Professional Documents
Culture Documents
STANZAS: Stanzas are a series of lines grouped together and separated by an empty
line from other stanzas. They are the equivalent of a paragraph in an essay. One
way to identify a stanza is to count the number of lines. Thus:
couplet (2 lines)
tercet (3 lines)
quatrain (4 lines)
cinquain (5 lines)
sestet (6 lines) (sometimes it's called a sexain)
septet (7 lines)
octave (8 lines)
FORM: A poem may or may not have a specific number of lines, rhyme scheme and/or
metrical pattern, but it can still be labeled according to its form or style. Here
are the three most common types of poems according to form:
1. Lyric Poetry: It is any poem with one speaker (not necessarily the poet) who
expresses strong thoughts and feelings. Most poems, especially modern ones, are
lyric poems.
2. Narrative Poem: It is a poem that tells a story; its structure resembles the
plot line of a story [i.e. the introduction of conflict and characters, rising
action, climax and the denouement].
3. Descriptive Poem: It is a poem that describes the world that surrounds the
speaker. It uses elaborate imagery and adjectives. While emotional, it is more
"outward-focused" than lyric poetry, which is more personal and introspective.
In a sense, almost all poems, whether they have consistent patterns of sound and/or
structure, or are free verse, are in one of the three categories above. Or, of
course, they may be a combination of 2 or 3 of the above styles! Here are some more
types of poems that are subtypes of the three styles above:
Ode: It is usually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a serious subject, an
elevated style, and an elaborate stanza pattern.
Elegy: It is a lyric poem that mourns the dead. [It's not to be confused with a
eulogy.]It has no set metric or stanzaic pattern, but it usually begins by
reminiscing about the dead person, then laments the reason for the death, and then
resolves the grief by concluding that death leads to immortality. It often uses
"apostrophe" (calling out to the dead person) as a literary technique. It can have
a fairly formal style, and sound similar to an ode.
Ballad: It is a narrative poem that has a musical rhythm and can be sung. A ballad
is usually organized into quatrains or cinquains, has a simple rhythm structure,
and tells the tales of ordinary people.
narrative poem of great scope; dealing with the founding of a nation or some other
heroic theme requires a dignified theme requires an organic unity requires orderly
progress of the action always has a heroic figure or figures involves supernatural
forces
written in deliberately ceremonial style
Haiku: It has an unrhymed verse form having three lines (a tercet) and usually
5,7,5 syllables, respectively. It's usually considered a lyric poem.
Limerick: It has a very structured poem, usually humorous & composed of five lines
(a cinquain), in an aabba rhyming pattern; beat must be anapestic (weak, weak,
strong) with 3 feet in lines 1, 2, & 5 and 2 feet in lines 3 & 4. It's usually a
narrative poem based upon a short and often ribald
My Grandmother
� Victoria L. Payne
Naaalala mo ba?
Noong tayo�y unang nagkita
Kung saan ang isa�t isa ay di pa kilala
At ni isang simpleng ngiti ay di magawa.
Tingnan mo ngayon
Tayo�y sadyang kay saya
Aakalain mo bang tayo�y magiging magkaibigan pala?
Kaya�t maraming salamat at nakilala kita.
Ngirit mo sana
A buhay ko kumpleto na...
Sa labsok na mangitngit
Ika a mga bituon sa kalangitan
Na nagtataong liwanag sa buhay ko...
Sa mudtong uminanglas sa problema
Ika a patak ka preskong tubig nin solusyon
Tanganing kumalma ako.
Ngirit mo sana
A buhay ko kumpleto na...
Sa oras o sa minutong malang mundo'
Ika a kanta ka bayong na costa sa sanga ka mangga
Na nagpapamuya a puso ko.
Sa pagturog ko
Ika a panginip na abu kong lingawan ta ika
Nagtataong kapaingaluan sa pagal na awak ag kalag.
Source: https://www.familyfriendpoems.com/poem/rose-garden-of-memories-my-
grandmother
The End.
A young student of Zen happened to break a precious vase belonging to his teacher.
When he heard his teacher's footsteps, he quickly held the broken vase behind him.
As the teacher walked up to him, he asked, "Why does one die, master?"
