Volume 3, Issue 1, January– 2018
ISSN No:-2456 –2165
Studies on Schiff Base with its Complexes on
Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Activity
Jyoti Sihag1 Divya Prakash2
1,2
Department of Chemistry, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur (India)
Abstract:-The Schiff base (C=N double bond) is
synthesized by the reaction of amine and carbonyl
compound (aldehydes or ketone). Schiff base are
multilateral ligand and offer a resilient series of ligand,
who capable to co-ordinate with different metals. The
Schiff base, strong candidate in medicinal field as a drug
because they exhibit activity against various
microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and cancer cells
etc.. The Schiff base and its iron complexes show biological
activity like antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral,
antileishmanial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, radical-scavenging
activity and anticancer etc. The coordination of metal with
Schiff base enhances the biological activity of Schiff bases.
These synthesized Schiff base and metal complexes,
characterized by various spectroscopic and analytical
techniques. At present time, these complexes are highly
demanding in medicinal field due to its effective activity
against cancer cells and microorganisms. This review
mainly aims to provide an extensive overview of the
various methods used for the preparation of Schiff bases
and Schiff base metal complexes, characterization with
their biological activities.
Keywords:-Microorganism, Multilateral Ligand, Antioxidant.
I. INTRODUCTION
A condensation process, in which the nucleophilic nitrogen
atom of amine, attack on the electrophilic carbon atoms of
aldehydes and ketones. In end product, the C=O group is
replaced by a C=N group. This product is known as Schiff
base/ imine/Azomethine group/Anils. Schiff base, named after
Hugo Schiff is a compound and the general structure of Schiff
base is R2C=NR*
Where [R*≠H] and [R*= alkyl or aryl group], [R=May be H]
Iron metal ion enhances (most cases) the biological activity of
different Schiff base ligands. The Schiff base ligand in which
N, O-donor atoms are present act as monodentate, bidentate
and chelate /bridging agent with metal ions. The Schiff base
ligand and its Iron complexes were screened in vitro for their
antibacterial, antifungal, antitoxic and anticancer activity.
IJISRT18JA32 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
II. SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SCHIFF BASE AND
ITS IRON COMPLEXES
Laila H.Abdel Rahman et al. (2013) have synthesized iron
complex containing the Schiff base were prepared by the 5-
bromo-2-hydroxybenzlaldehyde, amino acid (L-alanine, L-
phenylalanine, L-aspartic acid, L-histidine, L-arginine)
solution and complexes were synthesized by SB ligand and
FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O and determined by elemental, IR,
UV-Visible, conductivity , magnetic susceptibility, the
stoichiometry and screened for antibacterial activity against
E.coli, P. aeruginosa and B. cereus. [1].
Laila H. Abdel-Rahman et al. (2013) have synthesized the
metal complexes of Schiff base ligands from the 2-hydroxy-1-
naphthaldehyde [2] and 5-bromosalicylaldehyde [3], the
amino acid (ala, phala, aspa, his or arg) solution. The metal
complexes prepared by ligand and FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O
and characterized via elemental, thermo gravimetric analysis,
molar conductance, IR, electronic, mass spectra and the
stability constant. They were screened for antibacterial against
E.coli, P. aeruginosa, B.cereus and P.purpurogenium, A.flavus
and T.rosium (fungus).s
Fe (II) complexes with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-
nitrosalicylaldimine was synthesized by Selma Celen et
al.(2013).The tridentate Schiff base was prepared by 2-
hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde ,ethanolamine and identified by
elemental, UV-vis, IR, NMR spectra. The antimicrobial
activities of ligand and metal complex were evaluated against
C. jejuni, E. aerogenes, E. coli, L.monocytogenes,
P.aeruginosa, P.vulgaris, S.aureus, S.marcescens, S.sonnei,
K.pneumoniae, C.albicans, A.flavus, A. niger, Penicillium
expansum, P. lanosum and A.alternata [4].
