Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
A PROJECT REPORT ON
Submitted by:
Dr.MBEREYAHO Leopold
SEPTEMBER, 2009
DECLARATION
I, GATERA Eric; declare that the content of this work" Comparative Analysis of
Eurocode2 and Indian codes applied to the design of five storey reinforced concrete
public building " is original work and contribution to the fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of a bachelor of science in civil engineering and environmental Technology
at KIST.
I do declare that at my best knowledge, this work has never presented else where for a
similar award at any university or any other institution of higher learning.
Signature………………………… DATE………………………….
GATERA Eric
REG. N0. GS20020485
DEDICATION
I am deeply intended to almighty God who has guided me through the whole period of
my studies. My sincere thanks are due all friends and colleagues who helped me in one-
way or another. I am very grateful to all members of my family for their support and
advice.
My special thanks are addressed to the Government of Rwanda for its appreciable policy
of promoting education at all levels.
Again my sincere acknowledgements go to entire administration of KIST and the whole
academic staff.
My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr. LEOPOLD MBEREYAHO for his
technical and wise advice, suggestions and corrections that made this research project
fruitful.
Finally I express my gratitude to each one who directly and indirectly contributed to
make my studies successful today.
ABSTRACT
The Comparative analysis of Eurocode2 and Indian standard applied to the design of five
story reinforced concrete public building involves a deep study of components of
building by analyzing their elements which are; Slabs, Beam, Columns and Foundation
and compare them in order to know which is economic and efficient.
In this work the structural design is controlled by regulations Codes which are Eurocode2
and Indian standard.
The Limit state method of design was used.
In this study, the subject matter has been arranged in five major parts;
The first one is General Introduction which talks about background to the study,
objectives, significance, scope and methodology.
The second one is related to the Literature review giving same theoretical points talk
about this present study.
The third one consists of characteristic of architectural plans and structural design of
building.
The fourth one is analysis and Discussion of results. It shows the target of our study in
that project.
The last one is conclusion and recommendation about this study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION i
DEDICATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
CHAP.I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1.1. Accessible design for public buildings 1
1.1.2The principles of independence: 1
1.1.3. The dignity: 1
1.1.4. Safety: 1
1.2. PROPLEM STATEMENT 1
1.3. OBJECTIVES 2
1.3.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVES 2
1.3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: 2
1.4. JUSTIFICATION OF PROJECT: 2
1.5. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: 2
1.6. METHODOLOGY: 2
CHAP. II. LITTERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1. DEFINITION OF BUILDING 3
2.2. TYPES OF BUILDINGS 3
1. Residential building 3
2.3. COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING 5
2.4. MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION 8
2.4.1. CONCRETE 8
5. Cement 9
6. Water 10
2.5.1. INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN STANDARD 10
3. 5.2. SAFETY AD SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS (IS: 456-1978)
11
2.5.3. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE 12
2.5.4. STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR CONCRETE 12
2. 5.5. REINFORCED CONCRETE: 13
2.5.6. STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR STEEL 13
2.5.7. REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN ACCORDING TOEUROCODE2
16
2.5.7.1. INTRODUCTION TO EUROCODE216
2.5.9 STRENGTH CLASSES OF CONCRETE: 18
2.6.0. REINFORCED CONCRETE 18
2.6.1. COMPOSITE ACTION 19
2.6.2. LIMIT STATE DESIGN 20
CHAP III. ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF BUILDING22
3.1. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN; 22
3.2. ANALYSIS OF BUILDING 22
3.3. REINFORCED CONCRET DESIGN ACCORDING TO EUROCODE2 AND
INDIAN STANDARD 23
3.3.1. DESIGN ACCORDING TO EUROCODE2: 23
3.4. DESIGN OF BUILDING ACCORDING TO INDIAN STANDARD 44
CHAP IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULT 59
CHAP V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMANDATION 61
V.I. Conclusion: 61
V.2.Recommendation 61
REFERENCES 62
APPENDIX 63
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
H : Height
L : Effective span
F : Total ultimate load
Gk : Dead load
Qk : Live load
Msx : Moment in direction of span lx
Msy : Moment in direction of span ly
Z : Lever arm
d : Effective depth
k : Effective depth ratio
As : area of steel
b : width
fyk :Characteristic of steel strength of material
fck : Characteristic of concrete strength of material
T…: Diameter of steels used
bf : Length of flange
j : Lever arm factor
fck :Characteristic compressive stress
fy :Characteristic strength of steel
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1. INTRODUCTION
In our Country the speed in international Business is not related to the speed of
construction of modern Story Reinforced Concrete Public Building. That is why compare
the EuroCode2 and Indian standard in order to know which is the cheapest Design based
on existing material for achieving the modern Building related to the level of Business.