"It's natural," said the teacher. "Everything has a beginning and an end.
Everything has just so long to live and then has to die."
The student held out the pieces of the broken vase and said, "The time for your
vase to die had come."
http://www.english-for-students.com/The-End.html
One day a fisherman saw him walking on the beach soon after a storm. The storm had
washed up thousands of starfish on the shore, and they were beginning to dry up.
Soon all of them would be dead. Ryokan was picking up starfish and throwing them
into the sea.
The fisherman caught up with the teacher and said, �Surely, you cannot hope to
throw all these starfish back into the sea? They will die in their thousands here.
I�ve seen it happen before. Your effort will make no difference."
�It will to this one," said Ryokan, throwing back another starfish into the sea.
Noong bata pa ang panahon at di pa dumaraong sa ating dalampasigan ang mga Kastila,
may isang makapangyarihang sultang namuno sa isang pinakamalaking kaharian sa Lu-
sung. Siya ay kinatatakutan ng kanyang mga sakop dahil sa kanyang kalupitan at
kaimbihan ng kanyang mga kawal. Siya ay si Raha Sibasib.
Kung gaano kabuhong ang raha gayon naman ang ganda ng anak nitong prinsesa. Bukod
sa gandang panloob ay maganda rin ang ugali.Siya ay si Prinsesa Liwayway. Maraming
mga Prinsipe, Datu at Sultan sa iba�t ibang kaharian ang nagsasadya sa ama upang
hingin ang kanyang kamay.
Noon si Prinsesa Liwayway ay hindi na Malaya sapagka�t ang kanyang puso ay nakatali
na sa pangangalaga ng isang mangangaso si Matapang. Siya ay dalita. Ang kanyang
tirahan ay isang maliit na dampa sa paanan ng bundok. Siya ay dalubhasa sa paggamit
ng pana at busog. Kahit ibong lumilipad sa pawiwirin ay kanyang napaptamaan ng pana
sa isang binit lamang.
Ang napili ng Sultan upang pakasalan ni Prinsesa Liwayway ay anak ni Sultan Mataas
na ang kaharian ay karatig ng kay Sibasib hindi nakursunadahan ni Liwayway ang
lalaki pagka�t lagpas na sa gulang at pangit. Hindi napagbago ang pagtatangi ni
Liwayway kay Matapang bagaman ang binata�y kinasusuklaman ng ama.
Walang pagsidlan ng galit ang Sultan. �Wala kang turing!� ang sigaw. �Ikaw ay
Prinsesa, isang dugong mahal at anak ng pinakamakapangyarihang Sultan. Ipagkakaloob
mo ba ang iyong pagmamahal sa isang alipin? Hindi ba sinabi ko sa iyo na ikaw ay
akin nang naipagkasundo sa anak ni Raha Mataas? Ikaw ay ipakakasal ko sa kanya sa
darating na kabilugan ng buwan!�
�Subalit Ama ko,� ang daing ng Prinsesa. �Ang anak ni Raha Mataas ay napakatanda
para sa akin.Siya�y para ko nang ama! Siya�y hindi ko iniibig!�
�Magtigil ka, Liwayway. Hindi mo na muli pang makikita ang lalaking iyan,� at
dagling ipinatawag ng Sultan si Atungal ang pinakamabangis na kawal na tribo.
�Atungal,� ang sigaw na pautos, �dalhin mo sa dampa ni Matapang ang iyong mga
kaaway. Iligpit mo ang binatang iyon. Patayin mo na parang aso ! Ipakita mo sa akin
ang kanyang ulo. Kayo�y aking gagantimpalaan. Kung hindi madala rito ang kanyang
ulo ang inyong mga ulo ang kapalit!�
�Mabuting ikaw ay umalis. Lisanin mo ang lugal na ito!� ang pakiusap ni Liwayway.
�Magtago ka sa gubat. Maya maya�y narito na si Atungal at ang kanyang mga kawal.
