)_Use the kinetic theory of matter to explain why melting requires energy but there is no change in temperature. + (3) (b) Define specific latent heat of fusion. 2) (c)_A block of ice at 0°C has a hollow in its top surface, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1 hollow Fig. 2.1 ‘A mass of 160g of water’at 100°C is poured into the hollow. The water has specific heat capacity 4.20kUkg™' K~'. Some of the ice melts and the final mass of water in the hollow is 3654 (i) Assumifig no heat gain from the atmosphere, calculate a value, in kJkg~, for the specificlatent heat of fusion of ice. specific latent heat = .. kJkg™ [3] © UCLES 2007 s702/04MWOT Fy amines Oe2 |, Fe (i) In practice, heatis gained from the atmosphere during the experiment. This means that your answer to (i) is not the correct value for the specific latent heat. State and explain whether your value in (j) is greater or smaller than the correct value. © ucts 2007 s70z/0anao73 7 When a liquid is boiling, thermal energy must be supplied in order to maintain a constant |, temperature. Exanners Use (a) State two processes for which thermal energy is required during boiling. 1. (b) A student carries out an experiment to determine the specific latent heatof Vaporisation of a liquid. ‘Some liquid in a beaker is heated electrically as shown in Fig. 3.1 to electrical circuit heater Fig. 3.1 Energy is supplied ata constant rate to the heater. When the liquid is boiling at a constant rate, the mass ofiquid evaporated in 5.0 minutes is measured, The power of the hezter is then changed and the procedure is repeated. Data for the two power ratings are given in Fig. 3.2. power ofheater | mass evaporated in 5.0 minutes Nw Ig 50.0 65 700 136 Fig. 3.2 s7ozrvanws @UCLES 2009(i) Suggest 1. how it may be checked that the liquid is boiling at a constant rate, @UCLES 2009 gvozannos7 Akettle is rated as 2.3 kW. A mass of 750g of water at 20°C is poured into the kettle. When. the kettle is switched on, it takes 2.0 minutes for the water to start boiling. In a further 7.0 minutes, one half of the mass of water is boiled away. (a) Estimate, for this water, (i) the specific heat capacity, specific heat capacity (ii) the specific latent heat of vaporisation kg (5) 2)10 (a) Define specific latent heat of fusion. 2] (b) Some crushed ice at 0°C is placed in a funnel together with an electric heater, as shown in Fig. 2.1. crushed ice —__ funnel ——_ beaker Fig. 2.1 The mass of water collected in the beaker in a measured inte-val of time is determined with the heater switched off,.The mass is then found with the heater switched on. The energy supplied to the heater is also measured. For both measurements, of the mass, water is not collected until melting occurs at a constant rate. The data shown in Fig.2.2 are obtained. mass of water energy supplied | time interval Ig to heater / J J min heater switched off 16.6 0 10.0 heater switched on 647 18000 5.0 t Fig. 2.2 (i) State why the mass of water is determined with the heater switched off. @UCLES 2008 gvoanaronves For xargs(ii) Suggest how it can be determined that the ice is melting at a constant rate. (iii) Calculate a value for the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.12 (a) State what is meant by the internal energy of a gas. law of thermodynamics may be represented by the equation AU=q+w. State what is meant by each of the following symbols. +AU . +9 aw (3] (c)_ An amount of 0.18mol of an ideal gas is held in an insulated cylinder fitted with a piston, as shown in Fig. 2.1 pisten gas insulated cylinder Fig. 2. ‘Atmospheric pressurais 1.0 x 105Pa. The volume of the ges is suddenly increased from 1.8 x 103cm? to 2.1 x 10%em®, For the expansion of the gas, (i) caléulaté the work done by the gas and hence show that the internal energy changes by 30d (3] @UCLES 2009 yrzrazronves° (ii) determine the temperature change of the gas and state whether the change is an), increase or a decrease. ouctes 209 yrueraziomvey10 2 (a) (i) State the basic assumption of the kinetic theory of gases that leads to the conclusion that the potential energy between the atoms of an ideal gas is zero. (ii) State what is meant by the internal energy of a substance. [2] (ili) Explain why an increase in internal energy of an ideal gas is difectly related to a rise in temperature of the gas. [2] (b) A fixed mass of an ideal gas undergoes a cycle’ PQAP of changes as shown in Fig. 2. 10. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 pressure/10° Pa Fig. 2.1 @UCLES zw greene1" (i) State the change in internal energy of the gas during one complete cycle PARP.) gy. Exanoers Jf] Use change (ii) Calculate the work done on the gas during the change from P to Q. work done = (iii) Some energy changes during the cycle PORP are shown in Fig. 2.2. work done on gas | heating supplied |” increase in change td to gas / J internal energy / J P>Q 600 Qasr 0 ¥720 RP +480 Complete Fig. 2.2 to stow all of the energy changes. greene [Turn over @UCLES zw4 2 (a) The first law of thermodynamics may be expressed in the form AU = q+ w. [Explain the symbols n this expression. +AU +g +Wo. (3] (b) State what is meant by specific latent heat. A 3) (ii) Use the first law of thermodynamics to explain why tke specific latent heat of vaporisation is greater than the specific latent heat of fusion for a particular substance. ae [3] For @UCLES 2017 yrozaznnarn [Turn over3 3° (a) State what is meant by the internal energy of a system. (2) (b) State and explain qualitatively the change, if any, in the internal energy of the following systems: (i) a lump of ice at 0°C melts to form liquid water at 0°C, (3] ) a cylinder containing gas at constant volume is iq'sunlignt so that its temperature rises from 25°C to 35°C. @UCLES 212 ruzeznnyr2 [Turn over14 3° (a) Define specific latent heat. a (2) (b) The heater in an electric kettle has a power of 2.40 KW. When the water in the kettle is boiling at a steady rate, the mass ot water evaporated)in. 2.0 minutes is 106g. The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2260Jg~1. Calculate the rate of loss of thermal energy to the surroundings of the kettle. during the boiling process. rate Of Joss = W [3] @UCLES 212 rowan2 18 A student suggests that, when an ideal gas is heated from 100°C to 200°C, the internal energy of the gas is doubled. (a) (i) State what is meant by internal energy. (2) ii) By reference to one of the assumptions of the kinetic eory of gases and your answer in (i), deduce what is meant by the internal energy of an ideal gas. (b) State and explain whether the student's suggestion is\eorrect. (2) @UCLES 12 yruzazomnz16 3° (a) Two metal spheres a’e in thermal equilibrium. a State and explain what is meant by thermal equilibrium. Examiners (2) (b) An electric water heater contains a tube through which water flows at a constant rate, The water in the tube passes over a heating coil, as shown in Fig. 3.1 a water out coil | tube water in Fig. 3.1 The water flows into the tube at a temperature.of 18°C. When the power of the heater is 3.8kW, the temperature of the water at the outletis 42°C, The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2dg™4K~’. (i) Use the data to calculate the tlowrate, in gs~’, ot water through the tube. flow rate = gs [3] State and explain whether your answer in (i) is likely to be an overestimate or an underestimate of the flow rate. @UCLES 12 yruzazomnz [Turn over” 3° (a) Define specific latent heat. (b) A beaker containing a liquid is placed on a balance, as shown in Fig. 3.1. liquuie insulation A heater of power 110W is immersed in the liquid. The heater is switched on and, when the liquid is boiling, balance readings m N al corresponding times f. A graph of the variation with sme faire balance reading mis shown in Fig. 3.2. 380 min Fig. 3.2 (OUGLES Z019 yruzaznnaris18 (i) State the feature of Fig. 3.2 which suggests that the liquid is boiling at a steady rate. [1] (ii) Use data from Fig. 3.2 to determine a value for the specific latent heat L of vaporisation of the liquid. L Jkg™ [3] State, with a reason, whether the value determingd in (iis likely to be an overestimate or an underestimate of the normally accepted value for the specific latent heat of vaporication of the liquid, @UCLES 2019 yruzaznnyis [Turn over19 3° (a) Define specific latent heat. 2) (b) An electrical heater is immersed in some melting ice that is contained in a funnel, as. shown in Fig. 3.1. heater meitiig —@ ie ___ water Fig. 3.1 The heater is sWitehed on and, when the Ice Is melting at a constant rate, the mass m of ice melted i)5.0 minutes is noted, together with the power P of the heater. The power P of the heatefis then increased. A new reading for the mass m of ice melted in 5.0 minutes is recorded when the ice is melting at a constant rate. Data forthe power Pand the mass m are shown in Fig. 3.2. power of heater | mass mmeltedin | mass mmelted PIW 5.0 minutes/g per second/gs™? 