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3. System selection
An overview of the system is given in figure 1.
relations to each other, creating a map of automated 3.4. Finite differencing analysis
calculation with fewer independent variables
involving circular iterations for dimensional analysis, Ansys Fluent program helps in initializing the
problem initialization and benchmarking. This map problem which is not present in OpenFOAM.
can be complemented with a computer program. Circular iteration created helped in initializing,
predicting and benchmarking the results. The
3.3.1. Dimensional Analysis estimates and manipulations produced form these
iterations are also used for drawing conclusions in
In dimensional analysis monitoring and this work.
manipulation of dimensional constants (equation 1) Linear input state variable (n) was created from
at boundary patches and within the domain is done to two known points S.T.P (p=1bar, T=273.15K,
manipulate, validate and choose from many ρ=1.2756kgm-3) and measured test condition points
simulations the best or applicable solution, scrutinize ( =166825Pa, =297.26K, ρ=1.95786 kgm-3 ) and
non-physical, garbage and irrelevant data and input parameters like p, , , , , , , α, ,
avoiding extremities. It is also necessary because a , , were varied linearly (Figure 5) with (n)
C.F.D system cannot take care of underlying physics,
(equations 2 to 16). Also cold mass fraction ( ),
fluid dynamics in this case so the results obtained
turbulent intensity (I), compressor bore diameter (D),
can arguably be doubted unless validated and
geometry scaling factor (G), length variable (L) and
dimensional consistency is checked.
swirl velocity percentage (C) in the velocity were
, , , , , taken as other independent input parameters.
, , , ,
, , (1)
The spatial variations of various quantities
obtained from numerical analysis shows dominance
of diffusion inside the R.H.V.T as shown in figure 4.
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(30)
(31)
(32)
The compressible properties create turbulence. In There resultant and components manipulation is done
order to obtain turbulence properties, hot and cold as shown in equations (33 to 36).
temperature scales at a point swirl, radial and axial
velocity components are needed at that location.
(33)
(34)
Another independent variable needed is the near wall and core region. The turbulence properties
percentage of swirl velocity in the averaged velocity were obtained by guessing turbulent intensity (I) and
and assuming equal radial and axial components are its distribution ( ) and averaging, combining and
given in equation (35). These components are taken finding their distributions over the domain as shown
equal for the core region and are manipulated as from equations (37 to 48).
shown from equation (36) near the wall region, also
the local resultant velocity is assumed equal both at
(35)
(36)
(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)
(48)
(50)
The temperature of the hot side is raised from assumed unity. The value of friction factor (f) is
viscous heating due to shear stress of the wall and obtained from Moody’s charts. The value of heat
fluid itself. The wall shear stress is given by equation transfer coefficient can be the average of the three
(51) by Riccarton (1993). relations (56, 57 and 58).
(51)
(57
The skin friction for swirling flow given by )
Riccarton (1993) is shown in equation (52).
(52
) (5
Assuming no wall heat flux, the wall heat flow 8)
rate is be given by equation (53). The idea behind choosing the appropriate value of
(53) heat transfer coefficient is necessary as lower value
Manipulating and supplying constants to these causes higher temperature separation while its higher
equations and taking hot side value causes, the its lower shift of temperature
temperature scale can be arrived as shown in difference scale.
equation (54). After the estimation of local field values for
benchmarking, physical characteristics of the fluid
(54 flow can be understood by evaluating operators like
) gradient of pressure, temperature and velocity fields,
divergence and curl of velocity field and Laplacian
The problem is now constrained with the value of for pressure, temperature and velocity fields. The
hot side temperature depending on heat transfer gradient of a quantity signifies the flux or net
coefficient and other local properties can now be directional change per unit volume, divergence of a
calculated using C.F.D or other simpler numerical vector quantity signifies net flow per unit volume
techniques. By equating and curl of a vector is the degree of rotation
perpendicular to the reference axes. Laplacian of a
(55) vector or scalar field is negative when magnitude of
quantity at a point is less than the average of
(56) quantities surrounding that point and vice-versa. It is
also used to equate spatial and temporal quantities.
