AE 231 Thermodynamics

Chapter 9
Entropy for a Control Volume

Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sinan Eyi

 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
for a Control Volume

dS sys .Qɺ ɺ
= ∑ + S gen Rate equation for Control Mass
dt T

dBsys dBCV ɺ
= + Bout − Bɺin Reynolds Transport Theorem
dt dt
where B is any extensive property. Substitute B = S

dS CV ɺ Qɺ
+ S out − Sɺin = ∑ + Sɺ gen
dt T

2
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
for a Control Volume

dS CV Qɺ
= Sɺin − Sɺout + ∑ CV + Sɺ gen
dt T
If we have more than one inlet and outlet

dS CV Qɺ
= ∑ Sɺin − ∑ Sɺout + ∑ CV + Sɺ gen
dt T

dS CV Qɺ CV ɺ
= ∑ mɺ i si − ∑ mɺ e s e + ∑ + S gen
dt T

3
 The Steady State Process

dS CV
=0
dt
If we have more than one inlet and outlet
Qɺ CV ɺ
∑ mɺ e s e − ∑ mɺ i si = ∑ T + S gen
If we have only one inlet and outlet

Qɺ CV ɺ
mɺ ( se − si ) = ∑ + S gen
T

4
 The Steady State Process

Divide by mass flow rate

( Qɺ / mɺ )+
se − si = ∑
CV

T
( Sɺ gen / mɺ )
qCV
se − si = ∑ + s gen
T
In an a steady state and adiabatic process

se = si + s gen ≥ si

5
 Example Problem 1
Steam enters a steam turbine at a pressure of 1
MPa, a temperature of 300◦C, and a velocity of
50 m/s. The steam leaves the turbine at a
pressure of 150 kPa and a velocity of 200 m/s.
Determine the work per kilogram of steam
flowing through the turbine, assuming the
process to be reversible and adiabatic.

6
 Example Problem 1

From the conservation of mass for open systems

mɺ e = mɺ i = mɺ
From the conservation of energy for open systems

Vi 2 Ve2
hi + = he + +w
2 2
7
 Example Problem 1
From the second law of thermodynamics: se = si
From the superheated vapor tables,
hi = 3051.2 kJ/kg, si = 7.1228 kJ/kg K
The two properties known in the final state are pressure
and entropy:
Pe = 0.15 MPa, se = si = 7.1228 kJ/kg K

In superheated vapor table, for

150 kPa pressure, the entropy
is larger than exit entropy.
Hence, we don’t have
superheated vapor at the exit.
We have saturated liquid and
vapor mixture at the exit .
8
 Example Problem 1
se = 7.1228 = s f + xesfg = 1.4335 + xe5.7897
xe = 0.9827
he = h f + xehfg = 467.1 + 0.9827(2226.5)
he = 2655.0 kJ/kg
From the conservation of energy:
w = 3051.2 + (50 × 50)/(2 × 1000) − 2655.0
− (200×200)/(2 × 1000)
w = 377.5 kJ/kg

9
 Transient Process

d ( ms )CV Qɺ CV ɺ
= ∑ mɺ i si − ∑ mɺ e s e + ∑ + S gen
dt T
For a transient process, we have the following
assumptions defined in Chapter 6.
► The state of mass in control volume may
change uniformly
► The state of mass at the inlet and exit is
constant with time
► The mass flow rate at the inlet and exit may
change with time

10
 Transient Process

Integrate the unsteady equation w.r.t. time

t
d ( ms )CV t t t ɺ
QCV
t

∫ dt = ∫ ∑ mi si dt − ∫ ∑ me s e dt + ∫ ∑
ɺ ɺ dt + ∫ Sɺ gen dt
0
dt 0 0 0
T 0

Since we have uniform change inside the control volume

t
d ( ms )CV
∫ dt = ( m2 s2 − m1 s1 )
0
dt

11
 Transient Process

Integrate the entropy flux at the inlet

t
  t   t 
∫0  ∑i mɺ i si dt = ∑i  ∫o mɺ i si dt  = ∑i  si ∫o mɺ i dt 
 t dmi 
= ∑  si ∫ dt  = ∑ si mi
i  o
dt  i

t
 
∫0  ∑i i i dt = ∑i si mi
mɺ s

12
 Transient Process

Integrate the entropy flux at the exit

t
  t   t 
∫0  ∑e mɺ e se dt = ∑e  ∫o mɺ e se dt  = ∑e  se ∫o mɺ e dt 
 t dme 
= ∑  se ∫ dt  = ∑ se me
e  o
dt  e