70 78 110 114 Fig. 3.2 @UCLES 2019 yruzeviwyis20 (i) Complete Fig. 3.2 to determine the mass melted per second for each power of the heater. (2) Use the data in the completed Fig. 3.2 to determine 4. a value for the specific latent heat of fusion L of ice, L Or Jot [3] 2. the rate fot thermal energy gained by the ice trom‘the surroundings. @UCLES 2019 yruzeviwyis [Turn overa 3° (a) State an expression, in terms of work done and heating, that is used to calculate the increase in internal energy of a system. (2) (b) State and explain, in terms ot your expression in (a), the change, it any, in the internallenergy (i) of the water in an ice cube when the ice melts, at atmospheric pressure, to\form a liquid without any change of temperature, [3] (ii) of the gas in a tyre when the tyre bursts so thatthe gas suddenly increases in volume. Assume that the gas is ideal. [3] © UCLES 2019 gawaevomie [Turn over3 (@) (b) (©) 2 ‘Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium. State what is meant by thermal equilibrium. The temperature of a body is found to increase from 15.9°C to §7.2°C. Determine, in kelvin and to an appropriate number of decimal places, (i) the rise in temperature of the body, temperature rise = wK [1] the final temperature. tentiperatiire aK [1] ‘An ideal gas at a constant pressure of 1,2 x 10°Pa is heated from a temperature of 290K to a final temperature of 350K. The change in volume of the gas is 950cm*. The total change in kinetic energy AE,, measured in joules, of the gas molecules is given by the expression AE = $x1.9xAT where AT is the@hainge in temperature in kelvin. Determine ,the,thermal energy required to produce the change in temperature from 290K to 350K. J [4] © UCLES 2019 gvuaawomis2B 3 (a) Define specific heat capacity. [2] (b) A student carries out an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid‘using the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 3.1 liquid out, tube 4 temperature 25.5°C * liquid in, ~ heating temperature 19.5°C coil Fig.3.1 Liquid ontore the tube at a constant temperature: 6f 105°C and leaves the tube at a temperature of 25.5°C. The mass of liquid lowing through the tube per unit time is m. Electrical power P is dissipated in the heating coil: The student changes m and adjusts P until the final temperature of the liquid leaving the tube is 25.5°C. The data shown in Fig. 3.2 are obtained. Fig. 3.2 (i) Suggest why the student obtains data for two values of m, rather than for one value. @UCLES 2018 sruazrnane24 ii) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the liquid, Show your working. specific heat capacity Jkg7 kK [3] (ce) When the heating coil in (b) dissipates 33.3W of power, the potential difference V across the coil is given by the expression V=27.0sin (3951), The potential difference is measured in volts and the time tis measured in seconds. Determine the resistance of the coil. resistance = 2 [3] {Total: 9] @UCLES 2018 sruazrnane [Turn overey Answer alll the questions in the spaces provided. 1 (a) State (i) what may be deduced from the difference in the temperatures of two objects, the basic principle by which temperature is measured. (b) By reference to your answer in (a)(li), explain why two thermomeététs may not give the same temperature reading for an object (©) Ablock of aluminium of mass 670g is heatéthat a constant rate of 95W for 6.0 minutes. The specific heat capacity of aluminiumis'910 Jkg™! K-". The initial temperature of the block is'24 *6. Assuming that no thermalénergy is lost to the surroundings, show that the final temperature of the block is, 80°C GI @UCLES 2017 gr2evoNa726 (ii) In practice, there are energy losses to the surroundings. The actual variation with time tof the temperature 0 of the block is shown in Fig. 1 100: 80: ¢ are A 60; 20: o i 3 4 3 3 Ss t/minutes S a 14 1. Use the information, draw, on Fig. 1.1, a line to represent the temperature of the block, assumi nergy losses to the surroundings. uy 2. Using Fig. 1 late the total energy loss to the surroundings during the heating ¢ energy loss = J [2] Ss (Total: 10] © UCLES 2017 s7uate vom [Turn overa 2 (a) State what is meant by specific latent heat. lay (b) Abeaker of boiling water is placed on the pan of a balance, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.. A V S dc. supply, heater. | = balance pan. “boiling water Fig. 2.1 The water is maintained at its boiling point By means of a heater. The change M in the balance reading in'800s'is determined for two different input powers to the heater. The results are shown in Fig. 2.2. voltmeter reading ) ammeter reading Mig Nv ZS 15 52 50 142 64 a4 Fig. 2.2 ()_Energy%s supplied continuously by the heater. State where, in this experiment, 4. external work is done, 2. internal energy increases. Explain your answer. (3) @UCLES 2017 gr22oNnT(ii) Use data in Fig. 2.2 to determine the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water. ¥ Ss Ss [Total: 8] Ss & specific latent heat =... © UCLES 2017 s7uetaziomn7 [Turn over