 64o dB
lB = = 0.272λ
720o A´ B
91 dA
dA = λ = 0.126λ
720
-91º
d B = 0.5λ − d A = 0.374λ 1 - j0.97

j 0.95
Ys = ± = ± j12.67 mS
75

P.E. 11.8

1 lim Z − Zo
(a) ΓG = , Γ L = Z L ⎯⎯ →0 L = −1
3 Z L + Zo

lim ZL lim
Vg Vg 12
V∞ = zL ⎯⎯ →0 Vg = 0, I ∞ = zL ⎯⎯ →0 = = = 120mA
ZL + Zg Zg + ZL Zg 100
Thus the bounce diagrams for current and waves are as shown below.

ΓG = 1 ΓL = –1 ΓG= − 13 ΓL = 1
3

4V 80mA
V=0 I=0
V=4 –4V t1 I = 80 80 t1
2t1 – 43
2t1 – 803 I = 160
V=0
V = –1.33 3t1 3t1
4
3
I = 133.3 − 803
4t1 4 V=0 4t1 80 I = 106.27
9 9

V = 0.444 5t1 I = 115.6 80


5t1
− 94 9
6t1 6t1
V=0 − 80 I = 124.4
− 274 27

(Voltage) (Current)

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

328
325

V (l,t)
0V

t (μs)
V(0,t)

4V 4V

4
3
4
9

0 t (μs)
2 4 6
– 43

–4

I(l,t)
160mA
124.45
106.67

80

80
9

0 t (μs)
2 4 6

− 803
I(0,t)
133.33
115.5
80mA 80

80
9

0 t (μs)
2 4 6

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

329
326

1 lim Z − Zo
(b) ΓG = , Γ L = Z L ⎯⎯ →∞ L =1
3 Z L + Zo
lim ZL lim
Vg
V∞ = zL ⎯⎯ →∞ Vg = Vg = 12V , I ∞ = zL ⎯⎯ →∞ =0
ZL + Zg ZL + Zg

The bounce diagrams for current and voltage waves are as shown below.
ΓG = 1 ΓL = 1 ΓG= − 13 ΓL =- 1
3

4 V=0 80mA
I=0
V=4 4 t1 I = 80 –80 t1
2t1 4
V=8
2t1 80
3 3 I=0

V = 9.33 4
3
3t1 I = 26.67 − 803 3t1
4t1 4 V = 10.67 4t1 80 I=0
9 9

5t1 I = 8.89
V = 11.11
4
9
− 809 5t1
6t1 6t1
4 V = 11.55
27
V = 11.7
(Voltage) (Current)

V(l,t)
11.55 12V
10.67
8V

4V
4
3 4
9

0 t (μs)
2 4 6

I (l,t)
0A

t (μs)
2 4 6

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

330
327

11.11 12V
9.333
V(0,t)

4V 4V

4
3 4
9

0 t (μs)
2 4 6 8
I(0,t)

80mA 80
80
9
80 80
3 3
80
9

t (μs)
0 2 4 6

− 80 3

P.E. 11.9 –80


1 1
ΓG = − , Γ L = , t1 = 2μ s
2 7
(Vg )max = 10 = 100mA
( I o )max =
Z g + Z o 100
The bounce diagrams for maximum current are as shown below.

Γ= 1
2 Γ= − 1
7

100mA
– 100 7 t1
2t1
− 50 7
50
49 3t1
4t1 25
49

− 25 343 5t1
6t1 − 12.5 343
7t1

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

331
328

I (0,t)mA
100

1.521

0 t (μs)
2 4 6 8 10

I (l,t)mA –21.43
85.71

0 t (μs)
2 4 6 8 10

–6.122

P.E. 11.10
−1
4.8 2.8  12  2
(a) For w / h = 0.8, ε eff = + 1+ = 2.75
2 2  0.8 

60  8 0.8 
(b) Z o = ln  +  = 36.18ln10.2 = 84.03Ω
2.75  0.8 4 

3 × 108
(c) λ = = 18.09 mm
1010 2.75

P.E. 11.11
π f μo π × 20 × 109 × 4π × 10−7
Rs = =
σc 5.8 × 107
= 3.69 × 10−2
R 8.686 × 3.69 × 10−2
α c = 8.685 s =
wZ o 2.5 × 10−3 × 50
= 2.564 dB/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

332
347

P.E. 11.12
ZL
Z L = (1 + j 2) Z o → zL =
⎯⎯ = 1 + j2
Zo
We locate z L on the Smith chart.
λ 720o
⎯⎯
→ = 180o
4 4
o
Sadiku & Kulkarni We move 180 toward the generator and locate point Q at which Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

z = 0.2 − j 0.4
Z = zZ o = (0.2 − j 0.4) Z o 366

Prob. 11.33
P.E. 11.13
(a) Method 1: At Y,
λ 720
Z + o
o β
jZ o tan 
Z in =→Z o  L = 180 
4  Z4o + jZ L tan β  
2π λ
β = = π, tan π = 0
λ 2
Z
Z in = Z o L = Z L = 150 Ω
Zo 65.274o
At X, Z L ' = 150Ω
2π λ
β = = π / 2, tan π / 2 = ∞
λ 4
 ZL ' 
 jZ o + tan ZβL  Z 2 O(75) 2 YL
Z in = lim Z o  = o
= = 37.5Ω
tan β  →∞
 jZ '+ Z o  Z L ' 150
 L tan β  
A 0.07225 λ

0.4093 λ
-52.02o

At A, yin = 1 − j1.561
ystub = j1.5614
Position of the stub = 0.0723λ
Length of the stub = 0.4093λ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

333
329

Prob. 11.1

πε l πε l
C= −1

cosh (d / 2a ) ln( d / a)

since (d/2a)2 = 11.11 >> 1.

10−9
π× × 16 × 10−3
C= 36π = 0.2342 pF
ln(2 / 0.3)

1 1
δ= = = 2.09 × 10−5 m << a
π f μσ c π × 10 × 4π × 10 × 5.8 × 10
7 −7 7

l 16 × 10−3
Rac = = = 1.4 × 10−2 Ω
π aδσ c π × 0.3 × 10 × 2.09 × 10 × 5.8 × 10
−3 −5 7

Prob. 11.2

μ 2πε
L= ln(b / a ), C=
2π ln(b / a )
2
 b
ln
L μ  a 
=
C 2π 2πε
L ln(b / a ) μ
Zo = = = 50
C 2π ε
ln(b / a ) μo
50 =
2π ε oε r
2 2
 b  20 
 ln  η 2  ln  377 2
a 6 
ε r =  2  o2 =  = 2.0874
4π 50 4π 2 502

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

334
330

Prob. 11.3

Method 1:
Assume a charge per unit length Q on the surface of the inner conductor and –Q on the
surface of the outer conductor. Using Gauss’s law,
Q
Eρ = , a<ρ <b
2περ
b
Q
V = −  E dl = ln(b / a )
a
2πε
σQ
J =σE =
2περ

σQ σQ
I =  J dS =  (1) ρ dφ =
S φ =0
2περ ε
σQ
I ε 2πσ
G== =
V Q
ln(b / a ) ln(b / a )
2πε
Method 2:

Consider a section of unit length, Assume that a total current of I flows from inner
conductor to outer conductor. At any radius ρ between a and b,
I
J= aρ , a < ρ < b
2πρ
J I
E= = aρ
σ 2πσρ
b
I
V = -  E dl = ln(b / a )
a 2πσ
I 2πσ
G= =
V ln(b / a)

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

335
331

Prob. 11.4

1 1
δ= = = 7.744 × 10−6
π f μcσ c π × 80 × 10 × 4π × 10 × 5.28 × 10
6 −7 7

 1 1 
 + −3 
1 1 1  0.8 × 10 −3
2.6 × 10  103 (1.25 + 0.3836)
R= + = = = 0.6359 Ω /m
2πδσ c  a b  2π × 7.744 × 10−6 × 5.28 × 107 2569.09

μ b 4π × 10−7 2.6
L= ln = ln = 2.357 × 10−7 H/m
2π a 2π 0.8

2πσ 2π × 10−5
G= = = 5.33 × 10−5 S/m
b 2.6
ln ln
a 0.8

10−9
2π × 3.5 ∗
2πε 36π = 1.65 × 10−10 F/m
C= =
b 2.6
ln ln
a 0.8

Prob. 11.5

1 1
δ= =
π f μσ c π × 500 × 10 × 4π × 10−7 × 7 × 107
6

δ = 2.6902 × 10−6

2 2
R= = = 0.0354Ω / m
wδσ c 0.3 × 2.6902 × 10−6 × 7 × 107

μo d 4π × 10−7 × 1.2 × 10−2


L= = = 50.26 nH/m
w 0.3

εow
10−9 0.3
C= = × = 221 pF/m
d 36π 1.2 × 10−2

Since σ = 0 for air,

σw
G= =0
d

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

336
332

Prob. 11.6
(a) Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the loop yields

∂ I1
V ( z + Δz , t ) = V ( z , t ) − RΔzI1 − LΔz
∂t
I ( z, t ) I1
C ∂ V ( z, t ) G
But I1 = I ( z , t ) − Δz − ΔzV ( z , t )
2 ∂t 2

Hence,
 C ∂V G   ∂ I C ∂ 2V G ∂ V 
V ( z + Δz, t ) = V ( z, t ) − RΔz  I ( z, t ) − Δz − ΔzV  − LΔz  − Δz 2 − Δz
 2 ∂t 2  ∂t 2 ∂t 2 ∂ t 

Dividing by Δz and taking limits as Δt → 0 give

lim V ( z + Δz, t ) − V ( z, t ) lim  ∂ I RC ∂ V RG LC ∂ 2V LG ∂ V 


Δz ⎯⎯ →0 =Δz ⎯⎯ →0 −RI − L + Δz + ΔzV + Δz 2 + Δz 
Δz  ∂t 2 ∂t 2 2 ∂t 2 ∂t 

∂V ∂I
or − = RI + L
∂z ∂t

Similarly, applying Kirchhoff’s law to the node leads to

 V ( z , t ) + V ( z + Δz )  ∂  V ( z, t ) + V ( z + Δz, t ) 
I ( z + Δz , t ) − I ( z , t ) = −GΔz   − C Δz  
 2  ∂t  2 

Let Δz ⎯⎯ → 0 , we get
∂I ∂V
− = GV + C
∂z ∂t

(b) Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law,

Δl Δl ∂ I
V ( z, t ) = R I ( z, t ) + L ( z , t ) + V ( z + Δl / 2, t )
2 2 ∂t
or
V ( z + Δl / 2, t ) − V ( z, t ) ∂I
− = RI + L
Δl / 2 ∂t

∂V ∂I
As Δl → 0, − = RI + L
∂z ∂t

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

337
333

Here, we take Δl = Δz . Applying Kirchhoff’s current law,

I ( z , t ) = I ( z + Δl , t ) + GΔlV ( z + Δl / 2, t ) + C Δl
(
∂ V z + Δl 2 , t )
∂t
or
I ( z + Δl , t ) − I ( z , t ) ∂ V ( z + Δl / 2, t )
− = GV ( z + Δl / 2, t ) + C
Δl ∂t

∂ I ( z, t ) ∂ V ( z, t )
As Δl → 0, − = GV ( z , t ) + C
∂z ∂t

Prob. 11.7
(a)
R G
γ = ( R + jω L)(G + jωC ) = jω LC (1 + )(1 + )
jω L jωC
RG R G
= jω LC 1 − + +
ω LC jω L jωC
2

As R<< ωL and G<<ωC, dropping the ω2 term gives


R G  R G 
γ ≅ jω LC 1 + + ≅ jω LC 1 + + 
jω L jωC  2 jω L 2 jωC 
R C G L 
=  +  + jω LC
2 L 2 C

(b)
R
1+ 1/ 2 −1/ 2
R + jω L L jω L L R   G 
Zo = = =  1+   1+ 
G + jωC C 1+ G C jω L   jωC 
jωC
L R  G  L R G 
≅ 1 + + ... 1 − + ...  = 1 − j + j + ... 
C  2 jω L  j 2ωC  C 2ω L 2ωC 
L   G R 
≅ 1 + j − 
C   2ωC 2ω L  

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

338
334

Prob. 11.8
For a lossless line,
1 L
u= , Zo =
LC C
1
uZ o =
C
1
u=
Z oC

Prob. 11.9

R + jω L
Zo = (1)
G + jωC
γ = α + j β = ( R + jω L)(G + jωC ) (2)
0.04
α = 0.04 dB/m = Np/m = 0.00461 Np/m
8.686

Multiplying (1) and (2),

Z o (α + j β ) = R + jω L ⎯⎯ → 50(0.00461 + j 2.5) = R + jω L
R = 50 × 0.00461 = 0.2305 Ω /m
50 × 2.5
L= = 0.3316 μ H/m
2π × 60 × 106

Dividing (2) by (1),


α + jβ
= G + jωC
Zo
α 0.00461
G= = = 92.2 μS/m
Zo 50
β 2.5
C= = = 0.1326 nF/m
ω Z o 2π × 60 × 106 × 50

Prob. 11.10

L μd d d μ
Zo = = . =
c w εw w ε
d
Z o = ηo = 78
w

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

339
335

d
Z o ' = ηo = 75
w'

78 w'
= → w' = 1.04w
75 w
i.e. the width must be increased by 4%.

Prob. 11.11
R + jω L 6.8 + j 2π × 103 × 3.4 × 10−3
(a) Z o = =
G + jωC 0.42 × 10−6 + j 2π × 103 × 8.4 × 10−9
6.8 + j 21.36
= 103 = 644.3 − j 97 Ω
0.42 + j 52.78
γ = ( R + jω L)(G + jωC ) = 10−3 (6.8 + j 21.36)(0.42 − j52.78)
= (5.415 + j 33.96) × 10−3 /mi

ω 2π × 103
(b) u== = 1.85 × 105 mi/s
β 33.96 × 10 −3

2π 2π
(c) λ = = = 185.02 mi
β 33.96 × 10−3

Prob. 11.12
Using eq. (11.42a),
Z in = − jZ o cot β 
c 3 × 108
Z o = 250, λ== = 0.75 m
f 400 × 106
2π 2π × 0.1
β = = = 48o
λ 0.75
Z in = − j (250)cot 48o = − j 225.1 Ω

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

340
336

Prob. 11.13
Assume that the line is lossless.
L
Zo =
C
μ b 2πε
From Table 11.1, L= ln , C=
2π a b
ln
a
2
L μ 1 b
=  ln 
C ε  2π a 
L 1 b μ ηo b
Zo = = ln × = ln
C 2π a ε 2π ε r a
b Z 75
ln = 2π ε r o = 2π 2.25 = 1.875
a ηo 120π
b
= e1.875 → a = be −1.875 = 3e −1.875 mm = 0.46 mm
⎯⎯
a

Prob. 11.14

(a) For a lossless line, R = 0 = G.

ω
γ = jω LC ⎯⎯
→ β = ω LC = ω μo co =
c
ω 1
u= =c=
β LC

(b) For lossless line, R = 0 =G

μ d πε
L= cosh −1 , C =
π 2a d
cosh −1
2a

L μ 1 d 120π d
Zo = = . cosh −1 = cosh −1
C π πε 2a π ε r 2a

120 d
= cosh −1
εr 2a

Yes, true for other lossless lines.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

341
337

Prob. 11.15
μ d 0.32
L= cosh −1 = 4 × 10−7 cosh −1
π 2a 0.12

L = 0.655 μ H/m
10−9
πε π× × 3.5
C= = 36π
d Cosh −1 2.667
Cosh −1
2a

C = 59.4 pF/m

L 0.655 × 10−6
Zo = = = 105Ω
C 59.4 × 10−12
or
120
Zo = cosh −1 2.667 = 105Ω
3.5

Prob. 11.16
For a distortionless cable,
R G
= ⎯⎯ → RC = LG (1)
L C
L
Zo = = 60 (2)
C
ω 1  4
u= = = = (3)
β LC to 80 × 10
−6

0.24
α  = 0.24dB = Np = 0.0276
8.686
α = RG = 0.00069 (4)
From (2) and (3),
1 60 × 4 8 × 10−5
= → C=
⎯⎯ = 333.3 nF/m
C 80 × 10−6 240
From (2),
L = (60) 2 C = 3600 × 333.3 × 10−9 = 1.20 mH/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

342
338

From (1) and (4),


C LG 2 0.000692
= ⎯⎯ → G =
G 0.000692 602
0.00069
G= = 11.51 μS/m
60
From (4),
0.000692
R= = 0.00069 × 60 = 0.0414 Ω /m
G

Prob. 11.17

R G R 20 × 63 × 10−12
(a) = → G = C =
L C L 0.3 × 10−6

G = 4.2 × 10−3 S/m

α = RG = 20 × 4.2 × 10−3 = 0.2898

β = ω LC = 2π × 120 × 106 0.3 × 10−6 × 63 × 10−12 = 3.278

γ = 0.2898 + j 3.278 /m

ω 2π × 120 × 106
u= = = 2.3 × 108 m/s
β 3.278
L 0.3 × 10−6
Zo = = = 69 Ω
C 63 × 10−12

(b) Let Vo be its original magnitude

Voe−α z = 0.2Vo → eα z = 5

1
z= ln 5 = 5.554 m
α

π 4
(c) β l = 45o = π →l = = = 0.3051 m
4 4 β 4 × 3.278

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

343
339

Prob. 11.18
(a) α = 0.0025 Np/m, β = 2 rad/m,

ω 108
u= = = 5 × 107 m/s
β 2
V 60 1
(b) Γ = o+ = =
Vo 120 2

Z L − Zo 1 300 − Z o
But Γ = → = → Z o = 100Ω
Z L + Zo 2 300 + Z o
120 0.0025l ' 60
I (l ' ) = cos (108 + 2l ' ) − e−0.0025l cos (108 t − 2l ' )
'
e
Zo Zo
= 1.2e0.0025l ' cos (108 + 2l ' ) − 0.6e −0.0025l cos (108 t − 2l ' ) A
'

Prob. 11.19
α = 10−3 , β = 0.01
γ = α + j β = 0.001 + j 0.01 = (1 + j10) × 10−3 /m
ω 2π × 104
u= = = 6.283 × 106 m/s
β 0.01

Prob. 11.20

L 0.6 × 10−6
Zo = = = 85.54 Ω
C 82 × 10−12
RC
RC = LG ⎯⎯ → G=
L
RC R 10 × 10−3
α = RG = R = = = 1.169 × 10−4 Np/m
L Zo 85.54
β = ω LC = 2π × 80 × 106 0.6 × 10−6 × 82 × 10−12
= 3.5258 rad/m
γ = 1.169 × 10−4 + j 3.5258 /m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

344
340

Prob. 11.21
R + jω L = 6.5 + j 2π × 2 × 106 × 3.4 × 10−6 = 6.5 + j 42.73

G + jωC = 8.4 × 10−3 + j 2π × 2 × 106 × 21.5 × 10−12 = ( 8.4 + j 0.27 ) × 10−3

R + jω L 6.5 + j 42.73
Zo = =
G + jωC (8.4 + j 0.27 ) × 10−3
Z o = 71.71∠39.75o = 55.12 + j 45.85Ω

γ= ( R + jω L )( G + jωC ) = ( 43.19∠81.34 )(8.4 × 10


o −3
∠1.84o )
= 0.45 + j0.4 /m

α β
l ω
t = , but u = ,
u β
βl 0.39 × 5.6
t= = = 0.1783μ s
ω 2π × 2 × 106

Prob. 11.22
 Z + Z o tanh γ  
Z in = Z o  L 
 Z 0 + Z L tanh γ  
γ  = α  + j β  = 1.4 × 0.5 + j 2.6 × 0.5 = 0.7 + j1.3
tanh γ  = 1.4716 + j 0.3984
 200 + (75 + j 60)(1.4716 + j 0.3984) 
Z in = (75 + j 60)  
 (75 + j 60) + 200(1.4716 + j 0.3984) 
= 57.44 + j 48.82 Ω

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

345
341

Prob. 11.23
(a) For a lossy line,
 Z + Z o tanh γ  
Z in = Z o  L 
 Z 0 + Z L tanh γ  
For a short-circuit, Z L = 0.

Z sc = Z in = Z o tanh γ 
ZL = 0
Z sc 30 − j12
tanh γ  = = = 0.168 − j 0.276
Z o 80 + j 60
γ  = α  + j β  = tanh −1 (0.168 − j 0.276) = 0.1571 − j 0.2762
0.1571
α= = 0.0748 Np/m
2.1
0.2762
β= = 0.1316 rad/m
2.1
(b)
 (40 + j 30) + (80 + j 60)(0.168 − j 0.276) 
Z in = (80 + j 60)  
 (80 + j 60) + (40 + j30)(0.168 − j 0.276) 
= 61.46 + j 24.43 Ω

Prob. 11.24
V ZLIL 2Z L I L
(a) TL = L+ = =
Vo 1 (V + Z I ) Z L I L + Z o I L
2 L o L

2Z L
=
Z L + Zo

Z L − Zo 2Z L
1 + ΓL = 1 + =
Z L + Zo Z L + Zo
2nZ o 2n
(b) (i) τ L = =
nZ o + Z o n + 1

2
(ii) τ L =YL ⎯⎯
lim
→0 = =2
Zo
1+
ZL

2Z L
(iii) τ L = Z L ⎯⎯
lim
→0 = =0
Z L + Zo
2Z o
(iv) τ L = =1
2Z o

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

346
342

Prob. 11.25

γ = ( R + jω L)(G + jωC ) = (3.5 + j 2π × 400 × 106 × 2 × 10−6 )(0 + j 2π × 400 × 106 × 120 × 10−12 )
= (3.5 + j 5026.55)( j 0.3016) = 0.0136 + j38.94
α = 0.0136 Np/m, β = 38.94 rad/m
ω 2π × 400 × 106
u= = = 6.452 × 107 m/s
β 38.94
R + jω L 3.5 + j 5026.55
Zo = = = 129.1 − j 0.045 Ω
G + jωC j 0.3016

Prob. 11.26

From eq. (11.33)


Z sc = Z in Z L = 0 = Z o tanh γ l
Zo
Z oc = Z in Z L =∞ = = Z o coth ( γ l )
tanh γ l
For lossless line, γ = j β , tan ( γ l ) = tanh ( j β l ) = j tan ( β l )

Z sc = jZ o tan ( β l ) , Z oc = − jZ o cot ( β l )

Prob. 11.27

1
( a ) β l = × 100 = 25 rad = 1432.4o = 352.4o
4
 j 40 + j 60 tan 352.4o 
Z in = 60   = j 29.375Ω
 60 − 40 tan 352.4o 

Z in j 29.375(10∠0o
V ( z = 0) = Vo = Vg =
Z in + Z g j 29.375 + 50 − j 40
293.75∠90o
= o
= 5.75∠102o
51.116∠ − 12

(b) Z in = Z L = j 40Ω.
Vg
Vo+ = jβ l
(l is from the load)
(e + Γe − j β l )
Vg (1 + Γ)
VL = jβ l − jβ l
= 12.62∠0o V
(e + Γe )

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

347
343

1
( c ) β l ' = × 4 = 1rad = 57.3o
4
 j 40 + j 60 tan 57.3o 
Z in = 60   = − j 3471.88Ω.
 60 − 40 tan 57.3o 
Vg (e j + Γe− j )
V = j 25 − j 25
= 22.74∠0o V
( e + Γe )
(d) 3m from the source is the same as 97m from the load., i.e.