Magmadali hangga�t may panahon!�
�Para sa iyong pusong ginto ang pagkamatulungin, ibinibigay ko ang singsing na ito
iya�y makatutulong sa iyo sa mga sandali ng pangangailangan. Ang Diyos ay mabuti sa
mga taong may mabuting kalooban. Humingi ka ng anumang kagustuhan at iya�y
masusunod.�
Nabatid ng binata na ang singsing ay mahiwaga. Ang liwanag na nagmumula rito ay
kumikislap.
Tiningnan mabuti ni Matapang ang singsing. Naalala niya ang tagubilin ng matanda,
�Humingi ka ng kahilinga�y at iya�y ipagkakaloob. �Siya�y napangiti at ang pag-
aagam-agam niya�y naparam. Siya�y nagpalingalinga upang tiyakin ang pagdating ng
kawal ng Sultan.
Dumating si Atungal kasama ang kanyang tauhan. Akiba�t nila�y mga busog at palaso.
Namataan nila si Matapang na nangungubli sa likod ng puno.
Nang Makita ni Matapang ang kanilang pagsulong, kanyang tinaas ang singsing at
nanalangin, �O dakilang Bathala, ako po�y iligtas mo. Ang hiling ko�y si Atungal at
ang kanyang mga kawal ay gawin mong pinakapangit na hayop sa gubat. Sana�y ang
kanilang mga sibat ay matanim sa kanilang mga bibig. Sila sana ay tugisin ng mga
mangangaso katulad ng pagtugis nila sa akin sa mga sandaling ito.�
Mula noon ang mga hayop na naglipana sa pusod ng gubat ay tinawag na baboy-ramo.
Sila�y tinutugis ng mga mangangaso. Sila�y hinuhuli bilang aliwan at ang kanilang
mga karne ay kinakain pagka�t malinamnam.
KAN ENOT NA PANAHON, may sarong kadlagan na inaapod na Talingkas. Sinasabi na ang
kadlagan na ini pig-iistaran ki sarong magayonon asin makapangyarihan na engkantada
na si Esmeralda. An engkantadang ini iyo an nag-aataman kan gabos na bagay na
nabubuhay duman.
Sa tahaw kan kadlagan, mahihiling an gabos na klase nin prutas. Alagad, sa gabos na
prutas na nagtutubo duman sa Talingkas, an pinakaorog iyo si Lada nin huli ta siya
an pinakamahamis, pinakamasiram asin pinakamagayon an kolor kun hinog na. Alagad,
kun gurano si Lada kasiram, kahamis asin kagayon an kolor kun hinog na,
kabaliktadan man an saiyang ugali. Siya an prutas an pinakamahambog, madaling
mapikon asin an pinakamaharang magtaram manungod sa mga kaluyahan kan saiyang mga
pag-iriba.
Sarong aldaw, nahiling ni Lada si Santol asin ini nagsabi:
�Hoy Santol! Aram mo daw, kadakula mong kahoy alagad an bunga mo mahalsomon. Dai
kaiyan mamumuyang magkakan sa saimo,� an kantiyaw ni Lada ki Santol.
Napasupog si Santol sa tigtaram ni Lada. Aram niyang totoo an gabos na ini kun kaya
dai na lang siya nagribok. Dai man siyang magiginibo dawa iwalon pa niya si Lada
huli ta ini an tinao sa saiya. Nadangog asin nahiling ni Abokado an ginibong
pangangantiyaw ni Lada ki Santol. Nahiling man niya na napasupog an katood kun kaya
dai niya napugolan an sadiri asin sinabihan si Lada:
�Lada, tanu ta arog ka kaiyan? Bakong marhay an magtaram ki maraot sa kapwa.�
�Ay sus! Nagtaram an saru diyan, na an bunga kun hinog kaipuhan munang lagan ki
asukar bago kakanun ta dai lamang kanamit-namit,� an mahambog na taramon ni Lada.
�Aram mo Lada, kun ika nabiyayaan ki kahamisan, kasiraman, asin kagayonan nin kolor
kun hinog na, dai mo dapat iyan pighahambog kundi pigpapasalamat,� an malumanay na
pagiromdom ni Bayawas ki Lada.
�O ika Bayawas, nata nag-intra ka man sa hororon?� An hapot ni Lada ki Bayawas.
