WELD DEFECT WALL CHART

TYPE PRESSURE VESSELS PROCESS PIPING PIPELINES STORAGE TANKS BOILERS POWER PIPING
OF ASME SEC VIII, DIVISION 1: 2001 EDITION ASME B31.3, 1999 EDITION (See Note 7) API STD. 1104, 19th EDITION API STD. 650, TENTH EDITION ASME Section I, 2001 EDITION ASME B31.1, 2001 EDITION
DISCONTINUITY FULL RADIOGRAPHY SPOT RADIOGRAPHY SEVERE CYCLIC CONDITIONS(100% RADIOGRAPHY) NORMAL FLUID SERVICE(5% RADIOGRAPHY)
Linear Cracks NOT ALLOWED.
CRACKS NONE ALLOWED UW-51 NONE ALLOWED UW-52 NONE ALLOWED Table 341.3.2 NONE ALLOWED Table 341.3.2 Shallow crater/star cracks ≤ 5/32" long are NONE ALLOWED NONE ALLOWED NONE ALLOWED
acceptable (9.3.10) (See ASME Section VIII, Div 1, UW-51) PW-51 136.4.5
Maximum of 1" length for individual
INCOMPLETE Maximum depth of 1/32" and 20% of wall thickness indication; Combined total of indications NONE ALLOWED NONE ALLOWED NONE ALLOWED
PENETRATION: NONE ALLOWED UW-51 NONE ALLOWED UW-52 NONE ALLOWED Table 341.3.2 Maximum length of 1.5" in 6" of weld maximum of 1" length in any continuous (5.3.2.1) PW-51 136.4.5
ROOT PASS NONE ALLOWED IN LONGITUDINAL WELDS 12" of weld, or 8% of the weld length if less
Table 341.3.2 than 12". (9.3.1)
INCOMPLETE IPD - Maximum individual length of 2".
PENETRATION: Maximum depth of 1/32" and 20% of wall thickness Maximum aggregate length of 3" in12" of NONE ALLOWED NONE ALLOWED NONE ALLOWED
DUE TO HI/LO FIT-UP NONE ALLOWED UW-51 NONE ALLOWED UW-52 NONE ALLOWED Table 341.3.2
Maximum length of 1.5" in 6" of weld continuous weld. ICP - Max. individual (5.3.2.1) PW-51 136.4.5
OR CROSS PENETRATION NONE ALLOWED IN LONGITUDINAL WELDS length 2". Max. aggtregate lingth of 2" in
and 12" of continuous weld.
(IDP) OR (ICP) Table 341.3.2 (9.3.2 and 9.3.3)
Maximum of 1" length for individual
INCOMPLETE FUSION: indication; Combined total of indications NONE ALLOWED NONE ALLOWED NONE ALLOWED
NONE ALLOWED UW-51 NONE ALLOWED UW-52 NONE ALLOWED Table 341.3.2 NONE ALLOWED Table 341.3.2 maximum of 1" length in any continuous (5.3.2.1) PW-51 136.4.5
ROOT PASS OR SURFACE 12" of weld, or 8% of the weld length if less
(IF) than 12". (9.3.2)
Maximum of 2" length for individual
INCOMPLETE FUSION: indication; Combined total of indications NONE ALLOWED NONE ALLOWED NONE ALLOWED
SIDEWALL OR BETWEEN NONE ALLOWED UW-51 NONE ALLOWED UW-52 NONE ALLOWED Table 341.3.2 NONE ALLOWED Table 341.3.2 maximum of 2" length in any continuous (5.3.2.1) PW-51 136.4.5
BEADS(COLD LAP) (IF) 12" of weld, or 8% of the weld length if less
than 12". (9.3.5)
Maximum dimension shall not exceed1/4" or the
NOT SPECIFICALLY COVERED NOT SPECIFICALLY COVERED NOT SPECIFICALLY COVERED NOT SPECIFICALLY COVERED thinnest of the pipewall thicknesses being joined. NOT SPECIFICALLY COVERED NOT SPECIFICALLY COVERED (Same as ASME Section 1)
BURN THROUGH (BT) (See Elongated or Rounded (See Elongated or Rounded (See Elongated or Rounded (See Elongated or Rounded The sum of the maximum dimensions of separate (See elongated or rounded indications below) (See elongated or rounded indications below) 136.4.5
Indications Below) Indications Below) Indications Below) Indications Below) burn-thoughs shall not exceed 1/2" in any continuous
12" of weld, or the total weld length, whichever is
UW-51 UW-51 Table 341.3.2 Table 341.3.2 less. The density of any oportion or it's image
shall not exceed that of the thinnest adjacent
base metal. (9.3.7)
VT VT Internal concavity shall not reduce the total Internal concavity shall not reduce the total For an area exceeding the density of the
