Professional Documents
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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS
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Signature
Name & Designation Sudhakar Kumar/ SSE(D)/MP Pankaj Saxena / Dy. Director/MP Sudhanshu Panwar / Director/MP
Prepared by Checked by Approved by
Hauling capacity & attacking speed of diesel electric freight locomotives on Indian Railway BG track
CONTENTS
LIST OF ANNEXURE
Annexure - I Load charts for freight service on dry rail condition with various curves
Annexure - II Load charts for freight service on wet rail condition with various curves
Annexure - III Attacking speed Vs length of maximum negotiable on dry rail condition for
loaded 59 BOXN (CC+8+2t) i.e. 5400 t
Annexure - IV Attacking speed Vs length of maximum negotiable on wet rail condition for
loaded 59 BOXN (CC+8+2t) i.e. 5400 t
Annexure - V Attacking speed Vs length of maximum negotiable on dry rail condition for
loaded 42 BCN (CC+8+2t) i.e. 3847 t
Annexure - VI Attacking speed Vs length of maximum negotiable on wet rail condition for
loaded 42 BCN (CC+8+2t) i.e. 3847 t
1.0 Introduction
A large number of stalling cases on freight trains were reported by Zonal Railways. On
analysis, it was found that cases of wheel slip and stalling have been taking place mostly while
working with diesel electric locomotives on graded section with curves. Railways also reported
that during monsoon period the stalling cases are 4 to 5 times higher.
Zonal Railways are regularly raising queries for the hauling capacity load chart for different
diesel- electric locomotive at different gradients & curves on both dry rail as well as wet rail
conditions for freight service.
The earlier issued freight locomotive load chart do not therefore truly represent the field
conditions where a most of factors not accounted in the chart, like wet/ bad or adverse weather
conditions, combination of grade with curve adding substantially to the rolling resistance that the
locomotive has to overcome etc, are regularly present.
2.0 Objective
The main objective of this guide is to assist Railways take note of the revised load chart and fix
the permissible trailing loads accordingly taking the local conditions into account and not go
only by the existing fair weather load tables. This will enable realistic trailing loads to be fixed
with the likelihood of stalling more or less eliminated, at least on account of motive power
inadequacy.
On the other hand, the locomotive requirement for clearance of different gradients with curve as
per actual conditions available in the fields can be worked out for multi diesel- electric
locomotives for better guidance and smoother train operation.
It would be seen that the loco hauling capacity stands considerably reduced in wet condition as
compared to the values used hither to. This will enable proper appreciation of stalling
incidences and re-adjustment of load/number of locos if needed.
RDSO has reviewed powering of the freight trains and the study shows the following:
Haulage charts presently issued by RDSO are based on the following conditions.
There is wide variation in adhesion measured on main line track and yard lines and on main line
to main line depending on the condition of the rails. Similarly, adhesion values are considerably
less for wet rails / bad weather and under un-sanded conditions.
The gradients are generally accompanied with steep curves and curves offer significant
additional rolling resistance to the train. The gradients selected in the load chart are assumed to
be compensated for curvature but often this is not followed.
Load charts now being followed by the Railways are the ones corresponding to dry rail
conditions. It is likely that, these loads will permit attaining a trip reliability of 90%. That is out of
100 trains, 10 trains may have problems due to adverse operating conditions.
It is likely that on certain routes such levels of reliability may not be acceptable from traffic point
of view. In that case, the load to be designated for these routes shall be kept lower as a
conscious decision.
Under powering is leading to slogging of the locos – with load factors above the permissible
limits – faster wear of loco wheels due to stalling and wheel slip and ultimately reliability and
availability of the locos is affected.
Primarily tractive effort of the locomotive determines the load hauling capacity. It is the
combined adhesive force developed by the locomotive by the locomotive wheels on the rails.
The tractive effort transforms into drawbar pull after accounting for the locomotive resistance,
and pulls the trailing load.
Tractive effort varies with the speed. The starting tractive effort is determined by adhesion limit
of the locomotive and decides the starting loads. Tractive effort at various speeds determines
acceleration potential of the locomotive. Starting tractive effort in itself is a function of the
locomotive weight and adhesion, higher the weight higher the T.E. and higher the adhesion,
higher the T.E.
A locomotive employs the friction drive between the wheels and rails and maximum force which
can be transmitted by this drive is dependent upon the load carried by the driving wheels and is
simply referred to as adhesion. The full weight of the locomotive is usually employed for
adhesion and increase in T.E of the loco without proportionate increase in weight necessitates
that the values of adhesion, the ratio between tractive effort & weight be improved greatly.
