You are on page 1of 13

August 11, 2010. G.R. No. 186571.

*
GERBERT   R.   CORPUZ,   petitioner, vs. DAISYLYN   TIROL   STO.
TOMAS and The SOLICITOR GENERAL, respondents.

Marriages; Family Code; Husband and Wife; Declaration of Nullity; Divorce; 267
The   Family   Code   recognizes   only   two   types   of   defective   marriages—void   and
VOL. 628, AUGUST 11, 2010 26
voidable marriages—and in both cases, the basis for the judicial declaration of
7
absolute nullity or annulment of the marriage exists before or at the time of the Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
marriage;   Divorce   contemplates   the   dissolution   of   the   lawful   union   for   cause wording,   as   follows:   “Art.   26.   All   marriages   solemnized   outside   the
arising   after   the   marriage.—The   Family   Code   recognizes   only   two   types   of Philippines, in accordance with the laws in force in the country where they were
defective marriages—void and voidable marriages. In both cases, the basis for solemnized, and valid there as such, shall also be valid in this country, except
the   judicial   declaration   of   absolute   nullity   or   annulment   of   the   marriage those prohibited under Articles 35(1), (4), (5) and (6), 36, 37 and 38. Where a
exists before or at   the   time of   the   marriage.   Divorce,   on   the   other   hand, marriage   between   a   Filipino   citizen   and   a   foreigner   is   validly
contemplates   the   dissolution   of   the   lawful   union   for   cause   arising after the celebrated and a divorce is thereafter validly obtained abroad by the
marriage. Our family laws do not recognize absolute divorce between Filipino alien   spouse   capacitating   him   or   her   to   remarry,   the   Filipino   spouse
citizens. shall likewise have capacity to remarry under Philippine law.” Through
Same;   Same;   Same;   Same;   Same;   Legal   Research;   Through   the   second the   second   paragraph   of   Article   26   of   the   Family   Code,   EO   227   effectively
paragraph   of   Article   26   of   the   Family   Code,   Executive   Order   No.   (EO)   227 incorporated into the law this Court’s holding in Van Dorn v. Romillo, Jr., 139
effectively incorporated into the law this Court’s holding in Van Dorn v. Romillo, SCRA   139   (1985),   and Pilapil   v.   Ibay­Somera,174   SCRA   653   (1989).   In   both
Jr., 139 SCRA 139 (1985), and Pilapil v. Ibay­Somera, 174 SCRA 653 (1989).— cases, the Court refused to acknowledge the alien spouse’s assertion of marital
Recognizing   the   reality   that   divorce   is   a   possibility   in   marriages   between   a rights after a foreign court’s divorce decree between the alien and the Filipino.
Filipino   and   an   alien,   President   Corazon   C.   Aquino,   in   the   exercise   of   her The   Court,   thus,   recognized   that   the  foreign   divorce  had   already   severed  the
legislative powers under the Freedom Constitution, enacted Executive Order No. marital bond between the spouses.
(EO) 227, amending Article 26 of the Family Code to its present Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Essentially, the second paragraph
_______________ of Article 26 of the Family Code provided the Filipino spouse a substantive right
to   have   his   or   her   marriage   to   the   alien   spouse   considered   as   dissolved,
* THIRD DIVISION.
capacitating him or her to remarry.—As the RTC correctly stated, the provision
was included in the law “to avoid the absurd situation where the Filipino spouse
remains married to the alien spouse who, after obtaining a divorce, is no longer
married to the Filipino spouse.” The legislative intent is for the benefit of the
Filipino   spouse,   by   clarifying   his   or   her   marital   status,   settling   the   doubts
created by the divorce decree. Essentially, the second paragraph of Article
26 of the Family Code provided the Filipino spouse a substantive right
to have his or her marriage to the alien spouse considered as dissolved,
capacitating him or her to remarry. Without the second paragraph of Article
26 of the Family Code, the judicial recognition of the foreign decree of divorce, Same;   Same;   Same;   Same;  Same;   Same;   Conflict   of   Laws;   Recognition of
whether in a proceeding instituted precisely for that purpose or as a related issue Foreign Judgments; The unavailability of the second paragraph of Article 26 of
in another proceeding, would be of no significance to the Filipino spouse since
the Family Code to aliens does not necessarily strip such aliens of legal interest to
our laws do not recognize divorce as a mode of severing the marital bond; Article
17 of the Civil Code provides that the policy against absolute divorces cannot be petition the Regional Trial Court (RTC) for the recognition of his foreign divorce
subverted by judgments promulgated in a foreign country. The inclusion of the decree—direct   involvement   or   being   the   subject   of   the   foreign   judgment   is
second paragraph in Article 26 of the Family Code provides the direct exception sufficient to clothe a party with the requisite interest to institute an action before
to this rule and serves as our   courts   for   the   recognition   of   the   foreign   judgment.—We   qualify   our   above
268
conclusion—i.e.,   that   the   second   paragraph   of   Article   26   of   the   Family   Code
2 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED bestows no rights in favor of aliens—with the complementary statement that this
conclusion is not sufficient basis to dismiss Gerbert’s petition before the Regional
68
Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas Trial Court (RTC). In other words, the unavailability of the second paragraph of
basis for recognizing the dissolution of the marriage between the Filipino Article 26 of the Family Code to aliens does not necessarily
spouse and his or her alien spouse.
Same;   Same;   Same;   Same;   Same;   Same;   An   action   based   on   the   second 269

paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code is not limited to the recognition of the
VOL. 628, AUGUST 11, 2010 26
foreign   divorce  decree—if   the  court   finds  that   the   decree   capacitated   the   alien 9
spouse   to   remarry,   the   courts   can   declare   that   the   Filipino   spouse   is   likewise Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
capacitated   to   contract   another   marriage.—An   action   based   on   the   second strip Gerbert of legal interest to petition the RTC for the recognition of his
paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code is not limited to the recognition of the foreign divorce decree. The foreign divorce decree itself, after its authenticity and
foreign divorce decree. If the court finds that the decree capacitated the alien conformity with the alien’s national law have been duly proven according to our
spouse to remarry, the courts can declare that the Filipino spouse is likewise rules of evidence, serves as a presumptive evidence of right in favor of Gerbert,
capacitated to contract another marriage. No court in this jurisdiction, however, pursuant  to Section 48,  Rule 39  of  the Rules  of Court  which provides  for  the
can   make   a   similar   declaration   for   the   alien   spouse   (other   than   that   already effect of foreign judgments. * * * To our mind, direct involvement or being the
established   by   the   decree),   whose   status   and   legal   capacity   are   generally subject of the foreign judgment is sufficient to clothe a party with the requisite
governed by his national law. interest to institute an action before our courts for the recognition of the foreign
Same;   Same;   Same;   Same;   Same;   Parties;   Only   the   Filipino   spouse   can judgment.   In   a   divorce   situation,   we   have   declared,   no   less,   that   the   divorce
invoke the second paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code—the alien spouse obtained by an alien abroad may be recognized in the Philippines, provided the
can claim no right under this provision.—Given the rationale and intent behind divorce is valid according to his or her national law.
the   enactment,   and   the  purpose  of   the  second   paragraph   of   Article  26   of   the Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; Same; The starting point in
Family Code, the RTC was correct in limiting the applicability of the provision any recognition of a foreign divorce judgment is  the acknowledgment that our
for the benefit of the Filipino spouse. In other words, only the Filipino spouse can courts   do   not   take   judicial   notice   of   foreign   judgments   and   laws—the   foreign
invoke the second paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code; the alien spouse judgment   and   its   authenticity   must   be   proven   as   facts   under   our   rules   on
can claim no right under this provision.
evidence, together with the alien’s applicable national law to show the effect of the
judgment on the alien himself or herself.—The starting point in any recognition
of a foreign divorce judgment is the acknowledgment that our courts do not take Canadian divorce law. We deem it more appropriate to take this latter course of
judicial notice of foreign judgments and laws. Justice Herrera explained that, as action, given the Article 26 interests that will be served and the Filipina wife’s
a rule, “no sovereign is bound to give effect within its dominion to a judgment (Daisylyn’s) obvious conformity with the petition. A remand, at the same time,
rendered   by   a   tribunal   of   another   country.”   This   means   that   the   foreign will allow other interested parties to oppose the foreign judgment and overcome
judgment   and   its   authenticity   must   be   proven   as   facts   under   our   rules   on a petitioner’s presumptive evidence of a right by proving want of jurisdiction,
evidence, together with the alien’s applicable national law to show the effect of want   of   notice   to   a   party,   collusion,   fraud,   or   clear   mistake   of   law   or   fact.
the judgment on the alien himself or herself. The recognition may be made in an Needless to state, every precaution must be taken to ensure conformity with our
action instituted specifically for the purpose or in another action where a party laws before a recognition is made, as the foreign judgment, once recognized, shall
invokes the foreign decree as an integral aspect of his claim or defense. have  the  effect  of res   judicata between  the parties,   as   provided  in  Section  48,
Conflict   of   Laws;   Recognition   of   Foreign   Judgments;   In   the   instant   case Rule 39 of the Rules of Court.
where the foreigner seeking recognition of the foreign divorce decree attached to Same; Same; More than the principle of comity that is served by the practice
his   petition   a   copy   of   the   divorce   decree,   as   well   as   the   required   certificates of reciprocal recognition of foreign judgments between nations, the res judicata
proving its authenticity, but failed to include a copy of the foreign law on divorce, effect of the foreign judgments of divorce serves as the deeper basis for extending
the   Court   deems   it   more   appropriate   to   remand   the   case   to   the   trial   court   to judicial recognition and for considering the alien spouse bound by its terms.—
determine whether the divorce decree is consistent with the foreign divorce law, More  than  the principle  of  comity  that  is   served  by  the  practice of   reciprocal
given the Article 26 interests that will be served and the Filipina wife’s obvious recognition of foreign judgments between nations, the res judicata effect of the
270 foreign  judgments  of  divorce serves  as  the deeper  basis  for  extending judicial
recognition and for considering the alien spouse bound by its terms. This same
2 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED effect, as discussed above, will not
70
Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
conformity   with   the   petition.—In   Gerbert’s   case,   since   both   the   foreign
divorce decree and the national law of the alien, recognizing his or her capacity 271

