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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)

Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)


ISSN (O): 2454-1362

Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation and


Benchmarking for Ranque Hilsch Vortex Tube
Meena P. M.1 & Verma K.2
1
Professor, Dept. of Mech. Engg., MBM Engg. College.
2
M.E Thermal Engg, Dept. of Mech. Engg., MBM Engg. College.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT


Received 21 November 2017 The objective of this work is to gain an insight into complex fluid
Accepted 16 December 2017 dynamic phenomena inside the working of vortex tube. For this a
Published 23 December 2017 fabricated vortex tube was tested experimentally, CFD simulations
were carried out, generalizing simulation process with dimensional
analysis, initialization and benchmarking the results obtained locally
with numerical forward differencing technique using spreadsheet and
computer program. It can be concluded that vortex tube can generate a
heat sink near the hot end while making the objects (air) near the cold
end acting as heat source simultaneously. From both these source and
sink, heat is carried away by diffusion and convection consistently even
at steady state.

Keywords: dimensional analysis, fluid dynamics, numerical finite


difference methods, circular iterations, partial difference equations.

1. Introduction Approach analogy, abstraction and quantification


were realized as important analysis tools while
Physicist James Clerk Maxwell postulated in 19th reviewing, repetition, and simul-tasking involving
century, that since heat involves movement of multiple tools with common objective, were realized
molecules, it would be possible to get hot and cold as quality control tools. Numerical finite differencing
air from the same device which would sort out and using spreadsheet and dimensional analysis were
separate the hot and cold molecules of air. Vortex used for benchmarking and initialization of the
tube was invented by French physicist George R. problem. Software applications including
(1934) accidently. It was thought that the separation OpenFOAM, Ansys fluent student version, Salome,
of hot and cold streams occurred due to adiabatic Gmsh, office tools, netgen, gnuplot, paraview,
compression and expansion. Physicist Hilsch (1947) qtiplot, mendeley etc. were tested and used in this
improved the design and gave first conclusive work. The outline of the paper begins with abstract
working model on R.H.V.T after adding wall friction giving objectives, work done and conclusion in brief,
and pseudo-adiabatic processes to George’s model. followed by introduction with short literature survey,
Fulton (1950) rejected previous models and reckoned methodology describing systematic approach and
turbulence and fluid friction phenomena responsible process of working, system selection with
for the separation. Fulton (1950) and Nimbalkar description of working and worked system, results
(2009) emphasised more on vortex flows inside and discussion with plots and contours, their
R.H.V.T. Xue et al., (2010) critically examined the analysis, effects of various design and input output
models proposed earlier and found that none was parameters on its performance, working of R.H.V.T,
complete and satisfactory. explanation of cooling effect produced and V.E.D
classification of R.H.V.T parameters and ending with
2. Methodology conclusion, future work, source code program and
references.
A need for developing a generalized process of
simulation based on scientific method was felt.

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 351


Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)
ISSN (O): 2454-1362

3. System selection
An overview of the system is given in figure 1.

Figure 2: Parts of the R.H.V.T assembly.

Figure 3: R.H.V.T final assembly.

3.2. Computational modelling


Figure 1: Schematic of system selection. Simulation is digital prototype of a real world
scenario and C.F.D is the science of predicting fluid
3.1. Physical modelling flow, mass transfer, chemical reactions, and is used
to analyze flow, turbulence, and pressure distribution
Physical modelling includes design, fabrication and of fluid and their interaction with various structures
testing of R.H.V.T. Its design is initiated by selecting and related phenomenon which can help in detecting
the diameter of the vortex tube (d). Orifice diameter errors while designing. The global technavio (2014)
can be taken between 48.8% to 54.4% of tube market report predicts the C.F.D market growth rate
diameter, diameter of inlet nozzle can be between C.A.G.R of 12.85% for the period of 2013-18.
20% to 28.7% of tube diameter, length of hot end A C.F.D system has sub systems namely pre-
tube between 10×d (for d≤15mm) or 20×d (for processing, equation decoupling, case set-up, case
d≤25mm), or 30×d (for d>25mm). Length of cold solving and post processing. Pre-processing includes
end tube can be 2×d (for d≤15mm), 4×d (for Discretization (dividing) which for geometry is
d≤25mm) or 9×d (for d>25mm). Number of nozzles known as spatial discretization, for time it is known
can be 4 (for d≤15mm) (Kshirsagar et al., 2014), 6 as temporal discretization and for governing
(for d≤25mm) or 8 (for d>25mm). Length of vortex equations is known as equation discretization. It also
generating chamber can be 2×d and internal diameter includes mesh quality check for number of cells,
of vortex generating chamber can be 2×d. Other orthogonality and skewness. Equation decoupling is
dimensions being proportional to the hot side tube required because of nonlinearity in convection (U2)
length as proposed by Meena and Verma (2017). term and pressure-velocity (p-U) system of equations
These data were collected by them which include and is done using standard decoupling loops as
review of proposed working models on R.H.V.T. SIMPLE, PISO and PIMPLE. Case setup includes
Fabrication of R.H.V.T starts by taking cold side selecting fluid models, thermal models, solvers,
and hot side P.V.C tubes. A vortex generating convergence criteria and initializing the boundary
chamber is created using a pipe coupling by foiling and initial conditions. For solving the case the matrix
its inside grooves and threading a nozzle on it. An assembly is run for iterations and solution is
orifice is connected between the pipes and the monitored for residues, errors, un-bounds, crash etc.
assembly is made with vortex chamber with the help Finally post-processing is used to process the results
of reducing couplings and Teflon tape and glue to obtained.
make it air tight and pressure durable. The cup cone
valve is connected at the hot end. The parts are 3.3. Numerical finite difference plan
shown in figure 2. The apparatus (figure 3) being
now ready to take reading when connected to a In numerical method set up plan governing
compressor. relations and dimensional constants are set in

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 352


Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)
ISSN (O): 2454-1362

relations to each other, creating a map of automated 3.4. Finite differencing analysis
calculation with fewer independent variables
involving circular iterations for dimensional analysis, Ansys Fluent program helps in initializing the
problem initialization and benchmarking. This map problem which is not present in OpenFOAM.
can be complemented with a computer program. Circular iteration created helped in initializing,
predicting and benchmarking the results. The
3.3.1. Dimensional Analysis estimates and manipulations produced form these
iterations are also used for drawing conclusions in
In dimensional analysis monitoring and this work.
manipulation of dimensional constants (equation 1) Linear input state variable (n) was created from
at boundary patches and within the domain is done to two known points S.T.P (p=1bar, T=273.15K,
manipulate, validate and choose from many ρ=1.2756kgm-3) and measured test condition points
simulations the best or applicable solution, scrutinize ( =166825Pa, =297.26K, ρ=1.95786 kgm-3 ) and
non-physical, garbage and irrelevant data and input parameters like p, , , , , , , α, ,
avoiding extremities. It is also necessary because a , , were varied linearly (Figure 5) with (n)
C.F.D system cannot take care of underlying physics,
(equations 2 to 16). Also cold mass fraction ( ),
fluid dynamics in this case so the results obtained
turbulent intensity (I), compressor bore diameter (D),
can arguably be doubted unless validated and
geometry scaling factor (G), length variable (L) and
dimensional consistency is checked.
swirl velocity percentage (C) in the velocity were
, , , , , taken as other independent input parameters.
, , , ,
, , (1)
The spatial variations of various quantities
obtained from numerical analysis shows dominance
of diffusion inside the R.H.V.T as shown in figure 4.