M.I. Khan et al. (2013) were prepared Schiff base by the
condensation of 4-dimethylamino -benzaldehyde and 4-
aminobenzoic acid and complex were identified by UV/Vis,
FTIR, NMR, Mass Spectra, XRD, TGA, SEM and screened
antibacterial activity against P.aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae,
E.coli, antifungal; A.flavus, A.fumigatus, A.niger, F.solani
and anti-leishmanial ; Leishmania major, L.tropica and
L.donovani [5].
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Volume 3, Issue 1, January– 2018
Ehab M. Zayed et al.(2013) were prepared SB by the
condensation of bisaldehyde (2,2’(ethane-1,2-
diylbis(oxy))dibenzaldehyde, hydrazine carbothioamide and
the metal complexes by iron chloride, the organic ligand .They
analyzed by elemental, magnetic measurements, electronic,
IR, 1H-NMR, mass spectra, Molar conductance, Magnetic
susceptibility, TG,DTG,DTA. Both show high antibacterial
activity for Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria [6].
Omima M.I. Adly et al.(2013) have synthesized ,the Schiff
base was prepared by AHTD , ethylenediamine and the metal
salt, lithium hydroxide ,SB ligand was mixed to synthesize
metal complexes[7] and Magdy Shebl (2013) have synthesized
the Schiff base by o-acetoacetyl -phenol,1,2-diaminopropane
and isatin. Reactions of the ligand with Fecl3.6H2O salts were
formed complexes [8]. They characterized by elemental,
spectral (IR, UV–Vis, 1H NMR, ESR and mass), magnetic and
molar conductance. Fe (III) complexes were showed high
activity towards S.aureus, E.coli.
Nabel A. Negm et al.(2013) have prepared the tannic Schiff
base were synthesized by tannic acid-glycine derivatives,
benzaldehyde[9] and Abdel-Nasser M.A. Alaghaz et al.(2014)
[10] have synthesized schiff base by the condensation of
ethylenediamine with [5-(4-sulfanilamido -phenylazo
salicyaldehyde]. These Schiff base react with metal salt of
Fe(III),metal complex was formed and characterized by
elemental, FT-IR, 1 H , 13C NMR and show antimicrobial
activity against Gram positive, Gram-negative bacteria and
fungi.
M.L. Sundararajan et al.(2014) have synthesized schiff base
by 5-bromo salicylaldehyde and 3,4-(methylenedioxy)aniline.
The metal chloride or nitrate react with Schiff base, metal
complexes was formed and characterized by elemental
analysis, molar conductance, FTIR, UV–Vis, 13C NMR, mass
spectra, XRD and TG/DTA. Synthesized complex were
screened antibacterial activity against (E. faecalis sp., S.
aureus, P. florescens sp., E. coli, and Klebsiella sp.),
antifungal activity against C. albicans, Fusarium sp.,
Trichosporon sp. and antioxidant activity [11].
Noureddine Charef et al.(2014) have synthesized metal
complex of Schiff base by N1 -(3-aminopropyl) propane-1,3-
diamine and salicylaldehyde. Prepared Schiff base reacts with
metal salt [Fe(OAc)2.4H2O] and form complex. They
identified by FTIR, 1 H, 13C NMR, mass, UV–Vis spectra and
elemental analysis and Fe(II) complex was show DPPH
radical-scavenging activity ,antioxidant activity[12].
Hina Zafar et al.(2015)have prepared metal complex by metal
ions, 2-acetyl pyrrole and 1,3-diaminopropane and
characterized by elemental analyses, ESI – mass, NMR (1 H
and 13C), IR, XRD, electronic, EPR spectral, magnetic
susceptibility and molar conductance measurements. Fe
complex were showed antibacterial activity against S.
pyogenes and K. Pneumonia [13].