�Lada, gabos kita digdi magturugang kun kaya dapat dai kita nag-iiriwal ta saro man
sana an naggibo sa satuya. Gabos kita importante asin may sirbi sa Saiya,� an
simbag ni Bayawas bilang pagkumbinse ki Lada.
�Dai na Bayawas! Ika, may korona man kuta an saimong bunga, alagad panu man nin
pisog. Dai lamang matiyaga na magkakan sa saimo,� an pagbara ni Lada ki Bayawas.
�Tama na iyan Lada!� An suriyaw ni Mangga. �Lada, gabos kita digdi sa Talingkas
nilalang na may kanya-kanyang siram asin itsura. Gabos kita digdi espesyal asin
gabos igwa nin importansiya nin huli ta kun baku kita digdi importante dai man kita
digdi mabubuhay,� paliwanag pa niya.
�Hoy Mangga! Dawa ano pa an taramon mo ako man giraray an pinakaorog sa gabos na
prutas digdi sa Talingkas. Ako an pinakamahamis, an pinakamasiram asin an may
pinakamagayon na kolor kun hinog na,� an mahambog na taramon ni Lada.
Dai aram kan mga prutas duman na nagdadangog si Esmeralda, an engkantadang
nangangataman duman. Naisip niya na panahon na tanganing tawan nin leksyon si Lada
ta maharang gabos an nagluluwas na taramon sa saiyang ngimot.
Kinaagahan, nagbisita si Esmeralda sa gabos na prutas duman.
�Marhay na aldaw po mahal na engkantada!� An maogmang taramon ninda kan nahiling si
Esmeralda.
�Marhay na aldaw man!� An simbag niya. �Napadigdi ako nin huli ta muya kong
maaraman nindo na nadangog ko an saindong pasuruway kasuhapon. Kun kaya, muya kong
ipaaram sa saindo na gabos kamu digdi sa Talingkas importante, gabos kamu na prutas
digdi masiram asin gabos pantay-pantay,� paenot na taramon niya.
�Ika Lada, dai mo pinahalagahan an balaog na tinao sa saimo. Kun biniyayaan ka man
nin kahamisan, kasiraman asin kagayonan nin kolor kun hinog na, dai mo dapat iyan
pinaghahambog, dapat dai mo iyan ginagamit tanganing alipustahon an iba. Kun kaya
ngonian na aldaw babawion ko iyan sa saimo.�
�Pero mahal na engkantada��
�Lada,� pagputol ni Esmeralda sa taramon ni Lada. �Muya kong mareyalisar mo an
saimong mga ginigibo. Poon ngonian, dai kana mapapabilang sa mga prutas. Siring
man, nin huli ta mahambog ka asin gabos maharang na taramon an minaluwas sa saimong
ngimot, ika magiging maharang sa bilog mong buhay,� an makapangyarihan na sabi ni
Esmeralda.
�Patawad po mahal na engkantada dai��
An taramon na ini ni Lada dai na natapos nin huli ta nagbagong anyo na siya. An
dating kahoy nagi na sanang garong masetas kasadit, an saiyang bunga nagkurupos
asin nagbago man nin kolor asin an siram pati an hamis niya naribayan ki harang.
�Lola, bako po palan talaga marahay an magin mahambog asin magtaram nin maraot sa
kapwa, anu po?� An sakuyang taramon ki Lola.
�Tama an Jun-Jun,� an nakangirit na taramon ni Lola sa sakuya mantang pigbubukag an
pigluluto niyang Bicol Express.
Novels are another example of fictional prose and are much longer than short
stories. Some short stories, however, can be quite long. If a a short story is a
long one, say fifty to one hundred pages, we call it a novella.
American literature contains some of the world's best examples of the short story.
Readers around the world enjoy the finely crafted stories of American writers such
as O. Henry, Stephen Crane, Jack London, Mark Twain and Edgar Allen Poe.
What makes these authors such remarkable short story writers? They are true masters
at combining the five key elements that go into every great short story: character,
setting, conflict, plot and theme.
The ELLSA web-site uses one of these five key elements as the focus of each of the
five on-line lessons in the Classics of American Literature section. In each
lesson, you will explore a single American short story from the USIA Ladder Series
and discover how the author uses a certain element.