Drive wheel and rail work as friction gear. In the stabilized state of torque transmission, the
tractive effort in the starting condition is produced by adhesive friction between driven wheel
and rail. As soon as rolling of the driven wheel starts, the adhesion friction changes to kinematic
rolling friction.
Both adhesive and kinematic friction and there by tractive effort are dependent on many design
and external variables. The factors which affect tractive effort can be broadly classified as
under.
• Locomotive design
• No. of locos used for haulage i.e. single or multiple
• Track conditions and rail wheel contact
• Environmental conditions
5.2.1 Loco Design
• Axle load
• Load distribution and weight transfer
• Locomotive body and geometry
• Type of suspension
• Characteristics of transmission
• Electrical regulation and adhesion control
• Rail profile
• Vertical irregularities
• Angle of attack
• Slip stick effect
• Rail surface condition
• Dry track
• Wet track
• Oily track
• Sanding
The current load charts are very simple to use and clearly lay down the starting capability of a
locomotive at level and on different gradients for tangent i.e. straight track.
It is however to be noted that, the load charts are valid for fair weather conditions and with track
maintained to requisite standard only for tangent track.
The adhesion values will be still worse for wet rail condition. The adhesion will be lower by
around 15% - 20% on wet rail compared to dry rails. Similarly, adhesion on oily rail will be much
lower compared to dry rail as much 40%.
It is, therefore, desirable that the load charts be redrawn taking adverse effect of wet rails into
account.
Similar to grade resistance on the gradients, the rolling stock encounters curve resistance on
the curve. The curve resistance is significant and is of the order of 0.4 Kg per tonnes per degree
of curvature and can significantly affect the loco starting capability as well as running. Graded
sections are generally associated with curves. A loco which can start and haul 59 BOXN
(CC+8+2t) i.e. 5400 t load on 1 in 200 gradient on straight section may not start with same load
on 1 in 200 gradient with 4º curve. Hence, the element of curve resistance plays an important
role in the stalling or running through with a load.
In addition, when negotiating a grade, certain other factors also play an important role, which
determines whether the train be able to clear it or will get stalled.
• Trailing load
• Length of the gradient
• Attack/Approach speed of train
Traditionally, the trailing load of 59 BOXN rakes has been taken as 5385 tonnes based on gross
load of 91.28 tonnes for each BOXN wagon
But for BOXN rake, loading is permitted to a level of CC+8+2t tonnes. So for all purposes, the
trailing load for BOXN rake should be taken as 5400 tonnes based on gross load of 91.6 t
tonnes for each BOXN wagon.
Since, we are interested in eliminating cases of stalling on the run, it is, therefore, necessary
that all load charts are drawn considering the standard 59 loaded BOXN wagons having
capacity (CC+8+2t) i.e. 5400 tonnes which is the current limitation imposed by loop length.
Presently, the load charts only specify the maximum loads that a loco can start at different
gradients, on tangent track and the loads that it can maintain continuously at specified
balancing speed on different speed on different gradients. While the first part of the information
is useful and essential, the latter part – regarding loads it can maintain at different balancing
speeds on a gradient is not of great practical significance in regard to fixing up the trailing load.
The weight of the trailing load is primarily determined by starting capability of the locomotive
only, but when sectional capacity approaches saturation point balancing speed also assumes
importance for generation of extra capacity.
Important point which is of practical value in the field is the information as to what is the length
of a particular gradient that a loco can clear with the given train load already determined
by its starting load capability consideration as per chart. This length will be dependent on two
factors: firstly, the inherent loco design and its capability including its tractive effort Vs speed
curve and secondly, the attacking speed i.e. the speed at which the locomotive attacks /
approaches the start of the gradient.
The motive power requirement for clearance of different gradients as per actual conditions
available in the field can be worked for different train speeds ensuring that the traction motor
currents do not exceed the maximum permitted rating etc. of the locomotive and stalling are
avoided. Therefore, this information has also been included in this report for better guidance
and smoother train operations.
Load chart for dry rail condition (standard conditions) with various curves is enclosed at
Annexure - I.
Load chart for wet rail condition (bad weather condition) that may be encountered in actual field
is enclosed at Annexure - II.
7.1 Assumptions:
The following assumptions have been considered while computing/ calculating haulage
capacity of diesel electric locomotives for goods services:
• The load charts are applicable for dry rail conditions as well as wet rail conditions with
curve varying from 1degree to 5 degree with different gradients.
• The load charts are based on designed value of adhesion on dry rail conditions. The
adhesion values in case of wet rail condition is likely to drop maximum by 20% as
compared to dry un-sanded condition as per RDSO Report no. TFC - 77, January ‘2002.
