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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Introduction
Description
Emerging Issues
Relevant Codes and Standards
Additional Resources
During the last century and a half, electricity has evolved from a scientific curiosity, to a
luxury for wealthy people and to a daily necessity in the developed and developing world.
Just as water is necessary for survival, electricity is indispensable in daily life. Without
electricity, our way of life comes to a grinding halt. Modern society requires smart, simple,
safe, reliable, and economical electric power infrastructure for social, political, and
economic activities. The infrastructure should be efficient, flexible to expand, economical to
maintain and operate.
A BRIEF HISTORY
Electricity was never invented: its properties were discovered, examined, and
explained.
Thales of Miletus a Greek in 600 AD wrote of static electricity that attracted pieces of
straw and hair to rubbed rods of amber. In 1752, during a dangerous electrical storm,
Benjamin Franklin flew a kite that had a metal key at the bottom of the string. When a
bolt of lightning hit the kite, a spark of electricity flew from the key. From this
experiment, Franklin invented the lightning rod, which attracts lightning and draws it
into the ground. This saves many buildings from burning down. In 1779 Alessandro
Volta invented the first source of continuous electric current in his experiments with
non-static electricity. He created a battery out of stacks of zinc and copper, with weak
acids in between each layer.
In 1769 James Watt, a Scottish Engineer transformed the limited use steam engine
into a mega power source and radically transformed the world from an agricultural
society into an industrial one. In his honor, a unit of electric power was named "Watts".
Ampere (Amp), a unit of electric current named after André-Marie Ampère (1775-
1836), French mathematician and physicist, is considered the father of
electrodynamics.
The first practical application of electricity was the telegraph, invented by Samuel F.B.
Morse in 1837. The need for electrical engineers was not felt until some 40 years later,
upon the invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell and of
the incandescent lamp (1878) by Thomas A. Edison. These devices, and Edison's
first central generating plant in New York City (1882), created a large demand for men
trained to work with electricity.
Electrical Engineering covers power, electronics, control systems, signal
processing and telecommunications field.
1. Education
2. Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Exam
3. Work Experience
4. Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) Exam
Electrical engineering has many sub-disciplines, the most popular of which are high Voltage
engineering (Power Companies), power engineering (Facilities), and power electronics.
Although there are electrical engineers who focus exclusively on one of these sub-
disciplines, many deal with a combination of them. Sometimes certain fields, such as
electronic engineering and computer engineering, are considered separate disciplines in
their own right.
Power engineering deals with the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity as
well as the design of a range of related devices. These include transformers, electric
generators, and electric motors. Power engineers may work on the design and maintenance
of the power grid as well as the power systems that connect to it. Such systems are
called on-gridpower systems and may supply the grid with additional power, draw power
from the grid, or do both. Power engineers may also work on systems that do not connect to
the grid, called off-grid power systems, which in some cases are preferable to on-grid
systems. The future includes Satellite controlled power systems, with feedback in real time
to prevent power surges and prevent blackouts.
DESCRIPTION
Electrical Engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the technology of
electricity, especially the specification and design of electrical systems and equipment for
power generation and distribution, control, and communications. An electrical engineer who
has a certifiable bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from a recognized School or
University and satisfies the requirements for Engineer In Training (EIT) and Professional
Engineer (PE) examinations and experience can apply for the state PE license. Once state
registered, an Engineer by law has a primary duty to protect the public safety, health, and
welfare in the facility electrical systems design by following and applying the latest building
codes.
The Engineer of Record for the Electrical Systems Design is a state Registered
Professional Engineer who develops the electrical system design criteria, performs the
analysis, and is responsible for the design, specification, preparation, and delivery of the
electrical documents for the construction of projects. Projects may include private /public
works, institutional, commercial facilities such as banks, office buildings, schools and
colleges, hospitals, medical clinics, retail stores, parking ramps, airports, manufacturing
facilities, food distribution centers, warehouses, data centers, department stores,
jails, libraries, theaters, and courthouses etc.
An Electrical System is any system and assembly of electrical components, materials,
utilities, equipment, work system, machines, products, or devices which require electrical
energy in order to perform their intended function.
Electrical Engineering Documents: The electrical drawings, specifications, reports and other
documents setting forth the overall design and requirements for the construction, alteration,
modernization, repair, demolition, arrangement, and/or use of the electrical system, or
analysis or recommendations, as prepared by the Engineer of Record for the Electrical
System.
Electrical Component: An individual electrical device to be part of an electrical system.