1
l ' = 100 − 3 = 97 m, β l ' = × 97 = 24.25rad = 309.42o
4
 j 40 + j 60 tan 309.42o 
Z in = 60  o 
= − j18.2Ω
 60 − 40 tan 309.42 
V (e j 97 / 4 + Γe− j 97 / 4 )
V = g j 25 − j 25
= 6.607∠180o V
( e + Γe )

Prob. 11.28
Z − Z o 120 − 50
(a) Γ = L = = 0.4118
Z L + Zo 170

ZL
For resistive load, s = = 2.4
Zo

Z L + jZ o tan ( β l )
(b) Z in = Z o
Z o + jZ L tan ( β l )

2π λ
βl = . = 60o
λ 6

120 + j 50 tan ( 60o ) 


Z in = 50   = 34.63∠ − 40.65o Ω
 50 + j120 tan ( 60 ) 
o

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


= −0.4831 + j 0.5362

Sadiku & Kulkarni


Z in =
( 65 + j 38 )( −0.2454 + j1.0548 ) Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

−0.4831 + j 0.5362
348
= 113 + j 2.726Ω

Prob. 11.30
V1 = Vs ( z = 0) = Vo+ + Vo− (1)
+ −γ l − γl
V2 = Vs ( z = l ) = V e o +V e o (2)
+ −
V V
I1 = I s ( z = 0) = −
o o
(3)
Zo Zo
Vo+ −γ l Vo− γ l
I2 = −Is (z = l) = − e + e (4)
Zo Zo
1
(1) + (3) → Vo+ = (V1 + Z o I1 )
2
1
(1) - (3) → Vo− = (V1 − Z o I1 )
2
Substituting Vo and Vo− in (2) gives
+

1 1
Sadiku & Kulkarni V2 = (V1 + Z o I1 )e−γ l + (V1 − Z o I1 )eγ l Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
2 2
1 1
= (eγ l + e−γ l )V1 + Z o (e−γ l − eγ l ) I1
2 2 345
V2 = cosh γ lV1 − Z o sinh γ lI1 (5)
Substituting Vo+ and Vo− in (4),
1 1
I2 = − (V1 + Z o I1 )e −γ l + (V1 − Z o I1 )eγ l
2Z o 2Z o
1 γl 1
= (e − e −γ l )V1 + (eγ l + e−γ l ) I1
2Z o 2
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

1
I2 = sinh γ lV1 − cosh γ lI1 (6)
Zo
From (5) and (6)
 cosh γ l − Z o sinh γ l 
 V2    V1 
 − I  =  − 1 sinh γ l cosh γ l   I1 
 2  Z 
 o
But
−1
 cosh γ l − Z o sinh γ l   cosh γ l Z o sinh γ l 
 1  = 1 
 − sinh γ l cosh γ l   sinh γ l cosh γ l 
 Z o   Z o 
Thus
 cosh γ l Z o sinh γ l 
V1     V2 
 I  =  1 sinh γ l cosh γ l   − I 2 
 1 Z 
 o

Prob. 11.31
Z a 80
(a) za = = = 1.6
Z o 50
Z b 60 + jCopyright
40 © 2015 by Oxford University Press
(b) zb = = = 1.2 + j 0.8
Zo 50
 − sinh γ l cosh γ l   sinh γ l cosh γ l 
 Z o   Z o 
Sadiku & Kulkarni Thus Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

 cosh γ l Z o sinh γ l 
V1     V2 
 I  =  1 sinh γ l cosh γ l   − I 2  349
 1 Z 
 o

Prob. 11.31
Z a 80
(a) za = = = 1.6
Z o 50
Sadiku & Kulkarni Z b 60 + j 40
(b) zb = = = 1.2 + j 0.8 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Zo 50
Z c 30 − j120
(c) zc = = = 0.6 − j 2.4 346
Zo 50

The three loads are located on the Smith chart, as A, B, and C as shown next.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

Prob. 11.32

Z L 210
zL = = = 2.1 = s
Z O 100

Z L − Z O 110
Or Γ = = ,
Z L + Z O 310
1+ Γ
s= = 2.1
1− Γ
V
But s = max → Vmax = sVmin
Vmin
λ λ
720o
Since the line is long, → = 120o
4 4
Copyright ©4 by Oxford University Press
2015

Hence the sending end will be Vmin , while the receiving end at Vmax
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

350


Prob. 11.32

Z L 210
zL = = = 2.1 = s
Sadiku & Kulkarni Z O 100 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

Z L − Z O 110
Or Γ = = , 347
Z L + Z O 310
1+ Γ
s =
P.E.111.12 = 2.1
−Γ
Z
Z L = (1 +Vmax
j 2) Z o ⎯⎯ → zL = L = 1 + j 2
But s = → Vmax = sVmin Zo
Vmin
We locate z L on the Smith chart. o
λ λ 720
Since
λ is o long, o →
the line 720 = 120o
⎯⎯ → 4 = 180 4 4
4
Hence the sending 4 end will be V , while the receiving end at V
min max
We move 180o toward the generator and locate point Q at which
Vmin = Vmax / s = 80 / 2.1 = 38.09
z = 0.2 − j 0.4
Vsending = 38.09∠90o
Z = zZ o = (0.2 − j 0.4) Z o

Prob. 11.33
(a) Method 1: At Y,
 Z + jZ o tan β Copyright

Z in = Z o  L 
© 2015 by Oxford University Press
Z
 o + jZ L tan β  
2π λ
β = = π, tan π = 0
λ 2
Z
Z in = Z o L = Z L = 150 Ω
Zo
At X, Z L ' = 150Ω
2π λ
β = = π / 2, tan π / 2 = ∞
λ 4
 ZL ' 
 jZ o + tan β   Z 2 (75) 2
Z in = lim Z o  = o = = 37.5Ω
tan β  →∞
 jZ '+ Z o  Z L ' 150
 L tan β  

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

351
348

Method 2: Using the Smith chart,


Z ' 150
zL = L = =3
Zo 50
Since  =λ /2, we must move 360o toward the generator. We arrive
at the same point. Hence,
Zin = Z L = 150
150
zL ' = =2
75
λ
= → 180o
4
We move 180o toward the generator. zin = 0.5

Z in = 75(0.6) = 37.5Ω

(b) From the Smith chart,


s = 3 for section XY
s = 2 for section YZ
Z − Z o 150 − 50
(c) Γ = L = = 0.5
ZL − Z o 150 + 50

Prob. 11.34

 Z + jZ o tan β  
Z in = Z o  L 
 Z o + jZ L tan β  
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.75
f 4 × 108
2π 2π × 3.2
β = = = 26.81
λ 0.75
 (30 − j 50) + j50 tan(26.81) 
Z in = 50   = 26.13 + j 44.23 Ω
 50 + j (30 − j 50) tan(26.81) 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

352
349

Prob. 11.35
Z 40 − j 25
zL = L = = 0.8 − j 0.5
Zo 50
We locate this at point P on the Smith chart shown below
OP 2.4 cm
|Γ L |= = = 0.3, θ Γ = −96o
OQ 8 cm
Γ L = 0.3∠ − 96o
At S, s = r = 1.81
 = 0.27λ ⎯⎯
→ 0.27 × 720o = 194.4o
From P, we move 194.4o toward the generator to G. At G,
z in = 1.0425 + j 0.6133
Z in = Z o z in = 50(1.0425 + j 0.6133) = 52.13 − j 30.66 Ω

69.323o

O
S=1.81

-96.277o

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

353
350

Prob. 11.36

c 3 × 108
u= = = 1.5767 × 108
εr 3.62
u 1.5767 × 108
λ= = = 39.42 cm
f 400 × 106
 = 132 cm ⎯⎯
→ 3.3485λ → θ = 720o × 0.3485 = 250.92o
⎯⎯

88.825o
ZL =196.03 -j109.82 Ω

P
-20.163o

Z in 40 + j 65
zin = = = 0.5333 + j 0.8666
Zo 75
We move toward the load from G (corresponding to Zin ) to
P (corresponding to the load). At P,
z L = 2.6137 − j1.4643
Z L = Z o z L = 75(2.6137 − j1.4643) = 196.03 − j109.82 Ω

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

354
351

Prob. 11.37
(a) 0.12λ → 0.12 × 720o = 86.4o
⎯⎯
We draw the s=4 circle and locate Vmin . We move from that
location 86.4o toward the load.

0.37λ

Min
O Max
s=4

-93.6o ZL =22.294 -j41.719 Ω

At P, z L = 0.45 − j 0.83
Z = 50(0.45 − j 0.83) = 22.3 − j 41.72 Ω
(b) the load is capacitive.
(c) Vmin and Vmax are λ /4 apart. Hence the first maximum
occurs at
0.12λ +0.25λ = 0.37λ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

355
352

Prob. 11.38
Z 75 + j 60
(a) z L = L = = 1.5 + j1.2
Zo 50

OP 3.8cm
| Γ |= = = 0.475, θ Γ = 42o
OQ 8cm
Γ = 0.475∠420
(Exact value = 0.4688 ∠ 41.76o)

(b) s=2.8
(Exact value = 2.765)

(c) 0.2λ → 0.2 x720o = 144o


zin = 0.55 − j 0.65
Z in = Z o zin = 50(0.55 + j 0.65) = 27.5 + j 32.5 Ω

(d) Since θ Γ = 42o , Vmin occurs at


42
λ = 0.05833λ
720
(e) same as in (d), i.e.. 0.05833λ

Prob. 11.39

λ
If λ → 720o , then → 120o
6
zin = 0.35 + j 0.24

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

356
353

Prob. 11.40
Z 100 + j 60
z= = = 2 + j1.2
Zo 50
We locate z on the Smith chart. We move 180 o toward the generator
to reach point Q. At Q, y = 0.36-j0.22
1
Y = yYo = (0.36 − j 0.22) = 7.4 − j 4.4 mS
50

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

357
354

Prob. 11.41

u 0.5 × 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.9375 m
f 160 × 106
Z 50 + j 30
zL = L = = 1 + j 0.6
Zo 50
We locate z at P on the Smith chart. We draw a circle that passes through P.
We locate point Q as the point where the circle crosses the Γ r − axis. At Q,
zin = 1.8
Z in = Z o zin = 50(1.8) = 90 Ω
The angular distance between P and Q is θ Γ = 73.3o.
λ
If λ → 720o , 73.3o → o
73.3o
720
o
73.3
= × 0.9375 = 0.0954 m
720o

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

358
355

Prob. 11.42
Z 40 − j 30
zL = L = = 0.8 − j 0.6
Zo 50
Locate this load at point P on the Smith chart.
λ 720o
→ = 180o
4 4
Draw a circle that passes through P and move 180o toward the generator.
At point Q,
zin = 0.8 + j 0.6
Z in = Z o zin = 50(0.8 + j 0.6) = 40 + j 30
1
Yin = = 0.016 − j 0.012 = 16 − j12 mS
Z in

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

359
356

Prob. 11.43
Z − Z o 0.5 − j − 1
(a) Γ = L = = 0.0769 − j 0.6154 = 0.6202∠ − 82.87 o
Z L + Z o 0.5 − j + 1
(b)
z −1 1 + Γ 1 + 0.4∠25o
Γ= L ⎯⎯ → zL = =
zL + 1 1 − Γ 1 − 0.4∠25o
z L = 1.931 + j 0.7771
Z L = (1.931 + j 0.7771) Z o

Prob. 11.44
Z 40 + j 25
zL = L = = 0.8 + j 0.5
Zo 50
Locate this load at point P on the Smith chart. Draw a circle that passes through
P. Locate point Q where the negative Γ r − axis crosses the circle.
θ P = 97 o. The angular distance between P and Q is
θ =180 + θ P = 277o.
720o → λ
λ
277 o →  = o
277 o = 0.3847λ
720

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

360
357

Prob. 11.45

λ
(a) = 120cm → λ = 2.4m
2
u 3 × 108
u = fλ → f = = = 125MHz
λ 2.4
40λ λ 720°
(b) 40cm = = → = 120°
240 6 6
Z L = Z o z L = 150(0.48 + j 0.48
= 72 + j 72 Ω
(Exact value = 73.308+j70.324 Ω)
s − 1 1.6
(c) Γ = = = 0.444,
s + 1 3.9
Γ = 0.444∠120°

Prob. 11.46
(a)
Z j 60 Z j 40
zL = L = = j 0.75, zin = in = = j 0.5
Zo 80 Zo 80
The two loads fall on the r=0 circle, the outermost resistance circle. The shortest
distance between them is

106.26o

126.87o

360o − (126.87 o − 106.26o )λ


= 0.4714λ
720o

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

361
358

(b) s = ∞, Γ L = 1∠106.26o

Prob. 11.47

Z in 100 − j120
(a) Z in = = = 1.25 − j1.5
Zo 80
u 0.8 × 3 × 108
λ= = = 20m
f 12 × 106
22λ
l1 = 22m = = 1.1λ → 720° + 72°
20
28λ
l2 = 28m = = 1.4λ → 720° + 72° + 216°
20
To locate P(the load), we move 2 revolutions
plus 72° toward the load. At P,
OP 5.1cm
ΓL = = = 0.5543
OQ 9.2cm
θ Γ = 72° − 47° = 25°
Γ L = 0.5543∠25°
(Exact value = 0.5624∠25.15o )
Z in , max = sZ o = 3.7(80) = 296Ω
(Exact value = 285.59 Ω)
Z 80
Z in , min = o = = 21.622Ω
s 3.7
(Exact value =22.41 Ω)

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

362
359

(b) Also, at P, Z L = 2.3 + j1.55

Z L = 80(2.3 + j1.55) = 184 + j124Ω


(Exact value = 183.45+j128.25 Ω)
At S, s = 3.7
To Locate Zin' , we move 216° from Zin toward the geneator.

At Zin' ,
zin' = 0.48 + j 0.76
Z in' = 80(0.48 + j 0.76) = 38.4 + j 60.8Ω
(Exact=37.56+j61.304 Ω)
(c) Between ZL and Zin , we move 2 revolutions and 72°. During
the movement, we pass through Zin, max 3 times and Zin,min twice.
Thus there are:
3 Z in ,max and 2 Z in ,min

Prob. 11.48

Z o22
(a) From Eq. (11.43), Z in 2 =
ZL
Z o21 Z2 Z2
Z in1 = = Z o , i.e. Z in 2 = o1 = o 2
Z in 2 Zo ZL
Zo 50
Z o1 = Z o 2 = 30 = 24.5Ω.
ZL 75
Zo  Zo2  Zo Z L
(b) Also, =  → Zo2 = (1)
Z o1  Z L  Z o1
2
Z o1  Z o 2 
 → ( Z o 2 ) = Z o1Z L
3 2
Also, = (2)
Zo2  Z L 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

363
360

Z o3 Z L3
From (1) and (2), ( Z o 2 )3 = Z o1Z L2 = (3)
Z o31
or Z o1 = 4 Z o3 Z L = 4 (50)3 (75) = 55.33Ω

From (3), Z o 2 = 3 Z o1Z L2 = 3 (55.33)(75)2 = 67.74Ω.

Prob. 11.49
λ Zo2 Z
l1 = → Z in1 = or yin1 = L2
4 ZL Zo
200 + j150
yin1 = = 20 + j15 mS
(100) 2
 π 
λ  Z L + jZ o tan 4 
l2 = → Z in 2 = Z L  0 Z o 
lim  = jZ o
8  Z o + jZ L tan
π 
 4 
1 1
yin 2 = = = − j10 mS
jZ o j100
 7π 
7λ  Zi + jZo tan  Z o ( Zi − j Z o )
4
l3 = → Z in 3 = Zo   =
8  7π  ( Z o − jZ i )
 Zo + jZi tan 
 4 
But
yi = yin1 + yin2 = 20 + j5 mS
1 1000
zi = = = 47.06 − j11.76
yi 20 + j5

Z o − jZ in 100-j47.06-11.76
yin 3 = =
Z o ( Z in − jZ o ) 100 ( 47.06-j11.76-j100 )
= 6.408 + j 5.189 mS
If the shorted section were open,
yin1 = 20 + j15 mS

j tan π
yin 2 =
1
= 4 = j = j10 mS
Z in 2 Zo 100

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

364
361

 7π 
 Zi + jZo tan 
7λ 4  Zo ( Zi − jZo )
l3 = → Z in 3 = Zo  =
8  7π  ( Z o − jZ i )
 Zo + jZi tan 
 4 
yi = yin1 + yin 2 = 20 + j15 + j10 = 20 + j 25 mS
1 1000
Zi = = = 19.51 − j 24.39Ω
yi 20 + j 25
Z o − jZ i 75.61-j19.51
yin 3 = =
Z o ( Z i − jZ o ) 100 (19.51 − j124.39 )

= 2.461 + j 5.691 mS

Prob. 11.50
From the previous problem, Z in = 148Ω
Vg 120
I in = = = 0.5263 A
Z g + Z in 80 + 148
1 2 1
Pave = I in Rin = (0.5263) 2 (148) = 20.5W
2 2
Since the lines are lossless, the average power delivered to either antenna is 10.25W

Prob. 11.51
2π λ π
(a) β l = . = , tan β l = ∞
4 4 2
 ZL 
 + jZ o 
 Z + jZ o tan β l 
Z in = Z o  L  tan β l 
 = Zo
 Z o + jZ L tan β l   Zo 
 tan β l + jZ L 
 
As tan β l → ∞,
Z o2 (50) 2
Z in = = = 12.5Ω
ZL 200

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

365
362

(b) If Z L = 0,
Z o2
Z in = =∞ (open)
0
25 × ∞ 25
(c) Z L = 25 / / ∞ = = = 25Ω
25 + ∞ 1 + 25

2
(50)
Z in = = 200Ω
12.5

Prob. 11.52
λ 74 1
→ 180°, z L = = 1.48, = 0.6756
4 50 zL
This acts as the load to the left line. But there are two such loads in parallel due to

the two lines on the right. Thus


 1 
 
Z
Z L = 50  L  = 25(0.6756) = 16.892
'

2
16.892 1
z L' = = 0.3378, z in = ' = 2.96
50 zL
Z in = 50(2.96) = 148Ω.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

366
363

Prob. 11.53

Z L 60 − j 50
zL = = = 1.2 − j1
Zo 50
1
yL =
zL

0.08433 λ
65.039o
125.75o

A
YL

ZL

0.1307 λ

-94.096o

At A, y = 1 + j0.92, ys = -j0.92
− j 0.92
Ys = Yo ys = = − j18.4 mS
50
Stub length = 0.1307λ
Stub position = 0.0843λ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

367
364

Prob. 11.54
d A = 0.12λ → 0.12 × 720o = 86.4o
l A = 0.3λ → 0.3 × 720o = 216o
(a) From the Smith Chart below,
z L = 0.57 + j 0.69
Z L = 60 ( 0.57 + j 0.69 )
= 34.2 + j 41.4Ω

360o − 86.4o
(b) dB = λ = 0.38λ
720o
λ ( −62.4 − −82 )
o o

lB = − λ = 0.473λ
2 720o
(c) s = 2.65
(Exact value = 2.7734)

0.4721 λ

ZL

O s = 2.773

YL A

0.38 λ
-421.97o

-82.033o

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

368
365

Prob. 11.55
Z L 120 + j 220
zL = = = 2.4 + j 4.4
Zo 50
We follow Example 11.7. At A, ys=-j3 and at B, ys=+j3. The required stub
admittance is
± j3
Ys = Yo ys = = ± j 0.06 S
50
The distance between the load and the stub is determined as follows. For A,value =
0.2308λ)

For B,
180 + 10 + 17
lB = λ = 0.2875λ
720
The length of the stub line is determined as follows.
19
dA = λ = 0.0264λ
720
(Exact value = 0.0515 λ)
360 − 19
dB = λ = 0.4736λ
720
(Exact value = 0.4485λ)

0.2308 λ

33.863o
A

ZL

YL
-159.96o 0.05152 λ

-37.095o

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

369
367

Prob. 11.56

V 4V 90o
s = max = =4
Vmin 1V
s −1 3
Γ = = = 0.6
s +1 5
λ Vmin
= 25 cm − 5 cm = 20 cm ±180o 0o
2 s=4
→ λ = 40 cm
P
The load is l=5cm from Vmin, i.e.

5λ λ
l= = → 90o –90o
40 8

On the s = 4 circle, move 90o from Vmin towards the load and obtain ZL = 0.46 – j0.88 at

P.

ZL = Zo zL = 60(0.46 – j0.88) = 27.6 – j52.8 Ω

(Exact value = 28.2353 –j52.9412 Ω)

θ Γ = 270o or -90o
Γ = 0.6∠-90o

Prob. 11.57

Vmax 0.95
s= = = 2.11
Vmin 0.45
λ
= 22.5 − 14 = 8.5 → λ = 17 cm l
2
c 3 × 108
f = = = 1.764 GHz
λ 0.17
3.2
l = 3.2 cm = λ → 135.5o
17
Vmin O
• •
S

P • ZL

Q
–44.5o

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

370
368

At P, z L = 1.4 − j 0.8
ZL = 50 (1.4 − j 0.8 ) = 70 − j 40Ω
(Exact value = 70.606-j40.496 Ω)
s − 1 1.11
Γ = = = 0.357, θ Γ = −44.5o
s + 1 3.11
Γ = 0.357∠ − 44.5o
(Exact value = 0.3571∠-44.471o )

Prob. 11.58

Rg − Ro 0 − 50
Γs = = = −1
Rg + Ro 0 + 50

RL − Ro 80 − 50
ΓL = = = 0.231
RL + Ro 80 + 50

Prob. 11.59
Z L − Z o 0.5Z o − Z o 1
ΓL = = =−
Z L + Zo 1.5Z o 3
Z g − Zo Zo 1
Γg = = =
Z g + Zo 3Z o 3
l Z Vo
t1 = = 2 μ s, Vo = o ( 27 ) = 9 V, Io = = 180 mA
u 3Z o Zo
ZL 0.5 V∞
V∞ = Vg = ( 27 ) = 5.4 V, I∞ = = 216 mA
Zg + ZL 2.5 ZL
The voltage and current bounce diagrams are shown below

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

371
369

ry = 1 ri = − 1 ry = − 1 3 ri = 1
3 3 3
z=0 z =1 z=0 z =1
9V 180mA

t1 t1
–3V 60mA
2t1 2t1
–1V –20mA

1 V 3t1 3t1
3 –6.667mA
4t1 4t1
1 V
9 2.222mA

−1 V 5t1
0.741mA
5t1
27
6t1 6t1
–0.25mA

(Voltage bounce diagram) (Current bounce diagram)


From the bounce diagrams, we obtain V(0,t) and I(0,t) as shown below:

V(0,t) 9V

5.444V
5.395V
5V

1
9
1
3

4 8 12 t(μs)
-1V

-3V

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

372
370

I(0,t) 220mA 216.05mA


215.5mA
180mA

60mA

t(μs)
4 8 12

-20mA

Prob. 11.60

Using Thevenin equivalent at z = 0 gives


R g = Rs = 4 Z o = 200Ω
Vg = I s Rs = 10 × 200 × 10−3 = 2V
Z g − Zo 4Z o − Z o 3
Γg = = =
Z g + Zo 4Z o + Z o 5
Z L − Z o 2Z o − Z o 1
ΓL = = =
Z L + Z o 2Zo + Z o 3
 10
t1 =
= = 50 ns
u 2 × 108
The bounce diagram is shown below.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

373
371

Γg=0.6 ΓL=1/3

2V

t1

2/3

0.4

3t1

0.133

0.08

5t1

The load voltage is sketched below.

V(l,t) 3.4136
3.2

2..667

2/3

0 t1 2 t1 3 t1 4 t1 5 t1

V ( , t ) V (  , t )
I ( , t ) = =
ZL 100
To get I(I,t), we just scale down V(l,t) by 100.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

374
372

Prob. 11.61
Z − Z o 32 − 75
Γg = g = = 0.4019
Z g + Z o 32 + 75
Z L − Z o 2 × 106 − 75
ΓL = = 1
Z L + Z o 2 × 106 + 75
 50 × 10−2
t1 = = = 2.5ns
u 2 × 108
The bounce diagram is shown below.
At t =20 ns = 4t1 ,
V = 8 + 8 − 3.2152 − 3.2152 = 9.57 V
Γg =-0.4019 ΓL = 1

8V
t1

8V

2t1

-3.2152

3t1
-3.2152

4t1

1,293

5 t1

Prob. 11.62

l 150
(a) t1 = = = 0.5μ s,
u 3 × 108
Z − Z o 150 − 50 1 Z g − Zo 25 − 50 1
ΓL = L = = , Γg = = =− ,
Z L + Z o 150 + 150 2 Z g + Zo 75 3
Z oVg 50 (12 ) Vg 12
Vo = = = 8V , Io = = = 160 mA
Zo + Z g 75 Z g + Zo 75

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

375
373

Γ= − 13 Γ= 12 Γ=1/3 Γ= − 1
2
0 0
8V 160
4 0.5μs –80 0.5μs
1μs – 43 1μs – 803

− 23 1.5μs 40
3
1.5μs
2μs 2 2μs 40
9 9

1
9
2.5μs − 209 2.5μs

3μs − 1 3μs − 27
20
27

3.5μs 3.5μs
(Voltage) (Current)

The bounce diagrams are for the leading pulse. The bounce diagrams for the second
pulse is delayed by 1µs and negated because of -12V.

(b) For each time interval, we add the contributions of the two pulses together.
For 0 < t < 1µs, V(0,t) = 8V
For 1 < t < 2µs, V(0,t) = -8 + 4 – 4/3 = -5.331V
For 2 < t < 3µs, V(0,t) = -(4-4/3)-2/3 + 2/9 = -2.667 -0.444 = -3.11V
For 3 < t < 4µs, V(0,t) = 0.444 + 1/9 -1/27 = 0.444+0.0741 = 0.518V
For 4 < t < 5µs, V(0,t)= -0.0741 – 0.0124 = -0.0864V

We do the same thing at the load end.


For 0 < t < 0.5 μ s, V (, t ) = 0
For 0.5 < t < 1.5μs, V(,t)=8+4 = 12
For 1.5 < t < 2.5μs, V(,t)=-12 + (-4/3 -2/3)=-12-2=-14
For 2.5 < t < 3.5μ s, V(,t)=2+2/9 +1/9=2.333
For 3.5 < t < 4.5μ s, V(,t)=-0.333-1/27-1/54=-0.3886V

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

376
374

The results are shown below.

V(0,t)
8V

0.518V
t (µs)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0.0864V
-3.11V
-5.333V

V (, t )
12V

2.333V
t (µs)
0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5

-0.3886V

-14V

V ( , t ) V (  , t )
Since I (, t ) = = , we scale V (, t ) by a factor of 1/150 as shown below.
ZL 150

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

377
375

I (, t ) (mA)
80

15.55

t (µs)
0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 -2.59 4.5

-93,3

Prob. 11.63
Zo 50 8 × 110
Vo = 8V = Vg = Vg → Vg =
⎯⎯ = 17.6 V
Zo + Z g 50 + 60 50

2t1 = 4 μ s → t1 = 2 μ s =
⎯⎯
u
8 −6
 = ut1 = 3 × 10 × 2 × 10 = 600 m

Prob. 11.64
20 Zo 50
t1 = 8
= 10−7 = 0.1μ s, Vo = Vg = (12) = 10V
2 x10 Zo + Z g 60

Z g − Zo 10 − 50
Γg = = = −2 / 3
Z g + Zo 10 + 50
Z L − Z o 0 − 50
ΓL = = = −1
Z L + Z o 0 + 50
The voltage bounce diagram is shown below

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

378
376

Γ g = −2 / 3 Γ L = −1
10V

t1

-10V

2t1
6.667V

-6.667 V 3t1

From the bounce diagram, we obtain V(0,t) as shown. V(l,t) =0 due to the short circuit.