IJISRT18JA32 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456 –2165
A novel series of transition metal complexes of Fe(III)
containing the Schiff base derived from condensation of S-
methyldithio carbazate and cinnamaldehyde were synthesized
by Md. Kudrat-E-Zahan et al (2015). The complex was
characterized by IR, 1H NMR, UV-Vis, IR, Magnetic
moment,electronic spectra, magnetic susceptibility. Iron
complexes were revealed antibacterial activity against
(B.subtilis, Staphlococcus aureus, Bacillus megatherium,
Streptococcus-β-haemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Shigella
dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Shigella shiga) and antifungal
activity against (Aspergillus Candidus, Penicillium Marneffei,
Candida Albicans, Aspergilius niger)[14].
Reem K. Shah et al.(2015) have synthesized homo-binuclear
Fe (III) complexes and Schiff base derived from p-
phenylenediamine and2-hydroxy-1 naphthaldehyde. Complex
was prepared by Fe(NO3)3, ligand and characterized by
elemental, FTIR, 1H, 13CNMR, UV–Vis, XRD, SEM, molar
conductance. Average drug-like activity was estimated for
complexes [15].
Carmen M. Sharaby et al. (2016) have synthesized, the metal
complexes by ferric chloride/ ferrous sulfate, Schiff base and
mixed ligand complexes prepared by HL, glycine and metal
salts and a novel sulfonamide Schiff base ligand resulted from
the condensation of sulfametrole [N'-(4methoxy-1,2,5-
thiadiazol-3-yl]sulfanilamide, acetylacetone and glycine.
Complexes were characterized by elemental, mass,
conductivity measurement, IR, 1H NMR, UV-vis, solid
reflectance, magnetic susceptibility, TGA and DTA. The
Schiff base ligand, its complexes were screened against S.
aureus, B. subtilis, S. typhimurium , E.coli, yeast; Candida
albicans and fungi; A. fumigates [16].
A tetradentate Schiff base and its [FeL]complexes, were
synthesized by Neslihan Beyazit et al.(2016).Schiff base was
prepared by 6-formyl-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-methyl
benzopyran-4-one and 2-aminobenzylamine.Complex was
prepared by FeCl2.4H2O, H2L.Synthesized complexes were
characterized by elemental, FTIR, Raman, 1 H, 13C NMR,
electronic, mass spectra, conductivity, magnetic susceptibility
and show catecholase-like activity [17].
A oxygen-bridged Schiff base iron complex prepared from
ligand and FeCl3 were synthesized by A.Karahan et al.(2016)
and H2-4-MeOL1 ligand prepared from 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-
diaminopro -pane and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde.
The bridged complex was characterized by single crystal X-
ray diffraction and screened antibacterial activity against –
B.subtilis, S. aureus, E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia [18].
Kiran R. Surati et al.(2016) have synthesized Schiff bases by
ethylenediamine or o-phenylenediamine and 3-Methyl-5-oxo-
1-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde. The
complex synthesized by FeCl3·6H2O and characterized by
elemental analysis, IR, NMR, mass, molar conductivity,
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Volume 3, Issue 1, January– 2018
magnetic measurement, TG, DTA, DSC, Massbauer and XRD
[19].
Complex of nano-sized Fe (II) with Schiff base, synthesized
from 2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine and 3-
methoxysalicylaldehyde were prepared by Laila H. Abdel-
Rahman et al. (2016). The compounds characterized by
Elemental analyses, TGA, conductivity, IR,UV–Visible and
complexes showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria
(E.coli, M.luteus, Serratia marcescence) and fungi (A.flavus,
G.candidum, F.oxysporum) and the cytotoxic effect against
colon carcinoma cells (HCT-116 cell line), hepatic cellular
carcinoma cells (HepG-2) [20].
Walaa H.Mahmoud et al.(2016) have synthesized the metal
complex resulted from the condensation of o-benzoyl benzoic
acid and 4-aminoantipyrine.The metal complexes prepared by
reaction of metal chloride and HL. They characterized by
elemental, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity, 1H-
NMR, mass, UV–visible, FTIR, ESR, thermal and XRD.
