Fr * Examiners se [May/June 2004] 6 (a) Explain, in terms of heating effect, what is meant by the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) value of an alternating currant. (2), | } (b) State the relation between the peak current J, and the rm.s. current Jjn.00f & sinusoidally-varying current. iu) (©) The value of a direct current and the peak value of a sinusoidal alternating current are equal. (i) Determine the ratio power dissipation in a resistor of resistance Abby the.cirect current power dissipation in the resistor of resistance A by the alternating current ratio = 2] (ii) State one advantage'and one disadvantage of the use of alternating rather than direct current inthe home. advantages”... disadvantage (2)(4) A-current/ varies with time tas shown in Fig. 5.1. +4 43 UN 42, cS 0 -1 For this varying current, state x (i) the peak value, sy (ii) the rm.s. value. S cma.vhie =[May/June 2007} 7 An ideal transformer has 5000 turns on its primary coil. It is to be used to convert a mains supply of 230Vr.m.s. to an alternating voltage having a peak value of 9.0V. (a) Calculate the number of turns on the secondary coil number = .. - (3) (b) The output from the transformer is to be full-wave rectifiedaFig. 4.1 shows part of the rectifier circuit. a K 2 L_ NY’ On Fig. 4.4,)¢raw @ ) diode symbols to complete the diagram of the rectifier such that terminal A of the fesistor R is positive with respect to terminal B, (2) the symbol for a capacitor connected to provide smoothing of the potential difference across the resistor R. (1) Fy amines Oe(ce) Fig. 4.2 shows the variation with time fof the smoothed potential difference V across the resistor R. (i) State the interval of time during which the capacitefis being charged from the transformer. from time > to time i The resistance of the resistor R is doubled. On Fig. 4.2, sketch the variation with time tof the potential difference V across the resistor. 2 Fy amines Oeillustrated in Fig. 6.1. [May/June 2002} 11 (a) Two similar coils A and B of insulated wire are wound on to a soft-iron core, as soft iron core WAN coil’ \ ‘coil B Fig.6.1 When the current / in coil A is switched on and then off, th@\variation with time tof the current is shown in Fig. 6.2 Th n with time t of the e.mf. E induced in (3)(b) Fig. 6.4 is the circuit of a bridge rectifier. P 020 An alternating supply connected across PR has an oufput'of 6.0V rm.s. ()) On Fig. 6.4, circle those diodes that are conddGling when F is positive with respect toP. 1) (ii) Calculate the maximum potential difféfence between points Q and S, assuming that the diodes are ideal. potential difference = Vv i) Stale-and explain how a capacitor may be used to smooth the output from the fectifier. You may draw on Fig. 6.4 if you wish. iE a21 Assinusoidal alternating voltage is to be rectified. [October November 2009] (a) Suggest one advantage of full-wave rectification as compared with half-wave rectification, (b) Ihe rectitication is produced using the circutt of Fig. 7.1 All the diodes may be considered to be ideal. The variation with time t of the alternating voltage applied to the circuit is shown in Fig. 7.2 and in Fig. 73. voltage °% t voltage % t(i) Onthe axes of Fig. 7.2, draw a graph to show the variation with time tof the potential difference across diode A. a] On the axes of Fig. 7.3, draw a graph to show the variation with time tof the potential difference across diode B. a On Fig. 7.1, draw the symbol for a capacitor, connected into the circuit so as to provide smoothing, 1] Fig. 7.4 shows the variation the resistor R in Fig. 7.1 time tof the smoothed potential difference across potential difference Fig TA 1. State how the amount of smoothing may be increased ( 2. On Fig. 7.4, draw the, Variation with time t of the potential difference across resistor R for increased smoothing. 21 For Exaniars @UCLES 2009 yveaevonves [Turn over25 (a) Explain what is meant by the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) value of an alternating voltage. (b) An alternating voltage Vis represented by the equation V = 220 sin(120x0), where Vis measurec in volts and tis in seconds. For this alternating voltage, determine (i) the peak voltage, peak voltage ~ vil (ii) the rm.s. voltage, rms. voltage = vil the frequency. frequency = . Hz [1] (c) The alternating voltage in (b) is applied Across a resistor such that the mean power output from the resistor is 1.5 kW. Calculate the resistance of théiresistor. resistance = . 