V(0,t)
10

6.667

4.44

2.963

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 t(s)

-6.667

-10

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

379
377

Prob. 11.65
The initial pulse on the line is

Zo
Vo = Vg (1)
Zo + Z g
The reflection coefficient is
Z − Zo
Γ= g (2)
Z g + Zo
The first reflected wave has amplitude ΓVo , while the second reflected wave
has amplitude Γ 2Vo , etc. For a very long time, the total voltage is
VT = Vo + ΓVo + Γ 2Vo + ...
 1 
= Vo (1 + Γ + Γ 2 + Γ3 + ...) = Vo   (3)
1− Γ 
Substituting (1) and (2) into (3) gives
 
 
Zo 1 1 V
VT = Vg  =ZV = g
Zo + Z g  Zg − Z o  o g
Z g + Zo − Z g + Zo 2
1− 
 Z g + Zo 

Prob. 11.66
w 0.4 mm
For w = 0.4 mm, = = 0.2 → narrow strip
h 2m
w
For = 0.2, ε eff = 5.851, Z o = 91.53Ω
h
w
For = 0.4, ε eff = 6.072, Z o = 73.24Ω
h

Hence,

73.24Ω < Z o < 91.53Ω

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

380
378

Prob. 11.67
(a ) Let x = w h. If x < l ,

60 8 
50 = ln  + x
4.6  x 

8 
5 4.6 - 6ln  + x = 0
x 
we solve for x (e.g using Maple) and get x = 2.027 or 3.945

which contradicts our assumptiom that x < 1. If x > 1,

120π
50 =
4.6 [ x + 1.393 + 0.667 ln( x + 1.444) ]

We solve this iteratively and obtain:

x = 1.8628, w = xh = 14.9024 mm
For this w and h,
ε eff = 3.4598
ω ε eff
(b) β=
c

π ω ε eff
β  = 450 = =
4 c

πc 3 × 108
 = =
4 ε eff 2π f 8 × 3.4598 × 8 × 109

 = 0.00252 m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

381
379

Prob. 11.68
w
w = 1.5cm, h = 1cm, = 1.5
h

 6 +1 εr - 1 0.6
(a) ε eff =   + = 1.6 + = 1.8
 2  2 1 + 12h/w 1 + 12/1.5

377 281
Z0 = = = 77.77Ω
1.8 (1.5 + 1.393 + 0.667 In (2.944)) 3.613

Rs
(b) α c = 8.686
wZo
1 μπ f 19 × 2.5 × 109 × 4π ×10-3
Rs = = =
σc σ σc 1.1 ×107

= 2.995 × 10-2

8.686 × 2.995 × 10−2


αc = = 0.223dB/m
1.5 × 10−2 × 77.77

c u c 3 × 108
u = → λ = = = = 8.944 × 10−2
ε eff f f ε eff 2.5 × 109 1.8

0.8 ( 2.2 ) 2 ×10−2 96.096


α d = 27.3 × =
1.2 1.8 8.944 × 10−2 14.3996

α d = 6.6735 dB/m

(c) α = α c + α d = 6.8965 dB/m

20 20
α  = 20dB →  = = = 2.9 m
α 6.8965

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

382
380

Prob. 11.69
0.1  5 × 1.2 
w ' = 0.5 + ln   = 0.5 + 0.1279 = 0.6279
3.2  0.1 
377  4 × 1.2  8 × 1.2 
Zo = ln 1 +  + 3.354  
2π 2  π × 0.6177  4 × 0.6279 
= 42.43ln {1 + 2.49(3.822 + 3.354} = 42.43ln(20.255)
= 127.64 Ω

Prob. 11.70

Suppose we guess that w/h < 2

75 3.3 1.3  0.11 


A = +  0.23 +  = 1.117
60 2 3.3  2.3 

w 8e A 24.44
= 2A
= = 3.331 → w = 3.331h = 4mm
h e - 2 7.337

If we guess that w/h > 2,

60π 2 60π 2
B= = = 5.206
Zo ε r 75 2.3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

383
381

w 2 1.3  0.61 
=  4.266 − ln 9.412 +  ln 4.206 + 0.39 − 
h π 4.6 2.3  

= 1.665 <2
w
Thus = 3.331 > 2
h

3.3 1.3
ε eff = + = 1.953
2 12
2 1 +
3.331

3 × 108
u = = 2.1467 × 108 m/s
1.953

Prob. 11.71

Z L − Z o 100 − 150
Γ= = = −0.2
Z L + Zo 250
RL = −20log | Γ |= 13.98 dB

Prob. 11.72

Z L − Z o 120 − 50
Γ= = = 0.4118
Z L + Zo 170
RL = −20log10 | Γ |= −20log10 (0.4118) = 7.706 dB

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

384

CHAPTER 12

P. E. 12.1 (a) For TE10, fc = 3 GHz,

1 − ( f c / f ) 2 = 1 − (3 / 15) 2 = 0.96 , β o = ω / uo = 4π f / c

4π f 4π × 15 × 109
β= 0.96 = 0.96 = 615.6 rad/m
c 3 × 108

ω 2π × 15 × 109
u= = = 1.531 × 108 m/s
β 615.6
μ 60π
η'= = 60π , ηTE = = 192.4Ω
ε 0.96

(b) For TM11, fc = 3 7.25 GHz, 1 − ( f c / f ) 2 = 0.8426

4π f 4π × 15 × 109 (0.8426)
β= (0.8426) = = 529.4 rad/m
c 3 × 108

ω 2π × 15 × 109
u= = = 1.78 × 108 m/s
β 529.4

ηTM = 60π (0.8426) = 158.8Ω

P. E. 12.2 (a) Since Ez ≠ 0 , this is a TM mode

Ezs = Eo sin(mπ x / a)sin(nπ y / b)e − j β z

mπ nπ
Eo = 20, = 40π m=2, = 50π n=1
a b
i.e. TM21 mode.

u' 2 2 3 × 108
(b) f c = ( m / a ) + ( n / b) = 402 + 502 = 1.5 41 GHz
2 2
2π f 2π × 109
β = ω με 1 − ( f c / f ) 2 = f 2 − fc 2 = 225 − 92.25 = 241.3 rad/m.
c 3 × 108

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

385

(c)
− jβ
Exs = (40π )20cos 40π x sin 50π ye − j β z
h2
− jβ
E ys = 2 (50π )20sin 40π x cos50π ye− j β z
h
Ey
= 1.25 tan 40π x cot 50π y
Ex

P. E. 12.3 If TE13 mode is assumed, fc and β remain the same.

fc = 28.57 GHz, β = 1718.81 rad/m, γ = j β

377 / 2
ηTE13 = = 229.69 Ω
1 − (28.57 / 50) 2
For m=1, n=3, the field components are:

Ez= 0

H z = H o cos(π x / a )cos(3π y / b)cos(ωt − β z )


ωμ  3π 
Ex = −   H o cos(π x / a )sin(3π y / b)sin(ωt − β z )
h2  b 
ωμ  π 
E y = 2   H o sin(π x / a)cos(3π y / b)sin(ωt − β z )
h a
β π 
H x = − 2   H o sin(π x / a)cos(3π y / b)sin(ωt − β z )
h a
β  3π 
H y = − 2   H o cos(π x / a )sin(3π y / b)sin(ωt − β z )
h  a 
β
Given that H ox = 2 = − (π / a) H o ,
h2
β
H oy = − (3π / b) H o = 6a / b = 6(1.5) / 8 = 11.25
h2

−2 × 14.51π 2 × 104 × 1.5 × 10−2


2h 2 a
H oz = H o = − = = −7.96
βπ 1718.81π
ωμ  π  2ωμ
Eoy = 2   H o = − = 2ηTE = −459.4
h a β
3a
Eox = − Eoy = 459.4(4.5 / 0.8) = 2584.1
b

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

386

Ex = 2584.1cos(π x / a)sin(3π y / b)sin(ωt − β z ) V/m,

E y = −459.4sin(π x / a)cos(3π y / b)sin(ωt − β z ) V/m,

Ez= 0,

H y = 11.25cos(π x / a)sin(3π y / b)sin(ωt − β z ) A/m,

H z = −7.96cos(π x / a) cos(3π y / b)cos(ωt − β z ) A/m

P. E. 12.4

u' 1 1 3 × 108 × 102


f c11 = 2
+ 2
= 1 / 8.6362 + 1 / 4.3182 = 3.883 GHz
2 a b 2

3 × 108
up = = 12.5 × 108 m/s,
2
1 − (3.883 / 4)

9 × 1016
ug = 8
= 7.2 × 107 m/s
12.5 × 10

P. E. 12.5 The dominant mode becomes TE01 mode

c
f c 01 = = 3.75 GHz, ηTE = 406.7Ω
2b

From Example 12.2,

ωμb
Ex = − Eo sin(3π y / b)sin(ωt − β z ) , where Eo = Ho .
π
a b | Exs |2 Eo 2 ab
Pave = x =0 y = 0 2η dxdy =

Hence Eo = 63.77 V/m as in Example 12.5.

π Eo π × 63.77
Ho = = = 63.34 mA/m
ωμb 2π × 10 × 4π × 10−7 × 4 × 10−2
10

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

387

P. E. 12.6 (a) For m=1, n=0, fc = u’/(2a)

σ 10−15 10−15
= = << 1
ωε 2π × 9 × 109 × 2.6 × 10−9 / (36π ) 1.3

Hence,

1 3 × 108
u' ≅ = c / 2.6, fc = = 2.2149 GHz
με 2 × 2.4 × 10−2 2.6

ση ' 10−15 × 377 / 2.6


αd = = = 1.205 × 10−13 Np/m
2 2
2 1 − ( fc / f ) 2 1 − (2.2149 / 9)

For n = 0, m=1,

2 Rs 1 b
αc = [ + ( f c / f )2 ]
bη ' 1 − ( f c / f ) 2 a
2

=
2 2.6 π × 9 × 109 × 1.1 × 107 × 4π × 10−7
[0.5 + (2.4 / 1.5)(2.2148 / 9) 2 ] = 2 × 10−2 Np/m
−2 7 2
377 × 1.5 × 10 × 1.1 × 10 1 − (2.2149 / 9)

(b) Since α c >> α d ,α = α c + α d ≅ α c = 2 x10−2

loss = α l = 2 × 10−2 × 0.4 = 0.8 × 10−2 Np = 0.06945 dB

P. E. 12.7 For TE11 , m = 1 = n,

H zs = H o cos(π x / a) cos(π y / b)e −γ z


Exs = 2
(π / b) H o cos(π x / a )sin(π y / b)e −γ z
h
jωμ
E ys = − 2 (π / a) H o sin(π x / a) cos(π y / b)e −γ z
h

H xs = 2 (π / a ) H o sin(π x / a) cos(π y / b)e −γ z
h

H ys = 2 (π / b) H o cos(π x / a)sin(π y / b)e −γ z
h
Ezs = 0

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

388

For the electric field lines,

dy E y
= = (a / b) tan(π x / a ) cot(π y / b)
dx Ex

For the magnetic field lines

dy H y
= = −(a / b)cot(π x / a) tan(π y / b)
dx H x
E H
Notice that ( y )( y ) = −1
Ex H x

showing that the electric and magnetic field lines are mutually orthogonal. The field
lines are as shown in Fig. 12.14.

P. E. 12.8
1 c
u' = =
με εr
1.5 × 1010
fTE101 = 1 / 25 + 0 + 1 / 100 = 1.936 GHz
3
1
QTE101 = , where
61δ
1 1
δ= = = 1.5 × 10−6
π f101μσ c π × 1.936 × 10 × 4π × 10 × 5.8 × 10
9 −7 7

106
QTE101 = = 10,929
61 × 1.5

P. E. 12.9

(a) By Snell’s law, n1 sin θ 1 = n2 sin θ 2 . Thus


θ 2 = 90o sin θ 2 = 1

sin θ 1 = n2/n1, θ 1 = sin –1 n2/n1 = sin –1 1.465/1.48 = 81.83o

(b) NA = n12 − n2 2 = 1.482 − 1.4652 = 0.21

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

389

P. E. 12.10

α l = 10 log P(0)/P(l) = 0.2 X 10 = 2

P(0)/P(l) = 100.2, i.e. P(l) = P(0) 10-0.2 = 0.631 P(0)

i.e. 63.1 %

Prob. 12.1
1/ 2
2
u'  m   n 
2
3 × 108  m  2  n  2 
fc = +
    =   +  
2  a  b 2 2.25 × 10−2  2.28   1.01  
1/ 2
15  m   n  
2 2

=   +   GHz
2.25  2.28   1.01  

Using this formula, we obtain the cutoff frequencies for the given modes as shown below.

Mode f c (GHz)

TE01 9.901
TE10 4.386
TE11 10.829
TE02 19.802
TE22 21.658
TM11 10.829
TM12 20.282
TM21 13.228

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

390

Prob. 12.2
2 2 2 2
u ' m 2 n 2 3 × 108 m n m n
f cmn = 2
+ 2 = × 102   +   = 15   +   GHz
2 a b 2  6  4  6  4
15
f10 = = 2.5 GHz
6
15
f c 01 = = 3.75 GHz
4
2
f c 20 = 15 × = 5 GHz
6
1 1
f c11 = 15 2 + 2 = 15 × 0.3005 = 4.51 GHz
6 4
Possible modes are TE10 ,TE 01 ,TE 20 ,TE11 and TM11.

Prob. 12.3
u' 3 × 103
(a) For TE10 mode, f c = = = 2.5 GHz
2a 2 × 6 × 10−2
(b) f = 3 f c = 7.5 GHz
2 2
u1 m 2 n 2 3 × 102 × 102  m   n 
f cmn = + =   + 
2 a 2 b2 2  6   4
2 2
m  n 
= 15   +   GHz
 6   4
2
f c 20 = 15 × = 5 GHz
6
f c 01 = 3.75 GHz, f c 02 = 7.5 GHz
f c10 = 2.5 GHz, f c 20 = 5.0 GHz
f c 21 = 6.25 GHz, f c 30 = 7.5 GHz
2 2
1 2
f12 = 15   +   = 7.91 GHz
6 4
2 2
1 1
f11 = 15   +   = 4.507 GHz
6 4
The following modes are transmitted
TE01 , TE02 , TE10 , TE11 , TE20 , TE21 , TE30
TM 11 , TM 21
i.e. 7 TE modes and 2 TM modes

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

391

Prob. 12.4
(a)
For TE10 mode,
2
u'  1  3 × 108
fc =   = = 6.25 GHz
2 a 2 × 2.4 × 10−2
For TE 01 mode,
2
u'  1  3 × 108
fc =   = = 12.5 GHz
2 b 2 × 1.2 × 10−2
For TE 20 mo de,
2
u'  2 
fc =   = 2 × 6.25 = 12.5 GHz
2 a
For TE 02 mode,
2
u'  2
fc =   = 2 × 12.5 = 25 GHz
2 b

(b) Since f = 12 GHz, only TE10 mode will propagate.

u'
Prob. 12.5 (a) For TE10 mode, f c =
2a
u' 3 × 108
Or a = = = 3 cm
2 f c 2 × 5 × 109
u'
For TE01 mode, f c =
2b

u' 3 × 108
b= = = 1.25 cm
Or 2 f c 2 × 12 × 109

(b) Since a > b, 1/a < 1/b, the next higher modes are calculated as shown below.

Mode fc (GHz)
TE10 5
*TE20 10
TE30 15
TE40 20
*TE01 12
TE02 24
*TE11 13
TE21 15.62

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

392

The next three higher modes are starred ones, i.e. TE20, TE01, TE11

1 c
(c) u ' = = = 2 × 108 m/s
με 2.25
For TE11 modes,

3 × 108 1 1
fc = −2 2
+ 2
= 8.67 GHz
2 × 10 2.25 3 1.25

Prob. 12.6 For the dominant mode,

c 3 × 108
fc = = = 18.75 MHz
2a 2×8

(a) It will not pass the AM signal, (b) it will pass the FM signal.

Prob. 12.7 a/b = 3 a = 3b

u' u' 3 × 108


f c10 = a= = m = 0.833cm
2a 2 f c10 2 × 18 × 109
A design could be a = 9mm, b = 3mm.

Prob. 12.8
2 2
 f   25 
Let F12 = 1 −  c12  = 1 −   = 0.7806
 f   40 
c 3 × 108
λ' = = 9
= 0.0075 m = 7.5 × 10−3 m
f 40 × 10
λ' 7.5 × 10−3 m
λ12 = = = 9.608 × 10−3 m
F12 0.7806
u ' 3 × 108
u12 = = = 3.843 × 108 m/s
F12 0.7806
2π 2π
β12 = = = 653.95 rad/m
λ12 9.608 × 10−3
η' 120π
ηTE12 = = = 482.95Ω
F12 0.7806

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

393

Prob. 12.9
ω u' 3 × 108
u= = = = 6.975 × 108 m/s
β 1 − ( fc / f ) 2
1 − (6.5 / 7.2) 2

9 × 1016
ug = = 1.2903 × 108 m/s
u

2l 300
t= = = 2.325 μs
u g 1.2903 × 108

Prob. 12.10
c c 1.12 × 3 × 108
f = 1.12 f c10 = 1.12 ⎯⎯ → a = 1.12 = = 4.2 cm
2a 2f 2 × 4 × 109
The next higher-order mode is fc01 =c/2b.

c 0.85c 0.85 × 3 × 108


f = 0.85 f c 01 = 0.85 ⎯⎯
→ b= = = 3.187 cm
2b 2f 2 × 4 × 109

Prob. 12.11
u' c
(a) f c10 = =
2a 2a ε r
3 × 108
=
2 × 1.067 × 10−2 6.8
30
= GHz
2 × 1.067 6.8
= 5.391 GHz

(b)
2
 f 
F = 1−  c 
 f 
2
 5.391 
= 1−  
 6 
= 0.439

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

394

u' c 3 × 108
uρ = = = = 2.62 × 108 m/s
F F ε r 0.439 × 6.8
u'
λ' f 3 ×108c
(c) λ = = = =
F F fF ε r 0.439 × 6 ×109 × 6.8
10−1
= = 0.04368 m = 4.368 cm
2 × 0.439 6.8

Prob. 12.12
In evanescent mode,

2 2
 mπ   nπ 
k = ω με < 
2 2
 + 
 a   b 
2 2
 mπ   nπ 
β = 0, γ =α =   +  − k = 4π με f c − ω με
2 2 2 2

 a   b 
2
 f 
α = με 4π f − 4π f = 2π με f c 1 −  
2
c
2 2 2

 fc 

Prob. 12.13
Ez ≠ 0 . This must be TM23 mode (m=2, n=3). Since a= 2b,

c 2 2 3 × 108 ω 1012
fc = m + 4n = 4 + 36 = 15.81 GHz, f = = = 159.2 GHz
4b 4 × 3 × 10−2 2π 2π

ηTM = 377 1 − (15.81 / 159.2)2 = 375.1 Ω

| Exs |2 + | E ys |2
P ave = az
2ηTM

β 2 Eo 2
= 4 (2π / a ) 2 cos 2 (2π x / a )sin 2 (3π y / b) + (3π / b) 2 sin 2 (2π x / a )cos 2 (3π y / b)  a z
2h ηTM

a b
Pave =  Pave .dS =  P ave dxdya z
x =0 y =0

β 2 Eo 2 ab  4π 2 9π 2  β 2 Eo 2 ab
=  + 2 =
2h 4ηTM 4  a 2 b  8h 2ηTM

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

395

But
ω 1012
β= 1 − ( f c / f )2 = 8
1 − (15.81 / 159.2) 2 = 3.317 × 103
c 3 × 10
4π 2 9π 2 10π 2
h = 2 + 2 = 2 = 1.097 × 105
2

a b b

(3.317) 2 × 106 × 52 × 18 × 10−4


Pave = = 1.5 mW
8 × (1.098 × 105 ) × 375.1

Prob. 12.14 (a) Since m=2 and n=1, we have TE21 mode

(b) β = β ' 1 − ( f c / f ) 2 = ω μoε o 1 − (ωc / ω ) 2

β c = ω 2 − ω 2c ωc 2 = ω 2 − β 2c 2

ω 2 β 2c 2 18 144 × 9 × 1016
fc = c = f − = 36 × 10 − = 5.973 GHz
2π 4π 2 4π 2

η 377
(c) ηTE = = = 3978Ω
1 − ( f c / f )2 1 − (5.973 / 6) 2

(d) For TE mode,

ωμ
Ey = (mπ / a ) H o sin(mπ x / a) cos(nπ y / b)sin(ωt − β z )
h2

−β
Hx = (mπ / a) H o sin(mπ x / a)cos(nπ y / b)sin(ωt − β z )
h2

β = 12, m = 2, n =1
ωμ β
Eoy = 2 (mπ / a ) H o , H ox = 2 (mπ / a) H o
h h
Eoyωμ 2π × 6 × 109 × 4π × 10−7
ηTE = = = = 4π 2 × 100
H ox β 12

Eoy 5
H ox = = = 1.267 mA/m
ηTE 4π × 100
2

H x = −1.267sin(mπ x / a ) cos(nπ y / b)sin(ωt − β z ) mA/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

396

Prob. 12.15 (a) Since m=2, n=3, the mode is TE23.

2π f
(b) β = β ' 1 − ( fc / f )2 = 1 − ( fc / f )2
c
But

u' 2 2 3 × 108
fc = ( m / a ) + ( n / b) = −2
(2 / 2.86) 2 + (3 / 1.016) 2 = 46.19 GHz, f = 50 GHz
2 2 × 10

2π × 50 × 109
β= 8
1 − (46.19 / 50) 2 = 400.68 rad/m
3 × 10

γ = j β = j 400.7 /m

η' 377
(c) η = = = 985.3Ω
2
1 − ( fc / f ) 1 − (46.19 / 50) 2

Prob. 12.16 In free space,

ηo c 3 × 108
η1 = , fc = = = 3 GHz
1 − ( fc / f )2 2a 2 × 5 × 10−2

377
η1 = = 406.7Ω
1 − (3 / 8) 2

η '1 120π u' c


η2 = ,η ' = = 80π , f c = ,u ' =
1 − ( f c / f )2 2.25 2a εr

3 × 108 80π
fc = = 2 GHz, η 2 = = 259.57Ω
2 × 5 × 10−2 2.25 1 − (2 / 8) 2
η −η
Γ = 2 1 = −0.2208
η2 + η1

1+ | Γ |
s= = 1.5667
1− | Γ |

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

397

Prob. 12.17 Substituting Ez = RΦZ into the wave equation,

ΦZ d RZ
( ρ R ') + 2 Φ ''+ RΦZ ''+ k 2 RΦZ = 0
ρ dρ ρ

Dividing by RΦZ ,

1 d Φ '' Z ''
( ρ R ') + + k2 = − = −k z 2
Rρ d ρ Φρ 2
Z

i.e. Z ''− k z 2 Z = 0

1 d Φ ''
( ρ R ') + + (k 2 + k z 2 ) = 0
Rρ d ρ Φρ 2

ρ d Φ ''
( ρ R ') + (k 2 + k z 2 ) ρ 2 = − = kφ 2
R dρ Φ
or

Φ ''+ kφ 2Φ = 0

d
ρ ( ρ R ') + (k ρ 2 ρ 2 − kφ 2 ) R = 0 , where k ρ 2 = k 2 + k z 2 . Hence

ρ 2 R ''+ ρ R '+ (k ρ 2 ρ 2 − kφ 2 ) R = 0

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

398

Prob. 12.18
(a)
For TE10 mode,
u' 3 × 108
fc = = = 2.083 GHz
2a 2 × 7.2 × 10−2
2 2
 f   2.083 
Let F = 1 −  c  = 1 −   = 0.942
 f   6.2 
ωF 2π × 6.2 × 109 × 0.942
β = ω με F = = = 122.32 rad/m
c 3 × 108
ω c 3 × 108
up = = = = 3.185 × 108 m/s
β F 0.942
u g = u ' F = 3 × 108 (0.942) = 2.826 × 108 m/s
η' 377
ηTE = = = 400.21 Ω
F 0.942
(b)
1 c 3 × 108
u' = = = = 2 × 108
με εr 2.25
u' 2 × 108
fc = = = 1.389 GHz
2a 2 × 7.2 × 10−2
2 2
 f   1.389 
Let F = 1 −  c  = 1 −   = 0.9746
 f   6.2 
ωF εr 2π × 6.2 × 109 × 0.9746 × 1.5
β = ω με F = = = 189.83 rad/m
c 3 × 108
ω 2π × 6.2 × 109
up = = = 2.052 × 108 m/s
β 189.83
u g = u ' F = 2 × 108 (0.9746) = 1.949 × 108 m/s
η' 377
ηTE = = = 257.88 Ω
F 1.5 × 0.9746

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

399

Prob. 12.19
1
u' με c 3 × 108
f c10 = = = = = 1.315 GHz
2a 2a 2a ε r 2 × 7.214 × 10−2 2.5
2 2
 f   1.315 
Let F = 1 −  c  = 1 −   = 0.9444
 f   4 
ω εr F
β = ω με F =
c
ω c 3 × 108
up = = = = 2.009 × 108 m/s
β F ε r 0.9444 × 2.5
cF 3 × 108 × 0.9444
ug = u ' F = = = 1.792 × 108 m/s
εr 2.5

Prob. 12.20
u'
fc =
2a
2
 
 f 
2
 fc 
2
 ug 
2
 1.8 × 10 8 
ug = u ' 1 −  c  ⎯⎯
→   =1−   =1−  8
 = 0.208
 f   f   u'   3 × 10 
 
 2.2 
f c = 0.208 f = 2.0523 GHz
u' 3 × 108
a= = = 4.927 cm
2 f c 2 2.2 × 2.053 × 109

Prob. 12.21
Let F = 1 − ( f c / f ) 2 = 1 − (16 / 24) 2 = 0.7453
1 3 × 108 u'
u' = = = 2 × 108 , up = , u g = u ' F = 2 × 108 × 0.7453 = 1.491 × 108
με 2.25 F
m/s
377
ηTE = η '/ F = = 337.2Ω
1.5 x0.7453

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

400

Prob. 12.22
3 × 108
fc = (m / 0.025) 2 + (n / 0.01) 2 = 15 n 2 + (m / 2.5) 2 GHz
2
fc10 = 6 GHz, fc20 = 12 GHz, fc01 = 15 GHz.
Since fc20 , fc10 > 11 GHz, only the dominant TE10 mode is propagated.
u 1 1
(a) p = = = 1.193
u 1 − ( fc / f ) 2
1 − (6 / 11) 2

ug
(b) = 1 − (6 / 11) 2 = 0.8381
u

Prob. 12.23
For the TE10 mode,
 π x  − jβ z
H zs = H o cos  e
 a 
jβ a  π x  − jβ z
H xs = H o sin  e
π  a 
jωμ a  π x  − jβ z
E ys = − H o sin  e
π  a 
Exs = 0 = Ezs = H ys
0 E ys 0
E s × H s* = * *
= E ys H zs* a x − E ys H xs* a z
H xs 0 H zs

jωμ a πx  πx 


2 ωμβ a 2 2  π x  2
=− H cos   sin 
o  ax + H o sin   az
π  a   a  π2  a 
1 ωμβ a 2 2 2  π x 
Pave = Re  E s × H s  =
*
H o sin   az
2 2π 2  a 

Prob. 12.24

| Exs |2 + | E ys |2 ω 2 μ 2π 2 2 2
Pave = az = H o sin π y / ba z
2η 2η b 2 h 4
where η = ηTE10 .
ω 2 μ 2π 2 2 a b
Pave =  Pave .dS = H o   sin 2 π y / bdxdy
2η b h2 4
x =0 y =0

ω 2 μ 2π 2 2
Pave = H o ab / 2
2η b 2 h 4

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

401

π2
But h 2 = (mπ / a ) 2 + (nπ / b) 2 = ,
b2
ω 2 μ 2 ab3 H o 2
Pave =
4π 2η

Prob. 12.25

πμ f π × 12 × 109 × 4π × 10−7
Rs = = = 2.858 × 10−2
σc 5.8 × 10 7

u' 3 × 108
f c10 = = = 4.651 GHz
2a 2 2.6 × 2 × 10−2
1/ 2
u' 1 1
f c11 =  2 + 2  = 10.4 GHz
2 a b 
μ 377
η'= = = 233.81Ω
ε 2.6