1.3. OBJECTIVES
-Design of five stories Reinforced Concrete Public Building in different Standards which
are; EuroCode2 and Indian.
-Comparison analysis of those two standards based on existing materials used in our
Country.
This comparison will help our investors for choosing the useful standard and related
materials in our country.
The study will be on comparative analysis of EuroCode2 and Analysis standard to the
design of Building structures. The Roof, Wind, Earth Quake, Temperature, stairs and soil
study will not appear.
1.6. METHODOLOGY:
- Manual calculation
- Analysis of result
- Conclusion &Recommendation
(Reference: Internet)
A building can be defined as a structure broadly consisting of Wall, Floor and Roofs,
erected provide covered space for different uses such as Residence, Education, Business,
Manufacturing, Storage, etc. The method adapted for construction and choice of material
to be used in the building depends upon number of factors like character of occupancy,
location site, climate, local materials and fund available.
Depending upon the character of occupancy or the type of use, different types of
buildings have been classified in following groups as per national building code:
1. Residential building
These shall include one or two private dwellings, apartment houses (flats), dormitories,
hotels etc.
2. Educational building.
These shall include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes involving
assembly for instruction, education or recreation.
3. Institutional building.
These shall include any building or part thereof which is used for purposes such as
medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness or
disease, care of infants, convalescents of aged persons and for penal or detention in
which the liberty of the immates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide
sleeping accommodation for the occupants. It includes hospitals, sanatoria nursing
homes, orphanages jails, prisons, mental hospitals, reformatories etc.
4. Assembly building.
These shall include any building or apart of a building where group of people congregate
or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, periodic, civil, travel and similar
purposes, for example, theatres, motion picture houses, assembly halls, auditoria,
exhibition halls, museums, skating rings, gymnasiums, restaurants, places of worship,
dance halls, club rooms, passenger stations, and terminals of air, surface, marine and
public transportation services.
5. Business building.
These shall include any building or apart of a building which is used for transaction of
business, for the keeping of accounts and records for similar purposes, city halls, town
halls, court houses, library can be classified in this group in so far as principal function of
these is transaction of public business and the keeping of books and records.
6. Mercantile buildings.
These shall include any building or apart of a building in which is used as shops, stores,
market, for display and sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail.
7. Industrial buildings.
These shall include any building or apart of a building or structure, in which product or
materials of a kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled or processed, for example,
refineries, gas plants, mills, dairies, industries etc.
8. Storage buildings.
These shall include any building or apart of a building primarily for the storage or
sheltering of goods, wares or merchandise, like warehouses, cold storages, freight dept,
transit sheds, garages, hangers, grain elevators, stables etc.
9. Hazardous buildings.
These shall include any building or apart of a building which is used for storage,
handling, manufacture or processing of highly combustible explosive materials or
products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity or which may produce poisonous
fumes or explosions; for storage, handling, manufacturing or processing which involve
flame, fumes and explosive, etc.
A building can be broadly divided in two parts: sub-structure and super-structure. The
portion of the building bellow the surrounding ground is known as sub-structure and the
portion above the ground is termed as super structure. The component of a building can
be broadly summarised as under:
1. Foundations
Foundation is the lowest part of a structure bellow the ground level which is indirect
contact with the ground and transmits all the dead, live and other loads on the soil on
which the structure rests.
The provision of foundation is made in such away that the soil below the foundation is
not stressed beyond it safe allowable bearing capacity. Depending on type of soil existing
on site, it safe bearing capacity and type of building which is required to be constructed, a
structure may need shallow or deep foundation. In case of load bearing walls, the
foundation could be in the form of spread footings. For framed structures, the foundation
could be in the form of independent column footings, combined footings, piles.
