2.

5 Structural connections
All connections shall have a design resistance such that the structure remains effective
and is capable of satisfying all the basic design requirements. Connection design will be
based on the basis of realistic assumption of the distribution of internal forces provided
that:
(a) Assumed internal forces are in equilibrium with applied forces.
(b) Each element in the connection is capable of resisting the internal forces.
(c) Deformations are within the deformation capacity of the fasteners or welds and
of the connected parts.
Usually, members meeting at a joint should be arranged with their centroidal axes
meeting at a point. Where there is eccentricity at intersections the members and
connections should be designed to accommodate the moments which result. In the case
of bolted connections of angles and tees with at least two bolts per connection, the
setting out lines of the bolts may be adopted instead of centroidal axes.
Joints in simple construction should not develop significant moments adversely
affecting the structure. Joints between members in rigid construction should be capable
of transmitting the forces and moments calculated in design.
Bolted connections
The size of holes for all fasteners shall not exceed the dimension given in Table 2.5.1
Table 2.5.1 Maximum Dimensions of Holes
Bolt shank Clearance hole Oversize hole Short slotted hole Long slotted hole
diameter (mm) diameter (mm) diameter (mm) dimensions (mm) dimensions (mm)

14 d+1 d+4 d+1 d+4 d+1 2.5d

14<d22 d+2 d+5 d+2 d+6 d+2 2.5d
24 d+2 d+6 d+2 d+8 d+2 2.5d
27 d+3 d +8 d+3 d +10 d+3 2.5d
For edge distances and spacing of holes refer to table 2.1.1

Design shear rupture resistance

The design value of the effective resistance Veff,Rd for rupture along a block shear failure
path shall be determined from:
0.60 f y A v ,eff
Veff,Rd =
 Mo

1
Effective shear area, Av,eff = tLv + L1 + L2 - ndo
Where L1 = 2.5do but  a1
L2 = 5.0 do but  a2
n = number of fastener holes on the block shear failure path.
t = thickness of the web or bracket.

d 0
cope cope

a 1

L 1 L 1 a 1
L 1 a 1

Block shear Block shear Block shear

failure path L v failure path L v failure path L v

L 2 L 2 L 2
a 2

a 2
a 2

cope

(a) plain end (b) coped end (c) doubled coped end
Figure 2.5.1 Net shear area – Block shear

Shear capacity of bolts:

The shear capacity per shear plane Fv,Rd of a bolt shall be taken as:
Fv,Rd = fv,dAs
Where fv,d = design shear strength.
0.6 f ub 0.87 f yb
fv,d = but 
 Mb  Mb
fub = nominal ultimate strength of the fastener.
fyb = nominal yield strength of the fastener.
As = shear area; for threads in shear plane As is taken at the bottom of the threads and if
threads do not occur in the shear plane As taken as the shank area.
Bearing capacity
 The effective capacity of a bolt in bearing on any ply shall be taken as the Sesser of
the bearing capacity of the bolt and the bearing capacity of the connected ply.
 The bearing capacity of the bolt Fbb,Rd will be taken as
Fbb,Rd = dtfbb,d
Where d = nominal diameter of the bolt.
t = thickness of the connected ply, or, if the bolts are countersunk, the thickness
of the ply mines half of the depth of counter sinking.
fbb,d = design bearing strength of the bolt.

2
 0.9( f ub  f yb )
fbb,d =
M
 The bearing capacity of the connected ply Fbp,Rd shall be taken as:

Fbp,Rd = dtfbp,d but  1 e1t fbp,d

2
Where d = nominal diameter of the bolt
t = thickness of the ply.
fbp,d = design bearing strength of the connected parts.
0.8( f u  f y )
fbp,d =
 M2
e1 = is the edge distance
Bolts subject to tension
 The tension capacity Ft,Rd of a bolt (including countersunk bolts) shall be obtained
from: Ft,Rd = ft,d As
Where, ft,d = design tension strength
0.7 f ub 1.0 f yb
ft,d = but 
M M
As = tensile stress area.
Combined shear and Tension
For bolts subjected to both shear and tension the following additional relationship shall
Fv , sd Ft , sd
be satisfied.   1.4
Fv , Rd Ft , Rd