(a) For TE10 mode, eq.(12.57) gives

α d + j β d = −ω 2 με + k x 2 + k y 2 + jωμσ d

π2
= −ω 2 / u 2 + + jωμσ d
a2

2
 2π × 12 × 109  π2
= − 8  (2.6) + −2 2
+ j 2π × 12 × 109 × 4π × 10−7 × 10−4
 3 × 10  (2 × 10 )

= 0.012682 + j373.57

α d = 0.012682 Np/m

2 Rs  1 b fc 2 
αc =  + ( ) 
bη ' 1 − ( f c / f )  2 a f 
2

2 x 2.858 x10−2  1 1 4.651 2 


=  + ( )  = 0.0153 Np/m
10−2 (233.81) 1 − (4.651 / 12) 2  2 2 12 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

402

(b) For TE11 mode,

α d + j β d = −ω 2 / u 2 + 1 / a 2 + 1 / b 2 + jωμσ d

π2
= −139556.21 + + j 9.4748 = 0.02344 + j 202.14
(10−2 ) 2

α d = 0.02344 Np/m

2 Rs  (b / a )3 + 1  2 × 2.858 × 10−2  (1 / 8) + 1 
αc =  2  =  
bη ' 1 − ( f c / f ) 2  (b / a) + 1  10−2 (233.81) 1 − (10.4 / 12) 2  (1 / 4) + 1 

α c = 0.0441 Np/m

σ
Prob. 12.26 ε c = ε '− jε '' = ε − j
ω
Comparing this with

ε c = 16ε o (1 − j10−4 ) = 16ε o − j16ε o × 10−4


σ
ε = 16ε o , = 16ε o x10−4
ω
For TM21 mode,
1/ 2
u '  m2 n2 
fc =  2 + 2  = 2.0963 GHz, f = 1.1 f c = 2.3059 GHz
2 a b 
10−9
σ = 16ε oω × 10−4 = 16 × 2π × 2.3059 × 109 × × 10−4 = 2.0525 × 10−4
36π

μ
η'= = 30π
ε

ση ' 4.1 × 10−4 × 30π


αd = = = 0.0231 Np/m
2 1 − ( fc / f )2 2 1 − 1 / 1.12

1
Eo e −α d z = 0.8 Eo z= ln(1 / 0.8) = 9.66 m
αd

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

403

Prob. 12.27
For TM21 mode,

2 Rs
αc =
bη ' 1 − ( f c / f ) 2

1 π fμ π × 2.3059 × 109 × 4π × 10−7


Rs = = = = 0.0246
σ cδ σc 1.5 × 107

2 × 0.0246
αc = = 0.0314 Np/m
4π × 10−2 × 30π × 0.4166

1
Eo e − (αc +α d ) z = 0.7 Eo z= ln(1 / 0.7) = 6.5445 m
αc + αd

Prob. 12.28

u' 3 × 108
f c10 = = = 2.5 GHz
2a 2 × 6 × 10−2
η' 377
ηTE = = = 483
2 2
 f   2.5 
1−  c  1−  
 f   4 
From Example 12.5,
Eo2 ab (2.2) 2 × 106 × 6 × 3 × 10−4
Pave = = = 9.0196 mW
2η 2 × 483

Prob. 12.29 For TE10 mode,


u' 3 × 108
fc = = = 2.151 GHz
2a 2 2.11 × 4.8 × 10−2

σ
(a) loss tangent = =d
ωε
10−9
σ = dωε = 3 × 10−4 × 2π × 4 × 109 × 2.11 × = 1.4086 × 10−4
36π
120π
η'= = 259.53
2.11

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

404

ση ' 1.4067 × 10−4 × 259.53


αd = = = 2.165 × 10−2 Np/m
2 2
2 1 − ( fc / f ) 2 1 − (2.151 / 4)

μ fπ π × 4 × 109 × 4π × 10−7
(b) Rs = = = 1.9625 × 10−2
σc 4.1 × 10 7

2 Rs 1 b 2 3.925 × 10−2 (0.5 + 0.5 × 0.2892)


αc =  + ( f c / f )  =
bη ' 1 − ( f c / f ) 2  2 a  2.4 × 10−2 × 259.53 × 0.8431

= 4.818 × 10−3 Np/m

Prob. 12.30
π fμ
2
2 Rs  1 b  f 2  σc  1 1  f 2 
αc =  +  c =  +  c 
f c   2 a  f    2 2  f  
2 2
  fc 
bη ' 1 −  bη ' 1 −  
 f   f 
1
2 4π × 10−7 × π f ×   f 2 
= 2 1 +  c  
f c    f  
2

0.5 × 10−2 × (120π / 2.25) 5.8 × 107 1 − 
 f 

10−5 f   f 2 
= 1 +  c  
f c    f  
2

30 (5.8 / 2.25) 1 − 
 f 

The MATLAB code is shown below

k=10^(-5)/(30*sqrt(5.8/2.25));
fc=10^10;
for n=1:1000
f(n)=fc*(n/100+1);
fn=f(n);
num=sqrt(fn)*(1 +(fc/fn)^2);
den=sqrt(1- (fc/fn)^2);
alpha(n) =k*num/den;
end
plot(f/10^9,alpha)
xlabel('frequency (GHz)')
ylabel('attenuation')
grid

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

405

The plot of attenuation versus frequency is shown below.

0.3

0.25
attenuation (Np/m)

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
frequency (GHz)

Prob. 12.31 (a) For TE10 mode,

u' c
fc = , u' =
2a 2.11

3 × 108
fc = = 4.589 GHz
2.11(2 × 2.25 × 10−2 )

2 Rs1 b 
(b) α cTE10 =  + ( f c / f )2 
bη ' 1 − ( f c / f ) 2  2 a 

π fμ π × 5 × 109 × 4π × 10−7
Rs = = = 3.796 × 10−2
σc 1.37 × 10 7

377
η' = = 259.54
2.11

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

406

1.5
2 × 3.796 × 10−2 [0.5 + (4.589 / 5) 2 ]
αc = 2.25 = 0.05217 Np/m
−4
1.5 × 10 (259.54) 1 − (4.589 / 5) 2

Prob. 12.32
u' 3 × 108
(a) f c10 = = = 3.947 GHz
2a 2 × 3.8 × 10−2
2
 f 
u g = u ' 1 −  c  = 3 × 108 1 − (0.3947) 2 = 2.756 × 108 m/s
 f 
(b) α = α d + α c
α d = 0 since the guide is air-filled.
π fμ π × 1010 × 4π × 10−7
Rs = = = 2.609 × 10−2 Ω
σc 5.8 × 107
2 Rs b  fc  
2

αc =  0.5 +   
 f c  
2 a  f  
bη ' 1 −  
 f 
2 × 2.609 × 10−2  1.6 2 5.218 × 0.5656
= 0.5 + 3.8 ( 0.3947 )  = 554.23
1.6 × 10−2 (377) 1 − ( 0.3947 )
2
 

= 5.325 × 10−3 Np/m


α c (dB) = 8.686 × 5.325 × 10−3 = 0.04626 dB/m

Prob. 12.33

u' c 3 × 108
f c10 = = = = 3.991 GHz
2a 2a ε r μr 2 × 2.5 × 10−2 2.26
ω 2π f ε r
β' = =
u' c
2 2
 f   3.991 
F = 1−  c  = 1−   = 0.8467
 f   7.5 
2π × 7.5 × 109 2.26
β = β 'F = 0.8467 = 199.94 rad/m
3 × 108

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

407

ση ' σηo 10−4 (377)


αd = = = = 1.481 × 10−2 Np/m
2F 2 F ε r 2 × 0.8467 2.26

2 Rs  b  fc  
2

αc =  0.5 +   
 f c  
2 a  f  
bη ' 1 − 
 f 
π fμ π × 7.5 × 109 × 4π × 10−7
Rs = = = 0.0519
σc 1.1 × 107
 1.5  3.991  
2

2 × 0.0519 0.5 +   
 2.5  7.5   0.1038 × 0.6698
αc = =
−2 377 3.1848
1.5 × 10 × × 0.8467
2.66
= 0.02183 Np/m

u' c 3 × 108
up = = = = 2.357 × 108 m/s
F F ε r 0.8467 2.26
3 × 108 × 0.8467
ug = u ' F = = 1.689 × 108 m/s
2.26
u' c 3 × 108
λc = = = = 0.05 m = 5 cm(= 2a, as expected)
f c f c ε r 3.991 × 109 2.26

Prob. 12.34

The cutoff frequency of the dominant mode is


u 3 × 108
f c10 = = = 6.56 GHz
2a 4.576 × 10−2
The surface resistance is
π fμ π × 8.4 × 109 × 4π × 10−7
Rs = = = 23.91 × 10−3
σc 5.8 × 107

For TE10 mode,


2 Rs  b  fc  
2

αc =  0.5 +   
 f c  
2 a  f  
bη ' 1 −  
 f 
f c 6.56
= = 0.781, η ' = ηo = 377
f 8.4

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

408

2 × 23.91 × 10−3  1.016 2


αc =  0.5 + ( 0.781) 
1.016 × 10−2 × 377 1 − 0.7812  2.286 
−3
47.82 × 10 (0.5 + 0.2711)
= = 15.42 × 10−3 Np/m
3.83 × 0.6245
=15.42 × 10−3 × 8.686 dB/m = 0.1339 dB/m

Prob. 12.35 For TE10 mode,

2 Rs  1 b fc 2 
αc =  + ( ) 
bη ' 1 − ( f c / f )  2 a f 
2

1 π fμ
But a = b, Rs = =
σ cδ σc

π fμ 1 f 
2 k f  + ( c )2 
σc 1 f  2 f 
αc = + ( c )2  =
2 2 f 
aη ' 1 − ( f c / f )  1 − ( fc / f )2

where k is a constant.

f c 2 1/ 2 1 −1/ 2 3 2 −5/ 2 k 1 1/ 2 f
k[1 − (
) ] [ f − fc f ] − [ f + f c 2 f −3/ 2 ](2 f c 2 f −3 )[1 − ( c ) 2 ]−1/ 2
dα c f 4 2 2 2 f
= 2
df 1 − ( fc / f )
dα c
For minimum value, = 0 . This leads to f = 2.962 fc.
df

Prob. 12.36 For the TE mode to z,

Ezs = 0, H zs = H o cos(mπ x / a ) cos(nπ y / b)sin( pπ z / c)

γ ∂ Ezs jωμ ∂ H zs jωμ


E ys = − + 2 = − 2 (mπ / a ) H o sin(mπ x / a )cos(nπ y / b)sin( pπ z / c)
h ∂y
2
h ∂x h

as required.

γ ∂ Ezs jωμ ∂ H zs jωμ


Exs = − − 2 = 2 (nπ / b) H o cos(mπ x / a )sin(nπ y / b)sin( pπ z / c)
h ∂x
2
h ∂y h

From Maxwell’s equation,

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

409

∂ ∂ ∂
− jωμ H s = ∇ × E s = ∂ x ∂y ∂z
Exs E ys 0

1 ∂ E ys 1
H xs = = − 2 (mπ / a )( pπ / c ) H o sin(mπ x / a ) cos(nπ y / b) cos( pπ z / c)
jωμ ∂ z h

Prob. 12.37 Maxwell’s equation can be written as

jωε ∂ Ezs γ ∂ H zs
H xs = −
h2 ∂ y h2 ∂ x
For a rectangular cavity,

h 2 = k x 2 + k y 2 = (mπ / a ) 2 + (nπ / b) 2

For TM mode, Hzs = 0 and

Ezs = Eo sin(mπ x / a )sin(nπ y / b) cos( pπ z / c)

Thus

jωε ∂ Ezs jωε


H xs = = 2 (nπ / b) Eo sin(mπ x / a)cos(nπ y / b) cos( pπ z / c)
h ∂y
2
h
as required.

jωε ∂ Ezs γ ∂ H zs
H xs = − −
h2 ∂ x h2 ∂ y
jωε
=− (mπ / a ) Eo cos(mπ x / a )sin(nπ y / b) cos( pπ z / c)
h2
From Maxwell’s equation,

∂ ∂ ∂
jωε E s = ∇ × H s = ∂ x ∂y ∂z
H xs H ys 0

1 ∂ H xs 1
E ys = = 2 (nπ / b)( pπ / c) Eo sin(mπ x / a )cos(nπ y / b)cos( pπ z / c)
jωε ∂ z h

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

410

Prob. 12.38

u'
fr = ( m / a ) 2 + ( n / b) 2 + ( p / c ) 2
2

where for TM mode to z, m = 1, 2, 3,…, n=1, 2, 3, …., p = 0, 1, 2, ….

and for TE mode to z, m = 0,1, 2, 3,…, n=0,1, 2, 3, …., p = 1, 2, 3, … , (m + n) ≠ 0 .

(a) If a < b < c, 1/a > 1/b > 1/c,

u' 1 1
The lowest TM mode is TM110 with f r = 2
+ 2
2 a b
u' 1 1 u' 1 1
The lowest TE mode is TE011 with f r = 2
+ 2 < 2
+ 2
2 b c 2 a b

Hence the dominant mode is TE011.

(b) If a > b > c, 1/a < 1/b < 1/c,

u' 1 1
The lowest TM mode is TM110 with f r = 2
+ 2
2 a b
u' 1 1 u' 1 1
The lowest TE mode is TE101 with f r = 2
+ 2 > 2
+ 2
2 a c 2 a b

Hence the dominant mode is TM110.

(c) If a = c > b, 1/a = 1/c < 1/b,


u' 1 1
The lowest TM mode is TM110 with f r = 2
+ 2
2 a b
u' 1 1 u' 1 1
The lowest TE mode is TE101 with f r = 2
+ 2 < 2
+ 2
2 a c 2 a b

Hence the dominant mode is TE101.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

411

Prob. 12.39
(a) Since a > b < c, the dominant mode is TE101.
c 1 1 3 × 108 1 1
fr = + = −2 2
+ = 9.014 GHz
2 a2 c2 2 (2 × 10 ) (3 × 10−2 ) 2
1 1
(b) δ= =
π f r101μoσ π × 9.014 × 10 × 4π × 10−7 × 5.8 × 107
9

1
=
4π 2 × 5.8 × 9.014 × 109
(a 2 + c 2 )abc (4 + 9)6 × 10−2 0.78
Q= = =
δ  2b(a 3 + c 3 ) + ac(a 2 + c 2 )  δ [ 2(8 + 27) + 6(4 + 9)] 148δ
0.78
= 4π 2 × 5.8 × 9.014 × 109 = 7571.5
148

Prob. 12.40

1 c 3 × 108
u' = = = = 1.897 × 108
με 2.5 2.5
2 2 2 2 2 2
u '  m   n   p  1.897 × 108 × 102  m   n   p 
fc =   +  +  =   +  + 
2  a  b  c  2  1  2  3 
= 9.485 m 2 + 0.25n 2 + 0.111 p 2 GHz
f r101 = 9.485 1 + 0 + 0.111 = 10 GHz
f r 011 = 9.485 0 + 0.25 + 0.111 = 5.701 GHz
f r 012 = 9.485 0 + 0.25 + 0.444 = 7.906 GHz
f r 013 = 9.485 0 + 0.25 + 0.999 = 10.61 GHz
f r 021 = 9.485 0 + 1 + 0.111 = 10 GHz
Thus, the first five resonant frequencies are:
5.701 GHz(TE 011 )
7.906 GHz (TE 012 )
10 GHz (TE101 and TE 021 )
10.61 GHz (TE 013 or TM110 )
11.07 GHz (TE111 or TM111 )

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

412

Prob. 12.41

(a 2 + c 2 )abc
Q=
δ  2b(a 3 + c3 ) + ac(a 2 + c 2 ) 
When a = b = c,
2a 2 a 3 2a 5 a
Q= = =
δ  2a × 2a + a × 2a  6δ a
3 2 2 4

Prob. 12.42
(a) Since a > b < c, the dominant mode is TE101
u' 1 1 3 × 108 × 102 1 1
f r101 = + 0 + = + = 16.77 GHz
2 a2 c2 2 22 12

(a 2 + c 2 )abc
(b) QTE101 =
δ  2b(a 3 + c3 ) + ac(a 2 + c 2 ) 
(400 + 100)20 × 8 × 10 × 10−3 3.279 × 10−3
= =
δ [16(8000 + 1000) + 200(400 + 100)] δ
1 1 10−4
But δ= = =
π f r101μoσ π 16.77 × 109 × 4π × 10−7 × 6.1 × 107 200.961
200.961
QTE101 = 3.279 × 10−3 = 6589.51
10−4

Prob. 12.43

c
fr = m2 + n2 + p 2
2a
The lowest possible modes are TE101, TE011, and TM110. Hence

c c 3 × 108
fr = 2 a= = = 7.071 cm
2a fr 2 2 × 3 × 109

a = b = c = 7.071 cm

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

413

Prob. 12.44
(a) a = b = c
u'
fr = m2 + n2 + p 2
2a
For the dominant mode TE101 ,
u' c
fr = 1+1 = 2
2a 2a
c 2 3 × 108 2
a= = = 0.03788 m
2 f r 2 × 5.6 × 109
a = b = c = 3.788 cm
(b)
c
For ε r = 2.05, u' =
εr
c 2 0.03788
a= = = 0.02646
2 fr ε r 2.05
a = b = c = 2.646 cm

Prob. 12.45

(a)
This is a TM mode to z. From Maxwell’s equations,

∇ × E s = − jωμ H s

∂ ∂ ∂
1 j j  ∂ Ezs ∂ Ezs 
Hs = − ∇ × Es = ∂x ∂y ∂z =  ax − ay 
jωμ ωμ ωμ  ∂ y ∂x 
0 0 Ezs ( x, y )
But
1 1 10−2
Ezs = 200sin 30π x sin 30π y, = =
ωμ 6 × 109 × 4π × 10−7 24π

j10−2
Hs = × 200 × 30π {sin 30π x cos30π ya x − cos30π x sin 30π ya y }
24π

H = Re (Hs e jωt )

H = 2.5{− sin 30π x cos30π ya x + cos30π x sin 30π ya y } sin 6 × 109 π t A/m

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

414

E = Ez a z , H = H xa x + H y a y
(b)
EH = 0

Prob. 12.46
3 × 108
(a) a = b = c ⎯⎯
→ f r101 = = 12 × 109
a 2
3 × 108
a= = 1.77 cm
2 × 12 × 109

a a π f r101μσ
(b) QTE101 = =
3δ 3
1.77 × 10−2 π × 12 × 109 × 4π × 10−7 × 5.8 × 107
= = 9767.61
3
Prob. 12.47
2 2 2
u'  m   n   p 
fr =   +  + 
2  a  b  c 
3 × 108 1 1
f r101 = 2
+ = 44.186 MHz
2 (10.2) (3.6) 2
1 1
f r 011 = 150 2
+ MHz = 45.093 MHz
(8.7) (3.6) 2
1 1 1
f r111 = 150 2
+ 2
+ MHz = 47.43 MHz
(10.2) (8.7) (3.6) 2
1 1
f r110 = 150 2
+ MHz = 22.66 MHz
(10.2) (8.7) 2
1 4
f r102 = 150 2
+ MHz = 84.62 MHz
(10.2) (3.6) 2
4 1
f r 201 = 150 2
+ MHz = 51 MHz
(10.2) (3.6) 2
Thus, the resonant frequences below 50 MHz are
f r110 , f r101, f r 011 , and f r111

Prob. 12.48
3 × 108
n = c/um = = 1.4286
2.1 × 108

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

415

Prob. 12.49 When an optical fiber is used as the transmission medium, cable radiation is
eliminated. Thus, optical fibers offer total EMI isolation because they neither emit nor
pick up EM waves.

Prob. 12.50
(a) NA = n12 − n2 2 = 1.622 − 1.6042 = 0.2271

(b) NA = sin θ a = 0.2271 or θ a = sin –1 0.2271 = 13.13o

πd π × 50 × 10−6 × 0.2271
(c) V = NA = = 27.441
λ 1300 × 10−9

N = V2/2 6 modes

Prob. 12.51
π d 2 3 π × 2 × 5 × 10−6
V= n1 − n2 = 1.482 − 1.462 = 5.86
λ 1300 × 10 −9

2
V
N= = 17.17 or 17 modes
2

Prob. 12.52
(a) NA = sin θ a = n12 − n2 2 = 1.532 − 1.452 = 0.4883
θ a = sin –1 0.4883 = 29.23o

(b) P(l)/P(0) = 10- α l / 10 = 10-0.4X5/10 = 0.631

i.e. 63.1 %

Prob. 12.53

P () = P(0)10−α  /10 = 10 × 10−0.5×0.85/10 = 9.0678 mW

Prob. 12.54 As shown in Eq. (10.35), log10 P1/P2 = 0.434 ln P1/P2 ,

1 Np = 20 log10 e = 8.686 dB or 1 Np/km = 8.686 dB/km,

or 1Np/m = 8686 dB/km. Thus,

α12 = 8686α10

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

416

Prob. 12.55
Pin 1.2 × 10−3
α  = 10log10 = 10log10 = 30.792
Pout 1 × 10−6
0.4
α = 0.4 dB/km = Np/km
8.686
30.792 30.392 dB
= = = 76.98 km
α 0.4 dB/km

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

417
415

CHAPTER 13

P.E. 13.1

(a) For this case, r is at near field.


I dl sin θ  j β 1  − j β r 2π λ
Hφ s = o  + 2 e , βr = . = 72o
4π  r r  λ 5

2π c
2π × 3 × 108 2π 1
λ= = = 6π , β= =
ω 108 λ 3


(0.25) sin 30o   − j 72o
100 j1 / 3 1
Hφ s =  + 2 
e = 0.2119∠ − 20.511o mA/m
4π  6π / 5 (6π / 5) 
H = Im ( Hφ s e jωt aφ ) Im is used since I = Io sin ωt

= 0.2119sin(108 − 20.5o )aφ mA/m



(b) For this case, r is at far field. β = × 200λ = 0o
λ
2π λ o
j (0.25)( ) Sin60o e − j 0
Hφ s = λ 100 = 0.2871e j 90 μ Am
o

4π (6π × 200)

H = Im ( H φ s aφ e jωt ) = 0.2871sin(108 + 90o )aφ μ Am .

P. E. 13.2
λ
(a) l = = 1.5m ,
4

(b) Io = 83.3mA

1
(c) Rrad = 36.56 Ω , Prad = (0.0833)2 36.56
2

= 126.8 mW.

(d) ZL = 36.5 + j21.25,

36.5 + j 21.25 − 75
Γ= = 0.3874∠140.3o
36.5 + j 21.25 + 75

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

418
416

1 + 0.3874
s= = 2.265
1 − 0.3874

P.E. 13.3

4π U max
D=
Prad

(a) For the Hertzian monopole

U (θ ,φ ) = sin 2 θ , 0 < θ < π / 2, 0 < φ < 2π , Umax = 1


π
2 2π

  sin sin θ dθ dφ =
2
Prad =
θ φ
=0 =0 3

4π (1)
D= =3

3
λ
(b) For the monopole,
4
π
cos 2 ( cosθ )
U (θ ,φ ) = 2 , Umax = 1
sin 2 θ

π
π
2 2πcos 2 ( cosθ )
Prad =   2 sin θ dθ dφ = 2π (0.609)
θ =0 φ =0 sin 2 θ

4π (1)
D= = 3.28
2π (0.609)

P. E. 13.4

(a) Prad = η r Pin = 0.95(0.4)


4π U max 4π (0.5)
D= = = 16.53
Prad 0.4 × 0.95
4π (0.5)
(b) D = = 20.94
0.3

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

419
417

P. E. 13.5

π
2 2π
π2
Prad =   sin θ sin θ dθ dφ =
θ =0 φ =0 2
, Umax = 1

4π (1)
D= = 2.546
π2
2

P. E. 13.6

1 
(a) f (θ ) = cosθ cos  ( β d cosθ + α ) 
2 
2π λ
where α = π , β d = . =π
λ 2
1 
f (θ ) = cosθ cos  (π cosθ + π ) 
2 

unit pattern group pattern

For the group pattern, we have nulls at

π (cosθ + 1) = ± π θ = ±π 2
2 2

and maxima at

π (cosθ + 1) = 0, π cosθ = −1,1 → θ = 0, π


⎯⎯
2

Thus the group pattern and the resultant patterns are as shown in Fig.13.15(a)

1 
(b) f (θ ) = cosθ cos  ( β d cosθ + α ) 
2 
where α = −π , βd = π / 2
2
1  π 
f (θ ) = cosθ cos   cosθ − π  
2 2 2 

unit pattern group pattern

For the group pattern, the nulls are at

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

420
418

π (cosθ − 1) = − π θ = 180o
4 2
and maxima at

cos θ − 1 = 0 θ =0

Thus the group pattern and the resultant patterns are as shown in Fig.13.15(b)

P. E. 13.7
(a)
● ● ● ●

● ●
λ
● 2 ● λ ● λ ●●
● 2 ● 2

1: 2 :1 1: 2 :1

x x

λ
2
Thus, we take a pair at a time and multiply the patterns as shown below.

● ● × x x ≡

(b) The group pattern is the normalized array factor, i.e.