2. Plinth
The portion of the building between the ground surrounding the building and the top of
the floor immediately above the ground is known as the plinth. The level of the
surrounding ground is known as formation level or simply ground level and the level of
the ground floor of the building is known as plinth level.
The plinth height should be such that after proper levelling and grading of the ground
adjoining the building, there is no possibility of the rain water entering the ground floor.
The build up covered area measured at the floor level is termed as plinth area.
3. Walls
Walls are provided to enclose or divide the floor space in desired pattern. In addition
walls provide privacy, security and give protection against sun, rain, cold and other
adverse effects of weather.
The division of floor space varies according to the function required to be performed in
the building. In a well planed layout, the walls divide the space in such manner so as to
achieve maximum carpet area and minimum area of circulation. Walls are constructed by
use of building unit like bricks, stones, concrete blocks etc. The building unit are
bounded together with mortar in horizontal or vertical joints and the construction is
termed as masonry. When bricks are used as building units it is known as brick masonry
and when stones are used as building units it is termed as stone masonry.
Walls can be divided into two categories: load bearing walls and non-load bearing walls.
-A load bearing wall support its own weight as well as the super-imposed loads
transferred to it through floors or roofs.
-A non load bearing wall on the other hand carries its own weight and is not designed to
carry any super-imposed load from the structure. They are normally provided as partition
walls.
4. Columns
A column may be defined as an isolated vertical load bearing member the width of which
is neither less than its thickness nor more than four times its thickness.
5. Floors
Floors are flats supporting elements of a building. They divide a building into different
levels thereby creating more accommodation on a given plot of land. The basic purpose
of a floor is to provide a firm and dry platform for people and other items like furniture,
stores, equipment etc. Floor is generally referred to by its location.
A floor provided for accommodation bellow the natural ground level is termed as
basement floor. A floor immediately above the ground is termed as ground floor and
other floors such as first floor, second floor, etc. are termed upper floors.
A door may be defined as a barrier secured in an opening left in a wall to provide usual
means of access to a building, room or passage. This can be termed as the most
constantly used moving component in a building.
7. Stairs
8. Roof
It is the upper most component of a building and its main function is to cover the space
bellow and protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind etc .A roof basically consists of two
components: roof decking and roof covering.
9. Building finishes
A building is considered incomplete till such time the surface of its components is given
appropriate treatment. Building finishes include items like plastering, pointing,
white/colour washing, painting, distempering etc. The building finishes not only protect
the surface from adverse effect of weather but also provide decorative effect.
Building services include services like water supply, drainage, sanitation, lighting,
electricity, acoustics, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, fire detection and fire control
etc.
The services like water supply, drainage and sanitation are normally clubbed under the
term `plumbing services’. From consideration of safety of the users, the planning,
designing and detailing of all services should be done based on provision in national
building code and also based on norms prescribed by various statutory municipal bodies.
(Reference: Building Construction Book)
2.4.1. CONCRETE
A. Definition:
The mix design depends on the type of structure being built, how the concrete will be
mixed and delivered, and how it will be placed to form this structure.
B. COMPONENTS OF CONCRETE
2. Aggregates
Fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mixture. Sand, natural gravel
and crushed stone are mainly used for this purpose. Recycled aggregates (from
construction, demolition and excavation waste) are increasingly used as partial
replacements of natural aggregates, while a number of manufactured aggregates,
including air-cooled blast furnace slag and bottom ash are also permitted.
Decorative stones such as quartzite, small river stones or crushed glass are sometimes
added to the surface of concrete for a decorative "exposed aggregate" finish, popular
among landscape designers.
Coarse aggregate is widely known as gravel, and consists of small stones that are
generally 10mm (2/5 in) to 20mm (4/5in) in diameter. It is generally used in mixing
concrete or to improve drainage. Gravel is also available in a variety of attractive colours
and is resilient to vehicles being driven over it, therefore is a very popular material for
driveways.