The grade of a bolt is given by two figures separated by a point (table 2.5.3) the
first figure is 1% of the minimum ultimate strength in N/mm2 and the second is 1/10th of
the percentage ration of the minimum yield strength to the minimum ultimate strength.
Thus 5.6 grade means that the minimum ultimate strength is 500 N/mm2 and the yield
strength is 60% of this strength which is 300 N/m2. The nominal values of the yield
strength fyb and the ultimate strength fub to be adapted as characteristic values in
calculations are given below:
Table 2.5.3
Bolt grade 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 10.9
Fyb(N/mm2) 240 320 300 400 480 640 900
Fub (N/mm2 400 400 500 500 600 800 1000

3
Tensile stress Areas for Bolts
Tensile stress area for bolts as determined by ISO standards shank and tensile areas are
tabulated below (Table 2.5.2)
Table 2.5.2
Bolt diameter (mm) Tensile area (mm2) Shank area (mm2)
12 84 113
16 157 201
20 245 314
22 303 380
24 353 452
27 459 572
30 561 707

Example 2.5.1
A machine prepared connection shown in the figure below is
subjected to a design tensile force of 240kN. All data regarding the
member and connection are shown in the figure. The steel grade is Fe
430, the bolt grade is 8.8 and its diameter is 20 mm. check that the
connection is adequate (all dimensions are in mm).

70 15 70
t = 15
100

2L 70 x 7
70
30

50 80 50

Solution
Geometry, material and load:
Angle: 2L70 x 7, Fe430  fy = 275MPa
Cross-sectional area, Ag = 2 x 940 = 1880mm2

4
 Gusset plate: 100mm x 15mm, Fe 430  fy = 275MPa.
Bolts: Dia = 20mm, grade 8.8  fyb = 640MPa
fub = 800MPa, Area at the bottom of thread: As =
245mm2
(i) Holes diameter and spacing:
Hole dia. do= d + 2 = 22mm (table 2.5.1)
Min. edge distance, e2 = 1.25do = 1.25 * 22 =
27.5mm<30mm Ok
Minimum hole distance, P1 = 2.5do = 2.5*22 = 55mm<
80mmOk
Max.edge distance, e1 = 12t = 12 * 7 = 84mm>50mmOk
Max hole distance, P1 = 14t = 14*7 = 98mm>80mmOk
(ii) Capacity of connected members:
The gross sectional area resistance capacity of the angle:
Af y 1880 * 275 *10 3
Npl,Rd =   470kN  240kN  Ok
 M1 1.1

The gross sectional area resistance capacity of the gusset plate:

Af y 100 *15 * 275 *10 3
Npl,Rd =   375kN  240kN  Ok
 M1 1.1

1880
The net section area of the angle, Anet =  22 * 7  786mm 2
2
Angle is connected by a single row of bolts in one leg:
Spacing of holes: P1 = 80mm = 3.64do
Since P1 is b/n 2.5do and 5do interpolation must be used:
0.4 Anet f u
Nu,Rd = for P1 = 2.5do
 M2
0.7 Anet f u
And Nu,Rd = for P1 = 5do
 M2
Observing the coefficients 0.4 and 0.7
Interpolating for the coefficient:
3.64  2.5
Coef. = 0.4 + * (0.7  0.4) = 0.5368
5  2.5

5
Hence the design ultimate resistance of the net section
0.5368 Anet f u 0.5368 * (2 * 786) * 430 *10 3
Nu,Rd =  = 290.3kN> 240.0 kN
 M2 1.25

Ok
Net area of the gusset plate:
Anet = 100*15 - 22*15 = 1170mm2
 Des. Ultimate resistance of the net section:
0.9 Aeff f u 0.9 *1170 * 430 *10 3
Nu,Rd = 
 M2 1.25