Figure 5. Linearly varying input and output


temperatures.

Figure 4. R.H.V.T domain distribution of various


spatial quantities from CFD analysis.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

(7)

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)
ISSN (O): 2454-1362

(8)
(9)

(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)

These linear relations (2 to 16) were obtained


from Berndt Wischnewski (n.d.) web source. For (22)
volume flow and mass flow rates a single cylinder
reciprocating compressor with diameter (D) (23)
(independent variable), /D ratio of two and
(24)
constant volumetric efficiency ( , running
by a motor of 25rps was assumed giving volume (25)
flow rate, hence mass flow rate and inlet velocity as
shown from equations (17 to 19).
As the vortex tube works on compressible fluid,
(17) compressible properties were calculated at all
(18) boundary patches using equations (26 to 29).
(19)
(26)
Vortex tube design was scaled using geometry
scaling factor (G) for modifying its length and area (27)
as shown in equations (20 to 21).
(28)
(20)
(29)
(21)
Cold and hot sides, pressure and velocity were A vortex tube performance is judged from
obtained from equations (22 to 25). quantities like isentropic efficiency, coefficient of
performance and entropy generation shown in
equations (30 to 32) for air as working fluid can now
be evaluated. Entropy equation (32) is obtained from
Kargaran (2013).

(30)

(31)

(32)

The compressible properties create turbulence. In There resultant and components manipulation is done
order to obtain turbulence properties, hot and cold as shown in equations (33 to 36).
temperature scales at a point swirl, radial and axial
velocity components are needed at that location.

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)
ISSN (O): 2454-1362

(33)

(34)

Another independent variable needed is the near wall and core region. The turbulence properties
percentage of swirl velocity in the averaged velocity were obtained by guessing turbulent intensity (I) and
and assuming equal radial and axial components are its distribution ( ) and averaging, combining and
given in equation (35). These components are taken finding their distributions over the domain as shown
equal for the core region and are manipulated as from equations (37 to 48).
shown from equation (36) near the wall region, also
the local resultant velocity is assumed equal both at
(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)
(47)
(48)

So far with 7 independent variables there is no undermining proportionality constants. The


relation which gives the measure of the temperatures dimensional temperature obtained from theory of
inside the vortex tube unless measured explicitly. near wall boundary layer is given by equations (49)
The theory of turbulence is not of exact nature; to (50) as given in ANSYS theory guide (n.d.).
instead it relies on dimensional consistency
(49)

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)
ISSN (O): 2454-1362

(50)

The temperature of the hot side is raised from assumed unity. The value of friction factor (f) is
viscous heating due to shear stress of the wall and obtained from Moody’s charts. The value of heat
fluid itself. The wall shear stress is given by equation transfer coefficient can be the average of the three
(51) by Riccarton (1993). relations (56, 57 and 58).
(51)
(57
The skin friction for swirling flow given by )
Riccarton (1993) is shown in equation (52).
(52
) (5
Assuming no wall heat flux, the wall heat flow 8)
rate is be given by equation (53). The idea behind choosing the appropriate value of
(53) heat transfer coefficient is necessary as lower value
Manipulating and supplying constants to these causes higher temperature separation while its higher
equations and taking hot side value causes, the its lower shift of temperature
temperature scale can be arrived as shown in difference scale.
equation (54). After the estimation of local field values for
benchmarking, physical characteristics of the fluid
(54 flow can be understood by evaluating operators like
) gradient of pressure, temperature and velocity fields,
divergence and curl of velocity field and Laplacian
The problem is now constrained with the value of for pressure, temperature and velocity fields. The
hot side temperature depending on heat transfer gradient of a quantity signifies the flux or net
coefficient and other local properties can now be directional change per unit volume, divergence of a
calculated using C.F.D or other simpler numerical vector quantity signifies net flow per unit volume
techniques. By equating and curl of a vector is the degree of rotation
perpendicular to the reference axes. Laplacian of a
(55) vector or scalar field is negative when magnitude of
quantity at a point is less than the average of
(56) quantities surrounding that point and vice-versa. It is
also used to equate spatial and temporal quantities.
The heat transfer coefficient can also be taken The gradient, divergence and Laplacian (for
from Gnielinski correlation (equation 57) or from velocity) at any local node is calculated as shown in
Corlbourn analogy and Stanton number as shown in equations (59 to 66).
equation (58) where the dynamic viscosity ratio is

(59)
or
(60)

(61)

(62)
or
(63)

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)
ISSN (O): 2454-1362

(64
)

(65
)
(66
)

3.5. Algorithm for the program


The flow chart of the program complimenting the
numerical setup plan in spread-sheet is shown in
figure 6. The detailed program source code in given Enter the value of
in section (6) made using c++ programming turbulence intensity (I).
language. It is recommended because it is the same
language on which OpenFOAM libraries are written
as a benchmark.
1
Start

Input the values for state


variable (n),
Compressor diameter (D), cold
mass fraction (muc), geometry Supply hot side
reduction factor (G). internal
Yes coordinate point No
for analysis?

Supply
Yes geometry No
details?

Use default internal


coordinate point for
Use default values for total analysis based on
length of tube(L), turbulence entrance
hot side length of tube length.
(Lh), cold side tube
length(Lc), radius of
tube(r), nozzle inlet area
(Ai), hot side opening area
(Ah) and cold side tube
area (Ac).

Calculations for thermo-


physical and total properties.
(equations 2 to 29)

Comparison of entropy, C.O.P and


isentropic efficiency for scaled and
original geometries (equations 30 to
32).