4. Sand:
5. Cement
Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage. It is a basic
ingredient of concrete, mortar, and plaster. English engineer Joseph Aspdid patented
Portland cement in 1824; it was named because of its similarity in colour to Portland
limestone, quarried from the English Isle of Portland and used extensively in London
architecture. It consists of a mixture of oxides of calcium, silicon and aluminium.
Portland cement and similar materials are made by heating limestone
(a source of calcium) with clay, and grinding this product (called clinker) with a source
of sulphate (most commonly gypsum). The manufacturing of Portland cement creates
about 5 percent of human CO2 emissions.
6. Water
Combining water with a cementations material forms a cement paste by the process of
hydration. The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids within it, and allows
it to flow more easily.
Less water in the cement paste will yield a stronger, more durable concrete; more water
will give an easier-flowing concrete with a higher slump.
Impure water used to make concrete can cause problems when setting or in causing
premature failure of the structure.
Hydration involves many different reactions, often occurring at the same time. As the
reactions proceed, the products of the cement hydration process gradually bond together
the individual sand and gravel particles, and other components of the concrete, to form a
solid mass. (Reference: Internet)
The limit state of collapse of the structure or party of the structure could be assessed from
rupture of one or more critical sections and from buckling due to elastic or plastic
instability or overturning. The resistance bending, shear, torsion and axial loads at every
section produced by the probable most unfavorable combination of loads on the structure
using the appropriate partial factors.
The following limit states of collapse are considered in design:
The deflection of a structure or part there of shall not adversely affect the appearance or
efficiency of the structure or finishes or partitions. Cracking of concrete should not
adversely affect the appearance or durability of the structure.
The limit state of excessive deflection and crack width is applicable at service loads and
is estimated on the basis of elastic analysis (working stress method). The limit state of
collapse (or failure), however, depends upon ultimate strength.
Thus the limit state method is a combination of ultimate load and elastic method of
design of limit state of limit state of serviceability in which safety factors are applied to
the characteristic strength of materials.
Is concrete in which steel reinforcement bars, plate or fibres have been incorporated to
strengthen a material that would otherwise be brittle and have a very low tensile sress.
1. STEEL:
The material steel is an alloy of iron and carbon (small percentage) and other elements in
varying percentages.
The strength, hardness and brittleness of steel increase and ductility of steel decreases
with the increase of percentage of carbon.Depending upon the chemical composition,
different types of steels are classified as: mild steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon
steel, low alloy steel and high alloy steel. Out of these, the first three types of steel are
known as structural steel, commonly used in steel structures.
The stress-strain curve for mild steel is shown in Fig.14.2 while the strain curve for Fe
415 and Fe 500 steel are shown in fig 14.3 and Fig.14.4resoectively.
For mild steel, the stress is proportional to strain up to yield point and thereafter the strain
increases at constant stress. The design yield stress of steel is equal to ƒ (y)/ γ (m). With
a value of 1.15 for γ (m), the design yield stress f yd becomes 0.87 f y.
For cold worked bars (Fe 415 and Fe 500 HYSD bars), there is no definite
yield point; hence yield stress is taken as 0.2 percent proof stress.
The stress-stain curves (Fig.14.3 and Fig 14.4) for these two types of steels are linear up
to a stress of 0.8 ƒ (y) and the strains are elastic.
Thereafter, the stress-strain curves are defined as given below:
CONCRETE:
Concrete is a very variable material, having a wide range of strengths and stress-strain
curves. A typical curve for concrete in compression is shown in figure 2,
As the load is applied, the ratio between the stresses and strains is approximately linear at
first and the concrete behaves almost as an elastic material with virtually a fully recovery
of displacement if the load is removed. Eventually, the curve is no longer linear and the
concrete behaves more and more as a plastic material. If the load were removed during
the plastic range the recovery would no longer be complete and a permanent deformation
would remain. The ultimate strain for most structural concretes tends to be approximately
0.0035, irrespective of the strength of the concrete. The precise shape of the curve is very
dependent on the length of time the load is applied. The figure below is typical for a short
term loading.
Concrete Steel
Strength in tension poor good
Strength in compression good good, but slender bars will buckle
Strength in shear fair good
Durability good corrodes if unprotected
Fire resistance good poor-suffers rapid loss of strength
at high temperatures
It can be seen from this list that the material are more or less complementary. Thus, when
they are combined, the steel is able to provide the tensile strength and probably some of
the shear strength while the concrete, strong in compression, protects the steel to give
durability and fire resistance.
