Friction and Lubrication

References
1. John B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, Mc Graw Hill Book
Company, 1998. (ISBN: 0-07-100499-8).
2. Kevin Hoag, Vehicular Engine Design, Wien, New York, Springer, 2006. (ISBN:
3211211306).
3.

Figure 11.1. Schematic of a lubricated journal and a slider bearing (Figure 13.2, [1]).

Figure 11.2. Stribeck diagram for journal bearing (Figure 13.3, [1]).

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 Figure 11.4. Total friction mean effective pressure (tfmep), rubbing friction mep (rfmep),
and pumping mep (pmep) as a function of load for four-cylinder engine 3.26 dm3 SI
engine (Figure 13.6, [1]).

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 Table 11.1. Functions and qualities required of engine oils (Table 13.1, [1]).

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 Figure 11.5. Lubricant analysis conducted during engine durability test. Lubricant tested
every 50 hours and changed every 250 hours (Figure 12.1, [2]).

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 Figure 11.6. Viscosity versus temperature curves illustrating SAE lubricating oil
classification (Figure 13.28, [1]).

Figure 11.7. Four-cylinder engine lubrication circuit (Figure 12.2, [2]).

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 Figure 11.8. Typical heavy-duty diesel engine lubrication circuit (Figure 12.3, [2]).

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 Engine Cooling
References
1. Kevin Hoag, Vehicular Engine Design, Wien, New York, Springer, 2006. (ISBN:
3211211306).

Figure 12.1. Representation of series flow cooling circuit for in-line four-cylinder engine
(Figure 13.1, [1]).

Figure 12.2. Representation of parallel flow cooling circuit for in-line four-cylinder engine
(Figure 13.2, [1]).

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 Figure 12.3. Representation of cross flow cooling circuit for in-line four-cylinder engine
(Figure 13.3, [1]).

Figure 12.4. Details of the boiling convection heat transfer mechanisms at the interface
between a combustion chamber wall and the coolant (Figure 13.4, [1]).

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 Figure 12.5. Use of progressively increasing diameter coolant transfer passages for flow
balance between cylinders (Figure 13.5, [1]).

Figure 12.6. Cylinder head cooling jacket modification for flow improvement in critical
regions (Figure 13.6, [1]).

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 Figure 12.7. Cylinder cooling jacket modification for improved coolant velocity and
reduced temperature variation around perimeter of cylinder (Figure 13.7, [1]).

Figure 12.8. Water pump performance characteristics and cooling system operating point
(Figure 13.8, [1]).

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 Cylinder Block
References
1. Kevin Hoag, Vehicular Engine Design, Wien, New York, Springer, 2006. (ISBN:
3211211306).

Figure 13.1. Firing pressure load paths through cylinder block and head (Figure 10.1, [1]).

Figure 13.2. Bulkhead and main bearing bore deflection due to firing pressure (Figure
10.2, [1]).

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 Figure 13.3. Front-view of in-line automotive cylinder block, identifying typical features
(Figure 8.1, [1]).

Figure 13.4. Front view of automotive cylinder block for 60-degree vee engine, identifying
typical features (Figure 8.2., [1]).

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Figure 13.5. Simplified depiction of crankcase, showing main design features (Figure 8.3,
[1]).

Figure 13.6. Bottom view of the crankcase of an in-line engine (Figure 8.6, [1]).

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Figure 13.7. Bottom view of the crankcase of a V-6 engine (Figure 8.7, [1]).

Figure 13.8. Skirt design options with conventional main bearing caps (Figure 8.8, [1]).

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 Figure 13.9. Main bearing cap design variations (Figure 8.9, [1]).

Figure 13.10. Ladder frame construction for the crankcase of an automotive engine (Figure
8.10, [1]).

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 Figure 13.11. Main bearing design options for a horizontally opposed engine. a)
Conventional main bearing, b) split crankcase (Figure 8.11, [1]).

Figure 13.12. Schematic depicting cylinder block casting considerations (Figure 7.5, [1]).

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Figure 13.13. Layout variables determining cylinder bore spacing in a) a parent bore and b)
a wet-liner engine (Figure 8.12, [1]).

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 Cylinder Head
References
1. Kevin Hoag, Vehicular Engine Design, Wien, New York, Springer, 2006. (ISBN:
3211211306).

Figure 13.14. a) Cylinder and head bolt layout for slab and b) individual-head designs
(Figure 9.1, [1]).

Figure 13.15. Schematic depicting cylinder head casting considerations. a) Section

between cylinders, b) section through valve centerline (Figure 7.4, [1]).

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 Figure 13.16. Cylinder head cross sections for two-valve wedge combustion chamber
design (Figure 9.8, [1]).

Figure 13.17. Cylinder head cross sections for cross-flow head with four-valve pent roof
combustion chamber design (Figure 9.9, [1]).

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 Figure 13.18. Cylinder head cross sections for four-valve direct injection diesel cylinder
head design (Figure 9.10, [1]).

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 Pistons and Rings
References
1. Kevin Hoag, Vehicular Engine Design, Wien, New York, Springer, 2006. (ISBN:
3211211306).

Figure 13.19. Typical automobile piston (Figure 15.1, [1]).

Figure 13.20. Example piston crowns for spark-ignition engines (Figure 15.5, [1]).

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 Figure 13.21. Example piston crowns for diesel engines (Figure 15.6, [1]).

Figure 13.22. Piston secondary motion through-out the four-stroke operating cycle (Figure
15.12, [1]).

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 Figure 13.23. Piston diameter variation and cold clearance (Figure 15.13, [1]).

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 Figure 13.24. Desired piston ring operation throughout the four-stroke operating cycle
(Figure 15.14, [1]).
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 Figure 13.25. Cylinder wall surface characterization (Figure 15.18, [1]).

Figure 13.26. Effects of conventional and plateau honing on cylinder wall surface
characteristics (Figure 15.19, [1]).

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