The definitions on the right are repeated on the first page of each short story
lesson.
top of page
A character is a person, or sometimes even an animal, who takes part in the action
of a short story or other literary work.
The setting of a short story is the time and place in which it happens. Authors
often use descriptions of landscape, scenery, buildings, seasons or weather to
provide a strong sense of setting.
A plot is a series of events and character actions that relate to the central
conflict.
The conflict is a struggle between two people or things in a short story. The main
character is usually on one side of the central conflict.
On the other side, the main character may struggle against another important
character, against the forces of nature, against society, or even against something
inside himself or herself (feelings, emotions, illness).
Kevin Lilliana of Indonesia is Miss International 2017, and she was crowned by the
Philippines' Kylie Verzosa on Tuesday, November 14. The coronation night took place
at teh Tokyo Dome City Hall in Japan.
By Leifbilly Begas
Bandera
7 Important Elements of Any Article - Miss Just 1 Element and Your Article is
Doomed
1 - The Title
The Title can make or break your article. A good friend of mine always says if I
make a mistake and my wife isn't here am I still wrong? You can write the Best
Article in the world but if it doesn't get read then what difference does it make.
Often Potential Publishers or readers will only see your Article Title. If your
Title doesn't arouse their curiosity then your article won't be read. Titles Like:
7 Key Elements...
Duplicate these 10 Steps...
The Complete Beginners Guide to...
The Best way to learn to craft good titles is to read as many titles as you can.
Scan the Article Directories see what grabs you. Go to the Supermarket and look
over those Gossip Papers. Many an Expert Copy Writer told me those are the best
places to learn about Titles and Headlines.
2 - The Abstract
The Abstract may be as Important and in Some Cases More Important then the Title,
Many Article Directories want a Short Abstract about your Article. They will
display this right under your title in their Listing. Wouldn't it be a Crime to
grab them with an Amazing Title only to loose them with a Terrible Abstract. Think
of your abstract as an Extension of your Title or a Sub Title. The best Abstract
will build suspense and peak curiosity making the reader wanting to know more.
With many Article Directories going to RSS Feeds frequently only your Title and
part of your opening paragraph is all that is displayed on a web page. Frequently
my abstract and opening paragraph are the Same. Usually they differ only slightly
Also known as the Article Body. This is where you get a chance to shine and show
what you know. Be Sure and Dazzle them with your Brilliance and stay away from the
Bull. You may want to tell them just enough so that they feel the learned something
but still not enough so they feel compelled to click the link in your resource box.
Leave the Reader feeling good, Sum up your article maybe make a final key point.
Direct them to your Resource box if they want further information. Maybe even thank
them for getting this far.
The Resource Box is the Big Payoff. The Resource Box is the reason you wrote this
Article. A Resource Box should contain
Your Name
Your Contact Information (Phone and / or E-Mail)
An fact telling them why You are an Expert
A Link to Your Websites
A link to Your Blog (optional)
A Link Related to the Article (Optional)
Your CopyRight
A Statement allowing them to reprint your Article (Optional)
7 - Submission
You need to get your article re-published and Read. One of the best ways to do this
is to submit it to article Directories. Here is a List of over 70 Article
Directories. http://www.trafficninja.com/article-submit.html
Follow these 7 Simple tips and you too can be on your way to reaping the rewards of
article writing.
Plot, Setting, Character, Conflict, Symbol, and Point of View are the main elements
which fiction writers use to develop a story and its Theme.
Just as a Crime Scene Investigator cannot approach a crime scene looking for a
specific clue (e. g., shell casings), you as a reader cannot approach a story
deciding to look for a specific element, such as Symbol. To assume could blind you
to important elements. Both the CSI team and you must examine the entire �area�
carefully to determine what is present and how it is important.
PLOT
Literature teachers sometimes give the impression that plot is not important, that
anyone interested in plot is an immature reader.
Of course plot is important. It was what got us interested in reading in the first
place. It was the carrot on the string that pulled us through a story as we wanted
to see what would happen next.
That said, let me emphasize that plot is rarely the most important element of a
good story. As much as I�ve always loved surprise endings, if the only thing a
film or a story has is a great twist ending, it doesn�t have anything on a second
look.