In the analysis and design of the composite reinforced concrete section, it is assumed that
there is perfect bond, so that the strain in the reinforcement is identical to the strain in the
adjacent concrete. This ensures that there is what is known as compatibility of stain
across the cross-section of the members.
The coefficients of thermal expansion for steel and for concrete are of the order of 10× 10
-6 per 0C and 7-12 × 10-6 per 0C respectively. These values are sufficiently close that
problems with bond seldom arise from differential expansion between the two materials
over normal temperature ranges.
The figure 4 below illustrates the behaviour of a simple supported beam subjected to
bending and shows the position of steel reinforcement to resist the tensile forces, while
the compression forces in the top of the beam are carried by the concrete.
Wherever tension occurs it is likely that cracking of the concrete will take place. This
cracking, however, does not detract from the safety of the structure provided there is
good reinforcement bond to ensure that the cracks are restrained from opening so that the
embedded steel continues to be protected from corrosion.
When the compressive or shear forces exceed the strength of the concrete, then steel
reinforcement must be again provided, but in these cases it is only required to supplement
the load-carrying capacity of the concrete.
[Reinforced Concrete Design to EuroCode 2, P ]
A. LOADS:
The basic requirements of any structural component of a building is that it should be
strong enough to carry or support all possible types of loads to which it is likely to be
subjected load coming on a structure may be of three types:
1. Dead load
2. Live load
B. DEAD LOAD:
The Dead load in a building shall comprise of the weight of all walls, partition, floors and
roof shall include the weights of all other permanent construction in the building.
C. LIVE LOADS:
Live loads on floors shall comprise of all loads other than dead loads on the case of
multi-storey buildings.
D.COMBINATION:
-Dead load + Live load
E. FACTOR OF SAFETY:
-Dead load: 1.35
-Live load: 1.5
Overall depth = h
L max 690
≡ ≡ 1,11 < 2
L min 620
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
∴ h = ⎜ → ⎟ Lmin
⎝ 30 45 ⎠
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
∴ h = ⎜ → ⎟ * 620 = 20,66cm → 13.77cm
⎝ 30 45 ⎠
h = 17.5cm = 175mm
10
= 150mm
Effective depth =d=175-20- 2
kn
The characteristic material strength of steel = 460 m3
kn
The characteristic material strength of concrete=25 m3
Dead load
0.15 *1 *1 * 25 = 3.75 kn
Self weight = m
0.04 *1 *1 * 20 = 0.8 kn
Finish = m
0.02 *1 *1 * 20 = 0.4 kn
Floor finish = m
g kn
Total K =13.75 m
G × 1.35 = 18.56 kn
k =13.75 m
Live load
q = 3kn / m 2
K
Q = 1 × 1 × 3 = 3kn
K m
Q = 3 × 1.5 = 4.5 kn
K m
kn
Ultimate load = F =18.56+4.5=23.06 m
Calculation of Moments
+
M = Bsx nl x2 = 0.027 * 23.06 * 6.2 2 = 23.93knm
SY
DESIGN
k=
M SX
= 28.36 × 10 6
= 0.05
bd 2 f ck 1000 × 150 2 × 25
M sx
As =
0.87 * f yk l a d
Therefore
28.36 × 10 6 mm 2
As = 0.87 × 460 × 0.970 × 150 = 487.04
m
2
( AS = 503 mm )
ProvideT8 at 100mm center m
M + sy
= 23.93 × 10
6
k= 2 = 0.04
bd f ck 1000 × 150 2 × 25