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)
ISSN (O): 2454-1362

system memory with it. The spatial variations inside


the domain for turbulent intensity (I), turbulent
1 viscosity ( ), axial ( ), swirl ( ), radial ( ) and
velocity magnitude ( ) variations along with 2D
axis symmetric temperature distribution as obtained
from C.F.D simulations are shown in figures 7 to 12
and figure 13.
Supply hot side
internal
Yes coordinate point No
for analysis?

Use default internal


coordinate point for
analysis based on Figure 7. R.H.V.T domain spatial turbulent intensity
turbulence entrance variation from CFD analysis.
length.

Calculation for turbulence


properties, Nusselts
number, heat transfer
coefficient (htc), velocity
components, vector
operator components.
(equations 33 to 58)

Figure 8. R.H.V.T domain spatial turbulent viscosity


variation from CFD analysis.
Display local temperature (Th),
gradient, divergence, curl and
laplacian for pressure,
temperature and velocity, their
components and magnitude
(equations 54 and 59 to 66).

Stop

Figure 6: Flow chart for benchmarking program. Figure 9. R.H.V.T domain spatial axial velocity
variation from CFD analysis.
4. Results and discussions
4.1. Contours, plots and benchmarking
A C.F.D system is data generating software
package which can produce myriad raw and
processed data such as contours, graphs, plots etc. If
not handled properly it can garbage a complete

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)
ISSN (O): 2454-1362

Figure 10. R.H.V.T domain spatial swirl velocity


variation from CFD analysis. Figure 14. R.H.V.T domain spatial wall Y*
(dimensionless y distance) variation from CFD analysis.
Benchmarking results involves analyzing the
spatial 2D C.F.D data or plotted data using numerical
differencing in spread sheet iterations at selected
locations inside the domain. It is different from
initialization as it monitors data at several locations
inside the domain unlike only at boundary patches in
initialization. At times engineering problem and its
solutions are not of point solution in nature as in
fluid dynamics. Behaviour of the domain at different
initial conditions is often required but performing
Figure 11. R.H.V.T domain spatial radial velocity such task in a C.F.D system would require lot of
variation from CFD analysis. time. C.F.D can give domain variations of a quantity
throughout a domain (2D). There proportional
variations in spread sheet allowing 2D iterations
using numerical differencing problem formulation
can serve the purpose of reliable benchmarking and
for further 3D C.F.D analysis. Such formulations
require exhaustive governing relations, initial
boundary values, and calculation techniques for
operators such as gradient, divergence, Laplacian,
diffusion, convection, time rate change etc. for a
quantity in circular iterations, which are governed by
Figure 12. R.H.V.T domain spatial velocity magnitude few independent variables. For instance comparing
variation from CFD analysis. variations in turbulent intensity (I) and turbulent
intensity calculated from numerical difference
approach (ICalc) (figure 15) shows C.F.D tools
simply adjust, looses bounds giving unphysical
results for the provided boundary conditions and it is
for the user to judge the physical accuracy and
inference from the results. On the other hand
numerical methods rely on existing equations and
laws present which are not sufficient in producing
accurate results but are helpful in producing physical
inference. A tricky compromise between C.F.D tool
Figure 13. R.H.V.T domain spatial static temperature and numerical differencing thus becomes desirable.
variation from CFD analysis.
Proper spatial numerical differencing analysis of
data from the 2D plots is necessary and becomes
process of benchmarking prior to drawing significant
and usable information from a 3D plot shown in
figure 14.

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)
ISSN (O): 2454-1362

Figure 16. Temperature difference curve for increasing


compressor diameter (D).

Figure 15. R.H.V.T domain assumed and calculated


turbulent intensity variation from C.F.D analysis.

4.2. Effects on R.H.V.T performance


parameters
1D graphs involving varying single independent
variable and 3D graphs with varying three
independent variables were created with possible
combinations so as to form an exhaustive set and
their results were compared so as to draw
conclusions.
Figure 17. Temperature difference curve for increasing
set of input state variable, geometry scaling factor and
4.2.1. Effects on temperature separation compressor diameter (n,G,D).
(Th-Tc)
The maximum temperature scale difference were
obtained by increasing (D) alone (figure 16) and
increasing sets (n,D,G) and (I,G,D) (figure 17 and
18) in 3axis variation in (D). The third and fourth
higher temperature scale variations were obtained
from plots containing (D) as one of the independent
variable sufficiently hinting its dominant role in
producing temperature scale difference. It can also be
concluded that geometric scaling factor (G) also has
assisting role in increasing temperature scale
difference followed by input varying parameter (n)
and turbulent intensity (I). Given that entropy also Figure 18. Temperature difference curve for increasing
increases with an attempt to increase temperature set of turbulent intensity, geometry scaling factor and
difference scale and considering the fact that compressor diameter (I,G,D).
maximum entropy is obtained by varying geometry
scaling factor (G) (figure 29), suggests that it is 4.2.2. Effect on coefficient of performance
essential variable in R.H.V.T design as it increases (C.O.P)
temperature difference scale without much loss in
C.O.P as in case of compressor diameter (D) (figure The C.O.P curve with highest value are obtained
22). from increasing sets of (n, ,C) data and a similar
curve is obtained from set (n, I) shown in curve
figure 19. This suggests that increasing turbulent
intensity (I) and swirl velocity component (C)
increases C.O.P. One can imagine that as the
compressor diameter (D) increases the power

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)
ISSN (O): 2454-1362

consumption would increase to maintain the R.P.M


and consequently C.O.P can decrease. This statement
is supported by comparing sets (n, ,C) and
(n, ,D) data (figures 19 and 20). Increasing input
parameter (n) (figure 21) it is clear that it is
necessary and sufficient (no other parameter could
solely increase either C.O.P or ηis) for producing and
increasing C.O.P and isentropic efficiency (ηis).
In a practical situation variation in compressor
diameter (D) is not feasible. The compressor in use
also limits the variation in input parameter (n) so
geometry scaling factor (G) surpasses input
parameter (n). Comparing increasing sets of C.O.P Figure 21. Isentropic efficiency and C.O.P curves for
increasing input parameter (n).
curves for (n,I,D) and (n,I,G) (figure 22) it is clear
that both geometry scaling factor (G) and compressor
diameter (D) can decrease C.O.P. Their optimum
values are indicated as 1.5 and 0.05m respectively
(this particular test case).

Figure 22. C.O.P curves for increasing sets of


(n,I,D) and (n,I,G) data.