The heat transfer coefficient can also be taken The gradient, divergence and Laplacian (for
from Gnielinski correlation (equation 57) or from velocity) at any local node is calculated as shown in
Corlbourn analogy and Stanton number as shown in equations (59 to 66).
equation (58) where the dynamic viscosity ratio is
(59)
or
(60)
(61)
(62)
or
(63)
(64
)
(65
)
(66
)
Supply
Yes geometry No
details?
Stop
Figure 6: Flow chart for benchmarking program. Figure 9. R.H.V.T domain spatial axial velocity
variation from CFD analysis.
4. Results and discussions
4.1. Contours, plots and benchmarking
A C.F.D system is data generating software
package which can produce myriad raw and
processed data such as contours, graphs, plots etc. If
not handled properly it can garbage a complete
Figure 24. Isentropic efficiency percentage curve for Figure 27. Isentropic efficiency percentage curve
increasing set of input variable, cold mass fraction and for increasing set of input variable, compressor
swirl velocity percentage (n, ,C). diameter and turbulent intensity (n,D,I).
carried more by swirling flow near the periphery as 4.5. Parametric classification
compared to R.H.V.T core (diffusion heat, Q) owing
to convection dominant flow due to greater velocity The V.E.D classification from parametric study
generating a less dominant temperature gradient includes linearly input state variable (n) which is
( ). This diffusion produces reduced net shear vital because it is necessary and sufficient condition
work (W-Q). Thus greater hot mass flow rate causes to produce temperature separation, coefficient of
lower shift of cold side temperature (lower at c) performance and isentropic efficiency etc. Also
with less cooling effect while lesser hot side mass nozzle design is a vital parameter as its design must
flow rate shifts the cold side temperature to higher cause fluid acceleration which can increase Mach
value due to isentropic inefficiency with improved number. Also if Mach number increases much
cooling effect. So cold mass flow fraction is beyond limit (Ma=1.58, (Pourmahmoud et al., 2014),
modelled as function of entropy generation by it can cause shock wave resulting in pressure drop.
Kargaran (2013). Thus working of R.H.V.T can be The essential components include the optimum
modelled as heat pump, pumping diffused (part of) value of compressor Diameter (D) which increases
heat from cold side to its hot side due to difference temperature separation, isentropic efficiency and
between convective and diffusive heat which is mass flow rate but at the same time decreases C.O.P.
negative at cold side and positive near the hot side. More number of tangential Nozzle (N) are essential
The positive convective diffusive heat flux becomes as it causes swirl flow inside the R.H.V.T which
the driving force for heat at steady state conditions. enhances its performance by improving C.O.P,
isentropic efficiency and temperature separation.
4.4. Cooling effect High swirl velocity Component (C) and turbulent
intensity (I) are essential as they improves both
The time rate variation of temperature in thermal C.O.P and isentropic efficiency. Optimum geometry
diffusion equation is given in equation (67). scaling Factor (G) is essential as it governs the
overall size of the vortex tube. Too small a size
(67)
improves temperature separation but can reduce
The main reason of cooling at cold side is due to isentropic efficiency and C.O.P and at the same time
diffusion of temperature as obtained from curve can cause increase in entropy. Length to diameter
obtained from temperature diffusion equation. At the ratio of tube( L/d) is also essential as its optimum
cold side end the rate of temperature decrease with value improves R.H.V.T performance and reduces
time is negative (-0.249Ks-1) suggests local cooling entropy.
even at steady state assumption. Also at two other Among desirable parameters is optimum orifice
sites there is decreasing rate of temperature change diameter ( ). Its large size improves temperature
with time due to respective effects of orifice and separation but produces lesser isentropic efficiency
recirculation. and vice-versa. Length of tube (L) if not increased
beyond certain limit, can improve R.H.V.T
performance by reducing entropy and beyond which
improvement in performance ceases. Cold mass
fraction ( ) and hot outlet valve opening ( ) are
also among desirable parameters as they govern the
hot and cold outlet pressures and their optimum
values reduce entropy.