Smoothly contoured concavity permitted if equal Smoothly contoured concavity permitted thickness of the joint, including allowable thickness of the joint, including allowable thinnest base metal, wee the criteria for Smoothly contoured concavity permitted if Root concacvity not allowed
INTERNAL CONCAVITY weld reinforcement is provided. if equal weld reinforcement is provided reinforcement, to less than the thickness of the reinforcement, to less than the thickness of the Burn-Through. (See ASME Section VIII, Div 1, UW-51) equal weld reinforcement is provided. when there is an abrupt
(IC) UW-35, d UW-35, d thinner of the components being joined. thinner of the components being joined. density change
RT RT (9.3.6) PW-35.1
See Elongated or Rounded indications below See Elongated or Rounded indications below Table 341.3.2 Table 341.3.2
UW-51 UW-52
VT (UW-35) VT (UW-35) The total length of internal and external VT VT (PW-35)
The weld must be free of ripples, grooves, over- The weld must be free of ripples, grooves, overlap, VT ONLY: Maximum depth of 1/32" and 25% undercut shall not exceed 2" in 12" of weld. Verticle Butt Joints: 1/64" Maximum The weld must be free of ripples, groves, overlaps,
UNDERCUT: lap, abrupt ridges or valleys. Reduction in the abrupt ridges or valleys. Reduction in the of wall thickness. The total accumulative shall not exceed 1/6 Horizontal Butt Joints: 1/32" Maximum abrupt ridges or valleys. Reduction in the thickness (Same as ASME Section 1)
ROOT OR CAP PASS (UC) thickness from welding shall not exceed 1/32" thickness from welding shall not exceed 1/32" NONE ALLOWED Table 341.3.2 NONE ALLOWED IN LONGITUDINAL WELDS of the weld length. Attachment welds: 1/64" Maximum from welding shall not exceed 1/32" or 10%t. 136.4.5
or 10%t. RT or 10%t. RT Table 341.3.2 RT
(See Elongated or Rounded Indications Below) (See Elongated or Rounded Indications Below) (9.3.11) RT (See elongated or rounded indications below)
UW-51 UW-52 (See ASME Section VIII, Div 1, UW-51) PW-51
Nominal Thickness Max Length Maximum lengh of 2/3t,with 3/4" Max. Maximun Maximum individual length: 1/3Tw Maximum individual length: 2Tw Max. width of ESI is 1/16". Max. combined length of Nominal Thickness Max Length
GENERAL ELONGATED < 3/4" 1/4" total length is t in a length of 6t with 3/4" Maximum width: ≤ 1/3 Tw and 3/32" Maximum width: ≤ 1/2 Tw and 1/8" ISI indications shall not exceed 8% of weld length. < 3/4" 1/4"
INDICATIONS AND/OR 3/4" to 2 1/4" 1/3t maximum. If indications are aligned, the sum Maximum Cumulative length: ≤ Tw in any 12 Tw of Maximum Cumulative length: ≤ 4Tw in any 6" of FOR PIPE OF <2.375" 3/4" to 2 1/4" 1/3t
SLAG INCLUSIONS: (SI) >2 1/4" 3/4" of the longest dimensions of all indications shall weld length weld length Length of ESI indications shall not exceed 3 Tw. >2 1/4" 3/4" (Same as ASME Section 1)
Elongated Slag Inclusions(ESI) Aligned indications shall not exceed t in a length not exceed t in a length of 6t and the longest Combined length of ISI indications shall not exceed Aligned indications shall not exceed t in a length 136.4.5
Isolated Slag Inclusions(ISI) of 12t, unless the distance between successive indications are separated by at least 3L. Table 341.3.2 Table 341.3.2 2 Tw and the width not to exceed 1/2 Tw. (See ASME Section VIII, Div 1, UW-51) of 12t, unless the distance between successive
indications exceeds 6L. Any indication less than 1/4 " is acceptable. (See note 1) (See note 1) FOR PIPE OF ≥2.375" indications exceeds 6L.
Length of ESI indications shall not exceed 2" in any
continuous 12" of weld. Combined length of ISI
indications shall not exceed 1/2" in any continuous
UW-51 UW-52 12" weld. Max. width of ISI is 1/8". Max. of 4 ISI PW-51
indications with 1/8" width in any 12" of weld.