to obtain a divorce, purport to be official acts of a sovereign authority, Section 24,
VOL. 628, AUGUST 11, 2010 27
Rule   132   of   the   Rules   of   Court   comes   into   play.   This   Section   requires   proof,
1
either by (1) official publications or (2) copies attested by the officer having legal
custody  of  the  documents.   If   the copies  of   official   records   are not   kept   in the Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
Philippines, these must be (a) accompanied by a certificate issued by the proper obtain for the Filipino spouse were it not for the substantive rule that the
diplomatic or consular officer in the Philippine foreign service stationed in the second paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code provides.
foreign country in which the record is kept and (b) authenticated by the seal of Same; Same; Civil Registry; While the law requires the entry of the divorce
his office. The records show that Gerbert attached to his petition a copy of the decree in the civil registry, the law and the submission of the decree by themselves
divorce decree, as well as the required certificates proving its authenticity, but do not ipso facto authorize the decree’s registration—there must first be a judicial
failed to include a copy of the Canadian law on divorce. Under this situation, we recognition of the foreign judgment before it can be given res judicata effect; The
can,   at   this   point,   simply   dismiss   the   petition   for   insufficiency   of   supporting
registration of the foreign divorce decree without the requisite judicial recognition
evidence, unless we deem it more appropriate to remand the case to the Regional
is patently void and cannot produce any legal effect.—But while the law requires
Trial Court (RTC) to determine whether the divorce decree is consistent with the
the entry of the divorce decree in the civil registry, the law and the submission of
the decree by themselves do not ipso facto authorize the decree’s registration. the cancellation of the entry in the civil registry. A petition for recognition of a
The law should be read in relation with the requirement of a judicial recognition foreign judgment is not the proper proceeding, contemplated under the Rules of
of the foreign judgment before it can be given res judicata effect. In the context of Court, for the cancellation of entries in the civil registry. Article 412 of the Civil
the present case, no judicial order as yet exists recognizing the foreign divorce Code declares that “no entry in a civil register shall be changed or corrected,
decree. Thus, the Pasig City Civil Registry Office acted totally out of turn and without judicial order.” The Rules of Court supplements Article 412 of the Civil
without   authority   of   law   when   it   annotated   the   Canadian   divorce   decree   on Code by specifically providing for a special remedial proceeding by which entries
Gerbert and Daisylyn’s marriage certificate, on the strength alone of the foreign in   the   civil   registry   may   be   judicially   cancelled   or   corrected.   Rule   108   of   the
decree presented by Gerbert. Evidently, the Pasig City Civil Registry Office was Rules of Court sets in detail the jurisdictional and procedural requirements that
aware of the requirement of a court recognition, as it cited National Statistics must   be   complied   with   before   a   judgment,   authorizing   the   cancellation   or
correction, may be annotated in the civil registry. It also requires, among others,
Office (NSO) Circular No. 4, series of 1982, and Department of Justice Opinion
that the verified petition must be filed with the RTC of the province where the
No. 181, series of 1982—both of which required a final order from a competent
corresponding civil registry is located; that the civil registrar and all persons who
Philippine   court before a   foreign   judgment,   dissolving   a   marriage,   can   be
have or claim any interest must be made parties to the proceedings; and that the
registered in the civil registry, but it, nonetheless, allowed the registration of the
time   and   place   for   hearing   must   be   published   in   a   newspaper   of   general
decree. For being contrary to law, the registration of the foreign divorce decree
circulation. As these basic jurisdictional requirements have not been met in the
without the requisite judicial recognition is patently void and cannot produce any
present case, we cannot consider the petition Gerbert filed with the RTC as one
legal effect.
filed under Rule 108 of the Rules of Court.
Same;   Same;   Same;   Cancellation   of   Entries;   The   recognition   that   the
Same; Same; Same; Same; The recognition of the foreign divorce decree may
Regional Trial Court (RTC) may extend to a foreign divorce decree does not, by
be made in a Rule 108 proceeding itself, as the object of special proceedings (such
itself, authorize the cancellation of the entry in the civil registry—a petition for
as that in Rule 108 of the Rules of Court) is precisely to establish the status or
recognition   of   a   foreign   judgment   is   not   the   proper   proceeding,   contemplated
right of a party or a particular fact.—We hasten to point out, however, that this
under the Rules of Court, for the cancellation of entries in the civil registry; The ruling   should  not   be   construed   as   requiring   two  separate   proceedings   for   the
Rules of Court supplements Article 412 of the Civil Code by specifically providing registration of a foreign divorce decree in the civil registry—one for recognition of
for a special remedial proceeding by which entries in the civil registry may be the foreign decree and another specifically for cancellation of the entry under
judicially cancelled or corrected—Rule 108 of the Rules of Court sets in detail the Rule 108 of the Rules of Court. The recognition of the foreign divorce decree may
jurisdictional and procedural requirements that be made in a Rule 108 proceeding itself, as the object of special proceedings (such
as that in Rule 108 of the Rules of Court) is precisely to establish the status or
right of a party or a particular fact. Moreover, Rule 108 of the Rules of Court can
272 serve as the appropriate adversarial proceeding by which the applicability of the
foreign judgment can be measured and
2 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
72
Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas 273

must be complied with before a judgment, authorizing the cancellation or VOL. 628, AUGUST 11, 2010 27