5. Conclusions
A smaller size R.H.V.T will produce larger
temperature separation with lower C.O.P and
isentropic efficiency which are both trivial in the
case of R.H.V.T operation. A larger compressor
diameter will also result in larger temperature
separation, improved isentropic efficiency and
reduced C.O.P but which is not often a choice.
Figure 33. Temperature rate of change (dT/dt) Larger swirl and greater turbulence are both essential
diffusion curve along the length of vortex tube (L). as they only improve R.H.V.T performance with
least perils. Working of R.H.V.T is based on
production of temperature source near the hot end cout <<"\n Enter geometry
due to high input total energy and turbulent shear details of the vortex tube total
work which gets carried away by convection at the length of tube (L)";
cold and hot ends depending on the respective mass cin >>L;
flow rates and distance from the source. These flow cout <<"\n Enter hot side
rates are governed by hot side valve opening. The tube length (Lh)"; cin >>Lh;
cooling is produced by time rate of decrement of cout <<"\n Enter cold side
temperature due to convection diffusion at steady tube length (Lc)";
state. The R.H.V.T can be modelled as heat pump cin >>Lc;
carrying away the diffused dominant heat from cold cout <<"\n Enter radius of
side to hot side where the convective heat is tube (r)"; cin >>r;
dominant and the re-circulating heat within the hot cout <<"\n Enter air inlet
side tube generates the driving force when assisted area (Ai)"; cin >>Ai;
by the orifice. cout <<"\n Enter hot air
Future work lies in the field of technical outlet area (Ah)"; cin >>Ah;
inclusion. The scalar transport equation with cout <<"\n Enter cold air
temperature source ( ) can also be solved with outlet area (Ac)"; cin >>Ac;
manipulated heat transfer coefficient value. }
else
6. C++ program source code {
L=1.31;
#include <iostream> Lh=1.07;
#include <math.h> Lc=0.24;
using namespace std; r=0.012;
int main () Ai=0.000062832;
{ Ac=0.0004523893;
cout <<"\n"; Ah=0.0001130973;
float n,D,muc,G; }
cout<<"\nEnter the value of float pis, tis, hi,tcs, hc,
independent variable state variable ths, hh, cp, cv, alpha, cond, nu,
(n) "<< endl; cout<<"where 0<n<10"; qi, pcs, phs, uc, ui, uh, rhoi,
cin >>n; rhoiL, rhoc, rhoh, ttc, ttc1, tti,
cout<<"\nEnter the value of tti1, tth, tth1, mi,mi1, mac, mac1,
independent variable compressor mai, mai1, mah, mah1, ptc,ptc1,
diameter (D) "<< endl; cout<<"where pti, pti1, pth, pth1, rhotc, rhoti,
0.025<D<0.25 (intervals of rhoth, rhotc1, rhoti1, rhoth1,
