C.F.

Tolman (1937): Groundwater, McGraw Hill , New

York and London.
D.K. Todd (1995): Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley
and Sons.
F.G. Driscoll (1988): Groundwater and Wells, UOP,
Johnson Div.St.Paul. Min. USA.
H.M. Raghunath (1990): Groundwater, Wiley Eastern
Ltd.,
H.S. Nagabhushaniah (2001): Groundwater in
Hydrosphere (Groundwater hydrology), CBS Publ..
K. R. Karanth (1989): Hydrogeology, Tata McGraw Hill
Publ..
S.N. Davies and R.J.N. De Wiest (1966): Hydrogeology,
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Hydrology: Processes governing the depletion
and replenishment of water resources of land
areas of the earth.
Dealing with ground water
Hydrogeology: Mode of occurrence,
distribution, movement and chemistry of
water occurring in the subsurface in
relation to the geological environment.
Geohydrology: Emphasising the
hydrologic aspect.
• Dealing with surface water
• Potamology: Science of surface
stream
• Limnology: Science of Lakes
• Cryology: Science of snow and ice
• Dealing with air water
• Hydrometeorology
• Climetology
• Importance
• Evaluation of surface water- required
parameters- precipitation, infiltration, slope
• Evaluation of ground water-required
parameters-geometry of basin, storage, yield,
properties of aquifer
• Mineral prospecting and mining- Sulphide
minerals-1ppm Zinc
• Evaluation of sites for geotechnical
construction– reservoir and dam
• Problem related to pollution
• Proper management of water resource-
Problem-
• excess extraction of ground water–
depletion of water level, subsidence of
land surface---- both by artificial recharge
• Excess use of surface water for irrigation–
water logging---by conjuctive use
• Groundwater development
• Stratigraphy
• Petrography
• Structural Geology
• Geomorphology
• ------ Presence of aquifer, type of
aquifer, dimension of aquifer,
lithofacies variation productivity,
quality of water, structure of
formation
• Water resource

• Ocean- 97%
• Ice caps 2%
• Deep ground water 0.31%

• Fresh water 0.69% (surface water 3%,

subsurface 97%)
•Hydrogeology and
environment
• Construction of reservoir—shallow water
table
• Deforestation---reduce infiltration and
recharge, increase runoff and erosion and
evaporation
• Waste disposal--- water quality (water
pollution)
•Hydrogeological
classification of rocks

•Consolidated (hard)
•Unconsolidated (soft)
• Hydrologic cycle: The circulation of
water from the ocean to the
atmosphere, atmosphere to the
lithosphere and lithosphere to the
ocean occurring through complex and
independent process including
precipitation, runoff, ground water
flow, evaporation and transpiration, is
called hydrologic cycle.
• The stages of the Hydrological Cycle.
• Hydrologic cycle
• Precipitation
• Evaporation
• Transpiration
• Evapotranspiration
• Field capacity
• Wilting point
• Consumptive use
• Conjunctive use
• Infiltration
• Run off
• 1.Precipitation: It is
atmospheric discharge of
water in the form of the solid,
liquid from the earth surface.
The distribution of water on
the surface and subsurface is
governed by duration and
intensity of precipitations.
Types of precipitation
•Cyclonic
•Convective
•Orographic
Forms of Precipitation
• Drizzle--.1-.5mm
• Rain-- >.5mm
• Glaze
• Sleet –ice pellets—1—4mm
• Snow—ice crystal
• Hail->5mm
• Dew
• 2. Evaporation and transpiration:
It is the process by which water is
returned to the atmosphere.

Evaporation:
Sublimation:
Transpiration:
Factors affecting evaporation
Meteorological—
Radiation,temperature,humidi
ty,wind, pressure
Physical factors: water quality,
shape and size of evaporating
surface
• (i) Wilting point: Lowest amount of moisture
that is held by soil, not available for
transpiration by vegetation, is the wilting
point

• (ii)Field capacity: The maximum water that

the soil can hold against the force of gravity.

• Available soil moisture: Difference between

field capacity and wilting point
• 1. Transpiration: The part of water
reaching the ground is evaporated
through the leaves.
• 2. Evapo-transpiration:The umulative
loss by evaporation and transpiration

• (i) Consumptive use: Term includes

water used in plant metabolism and
evapo-transpiration.
• 4. Infiltration: Moving of
precipitated water in to
subsurface. The rate of
infiltration depends on
the rain fall intensity,
duration and texture of
materials.
• Runoff. Runoff is the water
discharged through stream
consisting wholly, or in
part, of water contributed
by overland flow (surface
runoff) and ground water
flow (base flow).
Vertical distribution
of water or kind of
ground water
Zone of aeration
Zone of saturation
• Above water table
•Soil water
•Pellicular water
•Vadose
•Pearched water
•Capillary water
•Below water table
•Free water
•Confined water
•Fixed water
•Connet water
•Zone of saturation
•Aquifer
•Aquitard
•Aquiclude
•Aquifuge
• Types of aquifer
• Unconfined or water table or
phreatic
• Confined or artesian or
pressure
• Leaky or semi confined