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International of of
Journal Electrical Engineering
Electrical and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print),
Engineering
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 2, Number 2, May - July (2011), © IAEME
and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online), Volume 2 IJEET
Number 2, May - July (2011), pp. 32-41 ©IAEME
© IAEME, http://www.iaeme.com/ijeet.html
ABSTRACT
I. INTRODUCTION
The Technical reasons behind installing series compensator on long
transmission lines are increased transmittable power, improved system stability,
reduced transmission losses, enhanced voltage control and more flexible power flow
control. Also environmental concerns and direct cost benefits stand for that too [1, 2].
However, protection systems with series compensated lines create challenges for
protection engineers and relay manufacturers. Series compensation not only increases
fault current but also creates several problems for its protective relays and fault
locators. Relay mal-operation due to voltage or current inversion and under or
overreaching of distance elements are probably the most critical and known
consequences of series compensations [3, 4].
Series compensated systems are mainly catalogued into switched capacitors
(SCs) systems and thyristor controlled switched capacitors (TCSCs) systems.
Typically, the main problem in designing series capacitors protection systems is
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 2, Number 2, May - July (2011), © IAEME
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 2, Number 2, May - July (2011), © IAEME
approaches that are not sufficiently tested nor widely accepted by relay vendors and
utilities [16], [17].
This paper evaluates the performance of two such fast, secure and dependable
schemes for the protection of the series compensated line based on one end
measurement and two end measurement. Section-II shows the simulation model of the
system considered for the ATP-EMTP [18] modelling. The complete data is given in
the appendix for the reference. Section-III, details the two end measurement method
to locate the fault in presence of series compensation along with selection algorithm.
Section-IV details the one end measurement method to locate the fault in the zone of
protection. Section-V shows the comparative simulation results obtained by
implementing both the algorithm.
II. SIMULATION MODEL OF THE SYSTEM
Fig. 1. Singles line diagram for two machine system with line to ground fault
Fig. 2. Equivalent single line diagram for two machine system in ATP-EMTP
Fig. 1 shows the single line diagram of the two machine system incorporating
series compensator at the mid-point of the transmission line. The MOVs and air-gaps
are also shown in the figure for better understanding. Fig. 2 shows the equivalent
ATP-EMTP model of the two machine system with the series compensator connected
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 2, Number 2, May - July (2011), © IAEME
at mid-point of the transmission line. The transmission line is divided into four
sections for the study. In ATP-EMTP software the pi-section model of the
transmission line is used to implement the each section. The degree of compensation
is controlled by varying the reference point of the firing angle. The various faults are
created in ATP-EMTP to generate the sampled data for the system and the output
sampled data from ATP-EMTP is used in MATLAB to extract the phasors using the
recursive Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) [19]. The algorithms and the relay are
modelled in the MATLAB and the trip decision is observed for the various cases.
III. FAULT LOCATION ALGORITHM USING TWO END MEASUREMENTS
In this section a fault locating algorithm using measurements from both the end is discussed.
The algorithm is developed in phase co-ordinates. The algorithm is based on the measurement of fault
distance for series compensated lines with the help of voltages and currents data from both the ends. A
general fault model introduced in [6] is utilized in the fault location algorithm. It is stated in matrix
notation as:
(1)
where and are vectors (3×1) of voltages and currents at fault location respectively, is
aggregated value of fault resistance and is 3×3 fault matrix built upon the type of fault.
The algorithm uses two subroutines for calculating the fault distance, one for faults in front of
compensator and the other for faults after compensator. Then the correct estimate is obtained by using a
logic block.
A. Subroutine 1: Faults behind compensator ( )
When fault occurs behind compensator at distance from sending end as shown in fig.1, the
current flowing through compensator is sending end current. Hence the voltage drop across the
compensator (3×1) is calculated using sending end currents (3×1). The following applies to the
faulty network:
(2)
(3)
(4)
where is matrix (3×3) of line impedances, and are sending end voltage and current
vectors (3×1), and are receiving end voltage and current vectors (3×1) respectively. Solving
equations (2) and (3), we have p.u. fault distance (3×1) and fault resistance (3×1) as:
(5)
(6)
(8)
Solving equations (7) - (8), we have p.u. fault distance (3×1) and fault resistance (3×1)
as:
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 2, Number 2, May - July (2011), © IAEME
(9)
(10)
C. Selection procedure
Locating a fault with respect to the SCs in the system of Fig.1 is a separate issue. Here,
however, the problem narrows to the selection of the correct pair (x, ) from two alternatives;
( , ) and ( , ). The block diagram of selection procedure is shown in Fig. 3. The simple and
straight forward algorithm that works in most cases is as follows:
If is out of [p,1] and is in [0,p] then accept ( , ) as a solution,
If is in [p,1] and is out of [0,p] then accept ( , ) as a solution,
Otherwise select the alternative with lower as a solution.