0.025)"; eita, cop, s, eita1, cop1, s1;
cin >>D; pis=100000+(n-1)*16706.25;
cout<<"\nEnter the value of tis=273.15+(n-1)*6.0275;
independent variable cold mass hi=273400+(n-1)*6037.75;
fraction (muc) "<< endl; tcs=273.15+(n-1)*5.50675;
cout<<"where 0<muc<1"; hc=273400-(n-1)*5531.25;
cin >>muc; ths=273.15+(n-1)*7.6475;
cout<<"Enter the values of hh=273400+(n-1)*7952.15;
independent variable geometry cp=1006+(n-1)*0.535;
reduction factor (G) "<< endl; cv=719+(n-1)*0.535;
cout<<"where 0<G<10"; alpha=1.883*pow(10,-3)+(n-
cin >>G; 1)*3.565*pow(10,-5);
float input, L, Lh, Lc, r, Ai, Ah, cond=2.418*pow(10,-2)+(n-
Ac;cout<<"Press the digit '1' to 1)*4.55*pow(10,-4);
enter vortex tube geometry details nu=1.724*pow(10,-5)+(n-
else "<< endl; cout<<"press any 1)*3.005*pow(10,-7);
other digit"; qi=0.6*12.5*M_PI*pow(D,3);
cin>>input; ui=qi*pow(G,2)/Ai;
if(input==1) uc=muc*qi*pow(G,2)/Ac;
{ uh=(1-muc)*qi*pow(G,2)/Ah;
pcs=(1-muc)*tcs*pis/tis; rhotc=rhoc*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv-
phs=muc*ths*pis/tis; 1)*pow(mac,2)),(1/(cp/cv-1)));
rhoi=pis/(287*tis); rhotc1=rhoc*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv-
rhoc=pcs/(287*tcs); 1)*pow(mac1,2)),(1/(cp/cv-1)));
rhoh=phs/(287*ths); rhoth=rhoh*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv-
//Effects of geometry change 1)*pow(mah,2)),(1/(cp/cv-1)));
tti=0.5*(tis+pow((pow(tis,2)+4*pow( rhoth1=rhoh*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv-
ui,2))*(cp/cv- 1)*pow(mah1,2)),(1/(cp/cv-1)));
1)/(2*cp/cv*287),0.5)); s=muc*(log(ttc/tti)-((cp/cv-
tti1=0.5*(tis+pow((pow(tis,2)+4*pow 1)/(cp/cv))*log(ptc/pti))+(1-
((qi/Ai),2))*(cp/cv- muc)*(log(tth/tti)-((cp/cv-
1)/(2*cp/cv*287),0.5)); 1)/(cp/cv))*log(pth/pti));
mai=ui/pow((cp/cv*287*tti),0.5); eita=muc*(tti-ttc)/(tti*(1-
mai1=(qi/Ai)/pow((cp/cv*287*tti),0. pow((101325/pti),((cp/cv-
5); 1)/(cp/cv)))));
ttc=0.5*(tcs+pow((pow(tcs,2)+4*pow( cop=muc*cp*(tti-
uc,2))*(cp/cv- ttc)/((cp/cv)/(cp/cv-
1)/(2*cp/cv*287),0.5)); 1)*287*tti*(pow((pti/101325),((cp/c
ttc1=0.5*(tcs+pow((pow(tcs,2)+4*pow v-1)/(cp/cv)))-1));
((muc*qi/Ac),2))*(cp/cv- s1=muc*(log(ttc1/tti1)-((cp/cv-
1)/(2*cp/cv*287),0.5)); 1)/(cp/cv))*log(ptc1/pti1))+(1-
tth=0.5*(ths+pow((pow(ths,2)+4*pow( muc)*(log(tth1/tti1)-((cp/cv-
uh,2))*(cp/cv- 1)/(cp/cv))*log(pth1/pti1));
1)/(2*cp/cv*287),0.5)); eita1=muc*(tti1-ttc1)/(tti1*(1-
tth1=0.5*(ths+pow((pow(ths,2)+4*pow apow((101325/pti1),((cp/cv-
(((1-muc)*qi/Ah),2))*(cp/cv- 1)/(cp/cv)))));
1)/(2*cp/cv*287),0.5)); cop1=muc*cp*(tti1-
mac=uc/pow((cp/cv*287*ttc),0.5); ttc1)/((cp/cv)/(cp/cv-