= 362.2 kN > 240.0 kN  Ok

(iii) Shear capacity of bolts:
Assumption threads are in shear plane i.e. As = 245mm2
The bolts are subjected to double shear (two shear planes each at the
interface b/n the gusset plate and angle)
Fv,Rd = fvdAs =
0.6 f ub (2 As ) 0.87 f yb As 2 * 0.6 * 800 * 245 *10 3 240
Fv , Rd  f vd As     188   120kN  Ok
 Mb  Mb 1.25 2
0.87 f yb As 2 * 0.87 * 640 * 245 *10 3
  218  188kN  Ok
 Mb 1.25

(iv) Bearing capacity of members and bolts:

The gusset plate is not the critical member
Since t = 15mm > 2*7 = 14mm
The bearing capacity of the gusset plate
1
Fbp,Rd = dtfbp,d  e1tfbp,d
2

Fbp,Rd =

dt 0.8( f ub  f yb )  =
20 *15 * 0.8 * (430  275) *10 3
 M2 1.25

240
Fbp,Rd = 135.36kN >  120.0kN  Ok
2
1 50 *15 * 0.8(430  275) *10 3
* 169.2kN  135.4kN  Ok
2 1.25

6
The bearing capacity of one angle:

Fbp,Rd =

dt 0.8( f ub  f yb   1 e, tf
 M2
bp, d
2

20 * 7 * 0.8 * (430  275) *10 3 240

=  63.2   60kN  Ok
1.25 2*2
1 50 * 7 * 0.8 * (430  275) *10 3
*  78.96  63.2kN  Ok
2 1.25
The bearing capacity of the bolt
dt (0.9( f ub  f yb )
Fbb,Rd = dtfbb,d =
 Mb

20 *14 * 0.9 * (800  640) *10 3

=  290.3  240kN  Ok
1.25
Therefore the connection is adequate to resist the design tensile load.

Example 2.5.2
Check that the secondary girder to primary girder connection by
means of angles shown in the figure below is adequate. All data
required are provided in the figure.

155

90
50
40 9
50
800 90
900
8 @ 60

t = 15
40
18.5 28
35
300

Main girder: Fe 430, fy = 275N/mm2

Secondary girder: Fe430, fy = 275N/mm2
Angles: 2L 90 X 9, Fe430, fy = 275N/mm2
Bolts: Diameter = 22mm; Grade 8.8
fyb = 640 N/mm2, fub = 800N/mm2

7
Bolt area at the bottom of thread: As = 303mm2
Applied load: shear force V = 890kN (at the center line of the web of
the main girder)

Solution
Diameter of holes:
Do = d + 2 = 22 + 2 = 24mm. (Table 2.5.1)
Min.edge distance, e1 =1.25do = 1.25*24 = 30mm<40mmOk
Min,hole distance, P1 = 2.5do = 2.5*24 = 60mmOk
Max.edge distance, e1 = 12t = 12*9 = 108mm>40mmOk
Max.hole distance, P1 = 14t = 14 X 9 = 126mm> 60mmOk
Shear capacity of bolts
From the figure one shear area per bolt is obtained.
We assume that threads are in shear plane.
Shear capacity of a bolt:
0.6 f ub As 0.87 f yb As
Fv,Rd = fvd As = 
 Mb  Mb

0.6 * 800 * 303 *10 3 890

=  116.4   49.4kN.
1.25 2*9
0.87 * 640 * 303 *10 3
 135.0  116.4kN  Ok
1.25
Capacity of connection: Main Girder and connection Angle
Bearing capacity of bolts:
Since the web thickness of the beam tw = 18.5mm is greater than the
angle leg thickness ta = 9.0mm, the angle is the critical member.
The bearing capacity is:

