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\ 8 ; N|B ¾ÂÁ 4Ã r¸¿ XQN } ¾Á 4ÃÃ ¿ ^|B 8 N9~ u ¾ [ Å ¿ XB\ 7 = |VRB3\
U ; V } = V©XQC9V ; 6 8 yzX6\ 8 ; N ° h So;6

v ° v h ¼ r X6N } v ° v h v ¶ ¼ [ ¶ B ;"= V =65 ^ 8 V =

° v ¼ r ¾Á 4Ã+o ¿
v
XQN }
° v v ¶ C ¼ Z Ã ¹ ¶ ¾Á 4Ã% ¿
v f
¨798 BÆ~ 8 = BÆ\ 7 = P = ±\ 7 X6N } B 8S} = B ; =ª5 ^|X6\ 8 ; N|B ¾ 9 Á o ¿ < ¾ C ÁÁ¿ < ¾ C Á ¿ X6N } ¾ 9 Á Z ¿ XaBY = ; V =
¨7 = V 8 ~ 7 \ 7 XQN } B 8S} = B³X6V = rÅO¹ Å r XQN } r V = BA =ª: \ 8 = P42 ` : ^9y/y 8 N9~z\ 7 = B =¥=65 ^XQ\ 8 ; N|B
¾ 7 = V = N ;6 ° h ¼ u ¾ [ Å ¿>¿ = ~ = \

® ±¯ [ ²µ® ¶ [ ¶ ¼ r4

¾Á 4Ã Á¿
XQN }
® ±¯ [ ²µ® Â¶ [ ¶ C¼ Z® Â¶ [ ¾ Ã W Z } h ¿ ´ a m ¶ ² ¹

¾Á 4+Ã ¿

!"#$% '&)(+*#,+-./0.1(324 5* Zf
; VW\ 7 = |VRB3\W\ Ê;¬=65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; NB ): ^Cy/y 8 NC~«\ 7 = P = ±\ 7 X6N } B 8S} =©; =65 ^|X6\ 8 ; N ¾ 9 Á ¿ = B = =
\ 7 XQ\\ 7 = B =6:<; N } XQN } ; ^9V>\ 7 \ = VyzB@X6V = = V ; XBo = ; V =< \ 7 = \ 798 V } \ = Vy 8 B Z® ¶ ¹ ¶ f
T2 =65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N ¾ÂÁ 4Ã ¿ XQN } \ 7 = 9±\ 7 \ = V>y 8 B ® Â¶ ¹ ¶ f 2 =ª5 ^|X6\ 8 ; N ¾Á 4Ã+ ¿ ¨798 B~ 8 = B
® a ¯ [ ¼r3 ¾Á 4Ã ¿
: ^9yy 8 N9~\ 7 = P = ±\ 7 XQN } B 8S} ="; =65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N ¾ C Á Z ¿ Ê= B 8 y 8 P`XQVP_2¥B =d= \ 7 XQ\¬\ 7 = B =6:<; N }
XQN } ; ^9V\ 7 \ = V>yzB : XQN :O= P|XQN } \ 7 = V = yX 8 N 8 N9~\ = VyBY~ 8 =@=65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N ¾ 9 Ã ¿ < \ 7 = B =ª:<; N } U
; V } = V¬y ; y = NT\^9y =65 ^|X6\ 8 ; N <§ 8 \ 7`X V = 9PSX :<= } 2 § So; \ = \ 7 X6\¬\ 7 = \ 798 V } \ = V>y ;

=65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N ¾ 9 Á Z ¿ 8 BBA\ 8 P_P§~ 8 = NT2 =65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N ¾ 9g r¸¿ 8 \ 7 X V = 9PSX :<= } T2 § j; NB 8S} = V

\ 7 = VGB3\VU ; V } = V =+6 |X6N|B 8 ; N ; =ª5 ^|X6\ 8 ; N|B ¾ 9 !f ¿ XQN } ¾ C o ¿ 7
® ±¯ ° v h ² ® vg ° v h ¼ Z Ã K ° v h ² ° v Z ° v M Å ¾Á 4Ã Ë ¿
7 = V = ° v h ¼ u ¾ [ Å ¿ XQN } ° v ¼ u ¾ [ Å X & ¿ ?^9P_\ 8 CP42 8 N9~ =65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N ¾ÂÁ 4Ã Ë ¿ T2 ® Â¶ v ¶ v