Complexes showed anticancer activity against breast cancer
cell line (MCF7), antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus
and Bacillus subtilis, E.coli and N. gonorrhoeae and antifungal
against Candida albicans [21].
A hydrazine Schiff base, prepared from pyridine 2-
carbaldehyde,4-hydroxy benzohydrazide was given by
Behrouz Shaabani et al.(2016). Fe complex was synthesized
by HL, azide ligand and Fe2(SO4)3·xH2O. The complexes were
characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV ,XRD and the
both complex were screened antimicrobial activities against
bacteria Entrobacter facealis, Staphytococcus aureus,
Entrobacter aerogenes, E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus
mirabilis and anticancer activities for MCF-7 cell line (breast
cancer)[22].
Hanan F. Abd El-Halim et al. (2016) have synthesized mixed
ligand complexes by Schiff base, 1, 1’-phenanthroline and
metal salt. The Schiff base was prepared by condensation of
oxamide , furan-2-carbaldehyde and 1,10-
phenanthroline[23].W.H. Mahmoud et al.(2017) have
described the mixed ligand complexes of the ferrocene based
ligand were synthesized by Fe(III)ions,(Z)-(4-(1-((2-
carboxycyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-yl)imino)ethyl)[bis(η5-
cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)]iron (HL) and 1,1’-
phenanthroline[24].They characterized by elemental, molar
conductance, IR, 1H-NMR, mass spectra, TG/DTG and
screened against S.pneumoniae, B.subtilis, P.aeruginosa
,E.coli , Aspergillus fumigatu,Candida albicans.
Laila H. Abdel-Rahman et al.(2017) synthesized Schiff base
from 2,3-diaminopyridine and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldhyde
and estimated by elemental analyses, FTIR, magnetic
measurements ,molar conductivity, TGA, DTA. Both
complexes were screened against e.coli, B.subillis, S.aureus,
A.flavus, T.rubrum[25].
IJISRT18JA32 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456 –2165
Mustafa Yıldız et al.(2017) have synthesized Schif base
formed by polyethyleneimine hydrochlorid, methanol , KOH,
the 3-methoxy-5-nitrosalicylaldehyde and characterized by
FT-IR, 1H, 13C-NMR, LC-MS and UV-Vis spectra and show
antifungal effect on C. albicans ,C. tropicalis (H) and B.
subtilis (S)[26]
M. S. Hossain et al.(2017) have derived Fe metal complex and
4-{(pyridin-2-ylimino) methyl}phenol synthesized by 2-amino
pyridine, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and characterized by
conductivity, magnetic moment, TLC, IR, UV-Visible, TGA
and DTG IR, UV spectra and screened for antibacterial
activity against e.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acetobacter
aceti[27].
Omima M.I. Adly et al.(2017) have reported the Schiff base
prepared by o-acetoacetylphenol, 2-hydroxybezohydrazied
and characterized by elemental , IR, NMR, electronic, ESR,
mass spectra, conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, TGA,
DTG. The Schiff base was screened against Staphylococcus
aureus, Salmonella typhimurium(H), Bacillus subtilis(L),
Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigates(I) and Fe complex
was screened against C. albicans[28].
III. CONCLUSION
Schiff base and its complexes have a lot of applications like
clinical, analytical, pharmacological, biological properties
against microorganisms and cancer cells. The Schiff bases and
its iron complexes are playing an important role in
pharmacological field in form of drug because the biological
activity results indicate that Schiff base and iron complexes
show activity against for many bacteria such as gram positive
and gram negative bacteria, fungi etc. Experimental data
exhibit that the complex, restricts the growth of cancer cells.
These Complexes also show activity like antileishmanial,
antioxidant, cytotoxic against colon carcinoma cells and
hepatic cellular carcinoma cells, DPPH radical-scavenging
activity and catecholase-like activity. These complexes can be
used for resistance against bacteria, fungi and cancer cells for
medical purpose.
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