correction,   may   be   annotated   in   the   civil   registry.—Another   point   we   wish   to 3
draw attention to is that the recognition that the Regional Trial Court (RTC) Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
may   extend   to   the   Canadian   divorce   decree   does   not,   by   itself,   authorize
tested   in   terms   of   jurisdictional   infirmities,   want   of   notice   to   the   party, 274 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
collusion, fraud, or clear mistake of law or fact. Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
Two   years   after   the   divorce,   Gerbert   has   moved   on   and   has   found
PETITION   for   review   on   certiorari   of   a   decision   of   the   Regional   Trial
another Filipina to love. Desirous of marrying his new Filipina fiancée in
Court of Laoag City, Br. 11.
the Philippines, Gerbert went to the Pasig City Civil Registry Office and
   The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court
registered  the Canadian divorce  decree  on his  and Daisylyn’s   marriage
  Gilbert U. Medrano for petitioner.
certificate. Despite the registration of the divorce decree, an official of the
  Michael P. Mejia for private respondent. National   Statistics   Office   (NSO)   informed   Gerbert   that   the   marriage
between   him   and   Daisylyn   still   subsists   under   Philippine   law;   to   be
 BRION,J.:
enforceable, the foreign divorce decree must first be judicially recognized
Before the Court is a direct appeal from the decision 1 of the Regional
by a competent Philippine court, pursuant to NSO Circular No. 4, series of
Trial  Court   (RTC) of Laoag  City, Branch  11,  elevated via a  petition for
1982.6
review   on certiorari2 under   Rule   45   of   the   Rules   of   Court   (present Accordingly, Gerbert   filed   a  petition   for   judicial   recognition   of
petition). foreign   divorce   and/or   declaration   of   marriage   as
Petitioner   Gerbert   R.   Corpuz   was   a   former   Filipino   citizen   who
dissolved (petition) with the RTC. Although summoned, Daisylyn did not
acquired   Canadian  citizenship  through   naturalization   on  November   29,
file   any   responsive   pleading   but   submitted   instead   a   notarized
2000.3 On January 18, 2005, Gerbert married respondent Daisylyn T. Sto.
letter/manifestation   to   the   trial   court.   She   offered   no   opposition   to
Tomas,   a   Filipina,   in   Pasig   City.4 Due   to   work   and   other   professional
Gerbert’s   petition   and,  in   fact,   alleged   her   desire   to  file  a   similar  case
commitments,   Gerbert   left   for   Canada   soon   after   the   wedding.   He
herself but was prevented by financial and personal circumstances. She,
returned to the Philippines sometime in April 2005 to surprise Daisylyn,
thus,   requested   that   she   be   considered   as   a   party­in­interest   with   a
but   was   shocked   to   discover   that   his   wife   was   having   an   affair   with
similar prayer to Gerbert’s.
another   man.   Hurt   and   disappointed,   Gerbert   returned   to   Canada   and
In its October 30, 2008 decision, 7 the RTC denied Gerbert’s petition.
filed   a   petition   for   divorce.   The   Superior   Court   of   Justice,   Windsor,
Ontario,   Canada   granted  Gerbert’s   petition   for   divorce   on  December   8, The RTC concluded that Gerbert was not the proper party to institute the
2005. The divorce decree took effect a month later, on January 8, 2006. 5 action   for   judicial   recognition   of   the   foreign   divorce   decree   as   he   is   a
_______________ naturalized Canadian citizen. It ruled that only the Filipino spouse can
avail of the remedy, under the second paragraph of Article 26 of the Fam­
1 Dated October 30, 2008, penned by Judge Perla B. Querubin; Rollo, pp. 24­31.
_______________
2 Id., at pp. 3­20.
3 Id., at p. 27.
6 Id., at pp. 47­50; the pertinent portion of NSO Circular No. 4, series of 1982, states:
4 Marriage Certificate, id., at p. 37. It would therefore be premature to register the decree of annulment in the Register
5 Certificate of Divorce, id., at p. 38. of Annulment of Marriages in Manila, unless and until final order of execution of such
foreign judgment is issued by competent Philippine court.
7 Supra note 1.

274
12 Gerbert’s motion for reconsideration of the RTC’s October 30, 2008 decision was denied
in an order dated February 17, 2009; Rollo, p. 32.
13 Supra note 2.