And it�s worth noting that recent fiction and film have deemphasized plot,
frequently stressing character or conflict for example. In film, for example,
think David Lynch or Pulp Fiction.
SETTING
Stories actually have two types of setting: Physical and Chronological.
The physical setting is of course where the story takes place. The �where� can be
very general�a small farming community, for example�or very specific�a two story
white frame house at 739 Hill Street in Scott City, Missouri.
The author�s choices are important. Shirley Jackson gives virtually no clues as to
where or when her story �The Lottery� is set. Examination suggests that she wants
the story to be universal, not limited by time or place. The first two stories you
will read each establish a fairly specific physical setting; consider what each
setting brings to each story.
CHARACTER
What type of individuals are the main characters? Brave, cowardly, bored,
obnoxious? If you tell me that the protagonist (main character) is brave, you
should be able to tell where in the story you got that perception.
In literature, as in real life, we can evaluate character three ways: what the
individual says, what the individual does, and what others say about him or her.
CONFLICT
Two types of conflict are possible: External and Internal.
While internal conflict might not seem as exciting as external, remember that real
life has far more internal than external conflict.
Film and fiction emphasize external conflict not simply because �it�s more
interesting� but also because it�s easier to write. In a film script, you merely
have to write �A five minute car chase follows� and you�ve filled five minutes.
How long would it take to write five minutes worth of dialogue?
SYMBOL
Don�t get bent out of shape about symbols. Simply put, a symbol is something which
means something else. Frequently it�s a tangible physical thing which symbolizes
something intangible. The Seven/Eleven stores understood that a few years ago when
they were selling roses with a sign saying, �A Rose Means �I Love You.��
It�s normal for you to be skeptical about symbols. If I tell you that the tree in
a certain story symbolizes the Garden of Eden, you may ask �Is that really there or
did you make it up?� or �How do you know what the author meant?�
Literature teachers may indeed �over-interpret� at times, find symbols that really
aren�t there. But if you don�t occasionally chase white rabbits that aren�t there,
you�ll rarely find the ones that are there.
In the film 2001, a computer named HAL is controlling a flight to Jupiter. When
the human crew decides to abort the mission, HAL�programmed to guarantee the
success of the mission��logically� begins to kill off the humans. Science
fiction�s oldest theme: man develops a technology which he not only cannot
control, it controls him.
Consider HAL�s name. Add one letter to each of the letters in his name. Change
the H to I, the A to B, and the L to M. When you realize how close HAL is to IBM,
the first response is disbelief. But clearly the closeness of the names is either
an absolute accident or an intentional choice. As much as we are startled by the
latter, we probably agree that the odds against the former�it being an accident�are
astronomical.
POINT OF VIEW
Point of View is the �narrative point of view,� how the story is told�more
specifically, who tells it.
There are two distinctly different types of point of view and each of those two
types has two variations.
In the First Person point of view, the story is told by a character within the
story, a character using the first person pronoun, I.
If the narrator is the main character, the point of view is first person
protagonist. Mark Twain lets Huck Finn narrate his own story in this point of
view.
In the Third Person point of view, the story is not told by a character but by an
�invisible author,� using the third person pronoun (he, she, or it) to tell the
story. Instead of Huck Finn speaking directly to us, �My name�s Huckleberry Finn�
and telling us �I killed a pig and spread the blood around so people would think
I�d been killed�, the third person narrator would say: He killed a pig and spread
the blood�..
If the third person narrator gives us the thoughts of characters (He wondered where
he�d lost his baseball glove), then he is a third person omniscient (all knowing)
narrator.
If the third person narrator only gives us information which could be recorded by a
camera and microphone (no thoughts), then he is a third person dramatic narrator.
THEME
Theme isn�t so much an element of fiction as much as the result of the entire
story. The theme is the main idea the writer of the poem or story wants the reader
to understand and remember.
You may have used the word �Moral� in discussing theme; but it�s not a good synonym
because �moral� implies a positive meaning or idea. And not all themes are
positive.
Not all stories or poems (or films) have an overriding �universal� theme.