1 N ( N − 1) i 2ψ N ( N − 1)( N − 2) i 3ψ
( AF ) n = 1 + Neiψ + e + e + ............ + ei ( N −1)ψ
 2! 3!
N −1
N N − 1 N ( N − 1)( N − 2)
where =  i  = 1+ N + 2!
+
3!
+ ...........
i −1  

= (1 + 1) N −1 = 2 N −1

N −1
1 N −1 1 jψ − jψ jψ
( AF ) n = 1 + e jψ = e 2
e 2
+e 2
2 N −1 2 N −1

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

421
419

N −1 N −1
1 ψ ψ
= 2cos = cos
2 N −1 2 2

P. E. 13.8

λ2 c 3 × 108
Ae = Gd , λ = = =3m
4π f 108
For the Hertzian dipole,

Gd = 1.5sin 2 θ
λ2
Ae = (1.5sin 2 θ )

1.5λ 2 1.5 × 9
Ae,max = = = 1.074 m 2
4π 4π

By definition,
Pr 3 × 10−6
Pr = Ae Pave Pave = =
Ae 1.074
= 2.793 μ W / m 2

P. E. 13.9
1 E2
4π r 2
4π r 2 Pave 2 η 2π r 2 E 2
(a) Gd = = =
Prad Prad η Prad

2π × 400 × 106 × 144 × 10−6


= = 0.0096
120π × 100 × 103

G = 10log10 Gd = -20.18 dB

(b) G = η r Gd = 0.98 × 0.0096 = 9.408 × 10−3

P. E. 13.10

1
 λ 2Gd 2σ Prad  4
r= 
 (4π ) Pr 
3

c 3 × 108
where λ = = = 0.05m
f 6 × 109

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

422
420

Ae = 0.7π a 2 = 0.7π (1.8) 2 = 7.125m 2

4π Ae 4π (7.125)
Gd = = = 3.581 × 104
λ 2
25 × 10 −4

1
 25 × 10−4 × (3.581) 2 × 108 × 5 × 60 × 103  4
r= 
 (4π )3 × 0.26 × 10−3 

= 1168.4m = 0.631 nm

rmax
At r = = 584.2m,
2

Gd Prad 3.581 × 104 × 60 × 103


P= = = 501 W/m 2
4π r 2 4π (584.2) 2

Prob. 13.1

Using vector transformation,

Ars = Axs sin θ cos φ , Aθ s = Axs cosθ cos φ , Aφ s = − Axs sin φ

50e− j β r
As = (sin θ cos φ ar + cosθ cos φ aθ − sin φ aφ )
r

∇ × As 100cosθ sin φ − j β r 50
= Hs = e ar − 2 (1 − j β r )sin φ e − j β r aθ
μ μ r sin θ
2
μr
50
− cosθ cos φ (1 + j β r )e − j β r aφ
μr 2

1
At far field, only term remains. Hence
r

j 50 − j β r
Hs = β e (sin φ aθ − cosθ cos φ aφ )
μr
− j 50 βη e − j β r
E s = −η ar × H s = (sin φ aφ + cosθ cos φ aθ )
μr

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


−50
Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
H = Re  H s e jωt  = β sin(ωt − β r )(sin φ aθ − cosθ cos φ aφ ) A/m Principlesof
ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e
Kulkarni μr Principles

Prob. 13.2
c 3 × 108 423
421
(a) λ= = = 0.75 m
f 400 × 106

2d 2 2(0.02 λ50)ηβ
2
r ωt − β r )(sin φ aφ + cosθ cos φ aθ ) V/m
jω t
rEmin==Re  E=s e  = sin(
λ λ μr
i.e. r is in the far field. −50
H = RejIoH se
β dl
jω t
 = − j β r β sin(ωt − β r )(sin φ aθ − cosθ cos φ aφ ) A/m
Hφ s = sin θ e μ r
4π r
Prob. 13.2 2π
c 3 × 3 ×8
10 × 0.02λ × sin 90o
I β dl λ= 0.75 m
H φ s |= λ o= sin
|(a) = θ= 6 = 5 × 10−4 = 0.5 mA/m
4π rf 400 × 10 4π (60)
|Eθ s |= 2ηdo | H φ2(0.02
2
|= 0.1885λ ) V/m
2
rmin = = s r
λ λ
i.e.
(b) r is| Hinφ sthe far field.
|= 0.5 mA/m|
jI o β dl 2
H = sinθdl e − j β r
(c)φ s R rad4π= r80π 2   = 80π 2 ( 0.02 ) = 0.3158 Ω
2

 λ  2π
1 3 × 1 × 0.02λ × sin 90o
I β dl | I oθ| =R rad =λ (9)(0.3158) = 1.421
2
H φ s |=Prado = sin
|(d) = 5W
× 10−4 = 0.5 mA/m
4π r2 2 4π (60)
|Eθ s |= ηo | H φ s |= 0.1885 V/m
Prob. 13.3
2 2
2  dl  2  0.024λ 
(a)
(b) R|rad |= π
H φ=s 80 0.5mA/m|  = 80π   = 0.4548 Ω
 λ 2  λ 
dl  − 502
2  0.4548
RZ L − Zo
  = 80π (=0.02 ) = 0.3158 Ω
2
(c) Γ =
(b) rad = 80π = −0.982
ZL + Z o  0.4548 λ  + 50
1+ | Γ | 1 1.982 2 1
s = Prad == 2 | I o | R rad= 110.11
(d) = (9)(0.3158) = 1.421 W
2
1− | Γ | 1 − 0.982
Prob. 13.3
Prob. 13.4 2 2
 dl 2  0.024λ 
8 
c 3 ×210
(a) λR=rad ==80π  = 6= m 80π   = 0.4548 Ω
f 50 × 10λ6   λ 
Z 2− Z o −
(b)Γ = 2dL 2(5 ×0.4548
10−3 ) 2 50 = −0.982
rmin = Z +=Z = 0.4548 =+ 8.333 −6
50 × 10 m  r = 15 cm
λL o 6
i.e. 1+ | Γ | far
1.982
s = r is in the
= field. = 110.11
1− | Γ | 1 − 0.982

Prob. 13.4
c 3 × 108
λ= = =6m
f 50 × 106
2d 2 2(5 × 10−3 ) 2 Copyright © 2015−6by Oxford University Press
rmin = = = 8.333 × 10 m  r = 15 cm
λ 6
i.e. r is in the far field.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

424
422

jI o β dl
Hφ s = sin θ e − j β r
4π r

× 5 × 10−3 × sin 30o

I o β dl 6 5
| H φ s |= sin θ = = × 10−2 = 2.778 mA/m
4π r 4π × 15 × 10 −2
18
|Eθ s |= ηo | H φ s |= 377 × 2.778 × 10 = 1.047 V/m
−3

Prob. 13.5
l
e− jβ r 2
2z
(a) Azs =
4π r I
−l
o (1 −
l
)e j β z cos θ ∂ z
2

e − j β r  2 
l l
2z 2
2z
)sin( β z cos θ ) dz 
4π r  −l
= Io (1 − ) cos( β z cosθ )dz + j  (1 −
l −l l 
 2 2 
l
e− j β r 2
2z
= 2 I o  (1 − ) cos( β z cosθ )dz
4π r 0 l
I oe− jβ r 2
= . 1 − cos( β l cosθ ) 
2π r β cos θ l 
2 2 2 

E s = − jωμ As Eθ s = jωμ sin θ Azs = j βη sin θ Azs

sin θ 1 − cos( β l cos θ ) 


jη I o e − j β r
 2 
Eθ s =
π rl β cos θ
2

βl
( cosθ ) 2
If β l  l , cos( β l cosθ ) = 1 − 2 .
2 2 2!
Hence

jη I o
Eθ s = β le− j β r sin θ , H φ s = Eθ s / η
8π r
2
Eθ s
Pave = , Prad =  Pave dS

2π π 2
n  I βl  1
Prad =    o  2 sin 2 θ r 2 sin θ dθ dφ
0 0 2  8π  r
2
l
= 10π I o   = 1 I o 2 Rrad
2 2

λ 2
2
l
or Rrad = 20π 2  
λ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


423

Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e
2
l
(b) 0.5 = 20π 2   l = 0.05λ
λ
425
423
Prob. 13.6
c 3 × 108 l 2
λ = 0.5== 20π 26= 100
(b)
 m
l = 0.05λ
f 3 × 10  λ 
 
 = 4 m  λ . Hence the antenna is electrically short.
Prob. 13.6
1 2  π I o dl 
2
 π × 3× 4 
2

Prad =c I 3o R×rad
10 = 40  λ  = 40  100  = 5.685 W
8
λ = 2=  m 
= 100  
f 3 × 106
Prob.
=4m 13.7 λ . Hence the antenna is electrically short.
Let us model this as a short Hertzian 2 dipole. 2
1 2  π I o dl   π2 × 3 × 4 
Prad = I o Rrad = 40   =40dl  = 5.685 W
2 Rrad λ= 80π 2   =100 80π 2 (1 / 8) 2 = 12.34 Ω
λ
Prob. 13.7
Prob.
Let us 13.8
model this as a short Hertzian dipole.
40Ω2
 dl 
Rrad = 80π 2   = 80π 2 (1 / 8)I2 = 12.34 Ω
λ

Prob. 13.8 +
24 V - 40Ω Zin = 73+j42
I

+
24 V - Zin = 73+j42
V 24
I= = = 0.1866 − j 0.0694
Rs + Z in 40 + 73 + j 42
1
Prad = | I |2 Rrad , Rrad = 73
2
1V 24
I rad
P = = (0.1991) = 2 × 73 = 1.447= W0.1866 − j 0.0694
Rs 2+ Z in 40 + 73 + j 42
1
Prad = | I |2 Rrad , Rrad = 73
2
1
Prad = (0.1991)2 × 73 = 1.447 W
2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

426
424

Prob. 13.9
Change the limits in Eq. (13.16) to ± l i.e.
2

μ I oe j β zCosθ ( j β cosθ cos β t + β sin β t ) l


As = −l
2
4π r − β 2 cos 2 θ + β 2 2

μ I oe jβ r 1  βl  βl  βl  βl 
=
2π r β sin 2 θ sin 2 cos  2 cosθ  − cosθ cos 2 sin  2 cosθ  
    

But B = μ H = ∇ × A

1 ∂ ∂A
Hφ s =  ( rAθ ) − r  ,
μr ∂ r ∂θ 

where Ao = − Az sin θ , Ar = Az cosθ

I o e− j β r  j β   β l  βl  βl  βl  Io − jβ r
Hφ s =   sin cos  cosθ  − cosθ cos sin  cosθ  + e (......)
2π r β  sinθ   2  2  2  2  2π r
2

1
For far field, only the -term remains. Hence
r

 βl  βl  βl  βl 
jI o − j β r sin 2 cos  2 cos θ  − cos θ cos 2 sin  2 cos θ  
    
Hφ s = e
2π r sin θ

 βl  βl
cos  cosθ  − cos
(b) f (θ ) =  2  2
sin θ

cos (π cosθ ) + 1
For l = λ , f (θ ) =
sin θ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

427
425

 3π 
cos  cosθ 
3λ  2 
For l = , f (θ ) =
2 sin θ

cosθ sin ( 2π cosθ )


For l = 2λ , f (θ ) =
sin θ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

428
426

Prob. 13.10
(a)
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.6667 m
f 450 × 106
λ
= = 0.333 m
2

(b)
σ 4
= = 1.975
ωε 10−9
2π × 450 × 10 × 81 ×
6

36π

με   2π × 460 × 106 81
2
σ 
β =ω  1 +   + 1 =
 1 + (1.975 )2 + 1
2   ωε   c 2  
 
2π × 460 × 106
= × 11.4086 = 109.91
3 × 108

λ= = 0.0572
β
λ
= = 28.58 mm
2

Prob. 13.11
(a)
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 260.8 m
f 1.150 × 106
λ
= = 65.22 m
4

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.5 m
Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni f 600 × 106 Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

λ
= = 0.125 m
4 429
427
Prob. 13.12
(b)
This cis a monopole
3 × 108 antenna
λ = c = 3 × 1086 = 3.333 m
λ = f = 90 × 10 6 = 200
λf 1.5 × 10
 = = 0.8333 m
4
l λ ,hence it is a Hertzian monopole.
(c)
2 2
c 31× 1082  dl  2 1 
λ =Rrad == 80π 6 = 3.75  =m40π   = 9.87 mΩ
f 80 2 × 10  λ   200 
λ 1 2
 = Prad==0.9375
Pt = m I o Rrad
4 2
(d)
c2 23P×t 108 8
λ = I o == R = 9.87 6
= 0.5
× 10m−3
= 810.54
f 600 × 10
rad

λ
I o== 28.47
= 0.125
A m
4
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Prob.
Prob. 13.13
13.12
8
c 3 × 10antenna
This is a monopole 428
(a) λ = = 8 = 30 m
c f3 × 1010 × 106
λ= = = 200
f 1.5 × 106
ηπ I o S Emax rλ 2
Emax = I o =
l λ ,hencerλit is a Hertzian monopole.
ηπ S
2

50 × 10−3 × 32× 302 2


 1 mA (S=Nπ r )
2
Io =1  dl  2 =2 9.071
Rrad = 12080π 22π (0.2)
 =100 π 
40  = 9.87 m Ω
2  λ  Copyright©2002015by Oxford University Press
1
= πI o42SR2rad 320π 4π 2 (0.2)4 × 104
Prad = Pt 320
(b) Rrad = 2 4 = = 6.077Ω
λ 304
2P 8
I o 2 = t1 = 2 1 3 = 810.54
PradR=rad I o 9.87
Rrad ×=10−(9.071) 2
× 10−6 × 6.077
2 2
I o = 28.47 A
= 0.25 mW

Prob. 13.13
Prob. 13.14
c 3 × 108
(a) λ = = 6
= 30 m
f c 10 ×310
× 108
λ= = = 3.75 m
f 80 × 106
S = Nπρ o2
320π 4 S 2 320π 4 N 2π 2 ρo4 λ 4 Rrad
Rrad = = → N2 =
⎯⎯
λ4 λ4 320π 6 (1.2 × 10−2 )4
(3.75) 4 × 8
N2 = =2015
Copyright © 248006 ⎯⎯ → Press
by Oxford University N  498
320π 6 (1.2 × 10−2 )4
1 2 1
Prad = I o Rrad = (9.071) 2 × 10−6 × 6.077
Sadiku & Kulkarni 2 2 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

= 0.25 mW
430

Prob. 13.14

c 3 × 108
λ= = = 3.75 m
f 80 × 106
S = Nπρ o2
320π 4 S 2 320π 4 N 2π 2 ρo4 λ 4 Rrad
Rrad = = → N2 =
⎯⎯
λ4 λ4 320π 6 (1.2 × 10−2 )4
(3.75) 4 × 8
N2 = = 248006 → N  498
⎯⎯
320π 6 (1.2 × 10−2 )4

Prob. 13.15
320π 4 S 2
(a) Rrad =
λ4
S = πρ o2 = π (0.4)2 = 0.5027 m 2
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 50 m
f 6 × 106
Sadiku & Kulkarni
320π 4 (0.5027)2 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Rrad = = 1.26 mΩ
(50) 4
1 1
(b) Prad = I o 2 Rrad = (50)2 × 1.26 × 10−3429
= 1.575 W
2 2

a a  a 2π R μ f π
(c) R = R dc = = π fμσ =
2δ 2δ σ S 2σπ a 2
2π a σ
R μ fπ 0.4 4π × 10−7 × 6 × 106 × π
R = = = 63.91 mΩ
a σ 4 × 10−3 5.8 × 107
R rad 1.26
η= = × 100% = 1.933%
R rad + R 1.26 + 63.91

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Prob. 13.16

π 
cos  cosθ 
(a) f (θ ) = 2 
sin θ

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


2δ 2δ σ S 2σπ a 2π a σ
R μ fπ 0.4 4π × 10 × 6 × 10 × π
−7 6

Sadiku & Kulkarni R  = = = 63.91 mΩ Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e


a σ 4 × 10 −3
5.8 × 107
R rad 1.26
η= = × 100% = 1.933%
R rad + R 1.26 + 63.91 431

Prob. 13.16

π 
cos  cosθ 
(a) f (θ ) = 2 
sin θ

λ π
(b) The same as for dipole except that the fields are zero for θ  as shown.
2 2

Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

430

Prob. 13.17
Let Prad1 and Prad2 be the old and new radiated powers respectively.
Let Pohm1 and Pohm2 be the old and new ohmic powers respectively.
Prad 1 1
η r1 = 20% = = ⎯⎯
→ 4 Prad 1 = Pohm1 (1)
Prad 1 + Pohm1 5
1 2
But Pohm1 = I Rs Δz
2
1
Pohm2 = I 2 Rs 2Δz = 2Pohm1 (2)
2
2
1 2 1 2  Δz 
Prad 1 = I o Rrad
Copyright © 2015 × 80πUniversity
= byI o2Oxford  Press
2 2  λ 
2
1 1  2Δz 
Prad 2 = I o2 Rrad = I o2 × 80π 2   = 4 Prad 1 (3)
2 2  λ 
From (1) to (3),
Prad 2 4 Prad 1 P
η r2 = = = ohm1 = 33.3%
Prad 2 + Pohm 2 4 Prad 1 + 2 Pohm1 3Pohm1

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

Prob. 13.18
1 2
Pohm2 = I Rs 2Δz = 2Pohm1 (2)
2
Sadiku & Kulkarni 2 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
1 1  Δz 
Prad 1 = I o2 Rrad = I o2 × 80π 2  
2 2  λ 
432 2
1 2 1 2 2  2 Δz 
Prad 2 = I o Rrad = I o × 80π   = 4 Prad 1 (3)
2 2  λ 
From (1) to (3),
Prad 2 4 Prad 1 P
η r2 = = = ohm1 = 33.3%
Prad 2 + Pohm 2 4 Prad 1 + 2 Pohm1 3Pohm1

Prob. 13.18
cos 2θ − j β r
(a) Let H s = e aH
ηo r
a E × a H = ak ⎯⎯
→ aθ × a H = ar → a H = aφ
⎯⎯
cos 2θ − j β r
Hs = e aφ
120π r

| Es |2 cos 2 (2θ )
(b) Pave = ar = ar
Sadiku & Kulkarni 2η 2η r 2 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
π
1 cos 2 2θ 2 1
Prad =
2η  r 2
r sin θ dθ dφ =
240π
(2π )  cos 2 2θ sin θ dθ
0
431
But cos 2θ = cos θ − sin θ = 2cos θ − 1
2 2 2

π
1
Prad =− 
120 0
(2cos 2 θ − 1) 2 d (cos θ )

π
1
120 0
=− (4cos 4 θ − 4cos 2 θ + 1) d (cos θ )

1  4cos5 θ 4cos3 θ π
=−  − + cos θ 
120  5 3 0
1 4 4 4 4 1 14
=− [− + − 1 − + − 1] = ( )
120 5 3 5 3 120 15
= 7.778 mW

(c)
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
120o
1
Prad =−
120  (2cos 2 θ − 1) 2 d (cos θ )
60o

1  4cos5 θ 4cos3 θ  120o


=−  − + cos θ  o
120  5 3  60
1 4 1 4 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1
=− [ (− ) − (− ) − − ( ) + ( ) − ] = [ + − ]
120 5 32 3 8 2 5 32 3 8 2 60 40 2 6
= 5.972 mW
5.972
which is = 0.7678 or 76.78%
7.778
Prob. 13.19
1 1
Pave = Re( E s × H s* ) = η | Hφ s |2 ar
2 2
1 β Copyright
2 2
Io © 2015 by Oxford University Press
Prad =  Pave dS = η  sin 2
θ cos 2 φ r 2 sin θ dθ dφ
2 16π 2 r 2
Sadiku & Kulkarni 432 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

377 × 2502 × 1012 433


Rrad = = 87.27Ω
3 × 9 × 1016

Prob. 13.20
(a) Prad =  Prad ⋅ dS = Pave .2π r 2 (hemisphere)
Prad 200 × 103
Pave = = = 12.73μW / m 2
2π r 2
2π (2500 × 10 )
6

Pave = 12.73ar μ W/m 2 .


2
(E )
(b) Pave = max

Emax = 2η Pave = 240π × 12.73 × 10−6

= 0.098 V/m

Prob. 13.21

U 4π r 2 Pave 8π sin θ cos φ


Gd = = =
U ave  Pave .∂ s  Pave .dS
π
π 2
But  Pave .dS =   2sin θ cosφ sin θ dθ dφ
θ =0 φ =0
π π
π
π 
2 2
= 2  cos φ dφ  sin θ dθ = 2sin φ
2
  =π
0 0 0 2

Gd = 8sin θ cos φ
D = Gd ,max = 8

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

434
433

Prob. 13.22
3λ 2π 3λ
From Prob. 13.11, set  = , β = = 3π
2 λ 2
  2π 1 3λ   2π 1 3λ  
−β r 
cos  cos θ  − cos  
jI e   λ 2 2   λ 2 2 
Hφ s = o
2π r sin θ
  3π   3π  
−β r 
cos  cosθ  − cos   
 2   jI o e cos (1.5π cos θ )
−β r
jI e   2 
= o =
2π r sin θ 2π r sin θ
Hence, the normalized radiated field pattern is
cos (1.5π cosθ )
f (θ ) =
sin θ
which is plotted below.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

435
434

Prob. 13.23
The MATLAB code is shown below

N=20;
del= 2*pi/N;
sum=0;
for k=1:N
theta = del*k;
term = (1 – cos(theta))/theta;
sum = sum + term;
end
int = del*sum

When the program is run, it gives the value of 2.4335. The accuracy may be increased by
increasing N.

Prob. 13.24

jη I o β dl
(a) Eθ s = sin θ e − j β r
4π r
2
 dl 
Rrad = 80π 2  
λ
1 2
4π r 2 . Eθ s
4π r Pave
2

Gd = =
Prad 1 2
I o Rrad
2

4π r 2 1  λ  1 η I o β ( dl ) sin θ
2
2 2 2 2 2

= .   .
I o 2 80π 2  dl  η 16π 2 r 2

Gd = 1.5sin 2 θ

(b) D = Gd ,max = 1.5

λ2 1.5λ 2 sin 2 θ
(c) Ae = Gd =
4π 4π

2
1
(d) Rrad = 80π   = 3.084 Ω
2

 16 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

436
435

Prob. 13.25

120π 2 I o S
(a) Eφ s = sin θ e − j β r
r λ 2

320π 4 S 2
Rrad =
λ4

2
4π U (θ , φ ) 4π r 2 Pave 8π r 2 1 Eφ s
Gd = = = 2 .
Prad 1 2 I o 2η Rrad
I o Rrad
2
8π r 2 1 I 2 S2 λ2
= 2 . .14400π 4 o2 4 sin 2 θ
I o 2η r λ 320π 4 S 2

Gd = 1.5sin 2 θ

(b) D = 1.5

λ 2Gd λ 2
(c) Ae = = 1.5sin 2 θ
4π 4π

πd2 320π 6
(d) S = π a2 = =
4 (576) 2

Rrad = 0.927Ω

Prob. 13.26
(a)
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 250
f 1.2 × 106
λ
== 62.5 m
4
(b) From eq. (13.30), Rrad = 36.5 Ω

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

437
436

(c)

For λ /4-monopole,
π
cos( cosθ )
f (θ ) = 2 , 0 <θ <π / 2
sin θ
π
4π cos 2 ( cosθ )
2
4π f 2 (θ ) sin 2 θ
Gd (θ ,φ ) = =
π
 f 2 (θ )d Ω 2π π / 2 cos 2 ( cosθ )
2

0 0
sin θ
dθ dφ

π π
4π cos 2 ( cosθ ) 3.282cos 2 ( cosθ )
2 1 2
= =
sin 2 θ 2π (0.6094) sin 2 θ
D = Gd ,max = 3.282

Prob. 13.27

(a) Umax = 1
Prad  Ud Ω
U ave = =
4π 4π

1
  sin 2θ sin θ dθ dφ
2
=

π
1
(2π )  ( 2sin θ cos θ ) d ( − cosθ )
2
=
4π 0
π
= 2 ( cos 4 θ − cos 2 θ ) d ( cos θ )
0

 cos5 θ cos3 θ  π
= 2 − 
 5 3  0

 2 2 8
= 2 − +  =
 5 3  15

U ave = 0.5333

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

438
437

U max
D= = 1.875
U ave

(b) Umax = 4
1 4 sin θ
U ave =
4π  Ud Ω =
4π   sin 2
θ
dθ dφ

π
1π 2
π
=
π  dφ  cos ecθ dθ =
0 π π
ln 3
3

Uave = 0.5493

U max 16
D= = = 9.7092
U ave 3ln 3

(c) Umax = 2

1 1
U ave =
4π  Ud Ω =
4π   2sin 2 θ sin 2 φ sin θ dθ dφ
π π
1
=  sin φ dφ  (1 − cos 2 θ ) d ( − cosθ )
2

2π 0 0

1 π  cos3 θ  π
1 2  1
= .  − cosθ  =  − + 2 =
2π 2  3  0 4 3  3

Uave = 0.333

U max
D= =6
U ave

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

439
438

Prob. 13.28
U (θ , φ )
(a) Gd (θ ,φ ) =
U ave
2π π
1
4π φ = 0 θ = 0
U ave = 10sin θ sin 2 φ × sin θ dθ dφ

2π π
10
 sin φ dφ  sin 2θ dθ
2
=
4π 0 0

10 1  sin 2θ  2π 1  sin 2φ  π
= θ −  0 φ − 
4π 2  2  2 2 0
10 5π
= (2π − 0)(π − 0) =
16π 4
40sin θ sin φ
2
Gd (θ , φ ) = = 2.546sin θ sin 2 φ

D = Gd . max = 2.546

π π
1
  2sin θ sin 3 φ × sin θ dθ dφ
2
(b) U ave =
4π φ θ
=0 =0

π π π 2
2 2  
 φ φ  θ θ   (1 − cos φ )d (− cos φ ) 
3 3 2
= sin d sin d =
4π 0 0 4π  0 
2
1  cos3 φ  π 1 4 16
=  − cos φ   =   =
2π  3  0  2π  3  18π
18π
Gd (θ ,φ ) = 2sin 2 θ sin 3 φ = 2.25π sin 2 θ sin 3 φ
16
D = Gd . max = 7.069

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

440
439

2π π
1
  5(1 + sin θ sin 2 φ ) × sin θ dθ dφ
2
(c) U ave =
4π φ θ
=0 =0
π 2π π 2π
5  
  sin θ dθ  dφ +  sin θ dθ  sin dφ 
3 2
=
4π  0 0 0 0 
5  π 4 φ sin 2φ 2π 
=  2π (− cos θ ) + ( − ) 
4π  0 3 2 4 0
5  4  20
=  4π + π  =
4π  3  3
3
Gd (θ ,φ ) = 5(1 + sin 2 θ sin 2 φ ) = 0.75(1 + sin 2 θ sin 2 φ )
20
D = Gd . max = 1.5

Prob. 13.29
U max = 4
1 1 φ
U ave =
4π  Ud Ω =
4π  4sin 2 θ sin sin θ dθ dφ
2
1
π π
φ 1
π
φ π
=  sin 3 θ dθ  sin dφ =  (1 − cos 2 θ )d (− cosθ )(−2cos )
π0 0
2 π0 2 0
1 4 8
= ( )(2) =
π 3 3π
U max 3π
D= = 4× = 4.712
U ave 8

Prob. 13.30
| Er |2 I 2 sin 2 θ
P ave = ar = o ar
2η 2η r 2

I o2 sin 2 θ 2 I o2
Prad =
2η  r 2
r sin θ dθ d φ =
240π
(2π )  (1 − cos 2 θ )d (− cosθ )
0

I o2 cos3 θ π I2 I2
= ( − cos θ ) = o (−1 / 3 + 1 − 1 / 3 + 1) = o
120 3 0 120 90
I o2 = 90 Pave = 90 × 50 × 10−3 → I o = 2.121 A
⎯⎯

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

441
440

Prob. 13.31
2π π π
| E |2 2 100 r 2
Prad =  
φ = 0 θ = 0 2η o
r sin θ dθ d φ =
r 2ηo
2
(2π )  sin 5 θ dθ
0

2π  5 5 1 π
= 100  − cosθ + cos3θ − cos5θ 
2 × 377  8 48 80 0
100π  5 5 5 5 1 1 
=  + − − + +  = 0.889 W
377  8 8 48 48 80 80 

Prob. 13.32
This is similar to Fig. 13.10 except that the elements are z-directed.

jηβ I o dl  e − j β r1 e − j β r2 
E s = E s1 + E s 2 =  sin θ1 aθ1 + sin θ 2 aθ 2 
4π  r1 r2 

d d
where r1 ≅ r − cosθ , r2 ≅ r + cosθ , θ1 ≅ θ 2 ≅ θ , aθ 1 ≅ aθ 2 = aθ
2 2
jηβ I o dl
Es = sin θ aθ e j β d cos θ / 2 + e − j β d cos θ / 2 

jηβ I o dl 1
Es = sin θ cos( β d cosθ )aθ
2π 2

Prob. 13.33
Equation (13.33) applies except that cosθ must be replaced by sinθ. Hence, the radiation
pattern is
1 
f (θ ) = sin θ 2cos  ( β d cosθ + α ) 
2 
2π λ
α = 0, d = 2(λ / 4) = λ / 2, β d= =π
λ 2
1
f (θ ) = 2sin θ cos( π cosθ )
2

Prob. 13.34
1  2π
(a) AF = 2cos  ( β d cos θ + α )  , α = 0, βd = λ = 2π
2  λ

AF = 2cos(π cos θ )

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

442
441

(b) Nulls occur when

cos(π cosθ ) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ π cosθ = ±π / 2, ±3π / 2,...
or
θ = 60o ,120o

(c) Maxima and minima occur when

df
=0 ⎯⎯
→ sin(π cosθ )π sin θ = 0

i.e. sin θ = 0 ⎯⎯
→ θ = 0o ,180o
cosθ = 0 ⎯⎯
→ θ = 90o
or
θ = 0o ,90o ,180o

(d) The group pattern is sketched below.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

443
442

Prob. 13.35

1 
f (θ ) = cos  ( β d cosθ + α ) 
2 

(a) α = π , β d = .λ = 2π
2 λ
(
f (θ ) = cos π cosθ + π
4 )
π 3π
Nulls occur at π cosθ + π =± ,± ,... or θ = 75.5o ,138.6o
4 2 2
∂f
Maxima occur at =0 sin θ = 0 θ = 0o ,180o
∂θ
 π
Or sin  π cos θ +  = 0 θ = 41.4o ,104.5o
 4
With f max = 0.71,1 .
Hence the group pattern is sketched below.