Fbb,Rd = dtfbb,d =

dt 0.9( f ub  f yb 
 Mb

22 * 9 * 0.9 * (800  640) *10 3 890

=  205.3   49.4kN
1.25 2*9

8
Bearing capacity of angle:

Fbp,Rd =

dt 0.8( f ub  f yb )   1 e tf
 Mb
1 bp, d
2

22 * 9 * 0.8 * (430  275) *10 3 890

=  89.3   49.4kN
1.25 2*9
1 40 * 9 * 0.8(430  275) *10 3
* = 81.2 < 89.3kN but > 49.4kN.
2 1.25
Capacity of connection secondary girder and connection
Angle.(two shear area per bolt)
Design moment:
Applied load V = 890kN
Eccentricity, e = 50 + 18.5/2 = 59.25mm.
The moment caused by the eccentricity of the group of bolts is:
Msd = 890 * 59.25 * 10-3 = 52.7kNm.
52.7
For one shear area per bolt, Msd =  26.35kNm
2
Forces in the bolts:
The internal forces are distributed to the bolts according to their
distance from the center of gravity of group of bolts.
Σr2 = y2 + z2
= 2(602 + 1202 + 1802 + 2402)
= 2.16 * 105 mm2
Horizontal force: (at far end bolt)
Msdr / Σr2 = (52.7*106*240) / (2.16*105)
= 5.86 * 104 N = 58.6kN.
58.6
For one shear area per bolt Hsd =  29.3kN
2
890
Similarly, vertical force: Vsd =  49.44kN
2*9

Resultant force Fsd = 29.32  49.44 2 = 57.50kN. Ok

Shear capacity of bolts (per one shear area)

9
 0.6 f ub As 0.87 f yb As
FV , Rd  f vd As  
 Mb  Mb
0.6  800  303  10 3
  116.35  57.50 kN  OK!
1.25
0.87  640  303  10 3
  135.00  116.35 kN  OK!
1.25
Bearing capacity of bolts:
Web thickness of the secondary girder is tw =15.0mm < 2 * 9.0 =
18.0mm. Therefore, the web thickness of the secondary girder is
critical. Max force is on far end bolt equivalent to two shear surfaces.
Fsd = 2*57.5 =115 kN.
dt 0.9 f ub  f yb 
Fbb,Rd = dtfbb,d=
 mb

22 *15 * 0.9 * (800  640) *10 3

= =342.1 kN > 115 kN ------OK!
1.25

Bearing capacity of the secondary girder:

0.8dt ( f ub  f yb ) 1
Fbp,Rd =  e1tf bp , d
 m2 2

0.8  22  15(430  275)  10 3

  148.9  115 kN
1.25
1 40 *15 * 0.8(430  275) *10 3
= * =135.4<148.9 but > 115 kN-----OK!
2 1.25
Shear capacity of angles
Two angles are used to connect main girder and secondary girder.
The shear capacity of one angle is
(Av,net  (fy/fu) Avholes need not be considered)
Av,net = 560*9 - 9*24*9=3096mm2
fy
 Av = 560*9* 275 = 3223mm2
fu 430

An effective area may be assumed. Thus,

fu
Av,eff=Av,net = 3096* 430 =4841mm2 <5040mm2=Av.
fy 275

10
The resistance to shear can be determined as
Av fy
Vp,Rd = = 4841 * 275 *10-3 = 698.74 kN > 890 = 445 kN.
 mo 3 1.4 * 3 2

Capacity of secondary girder at section A-A

155 15

Centroid ZI
740

207.1 + 14 = 221.1
28
A
300

The section is class 3.

Designs shear force,
Vsd = 890 kN
Design moment (due to eccentricity of group of bolts).
Msd = 890* (115+18.5/2) *10-3 = 146.2 KNm
cross. Sectional properties at section A.A
AA = 300* 28+712*15= 19080mm2

712 *15 * (712  28)  300 * 28 *14

Centroid: ZI = 2 = 221.1mm
19080
3 3
IZI = 15 * 712 + 712*15*(740 - 221.1 - 712 )2 + 300 * 28 + 300 *
12 2 12
28 * (221.1 -14)2
= 1095417 *103 mm4
3
WZI, el = 1095417 *10 = 2111.0* 103 mm3.
(740  221.1)