4.2.3. Effects on isentropic efficiency (ηis)


Figure 19. C.O.P curve for increasing set of input Curve of increasing (n, ,D) data registered
variable, cold mass fraction and swirl velocity highest isentropic efficiency (figure 23). The
component (n, ,C). decreasing order of values for isentropic curves (ηis)
are obtained with sets (n, ,D), (n, ,I or C) and
(n, ,G) (figures 23, 24 and 25) which suggests that
geometry reduction factor (G) can decrease
isentropic efficiency considerably. Taking into
account uni-variation of isentropic efficiency with
linear input parameter (n) (figure 21) and assuming
linear variation of isentropic efficiency with cold
mass fraction ( ) an estimate shows that reducing
geometry of R.H.V.T 10 times can reduce isentropic
efficiency by up to 31%. Increasing either turbulent
intensity (I) or swirl velocity percentage (C) factors
improves isentropic efficiency with least perils
(figures 24, 26 and 27). By comparing isentropic
Figure 20. C.O.P curve for increasing set of input curves for sets (n,D,C), and (n,D,I), (n,G,C) and
variable, cold mass fraction and compressor diameter (n,G,I), (n, ,C) and (n, ,I), shows that these pairs
(n, ,D). of curves have similar shapes (figure 26 and 27).

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)
ISSN (O): 2454-1362

Figure 26. Isentropic efficiency percentage curve for


Figure 23. Isentropic efficiency percentage curve for
increasing set of input variable, compressor diameter
increasing set of input variable, cold mass fraction and
and swirl velocity percentage (n,D,C).
compressor diameter (n, , D).

Figure 24. Isentropic efficiency percentage curve for Figure 27. Isentropic efficiency percentage curve
increasing set of input variable, cold mass fraction and for increasing set of input variable, compressor
swirl velocity percentage (n, ,C). diameter and turbulent intensity (n,D,I).

4.2.4. Effects on entropy (s)


Out of the four least entropy 3axis data set
variation curves, three included swirl velocity
component (C), while examining three 3axis curves
with highest entropy rise all included geometry
scaling factor (G) (figure 28) and none included swirl
velocity component (C). Geometry scaling factor (G)
also increases entropy alone (figure 29). This is
sufficient to infer that increase in swirl velocity
component (C) increase entropy least while
increasing geometry scaling factor (G) increases
Figure 25. Isentropic efficiency percentage curve for entropy maximum. Also curves with less entropy
increasing set of input variable, cold mass fraction and decreasing trend all involves cold mass fraction ( c).
geometry scaling factor (n, ,G). Also the curves of increasing cold mass fraction
( produces least entropy (figure 30) and
increases C.O.P linearly which makes it an essential
parameter.

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)
ISSN (O): 2454-1362

churning water (work) produces heat in Joules


experiment. Rest is all in its design and performance
parameters. Its performance is judged by isentropic
efficiency which is its performance economy and
C.O.P which is its running economy. The T-s
diagram and schematic diagram are shown in figures
31 and 32.

Figure 28. Entropy curve with high value includes


geometry scaling factor (G).

Figure 31. Temperature entropy diagram for R.H.V.T.

Figure 29. Entropy curve for increasing geometry


scaling factor (G).

Figure 32. Schematic vortex tube flow.


The inlet mass flow rate at inlet pressure enters an
R.H.V.T (i) and gets divided into hot and cold mass
flow streams depending on the pressure conditions of
hot and cold sides which are in turn governed by the
hot outlet valve. This flow consists of high energy
(E=k.e+h) in form of enthalpy and kinetic energy due
to compressive work done by the compressor (1 to
Figure 30. Entropy curve for increasing cold mass
2). A length wise dominant ( ) and lesser
faction ( ).
dominant radial temperature gradient ( ) is
created inside the R.H.V.T due to turbulent shear
4.3. Working of R.H.V.T
work (W). This swirling shear work produces a high
A working R.H.V.T model was tested for its temperature source somewhere near the hot end. This
performance using a digital temperature indicator heat is carried away to the ends both by hot and cold
with compressed air as working fluid from a streams ( and ). Thus greater hot stream flow
compressor delivering air at trip pressure of 9.5 psi. implies lesser heat is available for cold stream. The
The best results for the temperature conditions were heat carried away by cold stream re-circulates within
measured as =304.177K, =295.16K and the hot side of R.H.V.T due to orifice which reduces
=297.26K while the inlet pressure condition were the flow velocity by throttling, further reducing
=166825Pa and the atmospheric conditions were at temperature due to expansion. The cold side also acts
101325Pa and 302.05K. R.H.V.T works as per first as a heat source (air at room temperature) which is
law where the work done by enthalpy and kinetic carried away due to diffusion dominant flow
energy which forces a temperature gradient due to (producing cooling effect). Hence a dominant linear
shear work in order to achieve steady state, like temperature difference is produced ( ). The
energy of the temperature source near the hot end is

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)
ISSN (O): 2454-1362

carried more by swirling flow near the periphery as 4.5. Parametric classification
compared to R.H.V.T core (diffusion heat, Q) owing
to convection dominant flow due to greater velocity The V.E.D classification from parametric study
generating a less dominant temperature gradient includes linearly input state variable (n) which is
( ). This diffusion produces reduced net shear vital because it is necessary and sufficient condition
work (W-Q). Thus greater hot mass flow rate causes to produce temperature separation, coefficient of
lower shift of cold side temperature (lower at c) performance and isentropic efficiency etc. Also
with less cooling effect while lesser hot side mass nozzle design is a vital parameter as its design must
flow rate shifts the cold side temperature to higher cause fluid acceleration which can increase Mach
value due to isentropic inefficiency with improved number. Also if Mach number increases much
cooling effect. So cold mass flow fraction is beyond limit (Ma=1.58, (Pourmahmoud et al., 2014),
modelled as function of entropy generation by it can cause shock wave resulting in pressure drop.
Kargaran (2013). Thus working of R.H.V.T can be The essential components include the optimum
modelled as heat pump, pumping diffused (part of) value of compressor Diameter (D) which increases
heat from cold side to its hot side due to difference temperature separation, isentropic efficiency and
between convective and diffusive heat which is mass flow rate but at the same time decreases C.O.P.
negative at cold side and positive near the hot side. More number of tangential Nozzle (N) are essential
The positive convective diffusive heat flux becomes as it causes swirl flow inside the R.H.V.T which
the driving force for heat at steady state conditions. enhances its performance by improving C.O.P,
isentropic efficiency and temperature separation.
4.4. Cooling effect High swirl velocity Component (C) and turbulent
intensity (I) are essential as they improves both
The time rate variation of temperature in thermal C.O.P and isentropic efficiency. Optimum geometry
diffusion equation is given in equation (67). scaling Factor (G) is essential as it governs the
overall size of the vortex tube. Too small a size
(67)
improves temperature separation but can reduce
The main reason of cooling at cold side is due to isentropic efficiency and C.O.P and at the same time
diffusion of temperature as obtained from curve can cause increase in entropy. Length to diameter
obtained from temperature diffusion equation. At the ratio of tube( L/d) is also essential as its optimum
cold side end the rate of temperature decrease with value improves R.H.V.T performance and reduces
time is negative (-0.249Ks-1) suggests local cooling entropy.
even at steady state assumption. Also at two other Among desirable parameters is optimum orifice
sites there is decreasing rate of temperature change diameter ( ). Its large size improves temperature
with time due to respective effects of orifice and separation but produces lesser isentropic efficiency
recirculation. and vice-versa. Length of tube (L) if not increased
beyond certain limit, can improve R.H.V.T
performance by reducing entropy and beyond which
improvement in performance ceases. Cold mass
fraction ( ) and hot outlet valve opening ( ) are
also among desirable parameters as they govern the
hot and cold outlet pressures and their optimum
values reduce entropy.