M sx
As =
0.87 * f yk l a d
Therefore:
23.93 × 10 6 mm 2
As = 0.87 × 460 × 0.975 × 150 = 408.85 m
2
( AS = 503 mm )
Provide T8 at 100mm center, m
M SX 65.59 *10 6
k= = = 0.11
bd 2 f ck 1000 *150 2 * 25
M
A S
=
0.87 f
Therefore; yk l ad
65.59 × 10 6 2
A = = 1103.65 mm
S
0.87 × 460 × 0.990 × 150 m
2
1130 mm
Provide T12 at 100mm center, As= m
M + sy 54.07 *10 6
k= = = 0.09
bd 2 f ck 1000 *150 2 * 25
M sx
As =
0.87 * f yk l a d
Therefore
54.07 × 10 6 mm 2
As = 0.87 × 460 × 0.950 × 150 = 948.12
m
2
1050 mm
Provide T12 at 300mm center, A= m
DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB
Panel ;P11
Dead load
0.15 *1 *1 * 25 = 3.75 kn
Self weight = m
0.04 *1 *1 * 20 = 0.8 kn
Finish = m
0.02 *1 *1 * 20 = 0.4 kn
Floor finish = m
g kn
Total = K = 4.07 m
Live load
q = 3kn / m 2
K
q = 1 × 1 × 3 = 3kn
K m
g + 1.5 q )l
Ultimate load = F = (1.35 k k
Calculation of Moments;
M 1 =0.09FL
M 2 =0.07FL
Design
M 1 = 42.82knm
42.82 × 10 6
k= = 0.07
1000 × 150 2 × 25
M sx
As =
0.87 * f yk l a d
Therefore;
42.82 * 10 6 2
As = = 743.03 mm
0.87 * 460 * 0.960 * 150 m
mm 2
Provide T12 at 150mm center, As =754mm m
M 2 =33.30knm
M2 33.30 × 10 6
= = 0.05
bd 2 f 1000 × 150 × 25
k= ck
M sx
As =
0.87 * f yk l a d
Therefore
33.30 * 10 6 2
As = = 571.87 mm
0.87 * 460 * 0.970 * 150 m
2
Provide T10 at 125mm center, As =628mm
DISTRIBUTION BARS
mm 2
Provide T6 at 100mm center, As =283 m
mm 2
For the Section =678.24 m
As=678.24
678.24 2
= 226.08 mm
As= 3 m
mm 2
ProvideT8 at200mm center, As =252 m
DESIGN OF BEAM:
Overall depth = h
⇒b>H
3
d) Panel : P5
Self weight = 0,175 x 0, 7 x 1 x 25 = 3,06KN/m
Finish = 0, 02 x 0, 7 x 1 x 20 = 0,28KN/m
Floor Finish = 0, 04 x 0, 7 x 1 x 20 = 0,56KN/m
gk =3,9KN/m
Total Gk = 3, 9 * 1, 35 = 5,26KN/m
Panel : P6
S1 = 0,7 X 6,9 = 4,83m 2
B + b) h
S1 = ( ⇒ b = 6,9 − 6,2 = 0,7m
2
(6,9 + 0,7)
S1 = x3,1 = 11,78m 2
2
Live load:
2 Trapezoidal load:
So that she stress block must lie within the 180mm thick flange.Therefore;
M 290,42 *106
AS = = = 1870,32mm 2
0,87 * fykz 0,87 * 460 * 388
3,14 * 162
( *10 = 2009,6mm 2 )
Provide 10T 16 bars, 4 (bottom steel)
hogging
M 354,96 *106
= = = 0,69 > 0,167
bd 2 fck 200 * 25 * 3202
This area of steel will be provided by extending the span reinforcement beyond the
supports.
0,167 fckbd 2
AS = + A' S
0,87 fykZ
Provide 7T25 plus one T20 bars area = 3434, 37mm2 (top steel)
The arrangement of the reinforcement is shown in figure 7.23 at end support A two T25
bars have been provided as top continuity steel to meet the requirement of item (2) in
section 7.5
c) Mid – span of 2 and span – Design as a T-section
bf = 200 + 0,7 * 340 / 6,9 = 9889,56mm
M = 0,07 Fl = 0,07 * 467,68 * 6,9 = 225,88 KN / m
M 225,88 *106
AS = = = 1469,83mm 2
0,87 fykz 0,87 * 460(0,96 * 400)
SHEAR FORCE :
a) Check maximum shear:
Maximum shear at face of support is
Vsf = 0,6 F − wu * support width /2
Vsd = 157,02 KN
k = 1,2
These R12 double links at 140mm centres are used for 1,12 metres then the design shear
It can be shown using the design equation for ASw / S that single R12 links at 110mm
centres as shown on figure 7,23 are now adequate.
d) Shear links second span, supports B and C Distance d from the support face.