AZI,V =712*15 = 10680mm2

The resistance to bending:

WZI ,el f y 3
Mel,Rd = = 2111.0 *10 * 275 *10-6
 mo 1.1

11
 = 527.76 kNm > 146.2 kNm  OK!
The resistance to shear:
Av f y
0.5 VRd = 0.5 = 0.5 * 10680 * 275 *10 3 = 770.76kN < 890kN
3 Mo 3 *1.1

Hence, interaction of bending and shear is required:

fy  Av2 
Mel,v,Rd = Mv,Rd = 
 Zl ,el 4t 
W
 mo  w 

 = (2Vsd/ VRd - 1)2 = ( 2 * 890  1) 2 = 0.024

2 * 770.76

Mel,v,Rd = 275  2111.0 *10 3  0.024 *10680   10 6  516.3 kNm  146.2 kNm
2

1.1  4 *15 
Shear rupture resistance:

155

130

8060

130

41

The design shear ruptures resistance:

0.6 f y Av , eff
Veff,Rd =
 mo
Av,eff = t (Lv + L1 +L2 - ndo)
Lv = 8x60 = 480mm
L1 = 2.5do  a1 = 2.5 * 24 = 60mm < 130mm
L2 = 5do  a2 = 5*24 = 120 mm < 130mm
Aeff = 15* (480+ 60 + 120 – 9*24 ) = 66.6* 102mm2
2
Veff,Rd = 0.6 * 275 * 66.6 *10 * 10-3 = 999.0 kN > 890 kN  OK
1.1

12
Theoretical background of Eccentrically loaded
bolted connections

P P M = Pe
e

Direct Forces Forces due to Moment

There are six bolts shown in the joint. P is the eccentrically applied
force at a distance e from the centroid of the bolt group. The forces
in any bolt can be due to the direct action of the applied force P and
due to the moment due to eccentricity.
Direct force in one bolt F1 = Force P / No. of bolts = P/n
Due to moments each bolts get torsional shear. Forces due to
moment in any bolt act perpendicular to radius vector ‘r’.
Shear stress (f2) due to moment in a bolt is proportional to the
radius vector ‘r’
(f2) α r or (f2) = kr
Force due to moment in one bolt = F2 = A.(f2) = Akr
Moment of resistance of one bolt = F2. r = Akr2
Total Moment of resistance of one bolt = Σ Akr2 = Pe = M
Pe PeAr Mr
k= F2 = =
 Ar 2   Ar   r 2
2

F2 may have two components along vertical and horizontal directions

based on its line of action (ie. F2 cos θ and F2 sin θ, where θ is the
angle between F1 and F2).

Resultant force in the bolt = R = ( F1  F2 cos  ) 2  ( F2 sin  ) 2

13
Tension and compression zones for the bolts subjected to axial forces

Load
Tension

dc
dc/7

Compression

Example 2.5.3
Verify the adequacy of the connection with respect to the capacity of
bolts against the combined action of shear and tension, in the bracket
connection shown in the figure below; bolt grade used is grade 8.8.

462 kN

241.5
80 mm

T section acting
3 x 100 as bracket

80 mm

8 no. of 22 mm
I section acting
dia bolts - 4 on
as Column either side
All dimensions are in mm

Shear force = 462 kN

Out of plane moment = 462(0.2415) = 112 kN m
Shear per bolt = 462/8 = 57.8 kN
Shear capacity of one bolt =
0.6 f ub As 0.87 f yb As
FV , Rd  f vd As  
 Mb  Mb
0.6  800  303  10 3
  116.35  57.80 kN  OK!
1.25
0.87  640  303  10 3
  135.00  116.35 kN  OK!
1.25

14
Bearing capacity of one bolt =
dt 0.9 f ub  f yb 
Fbb,Rd = dtfbb,d=
 mb

22 *10 * 0.9 * (800  640) *10 3

= =228.09 kN > 57.8 kN ----OK!
1.25
dc/7 = 460/7 = 65.7 = 66 mm

Maximum tensile force will be in the top bolt;