Electrical: Any device or mechanism that operates due to the action of electricity.
Electrical Submittals: Submittals, catalog information on standard products, or drawings
prepared solely to serve as a guide for fabrication and installation and requiring no
engineering input.
Codes and Standards: Those nationally recognized Codes and Standards adopted directly
or by reference.
To specify and design facility electrical systems including power systems, lighting,
communications, alarm systems, lightning protection, grounding system and controls, an
electrical engineer needs to coordinate his effort with the fellow designers: Architect, Civil
Engineer, Structural Engineer, HVAC/Plumbing Engineer, Fire Protection Engineer,
Voice/Data low voltage technology, Building Security, Vertical Transportation, Electric
Utility, Telephone Company, and Internet Access etc.
a. Electrical legend
b. System one line diagram or Riser Diagram
c. Conductor capacities (sizes) and insulation type
d. Protection devices and interrupting capability (Refer to Photo-2)
e. Utility Service (Refer to Photo 1A-B)
f. Transformer (Refer to Photo-3)
g. Main and distribution panel board locations and sizes (Refer to Photo-4)
h. Circuitry of all outlets and devices
i. Short circuit analysis
j. Load computations
k. Grounding and bonding
l. Low Voltage control diagrams
m. Schedules and details
Photo 3 (left): Transformer; Photo 4 (right): Electrical Room
EMERGING ISSUES
Quality Assurance and Control of Construction Documents
Standardization, integration and promulgation of smart grid technology, smart power
distribution system, smart metering, smart peak load demand controls, smart building
management systems etc.
Building commissioning or Integrated systems testing for building electrical, HVAC, all
motor equipment and control systems.
Energy Conservation
o Renewable Energy
o Energy Efficiency
Emerging 3-D modeling platforms: BIM-Revit and Bentley
Coordination of design documents with: Architects, Interior Designer, Lighting Design,
Structural Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Low Voltage
Technology
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
WBDG
BUILDING TYPES/SPACE TYPES
Applicable to all building types and space types.
DESIGN OBJECTIVES
Aesthetics, Cost-Effective, Functional / Operational, Productive, Secure / Safe, Sustainable
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Building Commissioning
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS/ORGANIZATION
AABC Commissioning Group (ACG)
Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI)
The American Institute of Architects (AIA)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
(ASHRAE)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Association of Energy Engineers (AEE)
Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA)
California Commissioning Collaborative (CCC)
Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
Electrical Testing Laboratories, Inc. (ETL)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Illuminating Engineering Society (IES)
Instrument Society of America (ISA)
International Code Council (ICC)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS)
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL)
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)
GOVERNMENT
Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) – Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
o Building Technologies Program
o Distributed Energy Program
o Federal Energy Management Program
o Geothermal Technologies Program
o Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Program
o Industrial Technologies Program
o Solar Energy Technologies Program
o Wind & Hydropower Technologies Program
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
o Clean Energy
o Combined Heat and Power Partnership (CHP)
o Design for the Environment (DfE)
o ENERGY STAR
o Green Power Partnership
o National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA)
U.S. General Services Administration/Buildings (GSA)
PUBLICATIONS
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS/ORGANIZATIONS
Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings by ASHRAE, 2005. ISBN 1-
931862-55-9
GOVERNMENT
PERIODICALS
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS/ORGANIZATIONS
GENERAL
GOVERNMENT
AIRMaster+, DOE/EERE
BDA (Building Design Advisor), DOE/LBNL
BLCC (Building Life Cycle Cost), NIST
Chilled Water System Analysis Tool (CWSAT), DOE/EERE
Combined Heat and Power Application Tool (CHPT), DOE/EERE
COMcheck-EZ, DOE/EERE
DOE-2, DOE
ENERGY-10, DOE/NREL
EnergyPlus, DOE
Fan System Assessment Tool (FSAT), DOE/EERE
FEDS (The Facility Energy Decision System), DOE/PNNL
GSA Sustainable Facilities Tool (SFTool)—SFTool's immersive virtual environment
addresses all your sustainability planning, designing and procurement needs.
IAQ Building Education and Assessment Tool (I-BEAM), EPA
MotorMaster+, DOE/EERE
NOx and Energy Assessment Tool (NxEAT), DOE/EERE
Pumping System Assessment Tool (PSAT), DOE/EERE
QuikChill, EPA
QuikFan, EPA
GENERAL
SKM
ETAP
Elite
TRAINING
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS/ORGANIZATIONS
GOVERNMENT
INSTITUTIONAL