(See Note 4) (See Note 6) (See Note 4) (See Note 6) (9.3.8) (See Note 4) (See Note 6)
Max. size of any indication shall be the Rounded indications are not a factor in the For thickness ≤ 1/4" see ASME Section VIII, Div 1: Spherical: Max. size of any indication shall be the
smaller of 1/4" or 5/32". Isolated indications acceptability of welds not required to be UW-51 (Appendix 4. Max. dimension 1/8" or 25% Tw (9.3.9.2) smaller of 1/4" or 5/32". Isolated indications
seperated from adjacent indications by 1" or fully radiographed. For thickness >1/4", all dimensions in Appendix 4 Cluster: seperated from adjacent indications by 1" or
more, may be the smaller of 1/3 t of 1/4". are multiplied by 1.5(i.e. Maximum size of indications Max. 1/2" diameter with max. individual pore more, may be the smaller of 1/3 t of 1/4".
POROSITY OR For thicknesses greater than 2" the max. shall be .375t or .234". dimension of 1/16". Max. combined length 1/2" in For thicknesses greater than 2" the max. (Same as ASME Section 1)
ROUNDED INDICATIONS permissible size of isolated indications is 3/8". any 12" of weld. (9.3.9.3) (See ASME Section VIII, Div 1, UW-51) permissible size of isolated indications is 3/8". 136.4.5
(P), (CP) & (HB) Aligned indications shall not exceed t in a (See ASME Section VIII, Div. 1, App4) Hollow Bead Aligned indications shall not exceed t in a
length of 12 t. Clusters shall not exceed the Max length is 1/2". Combined length of indications length of 12 t. Clusters shall not exceed the
lesser of 1" or 2t. If more than one cluster, the shall not exceed 2"in any continuous 12" of weld. lesser of 1" or 2t. If more than one cluster, the
sum of lengths shall not exceed 1" in a 6" Table 341.3.2 Individual indication greater than 1/4" in length shall sum of lengths shall not exceed 1" in a 6"
length weld. be separated by ≥ 2". Max. combined length of length weld.
UW-51 UW-52 Table 341.3.2 indications ≤ 8% of weld length. PW-51
(See Note 3) (See Note 4) (See Note 3) (See Note 4) (9.3.9.4) (See Note 3) (See Note 4)
Tw Max. Height Tw Max. Height Maximum Reinforcement, in.
NOM. THICKNESS Cat. B & C butt welds Other Welds NOM. THICKNESS Cat. B & C butt welds Other Welds Plate thickness Max Reinforcement
≤ 1/4" 1/16" ≤ 1/4" 1/16" NOM. THICKNESS CIRCUM. JOINT OTHER WELDS The greater of (tm + 0.15") or 1.15tm
less than 3/32" 3/32" 1/32" less than 3/32" 3/32" 1/32" >1/4" to 1/2" 1/8" >1/4" to 1/2" 1/8" <1/8" 3/32" 3/32" when ordered on a minimum wall basis.
WELD REINFORCEMENT 3/32" to 3/16" incl. 1/8" 1/16" 3/32" to 3/16" incl. 1/8" 1/16" >1/2" to 1" 5/32" >1/2" to 1" 5/32" ≤1/2" 1/16" >1/8 TO 3/16" 1/8" 3/32"
(VT CRITERIA) Over 3/16" to 1/2" incl. 5/32" 3/32" Over 3/16" to 1/2" incl. 5/32" 3/32" Over 1" 3/16" Over 1" 3/16" >1/2" to 1" 3/32" >3/16" TO 1/2" 5/32" 3/32" The greater of (tm + 0.15") or 1.10t
Over 1/2" to 1" incl. 3/16" 3/32" Over 1/2" to 1" incl. 3/16" 3/32" NOT COVERED >1" 1/8" >1/2" TO 1" 3/16" 3/32" when ordered on a nominal wall basis.