Radius vector to the first bolt = (300+(80 – 66))
= 314 mm
Mr 460 mm
Ft = =
r2 66 mm
112 *1000 * 314
 111.6kN ;
[14  114 2  214 2  314 2 ] * 2
2

Ft,Rd = ft,d As
Tension capacity = Ft,Rd = ft,d As
Where, ft,d = design tension strength
0.7 f ub 1.0 f yb
ft,d = but 
M M
As = tensile stress area.
0.7 fub 0.7 * 800
  448
M 1.25
1.0 f yb 1.0 * 640
  512  448  ok
M 1.25

Ft,Rd = ft,d As = 448 * 303 * 1000 = 135.74 kN > 111.6 kN

--------- Safe

Combined shear and Tension

Fv , sd Ft , sd
  1.4
Fv , Rd Ft , Rd

57.8 111.6
Ie.   1.32  1.4  Ok
116.35 135.74

15
Welded connections
The particular advantage of welding is that it produces a more rigid
connection than can be obtained by the use of bolts. Welding does
require, however, greater skill and more supervision, and is therefore
more expensive.
Welds shall generally be classified as: (EBCS.3)
a) Fillet welds.
b) Butt welds ( with full or partial penetration)
c) Slot welds.
d) Plug welds.
e) Flare groove welds.
Table 2.5.3 common types of welded Joints.
Types of Types of joint
weld But joint Tee-butt joint Lap joint

Fillet weld

hole
Slot weld

Single v
Single bevel

Double v Double bevel

Full
penetration
Single J
butt weld* Single u

Double J

Double u

16
 Partial
Double v
penetration Double bevel
butt weld.
Double u

Plug weld

Fillet welds
Butt welds are used to lengthen plates in the end-on position, and are
not often used in structural connections because plate sizes in the
connections are relatively small. The fillet weld most commonly used
in structural connections has equal leg lengths and has a flat or
convex face. The maximum size of fillet weld from a single run metal
arc manual process is 80mm, but the maximum preferred to
guarantee quality is 6mm. fillet welds are generally continuous,
although they may be intermittent provided that they satisfy code
requirements.

Provision of EBCS-3
 Fillet welds may be used for connecting parts where the fusion
faces form an angle of between 600 and 1200
 Fillet welds terminating at the ends or sides of parts should be
returned continuously around the corners for a distance of not less
than twice the leg length s of the weld unless access or the
configuration renders this impracticable. This detail is particularly
important for fillet welds on the tension side of parts carrying a
bending load.
 In lap joint the minimum lap shall be not less than 4t where t is
the thickness of the thinner part joined. Single fillet welds should

17
 only be used where the parts are restrained to prevent opening of
the joint.
 Fillet welds may be continuous or intermittent.
Design of a fillet weld
Effective Length
 The effective length of a fillet weld shall be taken as the overall
length less one leg width s for each end which does not continue
at least twice the leg width s round a corner. The effective length
should not be lese than 40mm or 6 times the throat thickness.
 Provided that the weld is a full size throughout one, no reduction
in effective length need be made for either the start or the
termination of the wild.
Throat thickness
 The effective throat size a of a fillet weld shall be taken as the
perpendicular distance from the root of the weld to a straight line
joining the fusion faces which lies within the cross section of the
weld . It should not, however, be taken greater than 0.707 times
the effective leg width s.
 The throat thickeners of a fillet weld should not be less than 3mm.

h h= s 2  s 2  2s 2  2s  1.414s
45°
s
a = ½ (h) = ½ (1.414 s)

45° = 0.707 s

s
a

Long Joints
 In lap joints longer than 150a the design resistances of a fillet
weld should be reduced by a reduction factor Lw given by,
Lw,1 = 1.2 – 0.2Lj / (150a) but Lw,1  1.0

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Where Lj = overall length of the lap in the direction of the force
transfer.
 For fillet welds longer than 1.7 meters connecting transverse
stiffeners in plated members, the reduction factor Lw may be
taken as:
Lw,2 = 1.1 - Lw/ 17 but 0.6  Lw,2  1.0
Where Lw = length of the weld in meter.