θ = 41.0138o, abs(f) = 1,
θ = 104.6083o, abs(f) = 1,
θ = 180o, abs(f) = 1/√2=0.707

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

444
443

3π 2π λ π
(b) α= ,βd = . =
4 λ 4 2

π 3π 
f (θ ) = cos  cosθ + 
4 8 

π 3π π 3π
Nulls occur at cosθ + = ± , ± ,... ⎯⎯
→ θ = 60o
4 8 2 2

π 3π 
Minima and maxima occur at sin θ cos  cosθ + =0
4 8 

i.e. θ = 0o ,180o → f (θ ) = 0.383,0.924

θ = 0, abs(f) = 0.3827
θ = 180, abs(f) = 0.9239

2π 3λ 3π
(c) α = 0, β d = . =
λ 4 2
 3π 
f (θ ) = cos  cosθ 
 4 
3π π 3π
It has nulls at cosθ = ± , ± ,... → θ = 48.2o ,131.8o
4 2 2
df  3π 
It has maxima and minima at = 0 → sin θ sin  cos θ  = 0
dθ  4 
i.e. θ = 0 ,180 → f (θ ) = 0.71,1 ,
o o
θ = ±90 , → f (θ ) = 1
o

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

445
444

θ = 0 o, abs(f) = 1/√2=0.707,
θ = 90o, abs(f) = 1,
θ = 180o, abs(f) = 1/√2=0.707

Prob. 13.36
1 
(a) For N = 2, f (θ ) = cos  ( β d cosθ + α ) 
2 
λ
α = 0, d =
4
 1  2π λ  π 
f (θ ) = cos   . cosθ + 0   = cos  cosθ 
2 λ 4  4 

Maxima and minima occur at


d  π 
 cos  cosθ   = 0
dθ   4 
π 
sin θ sin  cosθ  = 0
4 
sin θ = 0 → θ = π ,0 and f (θ ) = 0.707
π 
sin  cosθ  → cos = 0 → θ = 90o , f (θ ) = 1
4 
π π 3π
Nulls occur as cosθ = ± , ± ,... (No Solution)
4 2 2

The group pattern is sketched below.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

446
445

(b) For N = 4,
sin 2 ( β d cos θ + 0 )
AF =
1
sin ( β d cosθ + 0 )
2

sin 4θ 2sin 2θ cos 2θ


Now, = = 4cos 2θ cosθ
sin θ sin θ

1 
AF = 4cos ( β d cosθ ) cos  β d cos θ 
2 

 2π λ   1 2π λ 
f (θ ) = cos  . cosθ  cos   cosθ
 λ 4  2 λ 4

π  π 
= cos  cosθ  cos  cosθ 
2  4 

The plot is shown below.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

447
446

Prob. 13.37

The MATLAB code is shown below.

for n=1:180
phi=n*pi/180;
p(n)=n;
sn=sin(2*pi*cos(phi));
cn=cos(0.5*pi*cos(phi));
sd=sin(0.5*pi*cos(phi));
fun=sn*cn*cn/sd;
f(n)= abs(fun);
end
polar(p,f)
The polar plot and the xy plot are shown below.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

448
447

Prob. 13.38

(a) The resultant pattern is obtained as follows.

I ∠ 0o
I ∠ 0o I ∠ 0o I ∠ 0o

λ/2 λ/2 λ/2

x =

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

449
448

(b) The array is replaced by + +


λ
∠0 o ∠π /2
4
where + stands for
∠0 ∠πo

Thus the resultant pattern is obtained as shown.

I ∠ 0o I ∠ 90o I ∠180o I ∠ 270o

x =
λ/4 λ/4 λ/4

λ/2, π

x =

Prob. 13.39

Gd (dB ) = 20dB = 10log10 Gd ⎯⎯


→ Gd = 102 = 100
c 3 × 108
λ= = 9
= 3 × 10−2
f 10 × 10
λ2 9 × 10−4
Ae = Gd = 100 = 7.162 × 10−2 m 2
4π 4π

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

450
449

Prob. 13.40

Pr Pr 2η Pr
Ae = = =
Pave | Er |2 | Er |2

2 × 120π × 2 × 10−6 48π


= = = 0.6031
25 × 102 × 10−6 250

Prob. 13.41
Friis equation states that
2
Pr  λ 
= Gr Gt  
Pt  4π r 
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 1.5 m, r = 238,857 × 1.609 × 103 = 3.843 × 108
f 200 × 106
Gt (dB ) = 15dB = 10log10 Gt → Gt = 1015/10 = 31.623
⎯⎯
2 2
 4π r  Pr  4π × 3.843 × 10  4 × 10
8 −9
Gr =   =  = 34.55 × 1010
 λ  Pt 
−3
1.5  120 × 10
Gr (dB ) = 10log10 Gr = 10log10 34.55 × 1010 = 115.384 dB

Prob. 13.42

Using Frii’s equation,

2
 λ 
Pr = Gr Gt   Pt
 4π r 
2
 4π r  Pr
Pt =  
 λ  Gr Gt
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.1, r = 42 km
f 3 × 109
Gt (dB ) = 10log10 Gt = 25 → Gt = 102.5 = 316.23
⎯⎯
Gr (dB ) = 10log10 Gr = 20 → Gt = 102 = 100
⎯⎯
2
 4π × 42 × 103  3 × 10−6
Pt =   = 2.642 kW
 0.1  31623

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

451
450

Prob. 13.43

Gdt = 104 , Gdr = 103.2 = 1585

c 3 × 108 1
λ= = 9
= 0.02m =
f 15 × 10 50

2 2
 λ   0.02 
 Pt = 10 (1585 ) 
4
Pr = Gdr Gdt  7 
320
 4π r   4π × 2.456741 × 10 

= 2.129 × 10−11 W = 21.29 pW

Prob. 13.44
Using Frii’s equation,
2
 λ 
Pr = G 2   Pt
 4π r 
2
 4π r  Pr
Pt =   2
 λ  G
G (dB) = 25 → G = 102.5 = 316.23
⎯⎯
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.5
f 600 × 106
2
 4π × 450  4 × 10
−3
Pt =   2
= 5.1163 W
 0.5  (316.23)

Prob. 13.45

Pt P
30dB = log → t = 103 = 1000
Pr Pr
2 2
 3   Gd 
But Pr = ( Gd )
2
  Pt = Pt  
 50 × 4π × 12   800π 

2 2
 Gd  Pr 1  1 
  = = =
 800π  Pt 1000  10 10 

800π
or Gd = = 79.476
10 10

Gd = 10log 79.476 = 19 dB

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

452
451

Prob. 13.46

2
E Prad Gd 240π Prad Gd
(a) Pi = = → Ei =
2ηo 4π r 2 4π r 2

1 1
Ei = 60 Prad Gd = 60 × 200 × 103 × 3500
r 120 × 103

= 1.708 V/m

2
Ei σ 1.7082 × 8
(b) Es = = = 11.36 μ V/m
4π r 2 4π × 14400 × 106

1.7082
(c) Pc = Piσ = ( 8) = 30.95 mW
240π
(11.36 ) × 10−12 = 1.712 × 10−13 W/m 2
2 2
E
(d) Pi = =
2ηo 240π
3 × 108 λ 2G 0.04 × 3500
λ= = 0.2 m, A2r = =
15 × 108 4π 4π

Pr = Pa Aer = 1.712 × 10−13 × 11.14 = 1.907 × 10−12

( λGd ) σ Prad ( 0.2 × 3500 ) × 8 × 2 × 105


2 2

or Pr = =
( 4π ) r 4 ( 4π ) × 124 × 1016
3 3

= 1.91 × 10−12 W

Prob. 13.47

(λGd ) 2 σ Prad
Pr =
(4π )3 r 4
Gd (dB) = 30dB = 10log10 Gd → Gd = 103
⎯⎯
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.075 m
f 4 × 109
(0.075 × 103 ) 2 × 12 × 80 × 103
Pr = = 272.1 pW
(4π )3 (10 × 103 ) 4

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

453
452

Prob. 13.48
2
4π  4π r1r2  Pr
Prad =  
Gdt Gdr  λ  σ

But Gdt = 36dB = 103.6 = 3981.1

Gdr = 20dB = 102 = 100


c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.06
f 5 × 109

r1 = 3km , r2 = 5km

2
4π  4π × 15 × 106  8 × 10−12
Prad =  
3981.1 × 100  6 × 10−2  2.4

= 1.038 kW

Prob. 13.49

( λGd ) σ Prad ( 4π ) r 4 Pr
2 3

Pr = → Prad =
( 4π ) r 4 ( λGd ) σ
3 2

c 3 × 108 1
λ= = 9
= << r = 250m
f 6 × 10 20

40 = log10 Gd → Gd = 104

Prad =
( 4π )
3
( 0.25 × 10 )
3 4
× 2 × 10 −6
= 77.52 W
2
 1 4
 × 10  × 0.8
 20 

Prob. 13.50
(a)
π fL π × 300 × 106 × 50 × 10−9
F= = = 2.356
R 20
IL = 10log10 (1 + F 2 ) = 10log10 (1 + 2.3562 ) = 8.164 dB

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

454
453

(b)
F = π fRC = π × 300 × 106 × 10 × 103 × 60 × 10−12 = 180π = 565.5
IL = 10log10 (1 + F 2 ) = 10log10 (1 + 565.52 ) = 55.05 dB

Prob. 13.51
Zg I1 I2

+ +
A B
C 
Vg V1   A DB  V2 ZL
 C D
 
- -

By definition,
V1 = AV2 – BI2 (1)
I1 = CV2 – DI2 (2)

Let V2 and V2 be respectively the load voltages when the filter circuit is
present and when it is absent.

I1Z L
V2 = − I 2 Z L =
CZ L + D

Vg Z L Vg Z L
= =
 V1   AV2 − BI 2 
 Z g +  ( CZ L + D )  Zg +  ( CZ L + D )
 I1   CV2 − DI 2 

Vg Z L
=
 AZ L + B 
 Zg +  ( CZ L + D )
 CZ L + D 

Vg Z L
=
( Z ( CZ
g L + D ) + AZ L + B )

Vg Z L
V2 =
(Z g + ZL )

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

455
454

Ratio and modulus give

V2
=
( Z g ( CZ L + D ) + AZ L + B )
V2 Zg + ZL

Insertion loss =

IL = 20log10
V2
= 20log10
( Z ( CZ
g L + D ) + AZ L + B )
V2 Zg + ZL
which is the required result

Prob. 13.52

Ei 6
SE = 20log10 = 20log10 = 20log10 (3 × 105 )
Eo 20 × 10−6
= 109.54 dB

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

456
455

CHAPTER 14

P. E. 14.1 The program in Fig. 14.3 was used to obtain the plot in Fig. 14.5.

P. E. 14.2 For the exact solution,

(D2 + 1) y = 0 y = A cos x + B sin x

y (0) = 0 A =0

y(1) = 1 1 = B sin 1 or B = 1/sin 1

Thus, y = sin x/sin 1

For the finite difference solution,

y ( x + Δ) − 2 y ( x) + y ( x − Δ)
y’’ + y = 0 + y=0
Δ2
or
y ( x + Δ) + y ( x − Δ)
y ( x) = , y (0) = 0, y (1) = 1, Δ = 1 / 4
2 − Δ2
With the MATLAB program shown below, we obtain the exact result ye and FD
result y.

y(1)=0.0;
y(5)=1.0;
del=0.25;
for n=1:20
for k=2:4
y(k)=(y(k+1) +y(k-1))/(2-del*del)
x=(k-1)*del;
ye=sin(x)/sin(1.0)
end
end

The results are listed below.

y(x) N=5 N=10 N=15 N=20 Exact


ye(x)
y(0.25) 0.2498 0.2924 0.2942 0.2943 0.2940
y(0.5) 0.5242 0.5682 0.5701 0.5702 0.5697
y(0.75) 0.7867 0.8094 0.8104 0.8104 0.8101

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

457
456

P. E. 14.3 By applying eq. (14.16) to each node as shown below, we obtain the
following results after 5 iterations.
0 0 25
10.01 28.3
9.82 28.17
9.35 27.06
8.19 25
5.56 19.92
4.69 18.95
0 0 0
50
12.05 28.3 44.57
11.87 28.17 44.46
11.44 27.85 44.26
10.30 27.06 43.76
7.76 25.06 42.48
2.34 19.92 37.5
0 0 0
0
50
10.01 28.3
9.82 28.17
9.35 27.85
8.19 27.06
5.56 25
4.69 19.92
0 0
0 50

0 0 25

P. E. 14.4 (a) Using the program in Fig. 14.16 with nx = 4+1=5 and ny = 8+1=9, we
obtain the potential at center as

V(3,5) = 23.796 V

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku &
Sadiku & Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principles
Principlesof
ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

458
457

(b) Using the same program with nx = 12+1=13 and ny = 24+1=25, the potential at the
Sadiku & Kulkarni center is Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

V(7,13) = 23.883 V
472
P. E.
P. E. 14.7
14.5 By ͲǤ͹ͻ (the solution
ܸ ൌcombining the ideasimproves further
in Figs. 14.23 and
and gets closer
14.27, to the expected
and dividing each wirevalue into
due to a finer grid).
N segments, the results listedθin Table 14.2 is obtained. C (in pF)
Code: It is the same as in Example
10 14.5 except the following lines:
8.5483
P. E. 15.2 20 9.0677
grid_size=0.05; 3
nt=90; %% Top plate at 90th 30
(a) grid row from the upper8.893 boundary
nB=110; %% Bottom plate at40 110th grid row from 8.606
the upper boundary
50
Sadiku & Kulkarni ns1=90; %% Both plates start from 90th grid column
13.004 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
60
ns2=110; %% Both plates ends at 110th grid column 8.5505
70 9.3711 2 2
v = V((nt×lx)+100) 80 4 457 8.7762 1
90 8.665
100 8.665
(b) Using
P. E. 14.6the
Thesame
codeprogram
remains with nx = 12+1=13
essentially
110 the sameand nyExample
as in
10.179 = 24+1=25,
14.6the potential
except at the
for boundary
center iswhich need to be120
conditions explicitly defined 8.544
as explained at the end of Section 14.4
above Practice Exercise 14.6. 130 9.892 1
V(7,13) = 23.883140V 8.7449
150 9.5106
P.
ForE.element
14.7 By1, combining
local 1-2-3 the ideas in
corresponds
160 Figs.
with 14.23
globaland 14.27,
1-3-4
8.5488 and A
so that dividing each wire into
1 = 0.35,
P. E. 14.9 Consider Poisson’s170 equation as the partial
11.32differential equation and Dirac delta
N
P 1 segments,
= 0.8, as
function =the
P2the results
0.6, listed
P3 =function.
forcing in
-1.4,180Q1Table 14.2
= -0.5, Q2is=obtained.
0.5, Q3 = 0
8.6278
P. E. 15.2 ‫׏‬ଶ ‫ ܩ‬ൌwe െ݃ 3 the program in Fig. 14.23.
P.E. 14.8 To determine V and E at (-1,4,5), use
(a)  0.6357 0.1643 −0.8 
Green’s function is the impulse response of the given differential equation. So forcing
C (1) = ρ0.1643 0.4357 −0.6 
L
L dl
=  ݂ in, the
Vfunction aboveRexpression
where y ') 2
= 26 + (4is−Dirac-delta function.
4
0  πε − o R
0.8 − 0.6 1.4 
 2
સଶ ‫ ܩ‬ൌ െ݃2
For Δ N 2, localρ1-2-3
V = element corresponds 4with global 1-2-3 1 so that A2 = 0.7,
By considering  axial
k

4πε k =1 26 + ( y − yk ) 2 symmetry the variation in the direction of ‫ ׎‬and ܼ is zero.


P1 = 0.1, P2 = 1.4, P3 = -1.5, Q1 = -1, Q2 = 0, Q3 = 1
ͳ ߲ ߲‫ܩ‬
L
ρ L dlR સଶ ‫ ܩ‬ൌ ൬ߩ ൰
 0.3607E = 0.05 0 4πε o R−30.4107  ߩ ߲ߩ ߲ߩ
C (2)
=  0.05
Substituting 0.7
and integrating −over
0.75the 
 surface of ߩ and ‫׎‬
1
where R  −=0.4107
r – r’ =−(-1, 5), R = |R|
0.754-y’,1.1607
For element 1, local 1-2-3 corresponds ඵ સଶ ‫ ܩ‬withߩ݀ߩ݀‫׎‬ global
ൌඵ 1-3-4 so that A1 = 0.35,
െߜ ߩ݀ߩ݀‫׎‬
Δ N
(−1) ρ k
E ≅global
The coefficient matrix is given by
P1x = 0.8,
4πε Pk =21 =[26
0.6,
+ (4P3−=yk-1.4,
) 2 ]3/ͳ2Q1߲= -0.5, Q = 0.5, Q3 = 0
߲‫ ܩ‬2 ߲‫ܩ‬
Δ N ඵ
(4 − yk ) ρ k ߩ ߲ߩ ߲ߩ ߩ ߩ݀ߩ݀‫׎‬ ൌ ඵ ߲ ൬ߩ ൰ ݀‫ ׎‬ൌ െͳ
Ey ≅ 
4πε k =1 [26 + (4 − yk ) ] 2 3/ 2
߲ߩ
 0.6357 0.1643 −0.8   ߲‫ܩ‬ ଶగ
߲‫ܩ‬
C (1)
=  0.1643 0.4357 − 0.6  න ߲ ൬ߩ ൰ න ݀‫ ׎‬ൌ ߩ ʹߨ ൌ െͳ
Ez = −5Ex   ߲ߩ ଴ ߲ߩ
 −0.8 −0.6 1.4 
For N = 20, Vo = 1V, L = 1m, a = 1mm, the program in Fig. 14.23 is modified. The
result is:
For element 2, local 1-2-3 corresponds
Copyright with global 1-2-3 so that A2 = 0.7,
Copyright © © 2015
2015 by
by Oxford
Oxford University
University Press
Press

V = 12.47 mV, E = -0.3266 a + 1.1353a + 1.6331a mV/m


P1 = 0.1, P2 = 1.4, P3 = -1.5, Qx1 = -1, Q2 =y0, Q3 = 1 z
Code: It is the same as in Example 14.5 except the following lines:
where R = r – r’ = (-1, 4-y’, 5), R = |R|
grid_size=0.05;
Sadiku & Kulkarni
nt=90; Δ%%NTop plate (−1)atρ90th grid row from the upper boundary Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Ex ≅
nB=110;4πε%%
 k
Bottom plate2 at3/110th
k =1 [26 + (4 − yk ) ]
2 grid row from the upper boundary
ns1=90; %% Both plates start from 90th grid column
Δ N (4 − yk ) ρ k 459
ns2=110;
Ey ≅ %% Both plates ends
4πε k =1 [26 + (4 − yk ) ] 2 3/ 2
at 110th grid column

v = V((nt×lx)+100)
E z = −5 E x

P.
ForE.N14.6
= 20,The
Vocode remains
= 1V, essentially
L = 1m, a = 1mm,the
thesame as in in
program Example 14.6isexcept
Fig. 14.23 for boundary
modified. The
result is: which need to be explicitly defined as explained at the end of Section 14.4
conditions
above Practice Exercise 14.6.
V = 12.47 mV, E = -0.3266 ax + 1.1353ay + 1.6331az mV/m

P. E. 14.9 Consider Poisson’s equation as the partial differential equation and Dirac delta
function as the forcing function.
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
‫׏‬ଶ ‫ ܩ‬ൌ െ݃

Green’s function is the impulse response of the given differential equation. So forcing
function ݂ in the above expression is Dirac-delta function.

સଶ ‫ ܩ‬ൌ െ݃

By considering axial symmetry the variation in the direction of ‫ ׎‬and ܼ is zero.

ͳ ߲ ߲‫ܩ‬
સଶ ‫ ܩ‬ൌ ൬ߩ ൰
ߩ ߲ߩ ߲ߩ

Substituting and integrating over the surface of ߩ and ‫׎‬

ඵ સଶ ‫ ׎݀ߩ݀ߩ ܩ‬ൌ ඵ െߜ ߩ݀ߩ݀‫׎‬

ͳ ߲ ߲‫ܩ‬ ߲‫ܩ‬
ඵ ߩ ߩ݀ߩ݀‫ ׎‬ൌ ඵ ߲ ൬ߩ ൰ ݀‫ ׎‬ൌ െͳ
ߩ ߲ߩ ߲ߩ ߲ߩ
 ଶగ
߲‫ܩ‬ ߲‫ܩ‬
න ߲ ൬ߩ ൰ න ݀‫ ׎‬ൌ ߩ ʹߨ ൌ െͳ
 ߲ߩ ଴ ߲ߩ
 
    
 


 

 is distance between the source and observation points.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

460
461

Prob. 14.1 (a) Using the Matlab code in Fig. 14.3, we input the data as:

>> plotit([-1 2 1], [-1 0; 0 2; 1 0], 1, 1, 0.01, 0.01, 8, 2, 5)

and the plot is shown below.

(b) Using the MATLAB code in Fig. 14.3, we input the required data as:

>> plotit([1 1 1 1 1], [-1 -1; -1 1; 1 –1; 1 1; 0 0], 1, 1, 0.02, 0.01, 6, 2, 5)

and obtain the plot shown below.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

461
462

Prob. 14.2

∂ 2V 1 ∂ V ∂ 2V
∇ 2V = + + =0
∂ρ 2 ρ ∂ρ ∂ z 2

The equivalent finite difference expression is

V ( ρ o + Δρ , zo ) − 2V ( ρo , zo ) + V ( ρo − Δρ , zo ) 1 V ( ρ o + Δρ , zo ) − V ( ρ o − Δρ , zo )
+
(Δρ ) 2 ρo 2Δρ

V ( ρo , zo + Δz ) − 2V ( ρo , zo ) + V ( ρ o , zo − Δz )
+ =0
(Δz ) 2

If Δz = Δρ = h, rearranging terms gives

1 1 h
V ( ρo , zo ) = V ( ρ o , zo + h) + V ( ρo , zo − h) + (1 + )V ( ρ + h, zo )
4 4 2 ρo

h
+(1 − )V ( ρ − h, zo )
2 ρo

as expected.

Prob. 14.3 (a)


dV V ( x + Δx) − V ( x − Δx)
=
dx 2Δx
For Δx = 0.05 and at x = 0.15,

dV 2.0134 − 1.00
= = 10.117
dx 0.05 X 2

d 2V V ( x + Δx) − 2V ( x) + V ( x − Δx) 2.0134 + 1.0017 − 2 x1.5056


= = = 1.56
dx 2 (Δx) 2 (0.05) 2

(b) V = 10 sinh x, dV/dx = 10 cosh x. At x = 0.15, dV/dx = 10.113

which is close to the numerical estimate.

d2V/dx2 = 10 sinh x. At x = 0.15, d2V/dx2 = 1.5056

which is slightly lower than the numerical value.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

462
463

Prob.14.4
Exact solution:
( D 2 + 4) y = 0 → y ( x) = A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x
⎯⎯
y (0) = 0 ⎯⎯ → 0= A
10
y (1) = 10 → 10 = B sin 2
⎯⎯ → B=
⎯⎯
sin 2
sin 2 x
y ( x) = 10
sin 2
sin 0.5
y (0.25) = 10 = 5.272
sin 2
Finite difference solution:
y ( x + Δ) − 2 y ( x) + y ( x − Δ)
+ 4 y ( x) = 0
Δ2
y ( x + Δ ) + y ( x − Δ) = 2 y ( x) − 4Δ 2 y ( x) = (2 − 4Δ 2 ) y ( x)
or
y ( x + Δ) + y ( x − Δ)
y ( x) = , Δ = 0.25
(2 − 4Δ 2 )

Using this scheme, we obtain the result shown below. The number of iterations is not
enough to get accurate result. The numerical results are compared with the exact
solution as shown in the figure below.