400 * 250
V min = * 0,71 + 62,78 =
1031,28
V min = 118,24 KN
157 − 118,24
x1 = + 0,4 = 0,97m
67,78
Based on these dimensions the links are arranged as show in figure 7,23 similar
calculations can be carried out for the arrangement of the links in the middle span.
DESIGN OF COLUMN:
Lead load:
Load on the column
4 Load from. the slab = [(0,7 * 3,45)2 + 2(3,1 * 3,45)] * 0,15 * 25 = 98.32 KN
5 Load from the Beam = [(0,7 + 3,1 + 3,45 + 3.45) * 0,25 * 25 * 0.5 = 33.43KN
Live load:
(For one lever)
qk = 3KN / m 2
Dead load:
0,5KN/m2 = 13,11KN
N 5 = 13,11 + 78,66 + (14 * 1,350 = 110,67 KN
N 4 = 110,67 + 583,24 = 693,91KN
N 3 = 693,91 + 583,24 = 1277,15 KN
N 2 = 1277,15 + 583,24 = 1860,39 KN
N1 = 1860,39 + 583,24 = 2443,63KN
DESIGN OF FOUNDATION:
afxbf = a 2 f = bf 2
af = bf = 16,22 = 3,49 ≈ 3,5m
Provide af = 3.5m
N
≤ 200 KN / m 2
Verification Af
N 2443,66 KN
= 2
= 199.5 KN / m 2
Verification = Af 12.25m
bf − bc 3.5 − 4
lc = = = 1.55m
2 2
lc 2 1.55 2
M = p.bf * ⇒M = * 3.5 * 200 KN / m = 840.88KNm
2 2
M
AS = = 21011.37mm2
0,87 * fyz
Concrete M 25
δ cb = 5KN/mm 2
δ st = 230 KN / mm 2
Loads on slabs:
= 0. 04 × 1 × 20 = 0.8KN/mm
2
Finishing
= 0.02 × 1× 20 = 0.4KN/mm
2
Floor finishing
2
= 14.25 KN/mm
2
Imposed load = 3KN/mm
2
Total load =17.25 KN/mm
6.9
= = 0.9 ≈ 1
Ly
Lx 6.2
Long span
−
= αω l = 0.047 × 25.28 × 6.2 = 46.76KNm
2 2
M
+
= αωl 2
=0.035 × 25.88 × 6.2 = 34.81KNm
2
M
100
=
Spacing = 14 −1 6cm
The steel in Long span are the same as for Short span because they have the same
moment.
DESIGN OF SLAB
L L
= 26 = 20
d for continuous span, a for simply supported slab
L 1
≈ (26 + 20) = 23
d 2
L 6900
d= = = 189.6mm
Then 26 x1.4 26 x1.4
10
d = 200 − 2a = 180mm = 200 − 15 − = 180mm
Keep D = 200m, so that 2
xu, max
= ( ForFe415steel ) = 0.48
d
Xu max Xumx
Ru = 0.36 fck (1 − 0.416 ) = 0.36 x15 x0.48(1 − 0.415 x0.48)2.074
d d
Wd = 25.80 KN / m 2
But
Live load =4.5KN/m2
0.5 *15
[1 − 0]*1000 *180 = 3253mm2
415
= = 32.53cm
2
M (middle)
DESIGN OF BEAM:
Span 6900
= = 460mm
Depth of Beam = 15 15 (effective depth)
lo 6.200
bf = + bw + 6 Df = + 20 + 6 *160 =
Frang 6 6
Width bf = 2014mm
bw = 200mm
D = 500mm
X .u 3
= = 0.43 ⇒ Xu = 0.43 * D = 0.43x180 = 77.4mm
D 7
If Xu < 0.4 D Du
The Df >Xu
yf = 0.15 Xu + 0.65D f = 0.15 x77.4 + 0.65 x180 = 128.61mm
Df 200
= = 0.63 > 0.2
d 320
Xu Xu 2
Muw = w(d − 0.416 Xu ) = 0.36 fck bw(1 − 0.416 )d
d d
129 129
0.36 x15 * * 200(1 − 0.416 *
= 320 320 * 320 2 = 37.1KNm
Provide
Asf = 38φ20 (= 11932mm 2 )
COLUMN
Load from the beam = (0.7 + 3.1 + 3.45 + 3.45) * 0.2 x 25 x 0.5 = 26.75KN
Reinforcement calculation
Let σ SC = 130 N / mm
2
0.5N/mn2
σ bc = 5 N / mm 2
′
P = σ sc * Ac + σ sc Asc =
Loading calculation
M 20 fy = 415
N1 = 1954.45KN
Calculation of stripus
1 2.8
Asw = φ = = 9.3 ≈ 10mm′
3 3
DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
Nu = 1954,55 = Ultimate load
= w = 1954.55 KN/m
Material
fckM 30 = 30 N / mm 2
w + w′
A=
q