mac1=(muc*qi/Ac)/pow((cp/cv*287*ttc 1)*287*tti1*(pow((pti1/101325),((cp
),0.5); /cv-1)/(cp/cv)))-1));
mah=uh/pow((cp/cv*287*tth),0.5); cout <<"\n At inlet
mah1=((1- pressure="<<pis<<" ,"<< endl;
muc)*qi/Ah)/pow((cp/cv*287*tth),0.5 cout<<"inlet temperatrure=
); "<<tis<<" "<< endl; cout<<"and cold
pti=pis*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- side total temperature ="<<ttc<<"
1)*pow(mai,2)),((cp/cv- "<< endl; cout<<"and hot side total
1)/(cp/cv))); temperature ="<<tth;
pti1=pis*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- cout<<"\n The isenropic
1)*pow(mai1,2)),((cp/cv- (performance) efficiency of vortex
1)/(cp/cv))); tube is eita="<<eita;
ptc=pcs*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- cout <<"\n The coefficient of
1)*pow(mac,2)),((cp/cv- (economic) performance of vortex
1)/(cp/cv))); tube is COP="<<cop;
ptc1=pcs*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- cout <<"\n The entropy generation
1)*pow(mac1,2)),((cp/cv- is="<<s;
1)/(cp/cv))); cout <<"\n While the original
pth=phs*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- isentropic efficiency, COP and
1)*pow(mah,2)),((cp/cv- entropy without geometry reduction
1)/(cp/cv))); are respectiviey"<< endl;
pth1=phs*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- cout<<eita1<<cop1<<s1;
1)*pow(mah1,2)),((cp/cv- //Local effects of turbulences
1)/(cp/cv))); float input1, x,y,z, f, Le,
rhoti=rhoi*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- i,C,iL,mut_mu, mut_muL,mut,mutL,
1)*pow(mai,2)),(1/(cp/cv-1))); mu, nut, nutL, k, kL, uLR,uLsw,
rhoti1=rhoi*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- uLscr, uLaw, uLacr, uLrw,
1)*pow(mai1,2)),(1/(cp/cv-1))); uLrcr,epsilon, epsilonL, omega,
ptL=(pth-pti)*x/Lh; curlUx=(uLsw-uLscr)*G/r-(uLrw-
} uLrcr)*G/r;
uLR=(uh*(L-x)/G+ui*(x-Lc/G)- curlUy=(uh-uLaw)*G/r-(uLsw-
uc*x)/x; uLscr)*G/(L-x);
uLscr=uLacr=uLrcr=uLR/3; curlUz=(uLrw-uLrcr)*G/(L-x)-(uh-
uLsw=C*uLR; uLaw)*G/r;
uLaw=uLrw=(1-C)*uLR/2; magCurlU=pow((pow(curlUx,2)+pow(cur
gradT=mi*(hi+0.5*pow(ui,2)- lUy,2)+pow(curlUz,2)),0.5);
muc*(hc+0.5*pow(uc,2))-(1- divU=(uh-uLaw)*G/(L-x)+(uLrw-
muc)*(hh+0.5*pow(uh,2))/(condEff*M_ uLrcr)*G/r+(uLsw-uLscr)*G/r;
PI*2*r*L/pow(G,2))); laplacianUx=(ui+uh-
MawL=(pow(((pow(C,2)+0.5*pow((1- 2*uLaw)*pow(G,2)/pow((x-Lc),2);
C),2))),0.5))*uLR/pow((cp/cv*287*Th laplacianUy=(uLrw-
L),0.5); uLrcr)*pow(G,2)/pow(r,2);
MacrL=uLR/(pow(3,0.5)*pow((cp/cv*28 laplacianUz=(uLsw-
7*ThL),0.5)); uLscr)*pow(G,2)/pow(r,2);
ThsLw=ThL/(1+0.5*(cp/cv- Thc=gradT/(G/fabs(x-0.24)+G/fabs(y-
1)*pow(MawL,2)); r)+G/fabs(z-r));