Iteration 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0


0 0 0 0 0 10
1 0 0 0 5.7143 10
2 0 0 3.2653 7.5802 10
3 0 1.8659 5.398 8.7987 10
4 0 3.0844 6.7904 9.5945 10
5 0 3.8802 7.7904 10.1142 10

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

463
464

Prob. 14.5

2 ∂ 2V 1 ∂ V 1 ∂ 2V
∇V = + + =0, (1)
∂ρ 2 ρ ∂ρ ρ 2 ∂φ 2

∂ 2V Vm +1n − 2Vm n + Vm +1n


= , (2)
∂ρ 2 (Δρ ) 2

∂ 2V Vm n +1 − 2Vm n + Vm n −1
= , (3)
∂φ 2 (Δφ ) 2

∂V V n m +1 − V n m −1
m, n = . (4)
∂ρ 2Δρ

Substituting (2) to (4) into (1) gives

V n m +1 − V n m −1 V n − 2Vm n + Vm +1n Vm n +1 − 2Vm n + Vm n −1


∇ 2V = + m +1 +
mΔρ (2Δρ ) (Δρ ) 2 (mΔρΔφ ) 2

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

464
465

1  1 1 1 
= (1 − )Vm −1n − 2Vm n + (1 + )Vm −1n + (Vm n +1 − 2Vm n + Vm n −1 )
(Δρ ) 2  2m 2m (mΔφ ) 2

as required.

Prob. 14.6

Iteration 0 1 2 3 4 5

V1 0.0000 25.0000 35.6250 38.9063 39.7266 39.9316

V2 0.0000 26.2500 32.8125 34.4531 34.8633 34.9658

V3 0.0000 16.2500 22.8125 24.4531 24.8633 24.9658

V4 0.0000 15.6250 18.9063 19.7266 19.9316 19.9829

Prob. 14.7

V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 10 − 40 + 50 + 80
Vo = = = 25V
4 4

Prob. 14.8
1 V
V1 = [ 20 + 20 + 40 + V4 ] = 20 + 4
4 4
1 V
V2 = [ −10 + 20 + 0 + V3 ] = 2.5 + 3
4 4
1 1
V3 = [ 0 + 20 + V2 + V4 ] = 5 + (V2 + V4 )
4 4
1 1
V4 = [ 0 + 40 + V1 + V3 ] = 10 + (V1 + V3 )
4 4
Using these relationships, we obtain the data in the table below.

Iteration 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th


V1 20 24.1 24.64 24.72 24.73
V2 2.5 3.91 5.02 5.22 5.26
V3 5.625 10.08 10.89 11.03 11.05
V4 16.406 18.54 18.88 18.94 18.95

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

465
466

Prob. 14.9
(a) We follow Example 6.5 with a=b.
 nπ x   nπ y   nπ y   nπ x 
sin   sinh   sin   sinh  
4V ∞
 a   a  + 4Vo

 a   a 
V = V1 + V2 = o  
π n = odd n sinh(nπ ) π n = odd n sinh(nπ )
(b) At the center of the region, finite difference gives
1 V
V (a / 2, a / 2) = (0 + 0 + Vo + Vo ) = o = 25 V
4 2

Prob. 14.10
h2 ρs 50 × 10−9
k= = 10−4 × = 0.18π = 0.5655
ε 10−9
36π
At node 1,
1
V1 = [0 + V2 + V3 + k ] ⎯⎯ → 4V1 − V2 − V3 = k (1)
4
At node 2,
1
V2 = [0 + V1 + V4 + k ] ⎯⎯ → 4V2 − V1 − V4 = k (2)
4
At node 3,
1
V3 = [0 + 2V1 + V4 + k ] ⎯⎯ → 4V3 − 2V1 − V4 = k (3)
4
At nde 4,
1
V4 = [0 + 2V2 + V3 + k ] ⎯⎯ → 4V4 − 2V2 − V3 = k (4)
4
Putting (1) to (4) in matrix form,
 4 −1 −1 0  V1  0.5655
 −1 4 0 −1 V  0.5655
  2 =  
 −2 0 4 −1 V3  0.5655
    
 0 −2 −1 4  V4  0.5655
Using a calculator or MATLAB, we obtain

V1 = V2 = 0.3231 V, V3 = V4 = 0.4039 V

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

466
467

Prob. 14.11
(a)
 −4 1 0 1 0 0  Va   −200 
 1 −4 1 0 1 0  V   −100 
   b  
 0 1 −4 0 0 1  Vc   −100 
   = 
 1 0 0 −4 1 0  Vd   −100 
 0 1 0 1 −4 1  Ve   0 
    
 0 0 1 0 1 −4  V f   0 
[A] [B]
(b)
 −4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0  V1   −30 
  V   
 1 −4 1 0 1 0 0 0   2   −15 
 0 1 −4 0 0 1 0 0  V3   −30 
    
 1 0 0 −4 1 0 1 0  V4  =  −7.5
 0 1 0 1 −4 1 0 1  V5   0 
    
 0 0 1 0 1 −4 0 0  V6   −7.5
 0 0 0 1 0 0 −4 1  V   0 
  7  
 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 −4  V8   0 
[A] [B]

Prob. 14.12 (a) Matrix [A] remains the same. To each term of matrix [B], we add

−h 2 ρv / ε .

(b) Let Δx = Δy = h = 0.25 so that nx = 5= ny.


ρv x( y − 1)10−9
= = 36π x( y − 1)
ε 10−9 / 36π

Modify the program in Fig. 14.16 as follows.

H=0.25;
for I=1:nx –1
for J=1: ny-1
X = H*I;
Y=H*J;
RO = 36.0*pi*X*(Y-1);
V(I,J) = 0.25*(V(I+1,J) + V(I-1,J) + V(I,J+1) + V(I,J-1) + H*H*RO);
end
end

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

467
468

This is the major change. However, in addition to this, we must set

v1 = 0.0;
v2 = 10.0;
v3 = 20.0;
v4 = -10.0;
nx = 5;
ny = 5;

The results are:

Va = 4.6095 Vb= 9.9440 Vc= 11.6577


Vd = -1.5061 Ve =3.5090 Vf= 6.6867
Vg= -3.2592 Vh = 0.2366 Vi = 3.3472

Prob. 14.13
1 1
V1 = (0 + 0 + V2 + V4 ) = (V2 + V4 )
4 4
1 1
V2 = (0 + 50 + V1 + V3 ) = (50 + V1 + V3 )
4 4
1 1
V3 = (0 + 100 + 50 + V2 ) = (150 + V2 )
4 4
1 1
V4 = (0 + 50 + V1 + V5 ) = (50 + V1 + V5 )
4 4
1 1
V5 = (0 + 0 + V4 + V6 ) = (V4 + V6 )
4 4
1 1
V6 = (0 + 50 + V5 + V7 ) = (50 + V5 + V7 )
4 4
1 1
V7 = (0 + 100 + V6 + 50) = (150 + V6 )
4 4
Initially set all free potentials equal to zero. Apply the seven formulas above iteratively
and obtain the results shown below.

n 1 2 3 4 5
V1 0 6.25 9.77 10.63 10.97
V2 12.5 24.22 25.83 26.15 26.25
V3 40.625 43.55 43.96 44.04 44.06
V4 12.5 14.84 16.70 17.73 17.97
V5 3.12 7.03 10.29 10.93 11.05
V6 13.281 24.46 25.98 26.23 26.28
V7 40.82 43.62 43.99 44.06 44.07

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

468
469

Prob. 14.14

j +1 j −1 j
1 Φ m , n + Φ m , n − 2Φ m , n Φ j m +1, n + Φ j m −1, n − 2Φ j m , n
=
c2 (Δt ) 2 (Δx) 2
Φ j m , n +1 + Φ j m, n −1 − 2Φ j m , n
+
(Δz ) 2

If h = Δx = Δz , then after rearranging we obtain

Φ j +1m, n = 2Φ j m , n − Φ j −1m , n + α (Φ j m +1, n + Φ j m −1, n − 2Φ j m , n )


+α (Φ j m , n +1 + Φ j m , n −1 − 2Φ j m , n )

where α = (cΔt / h) 2 .

Prob. 14.15

∂ 2V ∂ 2V V ( x + Δx, t ) − 2V ( x, t ) + V ( x − Δx, t )
2
= 2 ⎯⎯ → =
∂x ∂t (Δx) 2
V ( x, t + Δt ) − 2V ( x, t ) + V ( x, t − Δt )
(Δt ) 2

2
 Δt 
V ( x, t + Δt ) =   [V ( x + Δx, t ) − 2V ( x, t ) + V ( x − Δx, t ] + 2V ( x, t ) − V ( x, t − Δt )
 Δx 

or
V (i, j + 1) = α [V (i + 1, j ) + v(i − 1, j ) ] + 2(1 − α )V (i, j ) − V (i, j − 1)
2
 Δt 
where α =   . Applying the finite difference formula derived above, the following
 Δx 

programs was developed.

xd=0:.1:1;td=0:.1:4;
[t,x]=meshgrid(td,xd);
Va=sin(pi*x).*cos(pi*t);%Analytical result
subplot(211) ;mesh(td,xd,Va);colormap([0 0 0])
% Numerical result
N=length(xd);M=length(td);
v(:,1)=sin(pi*xd');
v(2:N-1,2)=(v(1:N-2,1)+v(3:N,1))/2;
for k=2:M-1
v(2:N-1,k+1)=-v(2:N-1,k-1)+v(1:N-2,k)+v(3:N,k);

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

469
470

end
subplot(212);mesh(td,xd,v);colormap([0 0 0])

The results of the finite difference algorithm agree perfectly with the exact solution as
shown below.

Prob. 14.16
y

θ
x
h
To find C, take the following steps:

(1) Divide each line into N equal segments. Number the segments in the lower conductor

as 1, 2, …, N and segments in the upper conductor as N+1, N+2, …, 2N,

(2) Determine the coordinate (xk, yk) for the center of each segment.

For the lower conductor, yk = 0, k=1, …, N, xk = h + Δ (k-1/2), k = 1,2,… N

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

470
471

For the upper conductor, yk = [h + Δ (k-1/2)] sin θ , k=N+1, N+2, …,2 N,

xk = [h + Δ (k-1/2)] cos θ , k = N+1,N+2,… 2N

where h is determined from the gap g as


g
h=
2sin θ / 2

(3) Calculate the matrices [V] and [A] with the following elements

 Vo , k = 1,..., N
Vk = 
−Vo , k = N + 1,...2 N

 Δ
 ,i ≠ j
Aij =  4πε Rij
2ln Δ / a, i = j

where Rij = ( xi − x j ) 2 + ( yi − y j ) 2

(4) Invert matrix [A] and find [ ρ ] = [A]-1 [V].

(5) Find the charge Q on one conductor

N
Q =  ρk Δ = Δ ρk
k =1

(6) Find C = |Q|/2Vo

Taking N= 10, Vo = 1.0, a program was developed to obtain the following result.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles
Principlesofof
Electromagnetics, 6e6e
Electromagnetics,

471
472

θ C (in pF)
10 8.5483
20 9.0677
30 8.893
40 8.606
50 13.004
60 8.5505
70 9.3711
80 8.7762
90 8.665
100 8.665
110 10.179
120 8.544
130 9.892
140 8.7449
Sadiku & Kulkarni 150 9.5106 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

160 8.5488
170 11.32
180 473 8.6278

P.E. 14.8
Prob. 14.17To determine
CombiningVthe E at in
andideas (-1,4,5), we use in
the programs theFigs.
program
14.23inand
Fig.14.27,
14.23.we develop a
MATLAB
L code which gives
ρ L dl
V = , where R = 26 + (4 − y ') 2
0 4πεN oR= 20 C = 19.4 pF/m

Δ N ρk
V= 
N = 40
4πε k =1 26 + ( y − yk ) 2 C = 13.55 pF/m

L
N = 100 ρ L dlR C = 12.77 pF/m
E=  4πε R
0 o
3

For the exact value, d/2a = 50/10 = 5


where R = r – r’ = (-1, 4-y’, 5), R = |R|
πε π × 10−9 / 36π
C= Δ N = (−1) ρ −1 = 12.12 pF/m
Ex ≅ cosh −1 d coshk 5
4πε k =1 [26
2a + (4 − yk ) ]
2 3/ 2

Δ N (4 − yk ) ρ k
EProb.
y ≅ 
14.18 We may
4πε k =1 [26 + (4 − ymodify
2 3/ 2 the program in Fig. 14.27 and obtain the result in the table
k) ]
below. Z o ≅ 100 Ω .
E z = −5 E x
N Zo, in Ω
For
10 N = 20, Vo = 1V, L = 1m, a = 1mm, the program in Fig. 14.23 is modified. The
97.2351
result
20 is: 97.8277
30 98.0515
V
40 = 12.47 mV, E = -0.3266 ax + 1.1353ay + 1.6331az mV/m
98.1739
50 98.2524

Copyright
Copyright ©© 2015
2015 byby Oxford
Oxford University
University Press
Press
Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

472
474

Prob. 14.19
We make use of the formulas in Problem 14.18.
2N
Vi =  Aij ρi
j =1

where N is the number of divisions on each arm of the conductor.

The MATLAB codes is as follows:

aa=0.001;
L=2.0;
N=10; %no.of divisions on each arm
NT=N*2;
delta=L/(NT);
x=zeros(NT,1);
y=zeros(NT,1);
%Second calculate the elements of the coefficient matrix
for i=1:N-1
y(i)=0;
x(i)=delta*(i-0.5)
end
for i=N+1:NT
x(i)=0;
y(i)=delta*(i-N-0.5);
end
for i=1:NT
for j=1:NT
if (i ~=j)
R=sqrt((x(i)-x(j))^2 + (y(i)-y(j))^2)
A(i,j)=-delta*R;
else
A(i,j)=-delta*(log(delta)-1.5);
end
end
end
%Determine the matrix of constant vector B and find rho
B=2*pi*eo*vo*ones(NT,1);
rho=inv(A)*B;

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

473
475

The result is presented below.

Segment x y ρ in pC/m
1 0.9500 89.6711
2 0.8500 0 80.7171
3 0.7500 0 77.3794
4 0.6500 0 75.4209
5 0.5500 0 74.0605
6 0.4500 0 73.0192
7 0.3500 0 72.1641
8 0.2500 0 71.4150
9 0.1500 0 70.6816
10 0.0500 0 69.6949
11 0 0 69.6949
12 0 0.0500 70.6816
13 0 0.1500 71.4150
14 0 0.2500 72.1641
15 0 0.3500 73.0192
16 0 0.4500 74.0605
17 0 0.5500 75.4209
18 0 0.6500 77.3794
19 0 0.7500 80.7171
20 0 0.8500 89.6711

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

474
476

Prob. 14.20(a) Exact solution yields

C = 2πε / ln(Δ / a) = 8.02607 × 10−11 F/m and Z o = 41.559Ω

where a = 1cm and Δ = 2cm. The numerical solution is shown below.

N C (pF/m) Z o (Ω)
10 82.386 40.486
20 80.966 41.197
40 80.438 41.467
100 80.025 41.562

(b)For this case, the numerical solution is shown below.

N C (pF/m) Z o (Ω )
10 109.51 30.458
20 108.71 30.681
40 108.27 30.807
100 107.93 30.905

Prob. 14.21 We modify the MATLAB code in Fig. 14.27 (for Example 14.7) by
changing the input data and matrices [A] and [B]. We let

xi = h + Δ (i-1/2), i = 1,2,… N, Δ = L/N

yi = h /2, j = 1,2,… N, zk = t/2, k = 1,2,… N

and calculate

Rij = ( xi − x j ) 2 + ( yi − y j )2 + ( zi − z j )2

We obtain matrices [A] and [B]. Inverting [A] gives


N

-1
q i
[q] = [A] [B], [ ρv ] = [q]/(ht Δ ), C = i =1

10
The computed values of [ ρv ] and C are shown below.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Co 2 = [ PP
1 2 + Q1Q2 ] = [−h × 0 + h × (−h)] = −1
2h 2 2h 2
Sadiku & Kulkarni Similarly, C03 = -1 = C04. Thus Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

Vo = (V1 + V2 + V3 + V4)/4
475
which is the same result obtained using FDM.

Prob. 14.22

The MATLAB code is similar to the one in Fig.14.34. When the program is run, it gives
Z o = 40.587 Ω .

Prob. 14.23

Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

489

On the interface,
ε1 1 ε2 3
= , =
2(ε1 + ε 2 ) 8 2(ε1 + ε 2 ) 8
V 3V
V1 = 2 + 3 +Copyright
12.5 © 2015 by Oxford University Press
4 8
3V V
V2 = 12.5 + 4 + 1
8 4
1
V3 = (V1 + V4 )
4
1
V4 = (V2 + V3 )
4
Applying this iteratively, we obtain the results shown in the table below.

No. of iterations 0 1 2 3 4 5… 100

V1 0 12.5 17.57 19.25 19.77 19.93 20


V2 0 15.62 18.65 19.58 19.87 19.96 20
V3 0 3.125 5.566 6.33 6.56 6.6634 6.667
V4 0 4.688 6.055 6.477 6.608 6.649 6.667

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Prob. 14.24
1 V
1
4 8
3V V
Sadiku & Kulkarni V2 = 12.5 + 4 + 1 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
8 4
1
V3 = (V1 + V4 )
4 476
1
V4 = (V2 + V3 )
4
Applying this iteratively, we obtain the results shown in the table below.

No. of iterations 0 1 2 3 4 5… 100

V1 0 12.5 17.57 19.25 19.77 19.93 20


V2 0 15.62 18.65 19.58 19.87 19.96 20
V3 0 3.125 5.566 6.33 6.56 6.6634 6.667
V4 0 4.688 6.055 6.477 6.608 6.649 6.667

Prob. 14.24
1 V
V1 = (0 + 0 + 100 + V2 ) = 25 + 2
4 4
1 V +V
V2 = (0 + 100 + V1 + V3 ) = 25 + 1 3
4 4
1 V
V3 = (0 + 0 + 100 + V2 ) = 25 + 2
4 4
1 V
V4 = (0 + 0 + 100 + V5 ) = 25 + 5
4 4
1 (V4 + V6 )
Sadiku & Kulkarni V5 = (0 + 0 + 100 + V4 + V6 ) = 25 + Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
4 4
1 V5
V6 = (0 + 0 + 100 + V5 ) = 25 +
4 4 490

We initially set V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 =V5 = V6 = 0 and then apply above formulas


iteratively. The solutions are presented in the table below.

iteration 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th


V1 25 32.81 35.35 35.67 35.71
V2 31.25 41.41 42.68 42.83 42.85
V3 32.81 35.35 35.67 35.71 35.71
V4 25 23.81 35.35 35.67 35.71
V5 31.25 41.41 42.68 42.83 42.85
V6 32.81 35.35 35.67 35.71 35.71
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
V1 = V4 = 35.71 V, V2 = V5 = 42.85V, V3 = V6 = 35.71 V

Alternatively, if we take advantage of the symmetry, V1 = V3 = V4 = V6 and V2 = V5 . We


need to find solve two equations, namely,
V1 = 25 + V2 / 4
V2 = 25 + V1 / 2
Solving these gives
V1 = 35.714
V2 = 42.857
Other node voltages follow.
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

Prob. 14.25
V3 32.81 35.35 35.67 35.71 35.71
V4 25 23.81 35.35 35.67 35.71
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
V5 31.25 41.41 42.68 42.83 42.85
V6 32.81 35.35 35.67 35.71 35.71
477
V1 = V4 = 35.71 V, V2 = V5 = 42.85V, V3 = V6 = 35.71 V


Alternatively, if we take advantage of the symmetry, V1 = V3 = V4 = V6 and V2 = V5 . We
need to find solve two equations, namely,
V1 = 25 + V2 / 4
V2 = 25 + V1 / 2
Solving these gives
V1 = 35.714
V2 = 42.857
Other node voltages follow.

Prob. 14.25

The finite difference solution is obtained by following the same steps as in Example 14.10.
We obtain Z o = 43 Ω

Prob.14.26

1 1
V1 = (V2 + 100 + 100 + 100) = V2 + 75
4 4
1
V2 = (V1 + V4 + 2V3 )
4
1 1
V3 = (V2 + V5 + 200) = (V2 + V5 ) + 50
Sadiku & Kulkarni 4 4 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
1
V4 = (V2 + V7 + 2V5 )
4
1 491
V5 = (V3 + V4 + V6 + V8 )
4
1 1
V6 = (V5 + V9 + 200) = (V5 + V9 ) + 50
4 4

1 1
V7 = (V4 + 2V8 + 0) = (V4 + 2V8 )
4 4

1
V8 = (V5 + V7 + V9 )
4 Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
1 1
V9 = (V6 + V8 + 100 + 0) = (V6 + V8 ) + 25
4 4
Using these equations, we apply iterative method and obtain the results shown below.

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

V1 75 79.687 87.11 89.91 92.01


V2 18.75 48.437 59.64 68.06 74.31
V3 54.69 65.82 73.87 79.38 82.89
V4 4.687 19.824 34.57 46.47 53.72
V5 14.687 35.14 49.45 57.24 61.78
V6 53.71 68.82 74.2 77.01 78.6
V7 1.172 6.958
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford18.92
University Press 26.08 30.194
V8 4.003 20.557 28.93 33.53 36.153
V9 39.43 47.34 50.78 52.63 53.69
1 1
V7 = (V4 + 2V8 + 0) = (V4 + 2V8 )
4 4
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

1
V8 = (V5 + V7 + V9 )
4 478
1 1
V9 = (V6 + V8 + 100 + 0) = (V6 + V8 ) + 25
4 4
Using these equations, we apply iterative method and obtain the results shown below.

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

V1 75 79.687 87.11 89.91 92.01


V2 18.75 48.437 59.64 68.06 74.31
V3 54.69 65.82 73.87 79.38 82.89
V4 4.687 19.824 34.57 46.47 53.72
V5 14.687 35.14 49.45 57.24 61.78
V6 53.71 68.82 74.2 77.01 78.6
V7 1.172 6.958 18.92 26.08 30.194
V8 4.003 20.557 28.93 33.53 36.153
V9 39.43 47.34 50.78 52.63 53.69

Prob. 14.27

Applying the difference method,


V V
V1 = 3 + 2 + 25
4 2
1
V2 = (V1 + V4 ) + 50
4
1
V3 = (V1 + 2V4 )
4
Sadiku & Kulkarni 1 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
V4 = (V2 + V3 + V5 )
4
V
V5 = 4 + 50 492
4

Applying these equations iteratively, we obtain the results below.

Iterations 0 1 2 3 4 5… 100

V1 0 25.0 54.68 64.16 70.97 73.79 74.68


V2 0 56.25 67.58 74.96 78.23 79.54 80.41
V3 0 6.25 17.58 33.91 38.72 40.63 41.89
V4 0 15.63 35.74 41.96 44.86 45.31 45.95
V5 0 53.91 58.74 60.49 61.09 61.37 51.49
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

479

CHAPTER 15

P. E. 15.1 From Table 15.1, the functional for the two-dimensional diffusion equation
is
    
Sadiku & Kulkarni
           
  Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
   

      
            
The function of the functional is   457
   

    
(b) Using
Putting theinsame
this program with nx
the Euler-Lagrange = 12+1=13 and ny = 24+1=25, the potential at the
equation,
center is     
       
    
V(7,13) = 23.883 V
      ­ €   
P. E. 14.7 By combining the  ideas  14.23 and
  in Figs. 14.27,
and dividing each wire into
  ­ €      
Hence, minimizing the above functional leads to the solution of the diffusion equation.
N segments, the results listed in Table 14.2 is obtained.

P. E.
P. E. 15.2
15.4
3
Using
(a) Eq. (15.22):
Energy stored =
  Š†‡  Š…‡  Š …
‚  ƒ ‚ „… † ‡ˆ ‰ Š…‡  Š‹  ŠŒŽ‘ ‚  ƒ ‚ ‰†‘ ‚ ‹Š‹†2‚  ’  …ŠŒ “”•

 Š  ŠŒŽ  Š…Ž ‡2
4 1
P. E. 15.5
–—    œ
‰–— ‘  ™   š ›ž ¡
–—˜  ˜ ˜ Ÿ 1

–—  „  ˆ
   ˜   ˜   
For element 1, local
˜   corresponds
1-2-3 with global
  ˜ 1-3-4 so that 
A1 = 0.35,
  
˜  ˜   –—
™˜   ˜     ˜   ˜       š ‰–— ‘
     
P1 = 0.8, P2 = 0.6, P = -1.4, Q1 = -0.5, Q2 = 0.5, Q3 = 0
˜3      ˜      –—˜
˜

–  ¢ £¤ ¥  –—¤
 0.6357 0.1643 −0.8  —
C (1) =  0.1643 0.4357 −0.6 
¤¦

£ −
0.8 −0.6 1.4  „˜   ˜   ˜   ˜   
 ˜  ˜   
     ˜ 
For element 2, local 1-2-3     ˆ with global 1-2-3 so that A2 = 0.7,
 ˜corresponds
     ˜ 

P1 = 0.1, P2 = 1.4, P3 = -1.5, Q1 = -1, Q2 = 0, Q3 = 1

 0.3607 0.05 −0.4107 


C (2)
=  0.05 0.7 −0.75 
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
 −0.4107 −0.75 1.1607 
P1 = 0.8, P2 = 0.6, P3 = -1.4, Q1 = -0.5, Q2 = 0.5, Q3 = 0

Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

 0.6357 0.1643 −0.8 


C (1)
=  0.1643 0.4357 −0.6  480
 −0.8 −0.6 1.4 

For element 2, local 1-2-3 corresponds with global 1-2-3 so that A2 = 0.7,

P1 = 0.1, P2 = 1.4, P3 = -1.5, Q1 = -1, Q2 = 0, Q3 = 1

 0.3607 0.05 −0.4107 


Sadiku & Kulkarni C
(2)
=  0.05 0.7 −0.75  Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

 −0.4107 −0.75 1.1607 

458
The global coefficient matrix is given by

C (1)11 + C11(2) C12 (2) C12 (1) + C13(2) C13(1) 


 
 C21(2) C22 (2) C23(2) 0 
C=
 C21(1) + C31(2) C32 (2) C22 (1) + C33(2) C23(1) 
 
 C31(1) 0 C32 (2) C33(1) 

 0.9964 0.05 −Copyright


0.2464 © 2015
−0.8by Oxford University Press
 0.05 0.7 −0.75 0 
= 
 −0.2464 −0.75 1.596 −0.6 
 
 −0.8 0 −0.75 1.4 

(b) 3

2
2

4
1

For element 1, local 1-2-3 corresponds with global 1-2-4 .