275
VOL. 628, AUGUST 11, 2010 275
Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
ily Code,8 in order for him or her to be able to remarry under Philippine 276
law.9 Article 26 of the Family Code reads: 276 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
All marriages solemnized outside the Philippines, in accordance with the laws Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
in force in the country where they were solemnized,  and valid there as such, der the second paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code. Taking into
shall also be valid in this country, except those prohibited under Articles 35(1), account   the  rationale  behind  the  second   paragraph  of  Article 26  of the
(4), (5) and (6), 36, 37 and 38. 26. “Art.
Family Code, he contends that the provision applies as well to the benefit
Where   a   marriage   between   a   Filipino   citizen   and   a   foreigner   is
of the alien spouse. He claims that the RTC ruling unduly stretched the
validly celebrated and a divorce is thereafter validly obtained abroad
by   the   alien   spouse   capacitating   him   or   her   to   remarry,   the   Filipino doctrine in Orbecido by limiting the standing to file the petition only to
spouse shall likewise have capacity to remarry under Philippine law.” the   Filipino   spouse—an   interpretation   he   claims   to   be   contrary   to   the
essence   of   the   second   paragraph   of   Article   26   of   the   Family   Code.   He
This conclusion, the RTC stated, is consistent with the legislative intent considers himself as a proper party, vested with sufficient legal interest,
behind the enactment of the second paragraph of Article 26 of the Family to institute the case, as there is a possibility that he might be prosecuted
Code,   as   determined   by   the   Court   in Republic   v.   Orbecido   III;10 the for bigamy if he marries his Filipina fiancée in the Philippines since two
provision was enacted to “avoid the absurd situation where the Filipino marriage   certificates,   involving   him,   would   be   on   file   with   the   Civil
spouse remains married to the alien spouse who, after obtaining a divorce, Registry Office. The Office of the Solicitor General and Daisylyn, in their
is no longer married to the Filipino spouse.”11 respective Comments,14 both support Gerbert’s position.
Essentially,   the   petition   raises   the   issue   of whether   the   second
The Petition paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code extends to aliens the
right to petition a court of this jurisdiction for the recognition of a
From the RTC’s ruling,12 Gerbert filed the present petition.13
foreign divorce decree.
Gerbert   asserts   that   his   petition   before   the   RTC   is   essentially   for
declaratory relief, similar to that filed in Orbecido; he, thus, similarly asks The Court’s Ruling
for a determination of his rights un­
_______________ The   alien   spouse   can   claim   no   right 
8  Executive Order No. 209, enacted on July 6, 1987.
under   the   second   paragraph   of 
9 Rollo, p. 31. Article   26   of   the   Family   Code   as   the
10 G.R. No. 154380, October 5, 2005, 472 SCRA 114. substantive   right   it   establishes   is   in
11 Id., at p. 121. favor of the Filipino spouse
The resolution of the issue requires a review of the legislative history 16 The voidable marriages are those enumerated under Article 45 of the Family Code.
and intent behind the second paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code. 17 Garcia v. Recio, G.R. No. 138322, October 2, 2001, 366 SCRA 437, 452.
_______________ 18 Ibid.   See   A.   Tolentino, Commentaries   and   Jurisprudence   on   the   Civil   Code   of   the
Philippines, Volume One, with the Family Code of the Philippines (2004 ed.), p. 262.
14 Rollo, pp. 79­87 and 125­142, respectively. 19 Proclamation No. 3, issued on March 25, 1996.

277
VOL. 628, AUGUST 11, 2010 277
Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
The  Family  Code  recognizes  only  two  types   of defective marriages—
278
void15 and   voidable16 marriages.   In   both   cases,   the   basis   for   the   judicial
278 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
declaration   of   absolute   nullity   or   annulment   of   the   marriage
Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
exists before or at  the  time of  the marriage.   Divorce,   on  the  other   hand,
Through the second paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code, EO 227
contemplates the dissolution of the lawful union for cause arising after the
effectively incorporated into the law this Court’s holding in Van Dorn v.
marriage.17 Our   family   laws   do   not   recognize   absolute   divorce   between
Romillo, Jr.20 and Pilapil v. Ibay­Somera.21 In both cases, the Court refused
Filipino citizens.18
to   acknowledge   the   alien   spouse’s   assertion   of   marital   rights   after   a
Recognizing   the   reality   that   divorce   is   a   possibility   in   marriages
foreign   court’s   divorce   decree   between   the   alien   and   the   Filipino.   The
between   a   Filipino   and   an   alien,   President   Corazon   C.   Aquino,   in   the
Court, thus, recognized that the foreign divorce had already severed the
exercise   of   her   legislative   powers   under   the   Freedom
marital bond between the spouses. The Court  reasoned in Van Dorn v.
Constitution,19 enacted Executive Order No. (EO) 227, amending Article 26
of the Family Code to its present wording, as follows: Romillo that:
All marriages solemnized outside the Philippines, in accordance with the laws “To maintain x x x that, under our laws, [the Filipino spouse] has to
in force in the country where they were solemnized,  and valid there as such, be considered still married to [the alien spouse] and still subject to a
shall also be valid in this country, except those prohibited under Articles 35(1), wife’s obligations x x x cannot be just. [The Filipino spouse] should not be
(4), (5) and (6), 36, 37 and 38. “Art. 26. obliged to live together with, observe respect and fidelity, and render support to
Where   a   marriage   between   a   Filipino   citizen   and   a   foreigner   is [the alien spouse]. The latter should not continue to be one of her heirs with
validly celebrated and a divorce is thereafter validly obtained abroad possible   rights   to   conjugal   property. She   should   not   be   discriminated
by   the   alien   spouse   capacitating   him   or   her   to   remarry,   the   Filipino against in her own country if the ends of justice are to be served.” 22

spouse shall likewise have capacity to remarry under Philippine law.”
As the RTC correctly stated, the provision was included in the law “to
15 The void marriages are those enumerated under Articles 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, and avoid the absurd situation where the Filipino spouse remains married to
53 in relation to Article 52 of the Family Code. the alien spouse who, after obtaining a divorce, is no longer married to the
Filipino spouse.”23 The legislative intent is for the benefit of the Filipino capacitated   to  contract   another   marriage.   No   court   in  this   jurisdiction,
spouse, by clarifying his or her marital status, settling the doubts created however, can make a similar declaration for the alien spouse (other than
by the divorce decree. Essentially, the second paragraph of Article 26 that already established by the decree), whose status
of   the   Family   Code   provided   the   Filipino   spouse   a   substantive _______________

right to have his or her marriage to the alien spouse considered as 24 The   capacity   of   the   Filipino   spouse   to   remarry,   however,   depends   on   whether   the
dis­ foreign divorce decree capacitated the alien spouse to do so.
_______________ 25 See Article 17 in relation to Article 15 of the Civil Code:
Laws   relating   to   family   rights   and   duties,   or   to   the   status,   condition   and   legal
20 G.R. No. L­68470, October 8, 1985, 139 SCRA 139. capacity of persons are binding upon citizens of the Philippines, even though living
21 G.R. No. 80116, June 30, 1989, 174 SCRA 653. abroad. Art. 15.
22 Van Dorn v. Romillo, supra note 20 at p. 144. x x x x
x x x Prohibitive laws concerning persons, their acts or property, and those which
23 Republic v. Orbecido, supra note 10 at p. 121.
have for their object public order, public policy and good customs shall not be rendered
ineffective   by   laws   or   judgments   promulgated,   or   by   determinations   or   conventions
agreed upon in a foreign country. Art. 17. 