202) @UCLES 20 grozeannayo For10 27. Astudent is asked to design a circuit by which a direct voltage of peak value 9.0V is obtained from a 240V alternating supply. The student uses a transformer that may be considered to be ideal and a bridge rectifier incorporating four ideal diodes. The partially completed circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 6.4 240V CU »_— + Toad Fig. 6.1 (a) On Fig. 6.1, draw symbols for the four diodes so as to produce the polarity across the load as shown on the diagram. (2) (b) Calculate the ratio number of turns an the secondary coil number of turns.on the primary coil ratio [3] @UCLES 20 yruzeviwayio For6 1" The variation with time tof the current J in a resistor is shown in Fig. 6.1 I Fig.6.1 The variation of the current with time is sinusoidal, (a) Explain why, although the current is not in one direction only)/power is converted in the resistor. [21 (b) Using the relation between root-mean-square (rm.s.) current and peak current, deduce the value of the ratio average power converted in the resistor ‘maximum power converted in the resistor ratio @UCLES zw yrwaavomnw For6 — Analternating current supply is connected in series with a resistor R, as shown in Fig. 6.1. ~\ © The variation with time t (measured in seconds) of the current J (measured ir.amps) in the resistor is given by the expression I = 9.98in(3801). (a) For the current in the resistor R, determine (i) the frequency, frequency = Hz [2] the rm.s. current, rm.s. current = At] @UCLES 2017 yrozaznnarn For8 (b) To prevent over-heating, the mean power dissipated in resstor R must not exceed 400W. Calculate the minimum resistance of R. resistance = eS soe jeucLes 2 sruesaens [Turn over14 6 The variation with time t of the output V of an alternating voltage supply of frequency 50Hz gy is shown in Fig. 6.1. aries se 20; a> RS & (a) Use Fig. 6.1 to state Ss (i) the time t,, CS $2] (ii) the peak wai the voltage, (iii) the oo Voltage Vimy ve VE] Ss iv) the mean voltage . = vit] jeucLes zm yrvetavonny [Turn over(b) The alternating supply is connected in series with a resistor of resistance 2.4. Calculate the mean power dissipated in the resistor. ouctes 2011 yrerevvomuny16 5 The components for a bridge rectifier are shown in Fig. 5.1 fw Baris supply ~\ load 54 (a) Complete the circuit of Fig. 5.1 by showing the connections of the supply ahd of the load to the diodes. (2 (b) Suggest one advantage of the use of a bridge rectifier, rather.thana single diode, for the rectification of alternating current. (©) State (i) what is meant by smoothing, Wy (1) (ii) the effect of the value\of the capacitance of the smoothing capacitor in relation to smoothing. (2) @UCLES 2017 vezawonuny [Turn over” 6 A sinusoidal alternating voltage supply is connected to a bridge rectifier consisting of four, py ideal diodes. The output of the rectifier is connected to a resistor R and a capacitor C as exnnes ‘shown in Fig. 6.1. Use Fig. 6.1 The function of C is to provide some smoothing to the potential difference across R. The variation with time fof the potential difference V across the fesistor R is shown in Fig. 6.2. Ww a EH SF 4 ; 1 TN 2 oO pert 0 eal t 10 20 30 40 50 60 tims Fig. 6.2 (a) Use Fig. 6.2 to determine, for the alternating supply, the peak voltage? peak voltage = the'footmean-square (.m.s.) voltage, im.s. voltage = Vv [1] @UCLES 212 rowanthe frequency. Siow your working. frequency = (b) The capacitor C has capacitance 5.0 uF. For a single discharge of the capacitor through the resistor R, use Fig6 2to determine the change in potential difference, change = (ii) determine the change in charge on each platé of the capacitor, change = show thatthe average current in the resistor is 1.1 x 10-SA. @UCLES 212 rowan 18 For Hz [2] [Turn over19 (©) Use Fig. 6.2 and the value of the current given in (b)(ii) to estimate the resistance of), resistor R. jouctes 2012 yrozrennat220 6 A bridge rectifier consists of four ideal