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Rhodes, Greece, June 17–22, 2012
Copyright © 2012 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)
ISBN 978-1-880653-94–4 (Set); ISSN 1098-6189 (Set)
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of LBE to simulate two-dimensional turbulence. They compare the LES approaches with N-S. With an appropriate choice of the
scheme against pseudo-spectral simulation for the case of Smagorinsky constant Cs, even a 323 point coarse grid adequately
homogeneous forced two-dimensional turbulence. They also compare captures large scale motions and evolution of kinetic energy in LBM-
energy spectra and time evolution of energy and enstrophy to LES as shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. The low wave-number
demonstrate an excellent match with pseudo-spectral method. scaling is shown for two different initial spectra with m = 2,4 in Fig. 5.
They establish LBE as a reliable tool for DNS and LES simulations of
Yu, Girimaji and Luo (2005) investigate DIT in inertial and rotating turbulence.
frames in order to assess the effectiveness of LBE as a computational
tool to perform DNS of turbulent flows. In the inertial frame they find
decay exponents, dissipation rate and low-wave number scaling of the
energy spectra agree well with established classical results. In Fig. 1
kinetic energy decays monotonically in absence of production, while
dissipation peaks first due to gradient-steepening and decays
subsequently.
Eˆ (κ , 0) = ⎨ (1)
⎪⎩0, κ ∉ [1,8]
The compensated spectra Eˆ (κ , t ′) / κ 4 for 1283 simulation is shown in Fig. 4: Evolution of the normalized kinetic energy: LBE-LES 323, NS-
Fig. 2. The spectra shows a dependence of low-wave number scaling LES 323, and LBE-DNS 1283.
( Eˆ (κ , t ′)ٛκ 4 ) on the initial spectrum (m = 4) which concurs with
previous results (Mansour and Wray, 1994; Huang and Leonard, 1994).
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adequately, the ends of spectra are poorly resolved.
Kerimo and Girimaji (2007) apply Boltzmann BGK based Gas Kinetic
Method (GKM), MRT-LBM and N-S equations for weakly
compressible turbulence. They evaluate the viability of extending the
application of GKM in simulating turbulent flows. GKM is compared
against LBM and N-S to evaluate the accuracy and robustness of
schemes. They perform three-dimensional DNS of DIT and compare
the evolution of kinetic energy and dissipation rate obtained using
GKM, N-S and LBM in Fig. 6. One-dimensional energy spectra at
eddy-turnover time t'=0.23 and t'=0.64 are compared in Figs. 7 and 8
respectively, to demonstrate the extent of scales captured by schemes.
A qualitative comparison of iso-surfaces of x-component of vorticity at Fig. 8: Normalized energy spectrum (Ê(κ)/k0) as a function of wave
t'=0.64 is shown in Fig. 9. An almost exact match in statistical number κ at t′ = 0.64 for LBM (solid line), GKM (square) and NS
quantities (k,ε), energy spectra and iso-surfaces of ωx strongly support (circle) and at t′ = 0 (dashed line).
the viability of LBM and GKM for turbulence calculations.
(a) (b)
(c)
Fig. 9: Iso-surfaces of x-component of vorticity ωx at t' = 0.64 for: (a)
GKM (b) LBM and (c) N-S (Red: ωx =0.013; Green: ωx =-0.013).
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He and Doolen (1997) used an interpolation-based strategy to extend
the LBM for general curvilinear coordinate systems in-order to study
flow around a circular cylinder. Compared with previous lattice
Boltzmann simulations of the same problem, their new approach
greatly enhanced the computational efficiency of the scheme. Zhang et
al (2007) proposed an algorithm for rotationally invariant lattice
Boltzmann method (RILBM). Their approach overcomes discrete
artifacts presented in the standard lattice Bhatnagar, Gross, and Krook
(LBGK) model by introducing a generalized particle collision operator Fig. 11: Schematic of the interaction between kinetic and thermal
in arbitrarily rotated frames. They further demonstrate an exact modes.
recovery of the N-S equations through the Chapman-Enskog expansion.
The independence of numerical results relative to the lattice orientation Table 1: Simulation cases
is shown using numerical simulations: (i) decay of sinusoidal wave
involving two distinct orientations and (ii) propagation of sound wave. Cases Isothermal Case I Case II
Zhang et al (2010) proposed a generalized lattice Boltzmann based Domain size 1283 1283 1283
approach for sliding-mesh local reference frame. Their scheme exactly r
conserves the hydrodynamic fluxes across local reference frame v field κ ∈ [1 − 8] κ ∈ [1 − 8] κ ∈ [1 − 8]
interface. They demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the scheme T field κ ∈ [1 − 4] κ ∈ [1 − 4] κ ∈ [5 − 8]
using benchmark problems: (i) DNS of two-dimensional rotating
Reλ , Pr 45, 0.6 45, 0.6 45, 0.6
cylinder, (ii) DNS of two-dimensional blade in a cross flow and (iii)
three-dimensional flow past D4119 propeller. The benchmark
validations establish the effectiveness and accuracy of the scheme. One
of the key features of their algorithm is that it can be parallelized easily
and achieve almost linear scalability across massive computing
clusters.