280
280 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas 280
solved, capacitating him or her to remarry.  Without the second 
24 280 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code, the judicial recognition of the  Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
foreign decree of divorce, whether in a proceeding instituted precisely for  and legal capacity are generally governed by his national law. 26
that purpose or as a related issue in another proceeding, would be of no  Given the rationale and intent behind the enactment, and the purpose
significance to the Filipino spouse since our laws do not recognize divorce  of the second paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code, the RTC was
as a mode of severing the marital bond;25Article 17 of the Civil Code  correct in limiting the applicability of the provision for the benefit of the
provides that the policy against absolute divorces cannot be subverted by  Filipino spouse. In other words, only the Filipino spouse can invoke the
judgments promulgated in a foreign country. The inclusion of the second  second paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code; the alien spouse can
paragraph in Article 26 of the Family Code provides the direct exception  claim no right under this provision.
to this rule and serves as basis for recognizing the dissolution of the  The foreign divorce decree is
marriage between the Filipino spouse and his or her alien spouse. presumptive evidence of a right that
Additionally, an action based on the second paragraph of Article 26 of clothes the party with legal interest to 
the Family Code is not limited to the recognition of the foreign divorce petition for its recognition in this
decree. If the court finds that the decree capacitated the alien spouse to jurisdiction
remarry,   the   courts   can   declare   that   the   Filipino   spouse   is   likewise
We   qualify   our   above   conclusion—i.e.,   that   the   second   paragraph   of right   as   between   the parties   and   their   successors   in
Article 26 of the Family Code bestows no rights in favor of aliens—with interest by a subsequent title.
the complementary statement that this conclusion is not sufficient basis to In either case, the judgment or final order may be repelled by evidence
dismiss   Gerbert’s   petition   before   the   RTC.   In   other   words,   the of a want of jurisdiction, want of notice to the party, collusion, fraud, or
unavailability of the second paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code to clear mistake of law or fact.”
aliens does not necessarily strip Gerbert of legal interest to petition the
RTC for the recognition of his foreign divorce decree. The foreign divorce To   our   mind,   direct   involvement   or   being   the   subject   of   the   foreign
decree   itself,   after   its   authenticity   and   conformity   with   the   alien’s judgment   is   sufficient   to   clothe   a   party   with   the   requisite   interest   to
national law have been duly proven according to our rules of evidence, institute   an   action   before   our   courts   for   the   recognition   of   the   foreign
serves as a presumptive evidence of right in favor of Gerbert, pursuant to judgment.   In   a   divorce   situation,   we   have   declared,   no   less,   that   the
Section 48, Rule 39 of the Rules of Court which provides for the effect of divorce obtained by an alien abroad may be recognized in the Philippines,
foreign judgments. This Section states: provided the divorce is valid according to his or her national law. 27
_______________ The starting point in any recognition of a foreign divorce judgment is
the acknowledgment that our courts do not take judicial notice of foreign
26 Parenthetically,  we  add  that  an   alien’s   legal  capacity  to  contract  is   evidenced   by   a judgments   and   laws.   Justice   Herrera   explained   that,   as   a   rule,   “no
certificate issued by his or her respective diplomatic and consular officials, which he or she
must present to secure a marriage license (Article 21, Family Code). The Filipino spouse who
sovereign   is   bound   to   give   effect   within   its   dominion   to   a   judgment
seeks to remarry, however, must still resort to a judicial action for a declaration of authority rendered by a tribunal of another country.” 28 This means that the foreign
to remarry. judgment and its authenticity must be proven as facts under our rules on
evidence,   together  with   the  alien’s  applicable   national  law   to   show  the
effect of the judgment on the alien himself or her­
_______________