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 2, Number 2, May - July (2011), © IAEME
(12)
where, s and m of Z are subscripts refer to the self and mutual impedances of the transmission
line, and subscripts a, b and c denote the phases A, B and C respectively. For two phase to ground fault
(a-b-g), voltages at the fault point in phase A and B are nearly equal. Therefore, equation (12) can be
rearranged to obtain the expression for the fault location for two phase to ground (a-b-g) fault as:
(13)
For completely transposed transmission lines mutual impedances are nearly equal. Therefore,
equation (13) can be simplified and rewritten as:
(14)
Since sending end currents and voltages are measured and sample values are known, fault
point can be estimated using time domain analysis. If value of at time t is equation (14) can be
written in time domain as:
(15)
If the fault has occurred on the left of the series compensation unit, the fault equation becomes
further simpler due to the absence of compensator for the fault current from the sending side.
(a) (b)
Fig. 4. Two end measurement algorithm with 70 % series compensation at mid-point for L-L-G (a-b-g) fault at
90 % of line length (a) Distance relay impedance trajectory; (b) per unit distance measurement using fault location
algorithm
Fig. 4 shows the simulation results of two end measurements algorithm calculating the fault
location for the L-L-G (a-b-g) fault on the transmission line in presence of series compensator
connected at the mid-point. Fig. 4 (a) shows the impedance trajectory on the R-X plane and first zone
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 2, Number 2, May - July (2011), © IAEME
of distance relay is set to cover the 80 % of line length. It is observed that, the fault is not in the zone of
protection but distance relay see the fault in the zone and relay mal-operates. The mal-operation
observed is in the form of over-reaching the fault point because of series compensation of the
transmission line. Fig. 4 (b) shows the calculation of the p.u. fault distance using two end measurement
algorithm. It is seen that, the algorithm calculates the p.u. distance very accurately for the fault at 90 %
of the line and prevents the mal-operation of the distance relay. Hence, making the distance relay
intelligent even in presence of series compensation.
(a) (b)
Fig. 5. Two end measurement algorithm with 70 % series compensation at mid-point for L-L-L-G (a-b-c-g) fault at
75 % of line length (a) Distance relay impedance trajectory; (b) per unit distance measurement using fault location
algorithm
Fig. 5 shows the results of two end measurement algorithm calculating the fault location for
the L-L-L-G (a-b-c-g) fault on the transmission line in presence of series compensator connected at the
mid-point. Fig. 5 (a) shows the impedance trajectory on the R-X plane and first zone of distance relay
is set to cover the 80 % of line length. It is observed that, the fault is in the zone of protection but
distance relay locate the fault near the mid-point of the line even though the fault is on 75 % distance of
the line. Fig. 5 (b) shows the calculation of the p.u. fault distance using two end measurement
algorithm. It is seen that, the algorithm calculates the p.u. distance very accurately for the fault at 75 %
of the line.