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observed as seen from Figs. 17 and 18, respectively. Throughout the
decay process there is an exchange of energy between kinetic and
magnetic modes through Alfen waves, while the total energy decreases
monotonically. Lorentz forces play a key role in exchange of energy
between kinetic and magnetic modes. The exchange of energy is
oscillatory with intermittent large fluctuations. They find that magnetic
field effects dominate the evolution of enstrophy and when interaction
parameter N is high vortex compression is as likely as vortex stretching
(see Fig. 19).
To account for the effect of the magnetic on velocity field two possible
LBM formulations are: (i) body-force formulation (BFF) where the
magnetic field effects manifest as an external acceleration and (ii)
extended equilibrium formulation (EFF) where the effect appears
through a modified equilibrium distribution function. Also, two models
are available for the velocity field: single-relaxation time (SRT) and Fig. 16: Rectangular jet flow profiles for Re = 150 with magnetic field:
multi-relaxation time (MRT) model. Riley, Richard and Girimaji β =3.35, N=3.0 and Rm = 5.
(2008) developed the implementation of MRT-EEF for MHD-LBM
and compared with SRT-BFF, SRT-EEF and MRT-BFF. They find
MRT-EEF to be the most robust and accurate amongst the MHD-LBM
computational schemes examined.
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grows and turbulence is sustained while for ω> ωcr kinetic energy
decays and turbulence dies. At very high frequency (ωcr>10),
periodically forced turbulence behaves similar to DIT as shown in Fig.
24.
Fig. 19: PDF of the different components of the total time rate of
change of enstrophy at eddy-turnover time τ =0.25 (N=0.3).
Fig. 21: The results of b12 obtained from DNS using LBM and N-S
Homogeneous turbulence in uniform shear equations by Jacobitz, Sarkar and Van Atta (1997) with the initial
values of Reλ=44.72 and S*=2.0.
Yu and Girimaji (2005) study homogeneous turbulence subject to
uniform shear using LBM. They perform DNS to investigate the
dependence of the asymptotic state of turbulence on the initial
Reynolds number and strain rate. The validity and accuracy of LBM for
sheared turbulence is established by comparing evolution of normalized
Reynolds stresses and Reynolds stress anisotropy against classical
experimental data and N-S DNS results in Fig. 20 and 21, respectively.
In the low Reynolds number regime, the asymptotic state of turbulence
depends weakly on initial shear S* but strongly on initial Reynolds
number Reλ. Initial normalized shear S* has a relatively small effect on
the asymptotic values of S*, P/ε and b12 while the effect on normal
stress anisotropies are relatively larger. Fig. 22 shows evolution of
Reynolds stress anisotropy b12 to be weakly dependent on S* for a fixed
initial Reλ. The dependence on Reynolds number diminishes with
increasing Reynolds number. For fixed S*, evolution of b12 is strongly
dependent on initial Reλ as shown in Fig. 23. Fig. 22: Time evolution of b12 for different S* with initial Reλ=84. b12
(asymptotic) =−0.16.
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Fig. 24: Evolution of k and ε in DIT and homogeneous shear Fig. 27: Evolution of b12 in ω/Smax = 1.0 case.
turbulence with ωcr =10.
Complex inhomogeneous flows Fig. 29: Half-width contours at Re=150 at different locations
downstream. The jet orifice is in dashed line.
LBM has been applied extensively for solving complex flows like: jets,
flow over bluff bodies, cavity flows. Higuera and Succi (1989) were the Luo and Girimaji (2003) developed a two-fluid lattice Boltzmann
first to demonstrate the validity of LBE as a numerical scheme for fluid model for binary mixtures. In the proposed model, viscosity and mass
flows past bluff bodies at moderate Reynolds numbers (Re <100) for diffusion coefficients can be varied independently through mutual and
two-dimensional flow past a cylinder. Wu et. al (2006) simulate flow self-collision relaxation time-scales. The LBM model can be used for
past a square cylinder in a channel using the multi-relaxation-time miscible and immiscible fluids. Yu and Girimaji (2005) study
(MRT) model in the parallel lattice Boltzmann BGK method (LBGK). instability in rectangular jets and axis-switching using LBM. The
Chen, Kandasamy, Orszag, Shock, Succi and Yakhot (2003) suggest aspect ratio (AR) of the rectangular jet studied is 1.5. They perform
that complex fluid physics can be modeled using an extended kinetic simulations of jet flow for Reynolds numbers 10, 100, 150 and 200. At
equation more efficiently than N-S. They explain LBM for modeling low Reynolds number (Re = 10, 100), the jet flow is laminar and stable.
fluid turbulence and demonstrate its computational effectiveness. The For Re=150, flow is still laminar and stable but axis-switching occurs
premise of their approach is that, it is simpler to model complex downstream of the flow as shown in Fig. 29. Axis-switching is closely
physics at the Boltzmann (or kinetic) level first, and then use coarse related to the dynamics of corner vortices. Fig. 30 shows half-width
graining procedures. They study NACA 4412 and flow past a real car contours at higher Reynolds number Re=200, where jet becomes
geometry and show an excellent match with experimental data.