diodes A, B, C and D, connected as shown in Fig. 6.1. Fig. 6.1 D> ‘An alternating supply is applied between the terminals X and Y. we (a) (i) On Fig. 6.1, label the positive (+) connection to the loa: FR. 1] (ii) State which dioces are conducting when terminal Y Cy ‘supply is positive. diode and diode ... (b) The variation with tine f of the potential shown in Fig. 6.2. +8; viv $ Fig. 6.2 = (oucLES zur gruawomneThe load resistor R has resistance 27002. (i) Use Fig. 6.2 to determine the mean power dissipated in the resistor R. power = (ii) On Fig. 6.1, draw the symbol for a capacitor, connected so as to increase the mean power dissipated in the resistor R. (ce) The capacitor in (b)(i) is now removed from the circuit. The diode A in Fig. 6.1 stops functioning, so that it now haé infinite resistance. (On Fig. 6.2, draw the variation with time t of the new potential difference across the resistor R. @UCLES 12 gruawomne a For Ww [3] (1) 2) [Turn over2 6 (a) State Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. (b) The output of an ideal transformer is connected to a bridge rectifier, as shown in load resistor Fig. 6.1 The input to the transformer is 240 Vi.m.s. and the maximum potential difference across the load resistor is 9.0V. (On Fig. 6.1. mark with the letter P the positive output from the rectifier. tt] (ii) Calculate the ratio, “number of turns on primary coil umber of turns on secondary coil ratio = (3] @UCLES 2013 yruzeznnys For2B (©) The variation with tine t of the potential difference V across the load resistor in (b) is shown in Fig. 6.2. v 6.2 ‘A capacitor is now connected in parallel with the load rosictor to produce como smoothing. (i) Explain what is meant by smoothing. (1 On Fig. 6.2, draw the.vatiation with time t of the smoothed output potential difference. (2) For Exaninars @UCLES 2013 yruzeznnys [Turn over24 7 (a) The mean value of an alternating current is zero. Explain (i) why an alternating current gives rise to a heating effect ina resistor, by reference to neating effect, what is meant by the rootmean-square((rm.s.) value of an alternating current. {b) A simple iron-cored transformer is illustrated in Fig 7.4 secondary 4 coil primary coil iron core Fig. 7.4 State Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction 2] @UCLES 2016 gywevomna5 e.mf. induced in the secondary coi (ii) Use Faraday’s law to explain why the current in the primary coil is not in phase with the ry coil.26 2 (a) Onthe axes of Fig. 2.1, sketch the variation with distance from a point mass of the gravitational field strength due to the mass. gravitational field strength ince Fig. 2.1 s = 2) (b) On the axes of Fig. 2.2, sketch the saan pes of the magnitude of the force on a charged particle moving at right-angles Bee rm magnetic field. force speed $ ross . (OUGLES Z018 gruaawomnaa (©) On the axes of Fig, 23, sketch the variation with time ofthe power sissipatedin a resistor by a sinusoidal alternating current during two cycles of the currert. power eUcLES 2016 srverasionna [Turn over8 6 _ Astiff straight copper wire XY is held fixed in a uniform magnetic field of flux density 2.6x 10-°T, as shown in Fig. 6.1 stiff wire uniform magnetic field flux density 2.6 x 10-°T Fig. 6.1 The wire XY has length 4.7m and makes an angle of 34° with the magnetic field. (a) Calculate the force on the wire due to a constant current of 5.4 in the wire. force = (b) The current in the wire iS now changed to an alternating current of r.m.s. value 1.7. Determine the'total variation in the force on the wire due to the alternating current. variation in force = _.N [3] @UCLES 2016 gywevomna [Turn over2 7 A student is using a power supply that produces a sinusoidal output. The meters on the supply ‘show that the output voltage V has a root-mean-square (r.m.s.) value of 14V with a frequency of 750 Hz. The variation with time tof the output voltage V may be represented by the expression V = Vysinat. (a) Determine the value of (i) Voy VE] ads-* [1] (b) A capacitor with a large capacitance is connected across the terminals of the supply. Suggest and explain why this fay lead to a large current from the supply. ay. (3 © UCLES 2019 gvuaawomis30 11. The variation with time t of the sinusoidal current J in a resistor of resistance 450 is shown in Fig. 11.1. 