5. Conclusions
A smaller size R.H.V.T will produce larger
temperature separation with lower C.O.P and
isentropic efficiency which are both trivial in the
case of R.H.V.T operation. A larger compressor
diameter will also result in larger temperature
separation, improved isentropic efficiency and
reduced C.O.P but which is not often a choice.
Figure 33. Temperature rate of change (dT/dt) Larger swirl and greater turbulence are both essential
diffusion curve along the length of vortex tube (L). as they only improve R.H.V.T performance with
least perils. Working of R.H.V.T is based on

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production of temperature source near the hot end cout <<"\n Enter geometry
due to high input total energy and turbulent shear details of the vortex tube total
work which gets carried away by convection at the length of tube (L)";
cold and hot ends depending on the respective mass cin >>L;
flow rates and distance from the source. These flow cout <<"\n Enter hot side
rates are governed by hot side valve opening. The tube length (Lh)"; cin >>Lh;
cooling is produced by time rate of decrement of cout <<"\n Enter cold side
temperature due to convection diffusion at steady tube length (Lc)";
state. The R.H.V.T can be modelled as heat pump cin >>Lc;
carrying away the diffused dominant heat from cold cout <<"\n Enter radius of
side to hot side where the convective heat is tube (r)"; cin >>r;
dominant and the re-circulating heat within the hot cout <<"\n Enter air inlet
side tube generates the driving force when assisted area (Ai)"; cin >>Ai;
by the orifice. cout <<"\n Enter hot air
Future work lies in the field of technical outlet area (Ah)"; cin >>Ah;
inclusion. The scalar transport equation with cout <<"\n Enter cold air
temperature source ( ) can also be solved with outlet area (Ac)"; cin >>Ac;
manipulated heat transfer coefficient value. }
else
6. C++ program source code {
L=1.31;
#include <iostream> Lh=1.07;
#include <math.h> Lc=0.24;
using namespace std; r=0.012;
int main () Ai=0.000062832;
{ Ac=0.0004523893;
cout <<"\n"; Ah=0.0001130973;
float n,D,muc,G; }
cout<<"\nEnter the value of float pis, tis, hi,tcs, hc,
independent variable state variable ths, hh, cp, cv, alpha, cond, nu,
(n) "<< endl; cout<<"where 0<n<10"; qi, pcs, phs, uc, ui, uh, rhoi,
cin >>n; rhoiL, rhoc, rhoh, ttc, ttc1, tti,
cout<<"\nEnter the value of tti1, tth, tth1, mi,mi1, mac, mac1,
independent variable compressor mai, mai1, mah, mah1, ptc,ptc1,
diameter (D) "<< endl; cout<<"where pti, pti1, pth, pth1, rhotc, rhoti,
0.025<D<0.25 (intervals of rhoth, rhotc1, rhoti1, rhoth1,
0.025)"; eita, cop, s, eita1, cop1, s1;
cin >>D; pis=100000+(n-1)*16706.25;
cout<<"\nEnter the value of tis=273.15+(n-1)*6.0275;
independent variable cold mass hi=273400+(n-1)*6037.75;
fraction (muc) "<< endl; tcs=273.15+(n-1)*5.50675;
cout<<"where 0<muc<1"; hc=273400-(n-1)*5531.25;
cin >>muc; ths=273.15+(n-1)*7.6475;
cout<<"Enter the values of hh=273400+(n-1)*7952.15;
independent variable geometry cp=1006+(n-1)*0.535;
reduction factor (G) "<< endl; cv=719+(n-1)*0.535;
cout<<"where 0<G<10"; alpha=1.883*pow(10,-3)+(n-
cin >>G; 1)*3.565*pow(10,-5);
float input, L, Lh, Lc, r, Ai, Ah, cond=2.418*pow(10,-2)+(n-
Ac;cout<<"Press the digit '1' to 1)*4.55*pow(10,-4);
enter vortex tube geometry details nu=1.724*pow(10,-5)+(n-
else "<< endl; cout<<"press any 1)*3.005*pow(10,-7);
other digit"; qi=0.6*12.5*M_PI*pow(D,3);
cin>>input; ui=qi*pow(G,2)/Ai;
if(input==1) uc=muc*qi*pow(G,2)/Ac;
{ uh=(1-muc)*qi*pow(G,2)/Ah;