Example 1:
A connection shown in the figure below is subjected to a design
tensile force of 168kN. All data regarding the member and
connection are shown in figure. The steel grade is Fe 360. Check
that the connection is adequate.

3 55
50 50
t = 10
5
3 50
2L 50 * 5
50

3 55

55

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Geometry, material and loading:
Plate: t = 10 mm Fe 360 fy = 235 MPa
Angle: 2L 50 *5 Fe 360 fy = 235 MPa
Throat thickness: a = 3 mm
Length of weld l = 4 * 55 + 2 * 50 = 320 mm
Applied tensile force = Nsd = 168 kN
Solution:
According to section 6-5-10, in angles connected by one leg, the
eccentricity of welded lap joint connection may be allowed for by
adopting an effective cross sectional area and then treating the
member as concentrically loaded.
For an equal angle or unequal angle connected by its larger leg, the
effective area may be taken as equal to the gross area.
Welds: The minimum weld length as per 6-5-5-1: 40 mm or 6(a)
6 (a) = 6 * 3 = 18 mm
Weld lengths provided are 50 mm and 55 mm > 40 mm –ok
As per section 6-5-5-3, check for long joints:
150 (a) = 150 * 3 = 450 mm
The length of the weld in our problem = 55 mm <450 mm
Hence, no reduction required for the design resistance.
The design strength per unit length of the weld
Fw,Rd = fvw,d (a)
0.65 * f u 0.65 * 360
fvw,d = =  187.2MPa
 Mw 1.25
Fw,Rd = 187.2 * 3 * 10-3 = 0.561 kN per Unit length
Design strength based on entire length of the weld
= 0.561 * 320 mm = 179.7 kN > 168 kN - Hence Safe
Check for tearing out:
As per the section 4-6-1-2 and 4-4, the design tension resistance
capacity is NRd =
fy fy 235 235
{2 Av  At  2 * 55 *10 *  50 *10 } *103  242.5kN  168kN
3 M 0 M0 3 (1.1) 1.1

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Therefore, the connection is adequate to resist the design tensile
load.

Example 2:
A tie bar consisting of a single angle 60mm * 60mm * 10mm is to be
welded to a gusset plate. The tie bar carries a load of 150 kN axially.
Design the joint if both the side fillets and end fillet has to be
provided. Let the material of the angle be Fe 430.

Solution:
For Fe 430, fu = 430 MPa
0.65 * f u 0.65 * 430
Design strength of weld fvw,d = =  223.6MPa
 Mw 1.25
Let the leg length of the weld be assumed to be = 10mm,
Then, throat thickness = 0.707 * 10 = 7 mm
Strength of the weld per mm length = 7 * 223.6 = 1565.2 N
Maximum length of end fillet = 60 mm

Strength of end fillet = 1565.2 * 60 * 10 3 = 93.912 kN

Strength to be taken by the side fillets = 150 – 93.912 = 56.088kN
Strength to be taken by one side fillet = 56.088/2 = 28.044 kN
Length of one side fillet = 28044/1565.2 = 17.92 mm = 18 mm
Effective length of the side fillets = 18 mm
Overall length of the side fillets = 18 + 1 leg length on either end
= 18 + 10 + 10 = 38 mm
Also effective length should not be less than 40 mm or 6 (a)
6 (throat) = 6 * 7 = 42
Overall length of the side fillet = 42 mm + 10 + 10 = 62 mm

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Determine the design resistance of two 15 mm thick and 120mm
wide flats of Fe430 steel which are butt welded. Weld type is full
penetration butt weld.
Yield strength of Fe430: fy = 275 MPa
Design strength = fy/1.1 = 250 MPa
Weld area = 15 * 120 = 1800 mm2
Design resistance = area * design strength = 1800 * 250 *10-3
= 450 kN

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