1.0 UA > os: S$ 0 05 1.0: Fig. 11.1 Ss Use data from Fig. 11.1 to determine, for the time t= Oto t= 30ms, (a) the frequency of the current, ES $s = Ss frequency = Hz (2) & (b) the mean cure s = Pe root-mean-square (r.m.s.) current, sé rms. current = ouctes 2018 growers(d) the energy dissipated by the resistor. Ss S & Ss we {Total:7) ¥ s Ss Ss s CS S & Se = NS s Ss ¥ s ouctes 2016 yrozrennate11 Abridge rectifier contains four ideal diodes A, B, C and D, as shown in Fig. 11.1. KE input ©, aR 8 L] J24ko RS A $ Fig. 14.1 s The output of the rectifier is connected to a load L of resistance 2.4k2. & (a) On Fig. 11.1, mark with the letter P the positive terminal of the toad ty {b) The variation with time rof the potential difference V across. ea) to the rectifier Is shown in Fig. 11.2. > ° a = cat the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) current in the load L. s & & b> &b Fig. 11.2 rm.s. current = ouctes 2018 yrozaznnayis A [2]33 (c) The potential difference across the load L is to be smoothed using a capacitor. On Fig. 11.1, draw the symbol for a capacitor, connected to produce smoothing. [1] (ii) The minimum potential difference across the load L with the smoothing capacitor connected is 3.0V. On Fig. 11.2, sketch the variation with time t of the potential difference across the load L. 6) [Total: 7] © UCLES 2018 yruzeznnyis [Turn over11 Abridge rectifier contains four ideal diodes A, B, C and D, as shown in Fig. 11.1. KE input ©, aR 8 L] J24ko RS A $ Fig. 14.1 s The output of the rectifier is connected to a load L of resistance 2.4k2. & (a) On Fig. 11.1, mark with the letter P the positive terminal of the toad ty {b) The variation with time rof the potential difference V across. ea) to the rectifier Is shown in Fig. 11.2. > ° a = cal the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) current in the load L. s & & b> &b Fig. 11.2 rm.s. current = ouctes 2018 yrozaznnayis A [2]35 (c)_ The potential difference across the load L is to be smoothed using a capacitor. (i) On Fig. 11.1, draw the symbol for a capacitor, connected to produce smoothing, ty The minimum potential difference across the load L with the smoothing capacitor connected is 3.0V. On Fig. 11.2, sketch the variation with time f of the potential difference across the loadiL., {3} (otal: 7] © UCLES 2018 yruzeznnyis [Turn over10 (a) The mean value of an alternating current is zero. Explain why heating occurs when there is an alternating current in a resistor. (b) Transmission of electrical energy is frequently achieved using alternating high : Suggest why gS (i) high voltages are used, S$ = (ii) the voltage is alternating. Ss (2) Ss RS [Total: 6] @UCLES 2017 gr2evoNa737 11 The circuit for a full-wave rectifier using four ideal diodes is shownin Fig. 11.1. input Fig. 11.1 resistor R is connected across the output AB of the rectifier. (a) On Fig. 11.1, (i) draw a circle around any diodes that‘¢onduct when the terminal X of the input is positive with respect to terminal Y, (1) i) label the positive (+) and the negative (-) terminals of the output AB. a @ UoLES 2017 g7ozizron7 [Turn over38 (b) The variation with time t of the potential difference V across the input XY is given by the expression V = 5.6sin380t where Vis measurec in volts and tis measured in seconds. The variation with time f of the rectified potential difference across the resistor R is crow Fig. 11.2. < 6 rectified potential difference Nv Use the expression for the input p difference V, or otherwise, to determine i) the root-mean-square ( S ntial difference V,-,¢, of the input, S S v, > hans @UCLES 2017 gr22oNnT39 (ii) the number of times per second that the rectified potential difference at the output reaches a peak value. number = (c) Acapacitor is now connected between the terminals AB of the oupues The capacitor reduces the variation (he ripple) in he ouput to 1.8) (i) On Fig. 11.2, sketch the variation with time t of the ‘output voltage for time t= f,totime t= b (4) (ii) Suggest and explain the effect, if any, on the necan dissipation in resistor R when the capaci connected between terminals ARN Mis, @UCLES 2017 s7uataziomn7 [Turn over