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pcs=(1-muc)*tcs*pis/tis; rhotc=rhoc*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv-
phs=muc*ths*pis/tis; 1)*pow(mac,2)),(1/(cp/cv-1)));
rhoi=pis/(287*tis); rhotc1=rhoc*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv-
rhoc=pcs/(287*tcs); 1)*pow(mac1,2)),(1/(cp/cv-1)));
rhoh=phs/(287*ths); rhoth=rhoh*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv-
//Effects of geometry change 1)*pow(mah,2)),(1/(cp/cv-1)));
tti=0.5*(tis+pow((pow(tis,2)+4*pow( rhoth1=rhoh*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv-
ui,2))*(cp/cv- 1)*pow(mah1,2)),(1/(cp/cv-1)));
1)/(2*cp/cv*287),0.5)); s=muc*(log(ttc/tti)-((cp/cv-
tti1=0.5*(tis+pow((pow(tis,2)+4*pow 1)/(cp/cv))*log(ptc/pti))+(1-
((qi/Ai),2))*(cp/cv- muc)*(log(tth/tti)-((cp/cv-
1)/(2*cp/cv*287),0.5)); 1)/(cp/cv))*log(pth/pti));
mai=ui/pow((cp/cv*287*tti),0.5); eita=muc*(tti-ttc)/(tti*(1-
mai1=(qi/Ai)/pow((cp/cv*287*tti),0. pow((101325/pti),((cp/cv-
5); 1)/(cp/cv)))));
ttc=0.5*(tcs+pow((pow(tcs,2)+4*pow( cop=muc*cp*(tti-
uc,2))*(cp/cv- ttc)/((cp/cv)/(cp/cv-
1)/(2*cp/cv*287),0.5)); 1)*287*tti*(pow((pti/101325),((cp/c
ttc1=0.5*(tcs+pow((pow(tcs,2)+4*pow v-1)/(cp/cv)))-1));
((muc*qi/Ac),2))*(cp/cv- s1=muc*(log(ttc1/tti1)-((cp/cv-
1)/(2*cp/cv*287),0.5)); 1)/(cp/cv))*log(ptc1/pti1))+(1-
tth=0.5*(ths+pow((pow(ths,2)+4*pow( muc)*(log(tth1/tti1)-((cp/cv-
uh,2))*(cp/cv- 1)/(cp/cv))*log(pth1/pti1));
1)/(2*cp/cv*287),0.5)); eita1=muc*(tti1-ttc1)/(tti1*(1-
tth1=0.5*(ths+pow((pow(ths,2)+4*pow apow((101325/pti1),((cp/cv-
(((1-muc)*qi/Ah),2))*(cp/cv- 1)/(cp/cv)))));
1)/(2*cp/cv*287),0.5)); cop1=muc*cp*(tti1-
mac=uc/pow((cp/cv*287*ttc),0.5); ttc1)/((cp/cv)/(cp/cv-
mac1=(muc*qi/Ac)/pow((cp/cv*287*ttc 1)*287*tti1*(pow((pti1/101325),((cp
),0.5); /cv-1)/(cp/cv)))-1));
mah=uh/pow((cp/cv*287*tth),0.5); cout <<"\n At inlet
mah1=((1- pressure="<<pis<<" ,"<< endl;
muc)*qi/Ah)/pow((cp/cv*287*tth),0.5 cout<<"inlet temperatrure=
); "<<tis<<" "<< endl; cout<<"and cold
pti=pis*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- side total temperature ="<<ttc<<"
1)*pow(mai,2)),((cp/cv- "<< endl; cout<<"and hot side total
1)/(cp/cv))); temperature ="<<tth;
pti1=pis*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- cout<<"\n The isenropic
1)*pow(mai1,2)),((cp/cv- (performance) efficiency of vortex
1)/(cp/cv))); tube is eita="<<eita;
ptc=pcs*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- cout <<"\n The coefficient of
1)*pow(mac,2)),((cp/cv- (economic) performance of vortex
1)/(cp/cv))); tube is COP="<<cop;
ptc1=pcs*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- cout <<"\n The entropy generation
1)*pow(mac1,2)),((cp/cv- is="<<s;
1)/(cp/cv))); cout <<"\n While the original
pth=phs*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- isentropic efficiency, COP and
1)*pow(mah,2)),((cp/cv- entropy without geometry reduction
1)/(cp/cv))); are respectiviey"<< endl;
pth1=phs*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- cout<<eita1<<cop1<<s1;
1)*pow(mah1,2)),((cp/cv- //Local effects of turbulences
1)/(cp/cv))); float input1, x,y,z, f, Le,
rhoti=rhoi*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- i,C,iL,mut_mu, mut_muL,mut,mutL,
1)*pow(mai,2)),(1/(cp/cv-1))); mu, nut, nutL, k, kL, uLR,uLsw,
rhoti1=rhoi*pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- uLscr, uLaw, uLacr, uLrw,
1)*pow(mai1,2)),(1/(cp/cv-1))); uLrcr,epsilon, epsilonL, omega,

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omegaL, alphaEff, alphaEffL, mutL=0.5*(rhoiL*nutL+mut_muL*rhoiL*


condEff, condEffL, muEff, muEffL, nu);k=0.00015*pow((i*ui),2);
NuAvg, NuAvgL, htc, htcL, ThL, Thc, kL=0.00015*pow((iL*uLR),2);
gradPx, gradPy, gradPz, magGradP, epsilon=0.5*(pow(0.09,0.75)*pow(k,1
gradT, gradTx, gradTy, .5)*G/(L*0.07)+0.09*pow(k,2)/(mut_m
gradTz,magGradT, gradUxx, gradUxy, u*rhoi*nu));
gradUxz, gradUyx, gradUyy, gradUyz, epsilonL=0.5*(pow(0.09,0.75)*pow(kL
gradUzx, gradUzy, gradUzz, ,1.5)*G/(L*0.07)+0.09*pow(kL,2)/(mu
magGradU, curlUx, curlUy, curlUz, t_muL*rhoiL*nu));
magCurlU, divU, MawL, MacrL, ThsLw, omega=(1/3)*(epsilon/(k*0.09)+G*pow
ThsLcr, ptL, psLw, psLcr, (k,0.5)/(pow(0.09,0.25)*L*0.07/G)+k
laplacianP, laplacianT, /(nu*mut_mu));
laplacianUx, laplacianUy, omegaL=(1/3)*(epsilonL/(kL*0.09)+G*
laplacianUz; pow(kL,0.5)/(pow(0.09,0.25)*L*0.07/
cout<<"\nEnter the value of G)+kL/(nu*mut_muL));
independent variable turbulence alphaEff=alpha+mut/0.85;
intensity (I)"<< endl; cout<<" alphaEffL=alpha+mutL/0.85;
where 0<I<10"; condEff=cond+mut*cp/0.85;
cin >>i; condEffL=cond+mutL*cp/0.85;
cout<<"\nPress digit '1' to enter muEff=rhoi*nu+mut;
coordinates of local point muEffL=rhoiL*nu+mutL;
(x,y,z)"<< endl; cout<<" of NuAvg=0.5*(0.023*pow((ui*2*r/(G*nu)
interest inside the domain where ),0.8)*pow((muEff*cp/condEff),(1/3)
"<< endl; cout<<"0<x<1.31, "<< )+0.125*(0.047-
endl; cout<<"-0.012<y<0.012, "<< 0.00452*log10(ui*2*r/(G*nu)))*((ui*
endl; cout<<"-0.012<z<0.012 else 2*r/(G*nu))-
"<< endl; cout<<"press other digit 1000)*(muEff*cp/condEff)/(1+4.49*po
to feed default coordinate "<< w(0.047-
endl; cout<<"based on entrance 0.00452*log10(ui*2*r/(G*nu)),0.5)*(
length"; pow((muEff*cp/condEff),(2/3))-1)));
cin>>input1; NuAvgL=0.5*(0.023*pow((uLR*2*r/(G*n
if(input1==1) u)),0.8)*pow((muEffL*cp/condEffL),(
{ 1/3))+0.125*(0.047-
cout<<"Enter the coordinates 0.00452*log10(uLR*2*r/(G*nu)))*((uL
of point (x,y,z) from within the R*2*r/(G*nu))-
domain of vortex tube"; 1000)*(muEffL*cp/condEffL)/(1+4.49*
cin >>x>>y>>z; pow(0.047-
} 0.00452*log10(uLR*2*r/(G*nu)),0.5)*
else (pow((muEffL*cp/condEffL),(2/3))-
{ 1)));
Le=0.5*(8*r/G*pow((ui*2*r/(G* htc=0.5*NuAvg*(nu*condEff*G/(2*r)+2
nu)),(1/6))+20*r/G); *r/(G*condEff));
x=Lc+Le; htcL=0.5*NuAvgL*(nu*condEffL*G/(2*r
y=1*pow(10,-5); )+2*r/(G*condEffL));
z=1*pow(10,-5); if(x<=Lc)
} {
cout<<"The default value of iL=i*x/Lc;
(x,y,z) are mut_muL=(mut_mu-1)*x/Lc;
("<<(Lc+Le)<<",0.00001,0.00001)"; rhoiL=fabs(rhoi-1.1693)*x/Lc;
mut_mu=11*(i-1)+1; ptL=(pti-ptc)*x/Lc;
nut=0.5*(0.5*pow(3,0.5)*ui*i*L*0.07 }
/G+nu*mut_mu); else
nutL=0.5*(0.5*pow(3,0.5)*uLR*iL*L*0 {
.07/G+nu*mut_muL); iL=i*(L-x)/Lh;
mut=0.5*(rhoi*nut+mut_mu*rhoi*nu); mut_muL=(1-mut_mu)*x/Lh;
rhoiL=fabs(1.1693-rhoi)*x/Lh;