ThsLcr=ThL/(1+0.5*(cp/cv- ThL=0.11996*pow(cp,2)*rhoiL*pow(kL,
1)*pow(MacrL,2)); 0.5)*pow(uLR,0.875)*pow(1+pow((7*C/
psLw=ptL/pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- (4*(1-
1)*pow(MawL,2)),(cp/cv-1)/(cp/cv)); C))),2),0.1875)/(pow(htcL*2*r*L/G,2
psLcr=ptL/pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- )*pow((1-C),0.125));
1)*pow(MacrL,2)),(cp/cv- cout<<"\nThe values of pressure
1)/(cp/cv)); gradients in x direction
gradPx=(pth-ptL)*G/(L-x); "<<gradPx<<","<< endl; cout<<" in y
gradPy=(psLw-psLcr)*G/r; direction"<<gradPy<<"\n and total
magGradP=pow((pow(gradPx,2)+pow(gra magnitude is "<<magGradP;
dPy,2)),0.5); cout<<"\nThe values of temperature
laplacianP=(pti+pth- gradients in x direction
2*ptL)*pow(G,2)/pow((x- "<<gradTx<<","<< endl; cout<<" in y
Lc),2)+2*2*(psLw- direction"<<gradTy<<"\n and total
psLcr)*pow(G,2)/pow(r,2); magnitude is "<<magGradT;
gradTx=(tth-ThL)*G/(L-x); cout<<"\nThe values of velocity
gradTy=(ThsLw-ThsLcr)*G/r; gradients in x direction
magGradT=pow((pow(gradTx,2)+pow(gra "<<pow(pow(gradUxx,2)+pow(gradUxy,2
dTy,2)),0.5); )+pow(gradUxz,2),0.5)<<","<< endl;
laplacianT=(tti+tth- cout<<" in y direction
2*ThL)*pow(G,2)/pow((x- "<<pow(pow(gradUyx,2)+pow(gradUyy,2
Lc),2)+2*2*(ThsLw- )+pow(gradUyz,2),0.5)<<","<< endl;
ThsLcr)*pow(G,2)/pow(r,2); cout<<" in z direction is
gradUxx=(uh-uLaw)*G/(L-x); "<<pow(pow(gradUzx,2)+pow(gradUzy,2
gradUxy=(uh-uLaw)*G/r; )+pow(gradUzz,2),0.5)<<"\n and
gradUxz=(uh-uLaw)*G/r; total magnitude is "<<magGradU;
gradUyx=(uLrw-uLrcr)*G/(L-x); cout<<"\nThe values of velocity
gradUyy=(uLrw-uLrcr)*G/r; curl in x direction"<<curlUx<<","<<
gradUyz=(uLrw-uLrcr)*G/r; endl; cout<<" in y
gradUzx=(uLsw-uLscr)*G/(L-x); direction"<<curlUy<<",\n in z
gradUzy=(uLsw-uLscr)*G/r; direction is "<<curlUz<<"\n and
gradUzz=(uLsw-uLscr)*G/r; total magnitude is "<<magCurlU;
magGradU=gradUxx*(gradUyy*gradUzz- cout<<" \nThe value of
gradUyz*gradUzy)- Laplacian of pressure is
gradUxy*(gradUyx*gradUzz- "<<laplacianP;
gradUyz*gradUzx)+gradUxz*(gradUyx*g cout<<" \nThe value of Laplacian of
radUzy-gradUzx*gradUyy); temperature is "<<laplacianT;
cout<<" \nThe value of Laplacian of [11] Kargaran, M., Arabkoohsar, A., Hagighat-Hosini, S.
velocity in x direction is J., Farzaneh-Kord, V., & Farzaneh-Gord, M. (2013). The
"<<laplacianUx<<","<< endl; cout<<" second law analysis of natural gas behavior within a vortex
in y direction is tube. Thermal Science, 17(4), 1079–1092.
"<<laplacianUy<<","<< endl; cout<<" https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI110505082F.