XQN } B3^Cy/y 8 NC~ ; = V XQN } N ; \ 8 N9~"\ 7 X6\@\ ; |VGBA
\ U ; V } = V 8 Nz\ 7 = = P ;T: 8 \A2

v ¶ v ° v h ¼ v ¶ v ° v ¾Á 4Ã Z ¿
v v
= ~ = \
® Â¶ v ¶ v ° v
v
¾Á g f r¿

¼ Z ¾ Ã Z`W } h ¿A´ a ® ±¯ ® Â¶ [ m ¶ ²µ® Â¶ ® W [ ²´ a f K ¶ m ² m ¶ ² m ¶ M
C
XBW = ; V = ) j; y" 8 N 8 N9~¬\ 7 = |VRB3V\ U@X6N } B =ª:<; N } U ; V } = V =65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N|B Ê= ~ = \o\ 7 =¬:O; NT\ 8 NT^ 8 \32
=65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N ¾ 9 Lf ¿ 8 Nz\ = VyzB ; L\ 7 = {|^ 8S} = P ;T: 8 \A2 XQN } \ 7 ^= S Xª 8 =
V U : \ ; 9= B =65 ^|X6\ 8 ; N

®¯ [ ¶²µ® [ ¶ C¼ Z® [ ¾ Ã W Z`} h ¿ ´ a m ¶ `² _C® ® [ ¶o² ®4¶ ba® [ ²º¹]4¶ q¾Á g fÃ ¿

¨798 B 8 B/\ 7 = BX6y = XB =65 ^XQ\ 8 ; N ¾ Cg Lo ¿ 8 N\ = V>yzB ; \ 7 = {|^ 8`} = P ;T: 8 \32 8 \ 7 \ 7 =
X }C}8 \ 8 ; NXQPÆ ; V :<= \ = V>y ¹]¶ 798 : 7 :<; y = B§±V ; y =65 ^XQ\ 8 ; N ¾Á 4/Ã ¿
M ¡ ¡
M ED M'M9A ¡ s©³GÆ 9 |W *Cf ¡¡ ¢¤o¦W Q
C3@¡
j; NB 8S} = V@\ 7 =; P_\dyzX6N9N =65 ^XQ\ 8 ; N <
° v ¾ÇE² v Å>Èf² Ã ¿ Zµ° v ¾ÇÀÅÈG¿§¼½ v ¾ÇÀÅÈG¿GÅ ¾Á gfLf ¿

!"#$% '&)(+*#,+-./0.1(324 5* Zo
7 =V=
½ v Â¾ ÇYÅ>È ¿L¼CZ Ã ° v ¾Ç ÅÈG¿Z ° v ¾ÂÇÀÅÈG¿§² ~ W ´ a ¹ ¶ v ¶ Å ¾Á gfLo ¿
XQN }cX XQN } ° v XQV = } = |N = } 8 Nµ\ 7 = ^|BA^|XQP Xª2 7 [ ¶ ¼ v ° v v ¶ XQN } ° v ¼ u ¾ [ Å X ¿
: ^9yy 8 N9~ =65 ^|X6\ 8 ; N ¾Á fLo ¿ ; = V ~ 8 = B
° v ¾ÇE² v ÅÈÀ² Ã ¿ Z*° v ¾ÂÇÆÅÈG¿ ©¼OZ Ã K [ Z [ M ¼r3
¾Á gf ¿
v
?^9P_\ 8 CP42 8 N9~©2 v ¶ = ; V = B3^Cy/y 8 NC~«~ 8 = B

° v ¾ÂÇE² v ÅÈÀ² Ã ¿ Z° v ¾ÇÆÅ>È ¿ ¼ Z Ã K [ ¶ Z [ ¶ M ² ¹]¶ ¼ ¹Y¶4
¾Á gf Á¿
v
= N 8 N9~ < XaB = ; V = < \ 7 = {|^ 8`} y ; y = NT\^Cy\ 7 V ; ^9~ 7 [ ¶ ¼ [ ¶ ² a ¹ ¶ Ê= ~ = \¬\ 7 =