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ptL=(pth-pti)*x/Lh; curlUx=(uLsw-uLscr)*G/r-(uLrw-
} uLrcr)*G/r;
uLR=(uh*(L-x)/G+ui*(x-Lc/G)- curlUy=(uh-uLaw)*G/r-(uLsw-
uc*x)/x; uLscr)*G/(L-x);
uLscr=uLacr=uLrcr=uLR/3; curlUz=(uLrw-uLrcr)*G/(L-x)-(uh-
uLsw=C*uLR; uLaw)*G/r;
uLaw=uLrw=(1-C)*uLR/2; magCurlU=pow((pow(curlUx,2)+pow(cur
gradT=mi*(hi+0.5*pow(ui,2)- lUy,2)+pow(curlUz,2)),0.5);
muc*(hc+0.5*pow(uc,2))-(1- divU=(uh-uLaw)*G/(L-x)+(uLrw-
muc)*(hh+0.5*pow(uh,2))/(condEff*M_ uLrcr)*G/r+(uLsw-uLscr)*G/r;
PI*2*r*L/pow(G,2))); laplacianUx=(ui+uh-
MawL=(pow(((pow(C,2)+0.5*pow((1- 2*uLaw)*pow(G,2)/pow((x-Lc),2);
C),2))),0.5))*uLR/pow((cp/cv*287*Th laplacianUy=(uLrw-
L),0.5); uLrcr)*pow(G,2)/pow(r,2);
MacrL=uLR/(pow(3,0.5)*pow((cp/cv*28 laplacianUz=(uLsw-
7*ThL),0.5)); uLscr)*pow(G,2)/pow(r,2);
ThsLw=ThL/(1+0.5*(cp/cv- Thc=gradT/(G/fabs(x-0.24)+G/fabs(y-
1)*pow(MawL,2)); r)+G/fabs(z-r));
ThsLcr=ThL/(1+0.5*(cp/cv- ThL=0.11996*pow(cp,2)*rhoiL*pow(kL,
1)*pow(MacrL,2)); 0.5)*pow(uLR,0.875)*pow(1+pow((7*C/
psLw=ptL/pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- (4*(1-
1)*pow(MawL,2)),(cp/cv-1)/(cp/cv)); C))),2),0.1875)/(pow(htcL*2*r*L/G,2
psLcr=ptL/pow((1+0.5*(cp/cv- )*pow((1-C),0.125));
1)*pow(MacrL,2)),(cp/cv- cout<<"\nThe values of pressure
1)/(cp/cv)); gradients in x direction
gradPx=(pth-ptL)*G/(L-x); "<<gradPx<<","<< endl; cout<<" in y
gradPy=(psLw-psLcr)*G/r; direction"<<gradPy<<"\n and total
magGradP=pow((pow(gradPx,2)+pow(gra magnitude is "<<magGradP;
dPy,2)),0.5); cout<<"\nThe values of temperature
laplacianP=(pti+pth- gradients in x direction
2*ptL)*pow(G,2)/pow((x- "<<gradTx<<","<< endl; cout<<" in y
Lc),2)+2*2*(psLw- direction"<<gradTy<<"\n and total
psLcr)*pow(G,2)/pow(r,2); magnitude is "<<magGradT;
gradTx=(tth-ThL)*G/(L-x); cout<<"\nThe values of velocity
gradTy=(ThsLw-ThsLcr)*G/r; gradients in x direction
magGradT=pow((pow(gradTx,2)+pow(gra "<<pow(pow(gradUxx,2)+pow(gradUxy,2
dTy,2)),0.5); )+pow(gradUxz,2),0.5)<<","<< endl;
laplacianT=(tti+tth- cout<<" in y direction
2*ThL)*pow(G,2)/pow((x- "<<pow(pow(gradUyx,2)+pow(gradUyy,2
Lc),2)+2*2*(ThsLw- )+pow(gradUyz,2),0.5)<<","<< endl;
ThsLcr)*pow(G,2)/pow(r,2); cout<<" in z direction is
gradUxx=(uh-uLaw)*G/(L-x); "<<pow(pow(gradUzx,2)+pow(gradUzy,2
gradUxy=(uh-uLaw)*G/r; )+pow(gradUzz,2),0.5)<<"\n and
gradUxz=(uh-uLaw)*G/r; total magnitude is "<<magGradU;
gradUyx=(uLrw-uLrcr)*G/(L-x); cout<<"\nThe values of velocity
gradUyy=(uLrw-uLrcr)*G/r; curl in x direction"<<curlUx<<","<<
gradUyz=(uLrw-uLrcr)*G/r; endl; cout<<" in y
gradUzx=(uLsw-uLscr)*G/(L-x); direction"<<curlUy<<",\n in z
gradUzy=(uLsw-uLscr)*G/r; direction is "<<curlUz<<"\n and
gradUzz=(uLsw-uLscr)*G/r; total magnitude is "<<magCurlU;
magGradU=gradUxx*(gradUyy*gradUzz- cout<<" \nThe value of
gradUyz*gradUzy)- Laplacian of pressure is
gradUxy*(gradUyx*gradUzz- "<<laplacianP;
gradUyz*gradUzx)+gradUxz*(gradUyx*g cout<<" \nThe value of Laplacian of
radUzy-gradUzx*gradUyy); temperature is "<<laplacianT;