27 Garcia v. Recio, supra note 17 at p. 447; citing Van Dorn v. Romillo,supra note 20.
281 28 Remedial Law, Volume II, Rules 23­56 (2007 ed.), p. 529.
VOL. 628, AUGUST 11, 2010 281
Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
 48. “SEC.Effect of foreign judgments or final orders.—The effect of 282
a   judgment   or   final   order   of   a   tribunal   of   a   foreign   country, 282 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
having   jurisdiction   to   render   the   judgment   or   final   order   is as Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
follows: self.29 The recognition may be made in an action instituted specifically for
In   case   of   a   judgment   or   final   order   upon   a   specific   thing,   the the purpose or in another action where a party invokes the foreign decree
judgment or final order is conclusive upon the title of the thing; as an integral aspect of his claim or defense.
and (a) In Gerbert’s case, since both the foreign divorce decree and the national
 (b)In case of a judgment or final order against a person, law   of   the   alien,   recognizing   his   or   her   capacity   to   obtain   a   divorce,
the judgment or final order is presumptive evidence of a purport to be official acts of a sovereign authority, Section 24, Rule 132 of
the Rules of Court comes into play. This Section requires proof, either by to state, every precaution must be taken to ensure conformity with our
(1) official publications or (2) copies attested by the officer having legal laws   before   a   recognition   is   made,   as   the   foreign   judgment,   once
custody of the documents. If the copies of official records are not kept in recognized, shall have the effect of res judicata32 between the parties, as
the Philippines, these must be (a) accompanied by a certificate issued by provided in Section 48, Rule 39 of the Rules of Court.33
the proper diplomatic or consular officer in the Philippine foreign service In fact, more than the principle of comity that is served by the practice
stationed   in   the   foreign   country   in   which   the   record   is   kept   and   (b) of   reciprocal   recognition   of   foreign   judgments   between   nations,   the res
authenticated by the seal of his office.
judicata effect  of the  foreign  judgments   of divorce  serves  as  the deeper
The records show that Gerbert attached to his petition a copy of the
basis   for   extending   judicial   recognition   and   for   considering   the   alien
divorce   decree,   as   well   as   the   required   certificates   proving   its
spouse bound by its terms. This same effect, as discussed above, will not
authenticity,30 but   failed   to   include   a   copy   of   the   Canadian   law   on
obtain for the Filipino spouse were it not for the substantive rule that the
divorce.31 Under this situation, we can, at this point, simply dismiss the
second paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code provides.
petition for insufficiency of supporting evidence, unless we deem it more _______________
appropriate   to   remand   the   case   to   the   RTC   to   determine   whether   the
divorce decree is consistent with the Canadian divorce law. 32 Literally   means   “a   thing   adjudged,”   Black’s   Law   Dictionary   (5th   ed.),   p.   1178;   it
establishes  a  rule   that  a  final  judgment   or  decree   on  the   merits  by  a  court   of  competent
We deem it more appropriate to take this latter course of action, given
jurisdiction is conclusive of the rights of the parties or their privies in all later suits, on points
the   Article   26   interests   that   will   be   served   and   the   Filipina   wife’s and matters determined in the former. Supra note 28 at p. 462.
(Daisylyn’s) obvious conformity with the petition. A remand, at the same 33 See Philsec   Investment   Corporation   v.   Court   of   Appeals,   G.R.   No.   103493,   June   19,
time, will allow other inter­ 1997, 274 SCRA 102, 110, where the Court said:
_______________ While this Court has given the effect of res judicata to foreign judgments in several
cases,   it   was   after   the   parties   opposed   to   the   judgment   had   been   given   ample
29 Republic v. Orbecido III, supra note 10 at p. 123 and Garcia v. Recio,supra note 17 at p. opportunity to repel them on grounds allowed under the law. It is not necessary for
448; see also Bayot v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 155635, November 7, 2008, 570 SCRA 472. this purpose to initiate a separate action or proceeding for enforcement of the foreign
30 Rollo, pp. 38­41. judgment.   What   is   essential   is   that   there   is   opportunity   to   challenge   the   foreign
31 The foreign divorce decree only stated that the marriage between Gerbert and Daisylyn judgment, in order for the court to properly determine its efficacy. This is because in
was dissolved by the Canadian court. The full text of the court’s judgment was not included. this jurisdiction, with respect to actions in personam, as distinguished from actions in
rem, a foreign judgment merely constitutes prima facie evidence of the justness of the
claim of a party and, as such, is subject to proof to the contrary.