(a) (b)
Fig. 6. One end measurement algorithm with 70 % series compensation at mid-point for L-L-G (a-b-g) fault at
90 % of line length (a) Distance relay impedance trajectory; (b) per unit distance measurement using fault location
algorithm
Fig. 6 shows the simulation results of one end measurement algorithm calculating the fault
location for the L-L-G (a-b-g) fault on the transmission line in presence of series compensator
connected at the mid-point. Fig. 6 (a) shows the impedance trajectory on the R-X plane and first zone
of distance relay is set to cover the 80 % of line length. It is observed that, the fault is not in the zone of
protection but distance relay see the fault in the zone and relay mal-operates. The mal-operation
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 2, Number 2, May - July (2011), © IAEME
observed is in the form of over-reaching the fault point because of series compensation of the
transmission line. Fig. 6 (b) shows the calculation of the p.u. fault distance using one end measurement
algorithm. It is seen that, the algorithm calculates the p.u. distance very accurately for the fault at 90 %
of the line and prevents the mal-operation of the distance relay. Hence, making the distance relay
intelligent even in presence of series compensation
(a) (b)
Fig. 7. One end measurement algorithm with 70 % series compensation at mid-point for L-L-L-G (a-b-c-g) fault at
75 % of line length (a) Distance relay impedance trajectory; (b) per unit distance measurement using fault location
algorithm
Fig. 7 shows the results of one end measurement algorithm calculating the fault location for
the L-L-L-G (a-b-c-g) fault on the transmission line in presence of series compensator connected at the
mid-point. Fig. 7 (a) shows the impedance trajectory on the R-X plane and first zone of distance relay
is set to cover the 80 % of line length. It is observed that, the fault is in the zone of protection but
distance relay locate the fault near the mid-point of the line even though the fault is on 75 % distance of
the line. Fig. 7 (b) shows the calculation of the p.u. fault distance using one end measurement algorithm.
It is seen that, the algorithm calculates the p.u. distance very accurately for the fault at 75 % of the line.
Simulation study shows that the one end measurement algorithm performs more accurately
than the two end measurement algorithm. Hence, the percentage errors has been calculated for one end
measurement algorithm which are tabulated in table-I.
Table-I: One end measurement % error calculation
Fault Distance
% Error
type (km)
a-g 75 (25 %) -2.83
a-b-g 75 (25 %) -2.49
a-b-c-g 75 (25 %) 1.87
a-g 150 (50 %) -2.99
a-b-g 150 (50 %) -2.98
a-b-c-g 150 (50 %) 2.19
a-g 225 (75 %) -2.73
a-b-g 225 (75 %) -2.87
a-b-c-g 225 (75 %) 1.85
a-g 270 (90 %) -1.06
a-b-g 270 (90 %) -1.19
a-b-c-g 270 (90 %) 0.99
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 2, Number 2, May - July (2011), © IAEME
VI. CONCLUSION
Performance evaluation of two fault location algorithms for protection of
series compensated transmission line has been presented. The simulation results
shown prove the accuracy and dependability of both schemes. It is found that the one
end measurement fault location algorithm gives better accurate results than the two
end measurements algorithm. Also, the fault location measurement simulation results
from one end measurement give very marginal deviation from the actual values.
Hence, we conclude that the one end measurement fault location algorithm is robust
and accurate than the other fault location algorithm for protection of series
compensated transmission line.
APPENDIX
System Parameters
Source impedances:
Zsa1=Zsb1= 1.31 + j15 ohm; Zsa0=Zsb0= 2.33 +j26.6 ohm;
MOV: Vref = 150 kV; k = 1 kA; q = 23.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] P.M. Anderson, Power System Protection. New York: IEEE Press, 1999.
[2] M. M. Saha, E. Rosolowki and J. Izykowski, “ATP-EMTP investigation of a new
distance protection principle for series compensated lines”, International Confe.
on Power Systems Transients, New Orleans, USA, 2003.
[3] D. Novosel, A. Phadke, M. M. Saha, and S. Lindahl, “Problems and solutions for
microprocessor protection of series compensated lines,” IEE Confe. Publication,
pp. 18-23, March 1997.
[4] IEEE power system relaying committee special publication on, “Series capacitor
bank protection”, WG K13, 1998.
[5] D.L. Goldsworthy, “A linearized model for MOV-protected series capacitors”,
IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol.2, No.4, pp.953-958, 1987.
[6] M.M.Saha, J.Izykowski, E.Rosolowski and B.Kasztenny, “A new accurate fault
locating algorithm for series compensated lines”, IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 789-797, July 1999.
[7] G. E. Lee and D. L. Goldsworthy, “BPA’s pacific AC intertie series capacitors:
Experience, equipment and protection,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 11, no.
1, pp. 253–259, Jan. 1996.
[8] C. Gagnon and P. Gravel, “Extensive evaluation of high performance protection
relays for the Hydro-Quebec series compensated network,” IEEE Trans. Power
Delivery, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1799–1811, Oct. 1994.
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 2, Number 2, May - July (2011), © IAEME
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