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-12, (2017)
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cout<<" \nThe value of Laplacian of [11] Kargaran, M., Arabkoohsar, A., Hagighat-Hosini, S.
velocity in x direction is J., Farzaneh-Kord, V., & Farzaneh-Gord, M. (2013). The
"<<laplacianUx<<","<< endl; cout<<" second law analysis of natural gas behavior within a vortex
in y direction is tube. Thermal Science, 17(4), 1079–1092.
"<<laplacianUy<<","<< endl; cout<<" https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI110505082F.
[12] Riccarton, E. (1993). An Experimental Study of Swirl
in z direction is
Development Along the Annulus between A Rotor and A
"<<laplacianUz<<"\n and the total Stator. Heriot-Watt University. https://doi.org/December
magnitude is 1993.
"<<pow(pow(laplacianUx,2)+pow(lapla [13] Pourmahmoud, N., Izadi, A., Hassanzadeh, A., &
cianUy,2)+pow(laplacianUz,2),0.5) ; Jahangiramini, A. (2014). Computational fluid dynamics
analysis of the influence of injection nozzle lateral outflow
cout<<"\n The local value of heat on the performance of Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube. Thermal
transfer coeffecient is "<<htcL; Science, 18(4), 1191–1201.
cout<<"\n The maximum available https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI120704002P.
temperature gradient at (x,y,z) is
" <<gradT;
cout<<"\n The local maximum Nomenclature
temperature generated at point
A, a Surface area vector, area, m2
(x,y,z) due to turbulence shear Br Brinkman number
work is "<<ThL<< endl; C Constant 0.09
} C Swirl velocity component, specific
heat, kJkg-1K-1
7. References Co Courant number
L Length of R.H.V.T, m
[1] Georges, J. R. (1934). Method and apparatus for D, d diameter, m
obtaining from alpha fluid under pressure two currents of div Divergence
fluids at different temperatures. Google Patents. Retrieved E Total specific energy, kJkg-1,
from https://www.google.com/patents/US1952281 f Friction factor
[2] Hilsch, R. (1947). The Use of the Expansion of Gases G Geometry scaling factor
in a Centrifugal Field as Cooling Process. Review of h Specific enthapy, kJkg-1
Scientific Instruments, 18(2), 108–113. grad Gradient
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1740893 h Enthalpy kJkg-1
[3] Fulton, C. D. (1950). Ranque’s Tube. Refrigerating htc Heat transfer coefficient Wm-2
Engineering, 58(5), 473–479. H Heat
[4] Nimbalkar. (2009). quanttitive Observations on I Turbulence intensity
multiiple Flow Strucures Inside Ranque-Hilsch Vortex k Turbulent kinetic energy, J
Tube, 130. K Kinetic energy, J
[5] Xue, Y., Arjomandi, M., & Kelso, R. (2010). A critical Kn Knudsen number
review of temperature separation in a vortex tube. L, l Length of R.H.V.T, characteristic
Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 34(8), 1367– length, Local nodes
1374. Ma Mach number
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2010.06.010. n Linear independent input state variable
[6] Kshirsagar O.M., Ankolekar V.V., K. V. N. (2014). N Nozzle
Effect of Geometric Modifications on the Performance of Nu Nusselts number
Vortex Tube -A Review. Journal of Engineering Research m Mass flow rate, kgs-1
and Applications Www.ijera.com ISSN, 4(3), 2248– p Pressure, Nm-2
962292. Pe Peclet number
[7] Meena, P. M., & Verma, K. (2017). Computational Pr, Prt Prandtl number, turbulent Prandtl
Fluid Dynamics Simulation on Vortex Tube : A Review, number
(1), 1–8. q Volumetric flow rate, m3s-1
[8] technavio. (2014). Global Computationa Fluid (CFD) Q Heat transfer rate/cooling effect, W
market 2014-2018. R Gas constant, kgm2s-3
[9] Berndt Wischnewski. (n.d.). peacesoftware.de/. Re, Ret Reynolds number, turbulent Reynolds
Retrieved May 8, 2017, from number
http://www.peacesoftware.de/einigewerte/calc_luft.php5 s Entropy, kJkg-1
[10] ANSYS. (n.d.). Fluent Theory Guide. Retrieved S Source term
August 1, 2017, from St Stanton number
https://www.sharcnet.ca/Software/Ansys/16.2.3/en- Sclr Scalar quantity
us/help/flu_th/flu_th.html. t Time, s

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T Temperature, K OpenFOAM Open source Field Optimization And


U,u,v,w Velocity components, ms-1 Manipulation
V Vector quantity R.H.V.T Ranque Hilsch Vortex Tube
W Work done, kJkg-1 S.T.P Standard Temperature and Pressure
x,y,z Coordinates , m V.E.D Vital Essential Desirable

Greek letters

α Thermal diffusivity, m2s-1


Diffusion number
ε Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation
rate, m2s-3
Thermal conductivity, Wm-1
Г Generic diffusivity, m2s-1
η Efficiency
Ratio of specific heats
Mass fraction, viscosity, mPas-1
Kinematic viscosity, m2s-1
ϕ Generic scalar transport quantity
ρ Density, kgm-3
ω Specific kinetic energy dissipation rate,
s-1, Angular velocity, rads-1
Change in quantity

Subscript and superscript

* Turbulent near wall dimensional


constants
a Atmospheric condition, axial condition
c Cold side total condition, compressor
cr R.H.V.T core
cs Cross section
Calc Calculated
conv Convection term
cv Compressor volumetric
div Divergence
diff Diffusion term
Eff Effective
h Hot side total condition
i Inlet total condition
i,j,k tensor notations basis
is Is-entropic condition
L Local point in domain
n Nozzle
p Pressure constant term
r Radial condition
R Resultant quantity
Swl Swirl condition
t Turbulent properties, transverse
s Static condition
T Total condition
w Wall condition
ϕ Orifice
° degrees

Abbreviations

CAD Computer Aided Designing


C.A.G.R Cumulative Annual Growth Rate
C.F.D Computational Fluid Dynamics
C.O.P Coefficient Of Performance
F.V.M Finite Volume Method

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 370

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