283
VOL. 628, AUGUST 11, 2010 283
Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
ested parties to oppose the foreign judgment and overcome a petitioner’s 284
presumptive evidence of a right by proving want of jurisdiction, want of 284 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
notice to a party, collusion, fraud, or clear mistake of law or fact. Needless Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
Considerations   beyond   the 285
recognition   of   the   foreign   divorce
VOL. 628, AUGUST 11, 2010 285
decree
Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
As a matter of “housekeeping” concern, we note that the Pasig City
marriages; (c)
Civil Registry Office has already recorded the divorce decree on
annulments of marriages; (d)
Gerbert   and   Daisylyn’s   marriage   certificate   based   on   the   mere (e) divorces;
presentation   of   the   decree.34 We   consider   the   recording   to   be   legally legitimations; (f)
improper; hence, the need to draw attention of the bench and the bar to adoptions; (g)
what   had   been   done.Article   407   of   the   Civil   Code   states   that   “[a]cts, acknowledgment of natural children; (h)
events and judicial decrees concerning the civil status of persons shall be naturalization; and (i)
recorded   in   the   civil   register.”   The   law   requires   the   entry   in   the   civil changes of name. (j)
registry of judicial decrees that produce legal consequences touching upon x x x x
a person’s legal capacity and status, i.e., those affecting “all his personal  4. Sec.Civil   Register   Books.—The   local   registrars   shall   keep   and
qualities and relations, more or less permanent in nature, not ordinarily preserve   in   their   offices   the   following   books,   in   which   they   shall,
terminable at his own will, such as his being legitimate or illegitimate, respectively   make   the   proper   entries   concerning   the   civil   status   of
or his being married or not.”35 persons:
A   judgment   of   divorce   is   a   judicial   decree,   although   a   foreign   one, Birth and death register; (1)
affecting a person’s legal capacity and status that must be recorded. In (2) Marriage   register,   in   which   shall   be   entered not   only   the
fact,   Act   No.   3753   or   the   Law   on   Registry   of   Civil   Status   specifically marriages solemnized but also divorces and dissolved marriages.
requires the registration of divorce decrees in the civil registry: Legitimation,   acknowledgment,   adoption,   change   of   name   and
 1. “Sec.Civil   Register.—A   civil   register   is   established   for naturalization register.” (3)
recording the civil status of persons, in which shall be entered:
births; (a) But while the law requires the entry of the divorce decree in the civil
deaths; (b) registry,   the   law   and   the   submission   of   the   decree   by   themselves   do
_______________ not ipso facto authorize the decree’s registration. The law should be read
in relation with the requirement of a judicial recognition of the foreign
34 On the face of the marriage certificate, the word “DIVORCED” was written in big, bold
letters; Rollo, p. 37.
judgment before it can be given res judicata effect. In the context of the
35 Silverio   v.   Republic,   G.R.   No.   174689,   October   22,   2007,   537   SCRA   373,   390, present case, no judicial order as yet exists recognizing the foreign divorce
citing Beduya v. Republic, 120 Phil. 114; 11 SCRA 109 (1964). decree. Thus, the Pasig City Civil Registry Office acted totally out of turn
and   without   authority   of   law   when   it   annotated   the   Canadian   divorce
decree   on   Gerbert   and   Daisylyn’s   marriage   certificate,   on   the   strength
alone of the foreign decree presented by Gerbert.
Evidently,   the   Pasig   City   Civil   Registry   Office   was   aware   of   the _______________
requirement of a court recognition, as it cited NSO Circu­
36 Rollo, pp. 47­50.
37 Id., at p. 51.
38 Section 1, Rule 108, Rules of Court.
286 39 Section 3, Rule 108, Rules of Court.
40 Section 4, Rule 108, Rules of Court.
286 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED
Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
lar No.  4, series  of 1982, 36 and Department  of Justice Opinion  No.  181, 287
series of 198237—both of which required a final order from a competent VOL. 628, AUGUST 11, 2010 287
Philippine court before a foreign judgment, dissolving a marriage, can be Corpuz vs. Sto. Tomas
registered in the civil registry, but it, nonetheless, allowed the registration been met in the present case, we cannot consider the petition Gerbert filed
of the decree. For being contrary to law, the registration of the foreign with the RTC as one filed under Rule 108 of the Rules of Court.
divorce decree without the requisite judicial recognition is patently void We   hasten   to   point   out,   however,   that   this   ruling   should   not   be
and cannot produce any legal effect. construed as requiring two separate proceedings for the registration of a
Another point we wish to draw attention to is that the recognition that foreign   divorce   decree   in   the   civil   registry—one   for   recognition   of   the
the RTC may extend to the Canadian divorce decree does not, by itself, foreign decree and another specifically for cancellation of the entry under
authorize the cancellation of the entry in the civil registry. A petition for Rule   108   of   the   Rules   of   Court.   The   recognition   of   the   foreign   divorce
recognition   of   a   foreign   judgment   is   not   the   proper   proceeding, decree   may   be   made   in   a   Rule   108   proceeding   itself,   as   the   object   of
contemplated under the Rules of Court, for the cancellation of entries in special  proceedings  (such  as that in Rule 108 of the Rules  of Court) is
the civil registry. precisely to establish the status or right of a party or a particular fact.
Article 412 of the Civil Code declares that “no entry in a civil register Moreover,  Rule 108 of the Rules of Court can serve as the appropriate
shall be changed or corrected, without judicial order.” The Rules of Court adversarial proceeding41 by which the applicability of the foreign judgment
supplements Article 412 of the Civil Code by specifically providing for a can be measured and tested in terms of jurisdictional infirmities, want of
special remedial proceeding by which entries in the civil registry may be notice to the party, collusion, fraud, or clear mistake of law or fact.
judicially cancelled or corrected. Rule 108 of the Rules of Court sets in WHEREFORE,  we   GRANT  the  petition   for  review   on certiorari,  and
detail   the   jurisdictional   and   procedural   requirements   that   must   be REVERSE the October 30, 2008 decision of the Regional Trial Court of
complied   with   before   a   judgment,   authorizing   the   cancellation   or Laoag City, Branch 11, as well as its February 17, 2009 order. We order
correction, may be annotated in the civil registry. It also requires, among the   REMAND   of   the   case   to   the   trial   court   for   further   proceedings   in
others,   that   the   verified   petition   must   be   filed   with   the   RTC   of   the accordance with our ruling above. Let a copy of this Decision be furnished
province where the corresponding civil registry is located; 38 that the civil the Civil Registrar General. No costs.
registrar and all persons who have or claim any interest must be made SO ORDERED.
parties to the proceedings;39 and that the time and place for hearing must Carpio­Morales   (Chairperson),   Bersamin,   Abad** and Villarama,   Jr.,
be   published   in   a   newspaper   of   general   circulation. 40As   these   basic concur. 
jurisdictional requirements have not
_______________ 

41 When the entry sought to be corrected is substantial (i.e., the civil status of a person), a
Rule 108 proceeding is deemed adversarial in nature. See Co v. Civil Register of Manila, G.R.
No. 138496, February 23, 2004, 423 SCRA 420, 430.
** Designated additional Member of the Third Division, in view of the retirement of Chief
Justice Reynato S. Puno, per Special Order No. 843 dated May 17, 2010.

You might also like