t
 
∫0  ∑e e e dt = ∑e se me
mɺ s

13
 Transient Process

Since the temperature is uniform through out the control

volume at any instant

t
Qɺ CV t
1 ɺ
Q t

∫0 ∑ T dt = ∫0 T ∑ CV ∫ T dt
ɺ dt = CV
Q
0

Entropy generation

t t t
dS gen
∫ gen
0
Sɺ dt =
∫
0
dt
dt = ∫ dS gen = 1 S 2 ,gen
0

14
 Transient Process

The second law for the transient process

Qɺ CV
t

( m2 s2 − m1 s1 )CV = ∑ mi s i − ∑ me s e + ∫ dt + 1 S 2 ,gen
0
T

15
 The Steady-State Single-flow Process
1st law:
1 2 1 2
q + hi + Vi + gZ i = he + Ve + gZ e + w (1)
2 2

2nd law:
δq (2)
si + s gen + ∫ = se
T

16
 The Steady-State Single-flow Process
δq
δ s gen + = ds ⇒ δ q = Tds − T δ s gen
T

δ q = Tds − T δ s gen = dh − vdp − T δ s gen

e e e e e e
q = ∫ δ q = ∫ dh − ∫ vdp − ∫ T δ s gen = he − hi − ∫ vdp − ∫ T δ s gen
i i i i i i

w = q + hi − he + (Vi − Ve2 ) + g ( Z i − Z e )
1 2
2

17
 The Steady-State Single-flow Process
δq
δ s gen + = ds ⇒ δ q = Tds − T δ s gen
T

δ q = Tds − T δ s gen = dh − vdp − T δ s gen

e e e e e e
q = ∫ δ q = ∫ dh − ∫ vdp − ∫ T δ s gen = he − hi − ∫ vdp − ∫ T δ s gen
i i i i i i

e e
+ hi − he + (Vi − Ve2 ) + g ( Z i − Z e )
1 2
w = he − hi − ∫ vdp − ∫ T δ s gen
i i
2

18
 The Steady-State Single-flow Process
e e
w = − ∫ vdp + (Vi − Ve2 ) + g ( Z i − Z e ) − ∫ T δ s gen
1 2
i 2 i

Neglecting kinetic energy and potential energy changes

e e
w = − ∫ vdp − ∫ T δ s gen
i i

Neglecting entropy generation

in reversible process
e
w = − ∫ vdp
i
19
 The Steady-State Single-flow Process
e
w = − ∫ vdp
i

In the derivation of this equation the following assumptions are

used
►Reversible process.
►Steady state process
►Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible
Although, we did not have an assumption that the process is
adiabatic, in most of the cases, the process is adiabatic.

20
 The Steady-State Single-flow Process

In incompressible flow

w = − v ( Pe − Pi ) + (Vi − Ve2 ) + g ( Z i − Z e )
1 2
2

For zero work term:

1 2 1 2
vPe + Ve + gZ e = vPi + Vi + gZ i Bernoulli equation
2 2

21
 The Steady-State Single-flow Process
In reversible polytropic process:
e
w = − ∫ vdp Pv n = Constant=C n C
v= 1/ n
i P
e
1
− +1
e
−
1
P n
n  nn−1 n −1

w = −C ∫ P dp = −C n
=− C  Pe − Pi 
n

i
1
− +1 n −1  
n i

n −1 n −1
n  1 1
 n
w=−  ve Pe Pe − vi Pi Pi  = −
n n n n
( Pe ve − Pv
i i)
n −1  n −1
22
 The Steady-State Single-flow Process
In reversible polytropic process:
n nR
w=− ( Pe ve − Pv
i i) = − (Te − Ti )
n −1 n −1

In isothermal process:

e
T
w = − ∫ vdp Pv = RT v=R
i P
e
dp Pe Pe
w = − RT ∫ = − RT ln P i = − RT ln = − Pi vi ln
e

i
P Pi Pi
23
Principle of the Increase of Entropy

dS CV Qɺ
A
= mɺ i si − mɺ e se + + Sɺ gen A
dt TA

dS CV Qɺ
B
= − mɺ i si + mɺ e se − + Sɺ gen B
dt TA

dS net dS CV dS CV
= A
+ B

dt dt dt

24
Principle of the Increase of Entropy

dS net Qɺ Qɺ
= mɺ i si − mɺ e se + + Sɺ gen A − mɺ i si + mɺ e se − + Sɺ gen B
dt TA TA

dS net
= Sɺ gen A + Sɺ gen B ≥ 0
dt
In isolated systems:

dS net
≥0
dt

25
 Engineering Applications

Turbine:
w hi − he
η turbine = =
ws hi − he ,s

26
 Engineering Applications

Compressor:

ws hi − he ,s
η comp = =
w hi − he

27
 Engineering Applications

Nozzle:

we2 / 2
η comp = 2
wes / 2

28