• The Load chart has been calculated on the basis of 5% ageing factor & no acceleration
reserve.
• No de-rating factor has been considered in computing haulage capacity.
• Specific starting resistance of loaded BOXN / BCN wagon has been taken as 4 kg/t on
main line service
8.0 Charts for Attacking speed Vs length of maximum negotiable on graded section
To assist Railways for better guidance & smoother train operations, charts for attacking speed
in both dry and wet rail conditions on ruling gradients of 1 in 100, 1 in 125 & 1 in 150 with 2º
curves for multi-diesel electric locomotives for maximum loading of 59 BOXN (CC+8+2t) & 42
BCN (CC+8+2t) are enclosed at Annexure – III to Annexure – VI.
It will greatly assist in laying down operational guidelines like judicious imposition of speed
restrictions, location of stop / warning signals, need for run through operation at the specific
locations, provision of bankers etc.
9.0 Recommendations
Provision of adequate power as per the above solutions given in the present RDSO load chart &
attacking speed on graded section may give additional benefits in the form of generation of
extra path due to better / improved balancing speeds and clearance of critical block sections in
lesser time. This may be advantageous for those sections, which are operating to near
saturation level of line capacity. But when extra capacity is available to run extra trains, decision
should be taken judiciously.
10. Note:
The values indicated in charts have been derived through theoretical computer simulation
software and may be used as guidelines only. Although, every care has been taken while
simulating / calculating data and analyzing it but it is difficult to arrive at actual results since
practical conditions are always different from theoretical ones assumed. Any errors, omissions
& suggestions for further improvement of this report will be thankfully acknowledged and
included in the next revision.
Annexure - I
WDM2 (2600 HP) DRY RAIL CONDITION
Annexure - II
WDM2 (2600 HP) WET RAIL CONDITION
HAULAGE CAPACITY (FRIEGHT)
Loco: WDM2 (2600) Track condition : Wet Rail Weight of loco : 112.8 T
Trailing load in tonnes at Km/h on tangent track
BOXN/BCN Wagons and other casnub bogie air brake stocks
GRADE START 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
LEVEL 5400 5400 5400 5400 5400 4790 3625 2765 2080 1620
1/500 3920 3920 3920 3660 2605 2020 1625 1305 1030 835
1/400 3610 3610 3610 3150 2250 1755 1420 1145 910 740
1/200 2575 2575 2450 1830 1320 1040 850 695 555 450
1/150 2155 2155 1895 1415 1020 805 660 535 425 350
1/100 1615 1555 1285 960 690 540 440 355 280 225
1/50 895 755 620 455 315 235 185 140 - -
Annexure – III
Attacking speed Vs length of maximum negotiable stretch with exit speed
Load: 59 BOXN (CC+8+2t) = (5400 t) & Rail condition: Dry Rail (Standard)
S. Attacking 2 WDM2 2 WDM3A 2 WDG3A 2 WDM3D 2 WDG4
no. Speed Max. Stretch Exit Max. Stretch Exit Max. Stretch Exit Max. Stretch Exit Speed Max. Stretch Exit
(Km/h) negotiable Speed negotiable Speed negotiable Speed negotiable (Km/h) negotiable Speed
(Km) (Km/h) (Km) (Km/h) (Km) (Km/h) (Km) (Km) (Km/h)
(A) Gradient 1 in 100 & 2º curves
1 30 Not Loco 4.50 4.70 20
2 40 negotiable stalled 6.00 6.50
3 50 Not Loco >10.00 20 >10.00 20 No limitation >20
4 60 negotiable stalled 0.30 >10.00 >10.00
5 70 0.70 20 >10.00 >10.00
(B) Gradient 1 in 125 & 2º curves
1 30 0.50 0.65 20 20 20
2 40 0.75 0.90
3 50 1.00 20 1.30 20 No limitation >20 No limitation >20 No limitation >20
4 60 2.10 2.70
5 70 4.00 5.00
(C) Gradient 1 in 150 & 2º curves
1 30 3.50 20 20 20
2 40 6.50
3 50 10.00 20 >10.00 20 No limitation >20 No limitation >20 No limitation >20
4 60 >10.00
5 70 >10.00
Note.: If curves are more than 2º, the maximum stretch negotiable is slightly less than the above specified values.