P1 = 0.9000 ; P2 = 0.6000 ; P3 = -1.5000
Q1 = -1.5000 ; Q2 = 0.5000; Q3 = 1;

A1 = 0.6750;

 1.1333 -0.0778 -1.0556 


C (1)
=  -0.0778 0.2259 -0.1481 
 
 -1.0556 -0.1481 1.2037 

For element 2, local numbering 1-2-3 corresponds with global numbering 2-3-4.
P1 = 0.8000; P2 = -0.9000
Copyright ;© P3 =by Oxford
2015 0.1000 ;
University Press
Q1 = -0.5000 ; Q2 = 1.5000 ; Q3 = -1 ;
1

Sadiku & Kulkarni For element 1, local 1-2-3 corresponds with global 1-2-4 . Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
P1 = 0.9000 ; P2 = 0.6000 ; P3 = -1.5000
Q1 = -1.5000 ; Q2 = 0.5000; Q3 = 1;
481
A1 = 0.6750;

 1.1333 -0.0778 -1.0556 
C (1)
=  -0.0778 0.2259 -0.1481 
 
 -1.0556 -0.1481 1.2037 

Sadiku & Kulkarni For element 2, local numbering 1-2-3 corresponds with global numbering 2-3-4.
Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
P1 = 0.8000; P2 = -0.9000 ; P3 = 0.1000 ;
Q1 = -0.5000 ; Q2 = 1.5000 ; Q3 = -1 ;
459
A2 = 0.3750 ;

 0.5933 -0.9800 0.3867 


C (2)
=  -0.9800 2.0400 -1.0600 
 
 0.3867 -1.0600 0.6733 

The global coefficient matrix is

C (1)11 C12 (1) Copyright (1)


0 © 2015 byCOxford
13

University Press
 (1) 
C C22 (1) + C11(2) C12 (2) C23(1) + C13(2) 
C =  21
 0 C12 (2) C22 (2) C23(2) 
 (1) 
 C31 C32 (1) + C31(2) C32 (2) C33(1) + C33(2) 

 1.1333 -0.0778 0 -1.0556 


 -0.0778 0.8193 -0.9800 0.2385 
C = 
 0 -0.9800 2.0400 -1.0600 
 
 -1.0556 0.2385 -1.0600 1.8770 

P.E. 15.3 We use the MATLAB program in Fig. 15.8. The input data for the region in
Fig. 15.9 is as follows:

NE = 32; ND = 26; NP = 18;


NL = [ 1 2 4
2 5 4
2 3 5
3 6 5
4 5 9
5 10 9
5 6 10
6 11 10
7 8 12
8 13 12
8 9 13
9 14 13
9 10 14
10 15 14 Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
10 11 15
11 16 15
NE = 32; ND = 26; NP = 18;
NL = [ 1 2 4
Sadiku & Kulkarni 2 5 4 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
2 3 5
3 6 5
4 5 9 482
5 10 9
5 6 10

6 11 10
7 8 12
8 13 12
8 9 13
9 14 13
9 10 14
10 15 14
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
10 11 15
11 16 15
12 13 17
13 18 17 460
13 14 18
14 19 18
14 15 19
15 20 19
15 16 20
16 21 20
17 18 22
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
18 23 22
18 19 23
19 24 23
19 20 24
20 25 24
20 21 25
21 26 25];
X = [ 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0];
Y = [ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 ];
NDP = [ 1 2 3 6 11 16 21 26 25 24 23 22 17 12 7 8 9 4];
VAL = [0.0 0.0 15.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0];

With this data, the finite element (FEM) solution is compared with the finite
difference (FD) solution as shown in the table below.

Node # X Y FEM FD
5 1.5 0.5 11.265 11.25
10 1.5 1.0 15.06 15.02
13 0.5 1.5 4.958 4.705
14 1.0 1.5 9.788 9.545
15 1.0 1.5 18.97 18.84
18 0.5 2.0 10.04 9.659
19 1.0 2.0 15.32 15.85
20 1.5 2.0 21.05 20.87

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Putting this in the Euler-Lagrange equation,
    
       
Sadiku & Kulkarni      Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

      ­ €   

   ­ € 483
     
Hence, minimizing the above functional leads to the solution of the diffusion equation.


P. E. 15.4
Using Eq. (15.22):
Energy stored =
  Š†‡  Š…‡  Š …
‚  ƒ ‚ „… † ‡ˆ ‰ Š…‡  Š‹  ŠŒŽ‘ ‚  ƒ ‚ ‰†‘ ‚ ‹Š‹† ‚  ’  …ŠŒ “”•

 Š  ŠŒŽ  Š…Ž ‡

P. E. 15.5
–—    œ
‰–— ‘  ™   š ›ž ¡
–—˜  ˜ ˜ Ÿ

–—  „  ˆ
   ˜   ˜   
˜   ˜    ˜ ˜       –—
™˜   ˜     ˜   ˜ 
        š ‰–— ‘
 
˜      ˜      –—˜
˜

–—  ¢ £¤ ¥  –—¤
¤¦

£  „   ˜   ˜   ˜   
   ˜   ˜    ˜
     ˜ 
 ˜     ˆ 
     ˜ 


              
          
      
       
      

              
          
      
       
      

Therefore, for an  node of an element having  
nodes, the shape function is
      
 
      

P. E. 15.6

  
Using eq. (15.38),
         

Using eq. (15.11), we obtain:

                       
   University Press
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford 
   
           
     
      
       
Sadiku & Kulkarni
       Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Therefore, for an  node of an element having  
nodes, the shape function is
      
  484
      


P. E. 15.6

  
Using eq. (15.38),
         

Using eq. (15.11), we obtain:

                       
    
   
           
 
 
               
   ­ € ‚ƒ  ­ € ‚„
   
†‡ˆ‰Š‹†‡ˆ‰‹†‰†ŒŽ †‹†‡ˆ‰Š‹†‡’‰‰†ŒŽ
   … ‘ ‚ƒ  … ‘ ‚„
‰†‡ˆ‰†ŒŽ ‰†‡ˆ‰†ŒŽ
  “‡”‚ƒ  “‡•‚„

P. E. 15.7

Area of element 1  “‡” ‰ “Š’ –


Area of element 2  “‡” ‰ “Š’ –
Using equation (15.53),
     “‡” ‰ “Š’   
—   —   ˜  ™  ˜  ™
 
     

Assembling of elemental matrices — into global matrix — is similar to assembling
the element coefficient matrix given in Section 15.3c.
Therefore global matrix  is
  
   
              
   









 

        
    
     
2 1 1 0
1 4 2 1 
0.5  106
  
T   
1 2 4 1 12
 
0 1 1 2

P. E. 15.8

For element 1 the local node numbers are assigned as 1-2-3 for the global node numbers
1-2-4. Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
From eq. (15.11b) shape function of node 2 in element 1 is

2 1 1 0
1 4 2 1  0.5  106
Sadiku & Kulkarni T    Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
1 2 4 1 12
 
0 1 1 2
485


P. E. 15.8

For element 1 the local node numbers are assigned as 1-2-3 for the global node numbers
1-2-4.
From eq. (15.11b) shape function of node 2 in element 1 is

                 

  
From eq. (15.12), the area of element 1:

                    

   

  ­€ 
 ‚  ‚
ƒ„    …

  

    †
ƒ
Similarly for element 2 the local nodes are assigned as 1-2-3 for the global node
numbers 2-3-4
From eq. (15.12), the area of element 2 is 
 


  ­€
ƒ
    

 „    …

  


       ‡

Line equation of segment 4-2:

      


    ˆ
The expression of the two shape functions of node 2 can be rewritten by eliminating 
form eq. (A) and eq. (B) using eq. (C).
The expression of the shape function in element 1:
 
                
 
    
The expressionof the shape function in element 2:
 
                   
 
    
Thus, we can conclude that the expressionof the shape function is same on the segment
4-2 for both elements.

P. E. 15.9
% The geometry is the same as that in Example 14.4
% The geometry is drawn in the pde toolbox and p e t matrices are imported into
% the MATLAB code using procedure described in Section 15.7
clc;
clear all;
load meshdata;%% loading p, e,©t2015
Copyright matrices
by Oxford University Press
[A3 n_elements]=size(t);% A3=4
The expressionof the shape function in element 2:
 
Sadiku & Kulkarni
                   
Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
 
    
Thus, we can conclude that the expressionof
486the shape function is same on the segment
4-2 for both elements.


P. E. 15.9
% The geometry is the same as that in Example 14.4
% The geometry is drawn in the pde toolbox and p e t matrices are imported into
% the MATLAB code using procedure described in Section 15.7
clc;
clear all;
load meshdata;%% loading p, e, t matrices
[A3 n_elements]=size(t);% A3=4
[A2 n_edges]=size(e);% A2=7
[A1 n_nodes]=size(p);% A1=2
C=zeros(n_nodes,n_nodes);% Initialization of the global coefficient matrix
K=zeros(n_nodes,n_nodes);
V1=40;% Potential of the top plate
V2=100;% Potential of the plate on the right hand side
V3=0;% Potential of the plate on the left hand side
V4=10;% Potential of the bottom plate
V=zeros(n_nodes,1);% Initialization of matrix of unknown potentials
B=zeros(n_nodes,1);% Initialization of the right hand side matrix
%contributed by boundary conditions
%Formation of coefficient matrices for all elements
for element=1:n_elements
nodes=t(1:3,element);% 'nodes' is a 3 by 1 matrix containing global
% node numbers of element under consideration
Xc=p(1,nodes'); % X coordinates of nodes
Yc=p(2,nodes'); % Y coordinates of nodes
P=zeros(3,1);
Q=zeros(3,1);
P(1)=Yc(2)-Yc(3);
P(2)=Yc(3)-Yc(1);
P(3)=Yc(1)-Yc(2);
Q(1)=Xc(3)-Xc(2);
Q(2)=Xc(1)-Xc(3);
Q(3)=Xc(2)-Xc(1);
% eq. (15.21c)
delta= 0.5*abs((P(2)*Q(3))-(P(3)*Q(2)));%Absolute value is taken since
% the three nodes may not have been numbered in the anticlockwise direction

for i=1:3
for j=1:3
% eq. (15.21b)
c(element,i,j)=((P(i)*P(j))+(Q(i)*Q(j)))/(4*delta);
end
end
end
for element=1:n_elements
nodes=t(1:3,element);
% Formation of the global coefficient matrix
for i=1:3
for j=1:3
C(nodes(i),nodes(j))=c(element,i,j)+C(nodes(i),nodes(j));
end
end Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

end
for i=1:3
Sadiku & Kulkarni for j=1:3 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
% eq. (15.21b)
c(element,i,j)=((P(i)*P(j))+(Q(i)*Q(j)))/(4*delta);
end 487
end
end

for element=1:n_elements
nodes=t(1:3,element);
% Formation of the global coefficient matrix
for i=1:3
for j=1:3
C(nodes(i),nodes(j))=c(element,i,j)+C(nodes(i),nodes(j));
end
end
end
% Imposing boundary conditions
K=C;
for edge=1:n_edges
if e(5,edge)==1
node1=e(1,edge);
node2=e(2,edge);
B(node1)=V1;
B(node2)=V1;
K(node1,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node1,node1)=1;
K(node2,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node2,node2)=1;
end
if e(5,edge)==2
node1=e(1,edge);
node2=e(2,edge);
B(node1)=V2;
B(node2)=V2;
K(node1,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node1,node1)=1;
K(node2,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node2,node2)=1;
end
if e(5,edge)==3
node1=e(1,edge);
node2=e(2,edge);
B(node1)=V4;
B(node2)=V4;
K(node1,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node1,node1)=1;
K(node2,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node2,node2)=1;
end
if e(5,edge)==4
node1=e(1,edge);
node2=e(2,edge);
B(node1)=V3;
B(node2)=V3;
K(node1,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node1,node1)=1;
K(node2,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node2,node2)=1;
end Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
Sadiku & Kulkarni B(node2)=V4; Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
K(node1,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node1,node1)=1;
K(node2,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes); 488
K(node2,node2)=1;
end

if e(5,edge)==4
node1=e(1,edge);
node2=e(2,edge);
B(node1)=V3;
B(node2)=V3;
K(node1,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node1,node1)=1;
K(node2,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node2,node2)=1;
end

end
% When the goemetry of Fig. 14.14 is drawn using the "rectangle"
% option in the pdetoolbox, the four corner nodes get numbered as 1,2,3 and 4
% These nodes need to be made floating to represent gaps between the
% different plates.
for i=1:n_nodes
if (i==1||i==2||i==3||i==4)
K(i,:)=C(i,:);
B(i)=0;
end
end
%solving for unknown potentials
V=K\B;
figure(1);
pdeplot(p,e,t,'xydata',V,'mesh','off','colormap','jet','colorbar','on',
'contour','on','levels',20);
[Ex,Ey]=pdegrad(p,t,V);% Calculation of E field if required
E=sqrt(Ex.^2+Ey.^2);
figure(2)
pdeplot(p,e,t,'xydata',E,'colorbar','off')
disp('potential at the point (0.5, 0.5)')
x=0.5;
y=0.5;
for i=1:n_nodes
xc=p(1,i);
yc=p(2,i);
dist(i)=((x-xc)^2+(y-yc)^2)^0.5;
end
[d,node]=min(dist);
V(node,1)

P. E. 15.10
The code remains essentially the same as in Example 15.10 except for boundary
conditions which need to be explicitly defined as explained in the code for TM modes
and at the end of Section 14.4 above Practice Exercise 14.6.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku & Kulkarni I ρvi (×10−6 )C / m3Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
V(node,1) 1, 20 0.5104
2, 19 0.4524
489
3, 18 0.4324
4, 17 0.4215
P. E. 15.10 5, 16 0.4144
6, 15
The code remains essentially the same as in Example 0.409615.10 except for boundary
7, 14 0.4063
conditions which need to be explicitly defined as explained in the code for TM modes
8, 13 0.4041
and at the end of Section 14.4 above
9, 12 Practice Exercise 14.6.
0.4027
10,11 0.4020

C = 17.02 pF

Prob. 15.1 From the given figure, we obtain

1 x y
A1 1 1
α1 = = 1 x2 y2 = [( x2 y3 − x3 y2 ) + ( y2 − y3 ) x + ( x3 − x2 ) y ]
A 2A 2A
1 x3 y3

as expected. The same applies for α 2 and α 3 .

Prob. 15.2

(a) P1 = 1.5, P2 = 0.5, P3 = −2, Q1 = −1, Q2 = 1.5, Q3 = −0.5


1
A = ( P2Q3 − PQ 3 2 ) = 1.375
2
1
Cij = [ PP
i j + Qi Q j ]
4A
 0.5909 −0.1364 −0.4545 
C =  −0.1364 0.4545 −0.3182 
 −0.4545 −0.3182 0.7727 
(b)
P1 = −4, P2 = 4, P3 = 0, Q1 = 0, Q2 = −3, Q3 = 3
1
A = ( P2Q3 − P3Q2 ) = 6
2
 0.6667 −0.6667 0 

C =  −0.6667 1.042 −0.375
 0 −0.375 0.375 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

490
478

Prob. 15.3 (a)

1 1/ 2 1/ 2
2A = 1 3 1 / 2 = 15/4
1 2 2

4 1 4
α1 = [(6 − 1) + (−1 ) x + ( −1) y ] = (5 − 1.5 x − y )
15 2 15

4 3 3 4
α2 = [(1 − 1) + x − y ] = (1.5 x − 1.5 y )
15 2 2 15

4 5 4
α3 = [(1 / 4 − 3 / 2) + 0 x + y ] = (−1.25 + 2.5 y )
15 2 15

V = α1V1 + α 2V2 + α 3V3

Substituting V=80, V1 = 100, V2 = 50, V3 = 30, α1 , α 2 , and α 3 leads to

20 = 7.5x + 10y + 3.75

Along side 12, y=1/2 so that

20 = 15x/2 + 5 + 15/4 x=3/2, i.e (1.5, 0.5)

Along side 13, x =y

20 = 15x/2 + 10x + 15/4 x=13/4, i.e. (13/14, 13/14)


Along side 23, y = -3x/2 + 5

20 = 15x/2 – 15 + 50 + 15/4 x=-5/2 (not possible)

Hence intersection occurs at

(1.5, 0.5) along 12 and (0.9286, 0.9286) along 13

(b) At (2,1),

4 6 5
α1 = , α 2 = , α3 =
15 15 15

V (2,1) = α1V1 + α 2V2 + α 3V3 = (400 + 300 + 150)/15 = 56.67 V

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

491
479

Prob. 15.4

1 0 0
2A = 1 2 −1 = 9
1 1 4

1 1
α1 = [(0 − 0) + (4 − 0) x + (0 − 1) y ] = (4 x − y )
9 9

1 1
α 2 = [(0 − 0) + (0 + 1) x + (2 − 0) y ] = ( x + 2 y )
9 9

1 1
α 3 = [(8 + 1) + (−1 − 4) x + (1 − 2) y ] = (9 − 5 x − y )
9 9

Ve = α1Ve1 + α 2Ve 2 + α 31Ve3

V(1,2) = 8(4-2)/9 + 12(1+4)/9 + 10(9-5-1)/9 = 96/9 = 10.667 V

At the center α1 = α 2 = α 3 = 1/3 so that

V(center) = (8 + 12 + 10)/3 = 10

Or at the center, (x, y) = (0 + 1 + 2, 0 + 4 –1)/3 = (1,1)

V(1,1) = 8(3)/9 + 12(3)/9 + 10(3)/9 = 10 V

Prob. 15.5
(3,12) (8,12)
(3,12)

(8,0)
(0,0) (8,0)
For element 1, local numbering 1-2-3 corresponds to global numbering 4-2-1.

P1 = 12, P2 = 0, P3 = -12, Q1 = -3, Q2 = 8, Q3 = -5,

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

492
480

A = (0 + 12 x 8)/2 = 48

1
Cij = [ Pj Pi + Q j Q j ]
4 x 48

 0.7969 −0.125 −0.6719 


C (1)
=  −0.125 0.3333 −0.2083 
 −0.6719 −0.2083 0.8802 

For element 2, local numbering 1-2-3 corresponds to global numbering 2-4-3.

P1 = -12, P2 = 0, P3 = 12, Q1 = 0, Q2 = -5, Q3 = 5,

A = (0 + 60)/2 = 30

1
Cij = [ Pj Pi + Q j Q j ]
4 x 48

 1.2 0 −1.2 
C (2) 
= 0 0.208 −0.208
 −1.2 −0.208 1.408 

C (1) 33 C23(1) 0 C31(1) 


 (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) 
(2)
C C22 + C C13 C + C12 
C =  23 11 21
 0 C 31
(2)
C33(2) C32 (2) 
 (1) (1) 
 C13 C21(1) + C21(2) C23(2) (2)
C22 + C11 

 0.8802 −0.2083 0 −0.6719 


 −0.2083 1.533 −1.2 −0.125 
=
 0 −1.2 1.4083 −0.2083
 
 −0.6719 −0.125 −0.2083 1.0052 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

493
481

Prob. 15.6

4 3
(0,2) 3 2 (2,2)

1 3

1
1
1

2
2 2
(0,0) (4,0)
For element 1,

P1 = 0, P2 = 2, P3 = −2, Q1 = −2, Q2 = 0, Q3 = 2
1
A = (4 − 0) = 2, 4 A = 8
2

 4 0 −4   0.5 0 −0.5
1  
(1)
C =  0 4 −4  =  0 0.5 −0.5
8
 −4 −4 8   −0.5 −0.5 1 
For element 2,

P1 = −2, P2 = 2, P3 = 0, Q1 = −2, Q2 = −2, Q3 = 4


1
A = (8 − 0) = 4, 4 A = 16
2
 8 0 −8  0.5 0 −0.5
1   
(2)
C =  0 8 −8 =  0 0.5 −0.5
16
 −8 −8 16   −0.5 −0.5 1 
The global coefficient matrix is

 C11 C12
C13 C14  C11(1) + C11(2) C12(2) C12(1) + C13(2) C13(1) 
C  
C23 C24   C21(2)
C22 C22(2) (2)
C23 0 
C =  21 =
C31 C33 C34  C21(1) + C31(2)
C32 C32(2) (1)
C22 + C33(2) (1) 
C23
   
C41 C42
C43 C44   C31(1) 0 C32(1) C33(1) 
 1 0 −0.5 −0.5
 0 0.5 −0.5 0 
= 
 −0.5 −0.5 1.5 −0.5
 
 −0.5 0 −0.5 1 

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

494
482

Prob. 15.7
4 4
(2,2) (2,2)
3 1

(0,1) 1 1 1 2

2 2 2 2 3 3
(1,0)
(1,0) (3,0)

For element 1, local numbering 1-2-3 corresponds to global numbering 1-2-4.

P1 = -2, P2 = 1, P3 = 1, Q1 = 1, Q2 = -2, Q3 = 1,

A = (P2 Q3 - P3 Q2)/2 = 3/2, i.e. 4A = 6

1
Cij = [ Pj Pi + Q j Q j ]
4A

 5 −4 −1
1
C (1)
=  −4 5 −1
6
 −1 −1 2 

For element 2, local numbering 1-2-3 corresponds to global numbering 4-2-3.

P1 = 0, P2 = -2, P3 = 2, Q1 = 2, Q2 = -1, Q3 = -1,

A = 2, 4A = 8

 4 −2 −2 
1
C (2)
=  −2 5 −3
8
 −2 −3 5 

The global coefficient matrix is

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

495
483

C (1)11 C12 (1) 0 C13(1) 


 (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) 
(2)
C C22 + C22 C23 C23 + C 
C =  12 21
 0 C23 (2)
C33(2) C31(2) 
 (1) 
 C13 C23(1) + C21(2) C31(2) C33(1) + C11(2) 

 0.8333 −0.667 0 −0.1667 


 −0.6667 1.4583 −0.375 −0.4167 
= 
 0 −0.375 0.625 −0.25 
 
 −0.1667 −0.4167 −0.25 0.833 

Prob. 15.8 We can do it by hand as in Example 15.2. However, it is easier to prepare


an input file and use the program in Fig. 15.8. The MATLAB input data is

NE = 2;
ND = 4;
NP = 2;
NL = [1 2 4
4 2 3];
X = [ 0.0 1.0 3.0 2.0];
Y = [ 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.0];
NDP= [ 1 3 ];
VAL = [ 10.0 30.0]

10 
18 
 
The result is V = 30 
 
 20 
 

From this,
V2 = 18 V, V4 = 20 V

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

496
484

Prob. 15.9
2
4 5
2 1
1

5
4
3 2 3

1 2

The local numbering 1-2-3 in element 3 corresponds with the global numbering 5-4-

1, while the local number 1-2-3 in element 4 corresponds with the global numbering
5-1-2.

C5,5 = C11(2) + C11(3) + C11(4) + C11(5) , A = 2,

C11(2) = (2 x 2 + 2 x 2)/8 = 1 = C11(5)

C11(3) = (2 x 2 + 0)/8 = ½ = C11(4)

C5,5 = 1 + 1 + ½ + ½ = 3

C5,1 = C31(3) + C21(4)

1
But C31(3) = (P3P1 + Q3 Q1) = 0 since P3 = 0 = Q3
8
1
C21(4) = (P2P1 + Q2 Q1) = 0 since P3 = 0 = Q3
8

C5,1 = 0

Prob. 15.10 As in P. E. 15.3, we use the program in Fig. 15.8. The input data based
on Fig. 15.19 is as follows.

NE =50; ND= 36; NP= 20;


NL = [1 8 7
1 2 8
2 9 8
2 3 9
3 10 9
3 4 10

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

497
485

4 11 10
4 5 11
5 12 11
5 6 12
7 14 13
7 8 14
8 15 14
8 9 15
9 16 15
9 10 16
10 17 16
10 11 17
11 18 17
11 12 18
13 20 19
13 14 20
14 21 20
14 15 21
15 22 21
15 16 22
16 23 22
16 17 23
17 24 23
17 18 24
19 26 25
19 20 26
20 27 26
20 21 27
21 28 27
21 22 28
22 29 28
22 23 29
23 30 29
23 24 30
25 32 31
25 26 32
26 33 32
26 27 33
27 34 33
27 28 34
28 35 34
28 29 35
29 36 35
29 30 36];
X = [0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0];

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

498
486

Y = [0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0];
NDP = [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 18 24 30 36 35 34 33 32 31 25 19 13 7];
VAL = [ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0];

With this data, the potentials at the free nodes are compared with the exact values as
shown below.

Node no. FEM Solution Exact Solution


8 4.546 4.366
9 7.197 7.017
10 7.197 7.017
11 4.546 4.366
14 10.98 10.60
15 17.05 16.84
16 17.05 16.84
17 10.98 10.60
20 22.35 21.78
21 32.95 33.16
22 32.95 33.16
23 22.35 21.78
26 45.45 45.63
27 59.49 60.60
28 59.49 60.60
29 45.45 45.63

Prob. 15.11 We use exactly the same input data as in the previous problem except that
the last few lines are replaced by the following lines.

VAL = [0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.4 58.8 95.1 95.1
58.8 29.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0];

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

499
487

The potential at the free nodes obtained with the input data are compared with the exact
solution as shown below.

Node no. FEM Solution Exact Solution


8 3.635 3.412
9 5.882 5.521
10 5.882 5.521
11 3.635 3.412
14 8.659 8.217
15 14.01 13.30
16 14.01 13.30
17 8.659 8.217
20 16.99 16.37
21 27.49 26.49
22 27.49 26.49
23 16.99 16.37
26 31.81 31.21
27 51.47 50.5
28 51.47 50.5
29 31.81 31.21

Prob. 15.12

For element 1, the local numbering 1-2-3 corresponds with nodes with V1 , V2 , and V3.

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press


Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e

500
488

1 4
Vo = − ViCio
Coo i =1

4
1 1
Coo =  Coj ( e ) = 2
(hh + hh) × 2 + 2
(hh + 0) × 4 = 4
j =1 4h / 2 4h / 2

2 ×1 2
Co1 = 2
[ P3 P1 + Q3Q1 ] = 2 [−hh − 0] = −1
2h 2h

2 ×1 2
Co 2 = 2
[ PP
1 2 + Q1Q2 ] = [−h × 0 + h × (−h)] = −1
2h 2h 2

Similarly, C03 = -1 = C04. Thus

Vo = (V1 + V2 + V3 + V4)/4

which is the same result obtained using FDM.

Prob. 14.22

The MATLAB code is similar to the one in Fig.14.34. When the program is run, it gives
Z o = 40.587 Ω .

Prob. 14.23

Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

You might also like