w′ = 10% w = 195.455 KN
(1954.55 + 195.455)
A= = 10.75m 2
200
B2 = A
Provide 3.5m
B
Mn = Pou ( B − b) 2 =
8
3.3
Mu = 200 * (3.3 − 0.4) 2 = 693.83KNm
8
0.5 fck ⎡ 4.6Mu ⎤
As = ⎢1 − ⎥ * Bxd
fy ⎣ fckBd 2 ⎦
Mu
d=
Ru.B
Xu max Xu max
Ru = 0.36 fck , (1 − 0.416
d d
Xu max
= 0.53
d
Xu max = 0.53d
Ru = 0.36 * 30 * 0.53(1 − 0.416 * 0.53) = 4.5
693.83 x105
d= = 216.2mm
4.5 x3300
0.5 fck ⎡ 1 − 4.6 Mu ⎤
As = ⎢1 − ⎥ xBxd
fy ⎣ fckBd 2 ⎦
Spacing = 55mm
CHAP IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULT
In design of five story reinforced concrete public building, the elements were designed in
two different codes; Euro code 2 and Indian standard. In this design the result of
reinforced Steel are followed;
Table 4.1.
CODES ELEMENTS LOADS MOMENTS DIAMETERS& STEEL
(KN) (KNm) NUMBER AREA(mm)
Euro Code Two way slab 23.06 Mx- = 65.59 10T12 1103.65
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS:
From the table, it is clear that;
For the two way slab, more steel reinforcements were used in Indian standard than
Eurocode2
For the one way, more steel reinforcements were used in Indian standard than Eurocode2
For the beam, more steel reinforcements were used in Indian standard than Eurocode2
For the column, more steel reinforcements were used in Indian standard than Eurocode2
For the foundation, more steel reinforcements were used in Indian standard than
Eurocode2
CHAP V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMANDATION
V.I. Conclusion:
According to the results shown in the table 4.1 in different elements of building the
reinforcements obtained from Indian standard are more than those obtained according to
the Eurocode2 either in number or in diameter It means that Eurocode2 is more
economic and efficient than Indian standards.
V.2.Recommendation
Though the designers clarify the characteristic strength of steel material some
constructors do not use these characteristic strength of steel material when purchasing
materials.
We would recommend to R.B.S to assess the behaviour of such constructors.
We would also like to recommend Engineers to choose standards to be used in Design
accordingly, depending on the suitability of the standards to the site conditions.
REFERENCES
By Dr. BC Punmia
2. Beton arme, Par Jean Pierre Mougin
BAEL, 91 modifie 99 et DTU associe
3. Building Technology, fifth Edition
By Dr. BC Punmia
5. Manual for the design of reinforced concrete building structures to EC2
Published for the institution of structural Engineers
6. Reinforced Concrete Design to EuroCode 2
By W.H. Mosley
R. Hulse
J.H. Bungey
8. Reinforced Concrete Structures, Volume 1
9. Reinforced Concrete Structures
Fifth Edition, Vol II
10. Reinforced Concrete Structures, Fifth Edition, volume II
11. Steel, Concrete, & Composite Design of tall Buildings, second Edition
By Bungle S.Taranath
12. Twubahimana Desire, Course notes (R.C.D-I&II)
13. Internet
APPENDIX