[12] Riccarton, E. (1993). An Experimental Study of Swirl
in z direction is
Development Along the Annulus between A Rotor and A
"<<laplacianUz<<"\n and the total Stator. Heriot-Watt University. https://doi.org/December
magnitude is 1993.
"<<pow(pow(laplacianUx,2)+pow(lapla [13] Pourmahmoud, N., Izadi, A., Hassanzadeh, A., &
cianUy,2)+pow(laplacianUz,2),0.5) ; Jahangiramini, A. (2014). Computational fluid dynamics
analysis of the influence of injection nozzle lateral outflow
cout<<"\n The local value of heat on the performance of Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube. Thermal
transfer coeffecient is "<<htcL; Science, 18(4), 1191–1201.
cout<<"\n The maximum available https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI120704002P.
temperature gradient at (x,y,z) is
" <<gradT;
cout<<"\n The local maximum Nomenclature
temperature generated at point
A, a Surface area vector, area, m2
(x,y,z) due to turbulence shear Br Brinkman number
work is "<<ThL<< endl; C Constant 0.09
} C Swirl velocity component, specific
heat, kJkg-1K-1
7. References Co Courant number
L Length of R.H.V.T, m
[1] Georges, J. R. (1934). Method and apparatus for D, d diameter, m
obtaining from alpha fluid under pressure two currents of div Divergence
fluids at different temperatures. Google Patents. Retrieved E Total specific energy, kJkg-1,
from https://www.google.com/patents/US1952281 f Friction factor
[2] Hilsch, R. (1947). The Use of the Expansion of Gases G Geometry scaling factor
in a Centrifugal Field as Cooling Process. Review of h Specific enthapy, kJkg-1
Scientific Instruments, 18(2), 108–113. grad Gradient
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1740893 h Enthalpy kJkg-1
[3] Fulton, C. D. (1950). Ranque’s Tube. Refrigerating htc Heat transfer coefficient Wm-2
Engineering, 58(5), 473–479. H Heat
[4] Nimbalkar. (2009). quanttitive Observations on I Turbulence intensity
multiiple Flow Strucures Inside Ranque-Hilsch Vortex k Turbulent kinetic energy, J
Tube, 130. K Kinetic energy, J
[5] Xue, Y., Arjomandi, M., & Kelso, R. (2010). A critical Kn Knudsen number
review of temperature separation in a vortex tube. L, l Length of R.H.V.T, characteristic
Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 34(8), 1367– length, Local nodes
1374. Ma Mach number
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2010.06.010. n Linear independent input state variable
[6] Kshirsagar O.M., Ankolekar V.V., K. V. N. (2014). N Nozzle
Effect of Geometric Modifications on the Performance of Nu Nusselts number
Vortex Tube -A Review. Journal of Engineering Research m Mass flow rate, kgs-1
and Applications Www.ijera.com ISSN, 4(3), 2248– p Pressure, Nm-2
962292. Pe Peclet number
[7] Meena, P. M., & Verma, K. (2017). Computational Pr, Prt Prandtl number, turbulent Prandtl
Fluid Dynamics Simulation on Vortex Tube : A Review, number
(1), 1–8. q Volumetric flow rate, m3s-1
[8] technavio. (2014). Global Computationa Fluid (CFD) Q Heat transfer rate/cooling effect, W
market 2014-2018. R Gas constant, kgm2s-3
[9] Berndt Wischnewski. (n.d.). peacesoftware.de/. Re, Ret Reynolds number, turbulent Reynolds
Retrieved May 8, 2017, from number
http://www.peacesoftware.de/einigewerte/calc_luft.php5 s Entropy, kJkg-1
[10] ANSYS. (n.d.). Fluent Theory Guide. Retrieved S Source term
August 1, 2017, from St Stanton number
https://www.sharcnet.ca/Software/Ansys/16.2.3/en- Sclr Scalar quantity
us/help/flu_th/flu_th.html. t Time, s
Greek letters
Abbreviations