Over 1" to 2" incl. 1/4" 1/8" Over 1" to 2" incl. 1/4" 1/8" (See note 1 & 2) (See note 1 & 2) >1" TO 2" 1/8"
Over 2" to 3" incl. 1/4" 5/32" Over 2" to 3" incl. 1/4" 5/32" >2" TO 3" The greater of 5/32"
Over 3" to 4" incl. 1/4" 7/32" Over 3" to 4" incl. 1/4" 7/32" Note: These parameters are from the RT criteria in >3" TO 4" 1/4" or 1/8 times 7/32" 127.4.2
Over 4" to 5" incl. 1/4" 1/4" Over 4" to 5" incl. 1/4" 1/4" Para. 6.1.3.4. For general requirements see >4" TO 5" the width of the 1/4"
Over 5" 5/16" 5/16" Over 5" 5/16" 5/16" Para. 5.2.1.5. Over 5" weld, in inches. 5/16"
(See Note 9)
NOM. THICKNESS CIRCUM. JOINT LONG. JOINT NOM. THICKNESS CIRCUM. JOINT LONG. JOINT The inside diameter of components at ends to be The inside diameter of components at ends to be Maximum of 1/8". Greater offset caused by VERT. MISALIGNMENT HORIZ. MISALIGNMENT NOM. THICKNESS CIRCUM. JOINT LONG. JOINT
≤1/2" 1/4t 1/4t ≤1/2" 1/4t 1/4t joined must be aligned within the engineering design joined must be aligned within the engineering design dimensional variations shall be equally distributed Thickness Maximum Thickness Maximum ≤1/2" 1/4t 1/4t
>1/2" to 3/4" 1/4t 1/8" >1/2" to 3/4" 1/4t 1/8" and weld proceedure. If external surfaces of the two and weld proceedure. If external surfaces of the two arounr the circumference of the pipe. ≤5/8" 1/16" ≤5/16" max. 1/16" >1/2" to 3/4" 1/4t 1/8"
>3/4" to1 1/2" 3/16" 1/8" >3/4" to1 1/2" 3/16" 1/8" components are not aligned, the weld shall be tapered components are not aligned, the weld shall be tapered >3/4" to1 1/2" 3/16" 1/8" 1/16"
MISALIGNMENT >1 1/2" to 2" 1/8t 1/8" >1 1/2" to 2" 1/8t 1/8" between the two surfaces. between the two surfaces. > 5/8" lesser of > 5/16" 20% of >1 1/2" to 2" 1/8t 1/8" 127.3
(VT CRITERIA) over 2" lesser of 1/8t lesser of 1/16t over 2" lesser of 1/8t lesser of 1/16t 320.4.3 320.4.3 10%t or upper over 2" lesser of 1/8t lesser of 1/16t
or 3/4" or 3/8" or 3/4" or 3/8" (7.2) 1/8" plate. Max or 3/4" or 3/8"
(note 8) (note 8) 1/8" (note 8)
ACCUMULATIONS OF NOT COVERED NOT COVERED NOT COVERED NOT COVERED
Maximum of 2"in any 12" or 8% of weld length
NOT COVERED NOT COVERED NOT COVERED
DISCONTINUITIES excluding high-lo condition.
For UT: See code case 2235-2, Appendix 12, For UT: See code case 2235-2, Appendix 12, Ultrasonicacceptance criteria is given in Ultrasonicacceptance criteria is given in The company may reject any weld that appears to For UT: The acceptance criteria shall be agreed upon For UT: See PW-52 For UT: See PW-52
GENERAL NOTES AND UW-11(a) and UW-51(b). UW-11(a) and UW-51(b). para. 344.6.2 para. 344.6.2 meet these standards, if in it's opinion, the flaw by the purchaser and manufacturer. RT
OTHER NDE For Category M service this column applies but could be detrimental. Para. 6.3 Geometric Unsharpness may not exceed
the coverage is 20% RT. For UT: Acceptance Criteria 9.6.1 .07"

Note 1: Tw is the nominal wall thickness of the thinner of two components being joined by a butt weld. Note 6: "L" is the length of the longest indication under consideration.
Note 2: The height of reinforcement or internal protrusion in any plane through the weld shall be within the limits shown. Note 7: B31.3 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA- Where two limiting values are separated by "and", the lesser of the values determines acceptance.
Note 3: Reference ASME Section VIII, Division 1 (Appendix 4). Where the two sets of values are separated by "or", the lager of the values is acceptable.
Note 4: "t" is the thickness of the weld, excluding reinforcement. For butt welds, joining two members of different thicknesses at Note 8: Any misalignment within these tolerances shall be faired at a 3:1 taper or re-aligned.
the weld, (t) is the thinner of the two thicknesses. Note 9: (for B31.1) tm = whichever is applicable: 1) as defined in Para. 104.1.2(A) 2) the min. wall thicknessof the component or fitting
(or the thinner of the two) when the joint is between two compoments.