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unstable and a rough axis-switching is observed. turbulence at low Reynolds numbers,” Physics of Fluids, Vol 6, pp
3765-3775.
Kerimo, J, and Girimaji, SS (2007). “Boltzmann-BGK approach to
simulating weakly compressible 3D turbulence: comparison between
lattice Boltzmann and gas kinetic methods,” Journal of Turbulence,
Vol 8, No 46, pp 1–16.
Lallemand, P, and Luo, L-S (2003). “Theory of the lattice Boltzmann
method: Acoustic and thermal properties in two and three dimensions,”
Physical Review E, Vol 68, No 3, pp 036706.
Lee, K, Yu, D, and Girimaji, SS (2006). “Lattice Boltzmann DNS of
decaying compressible isotropic turbulence with temperature
Fluctuations,” International Journal of Computational Fluid
Dynamics, Vol 20, No 6, pp 401–413.
Luo, L-S, and Girimaji, SS (2003). “Theory of the lattice Boltzmann
method: two-fluid model for binary mixtures,” Physical Review E, Vol
67, pp 036302.
Mansour, N, and Wray, A (1994). “Decay of isotropic turbulence at low
Reynolds number,” Physics of Fluids, Vol 8, pp 808-814.
Fig. 30: Half-width contours at Re=200 at different locations McNamara, GR, and Zanetti, G (1988). “Use of the Boltzmann equation
downstream. The jet orifice is in dashed line. to simulate lattice-gas automata,” Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol 61, pp 2332–
2335.
Near-field LES for low aspect ratio rectangular jets using LBM is Pattison, M, Premnath, K, Morley, N, and Abdou, M (2008). “Progress in
performed by Yu and Girimaji (2005). LES technique combines lattice Boltzmann methods for magnetohydrodynamic flows relevant
D3Q19 multiple relaxation time LBE with Smagorinsky model for the to fusion applications,” Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol 83, No 4,
sub-grid stress. They demonstrate that, for LES of turbulent flows, pp 557–572.
MRT-LBE model is more suitable than the widely used single- Peng, Y, Liao, W, Luo, L-S, and Wang, L-P (2010). “Comparison of the
relaxation-time LBE model. They compare the near-field behavior lattice Boltzmann and pseudo-spectral methods for decaying
simulated using MRT-LBM against experimental data. They find the turbulence: Low-order statistics,” Computers & Fluids, Vol 39, No 4,
statistical behavior of turbulent jets to be more sensitive to inflow pp 568-59.
velocity than transverse boundary conditions. Premnath, K, and Pattison, M (2005). “Computation of MHD flows
using the lattice Boltzmann method,” MetaHeuristics LLC.
CONCLUSIONS Richard, J, Riley, B, and Girimaji, SS (2011). “Magnetohydrodynamic
turbulence decay under the influence of uniform or random magnetic
In the last two decades, development of appropriate numerical fields,” Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol 133, pp 081205:1-9.
strategies for LBM has brought about applications for a wide range of Riley, B, Girimaji, SS, Richard, J, and Lee, K (2009). “Magnetic field
flows. The ease of flux calculation, computational advantages in effects on axis-switching and instabilities in rectangular plasma jets,”
handling of advection term and a richer physics content compared to Flow Turbulence Combust, Vol 82, pp 375-390.
Navier-Stokes, puts LBM in the frontline of CFD tool. For complex Riley, B, Richard, J, and Girimaji, SS (2008). “Assessment of two
flows like ocean and off-shore engineering, LBM is yet to be fully magnetohydrodynamic lattice Boltzmann models in rectangular jets
exploited. Canonical flows of interest to coastal engineering have been and turbulence,” International Journal of Modern Physics C, Vol 19,
studied extensively using LBM and some of the relevant works have No 8, pp 1211-1222.
been reviewed in the paper. A great deal of success in variety of Yamazaki, Y, Kaneda, Y, and Rubinstein, R (2002). “Dynamics of
simulations for such canonical flows has set-up an excellent framework inviscid truncated model of rotating turbulence,” Journal of the
for future applications of LBM in coastal engineering applications. Physical Society of Japan, Vol 71, pp 81-92.
Yu, D, and Girimaji, SS (2005). “DNS of homogenous shear turbulence
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