Annexure – IV
Attacking speed Vs length of maximum negotiable stretch with exit speed
Load: 59 BOXN (CC+8+2t)= (5400 t) & Rail condition: Wet Rail / Rainy
S. Attacking 2 WDM2 2 WDM3A 2 WDG3A 2 WDM3D 2 WDG4
no. Speed Max. Stretch Exit Max. Stretch Exit Max. Stretch Exit Max. Stretch Exit Speed Max. Stretch Exit
(Km/h) negotiable Speed negotiable Speed negotiable Speed negotiable (Km/h) negotiable Speed
(Km) (Km/h) (Km) (Km/h) (Km) (Km/h) (Km) (Km) (Km/h)
(A) Gradient 1 in 100 & 2º curves
1 30 3.70 3.80 20
2 40 5.00 5.20
3 50 Not Loco Not Loco 8.00 20 8.50 20 No limitation >20
4 60 negotiable stalled negotiable stalled >10.00 >10.00
5 70 >10.00 >10.00
(B) Gradient 1 in 125 & 2º curves
1 30 Not Loco Not Loco 5.00 6.00 20
2 40 negotiable stalled negotiable stalled 7.00 8.00 20 No limitation
3 50 0.65 >10.00 20 >10.00 >20
4 60 1.50 2.25 20 >10.00 >10.00
5 70 2.50 20 3.80 >10.00 >10.00
(C) Gradient 1 in 150 & 2º curves
1 30 2.00 3.00 20 20 20
2 40 4.00 5.00 20
3 50 7.10 20 10.00 No limitation >20 No limitation >20 No limitation >20
4 60 10.00 >10.00
5 70 >10.00 >10.00
Note.: If curves are more than 2º, the maximum stretch negotiable is slightly less than the above specified values.
Annexure – V
Attacking speed Vs length of maximum negotiable stretch with exit speed
Load: 42 BCN (CC+8+2t) = (3847t) & Rail condition: Dry Rail (Standard)
S. Attacking 2 WDM2 2 WDM3A 2 WDG3A 2 WDM3D 2 WDG4
no. Speed Max. Stretch Exit Max. Stretch Exit Max. Stretch Exit Max. Stretch Exit Speed Max. Stretch Exit
(Km/h) negotiable Speed negotiable Speed negotiable Speed negotiable (Km/h) negotiable Speed
(Km) (Km/h) (Km) (Km/h) (Km) (Km/h) (Km) (Km) (Km/h)
(A) Gradient 1 in 100 & 2º curves
1 30 1.00 1.75 4.50 4.80 20
2 40 1.50 2.00 6.00 6.50
3 50 2.00 20 3.00 20 8.00 20 8.50 20 No limitation >20
4 60 2.60 4.50 >10.00 >10.00
5 70 3.50 6.00 >10.00 >10.00
(B) Gradient 1 in 125 & 2º curves
1 30 4.00 8.75 20 20 20
2 40 6.00 10.00
3 50 10.00 20 >10.00 20 No limitation >20 No limitation >20 No limitation >20
4 60 >10.00 >10.00
5 70 >10.00 >10.00
(C) Gradient 1 in 150 & 2º curves
1 30 20 20 20 20 20
2 40
3 50 No limitation >20 No limitation >20 No limitation >20 No limitation >20 No limitation >20
4 60
5 70
Note.: If curves are more than 2º, the maximum stretch negotiable is slightly less than the above specified values.
Annexure – VI
Attacking speed Vs length of maximum negotiable stretch with exit speed
Load: 42 BCN (CC+8+2t)= (3847t) & Rail condition: Wet Rail / Rainy
S. Attacking 2 WDM2 2 WDM3A 2 WDG3A 2 WDM3D 2 WDG4
no. Speed Max. Stretch Exit Max. Stretch Exit Max. Stretch Exit Max. Stretch Exit Speed Max. Stretch Exit
(Km/h) negotiable Speed negotiable Speed negotiable Speed negotiable (Km/h) negotiable Speed
(Km) (Km/h) (Km) (Km/h) (Km) (Km/h) (Km) (Km) (Km/h)
(A) Gradient 1 in 100 & 2º curves
1 30 0.75 1.50 4.00 4.40 20
2 40 1.25 1.70 5.50 6.10
3 50 1.80 20 2.60 20 7.50 20 8.00 20 No limitation >20
4 60 2.20 3.50 10.00 >10.00
5 70 3.00 5.70 >10.00 >10.00
(B) Gradient 1 in 125 & 2º curves
1 30 3.50 8.00 20 20 20
2 40 5.00 9.00 No limitation No limitation No limitation
3 50 8.00 20 10.00 20 >20 >20 >20
4 60 >10.00 >10.00
5 70 >10.00 >10.00
(C) Gradient 1 in 150 & 2º curves
1 30 20 20 20 20 20
2 40 No limitation No limitation
3 50 >20 >20 No limitation >20 No limitation >20 No limitation >20
4 60
5 70
Note.: If curves are more than 2º, the maximum stretch negotiable is slightly less than the above specified values.