BX6y ==65 ^|X6\ 8 ; N|BWXB 8 N¥B =6: \ 8 ; N Á _Ã 9
¨7 ==65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N =ª5 ^ 8 aXQP = N\j\ ;¬=ª5 ^|X6\ 8 ; N ¾ Cg r¿ 7 XBWXQN¥X }9}8 \ 8 ; N|XQPÀ\ = Vy » ¹ ¶ v ¶ < 7 ;6 U
= = V < 7 = N \ 798 B 8 By³^CP4\ 8 9P 8 = } T2 ® Â¶ v ¶ v X6N } BA^9y/y = } ; = V 8 \BA^9yzBo\ ; = V ; 2
=65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N ¾ 9g o Z ¿
= \ 7 = V = ; V =¬; 9\RX 8 N \ 7 = B>XQy =¬/= 6 9V = BB 8 ; N ; V v ® Â¶ ° ve v ¶ v XaB

= }8`} 8 NµB =6: \ 8 ; N Á 4Ãa 9 ¨7 ^|B = XQ~X 8 N ; 9\GX 8 N\ 7 =z:<; N\ 8 NT^ 8 \A2 =65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N ¾ Cg Lf ¿ 8 N

\ = VyzB ; L\ 7 = {|^ 8`} = P ;T: 8 \A2 XQN } \ 7 T= S Xd 8 = VV U : \ L; 9= B =65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N ¾ÂÁ fÃ ¿

IW3 Y|WEM
¨7 = |VRB3\/\ Ê; y = \ 7 ; } B : XQN ; N9P42µ = ^|B = } 8 ©\ 7 = ; } 2 ; V :<= 8 B/B ; BAyzXQP_Po\ 7 XQ\ 8 \GB
= 0 =6: \ 8 B'N = ~P 8 ~ 8 9P =!\GX6N\ ¨7 = \ ; y = \ 7 ; } B } = B : V 8 = }8 NB =6: \ 8 ; N|B Á _Ã XQN } Á _Ã Á ~ 8 = \ 7 =
BX6y =¬=65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N|B ; @y ; \ 8 ; N < 7 ;6= = V\ 7 = 2uXQV = }8 0 = V = NT\ ¨7 = y = \ 7 ; }} = B : V 8 = }8 N
B =ª: \ 8 ; N Á 4Ã B 7 XQP_PÆ =©: XQP_P = } y = \ 7 ; } ¾ Ã ¿ X6N } \ 7 = y = \ 7 ; }"} = B : V 8 = }³8 NB =6: \ 8 ; N Á 4Ã Á
y = \ 7 ; } ¾ f ¿ ¨7 = }8 0 = V = N :<= = \ = = Nz\ 7 = PSXQ\>\ 8 :<=; P_\dyXQN9N ; = VRXQ\ ; VGB ½ Zº½ a ; V
y ; } = PSB Ã XQN } f4< X : \ 8 N9~ ; N¥\ 7 = B>XQy = }T8 B3\>V 8 9^9\ 8 ; N/±^9N : \ 8 ; N ° vÀ8 B

[ f ¶ ¹ ² a ¹ ¶ ¹ W ¾ W ² f ¿ v ¶ vg Z W f ¶ ¹ ¶ ² a¹ ¶ ¹ ¶ f¼ Ã Å ~
f ´ ~ f ´ a ~

[ [ a [ [ a
¹ ¶ ¶ a ¹ ¶ ¹ ¶
Z [ | f f¼r3
[ á [ aá
Z

¾Á g fL ¿

!"#$% '&)(+*#,+-./0.1(324 5* Z
¨7 = }8 0 = V = N :<=©:<; N\RX 8 NBo\ = V>yzB ¾ ¹ [ ¿ XQN } ¾>¾3¹ [ ¿ a ¿ ^9V 8 N9~"\ 7 = 8 y/CP = y = NT\GXsU
\ 8 ; N ´ < \ 7 = BA = = } ; ]B ; ^9N } XQN } ¹ [ ¼ Ã ¨7 ^|B < 8 N"~ = N = VGX6P < \ 7 = }8 0 = V = N :<=
=+6 9V = BB = }8 N =65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N ¾ÂÁ fL ¿ 8 P_PÆ = B3yzX6P4P P_\ 7 ; ^9~ 7 ¹ [ 8 B@B3yzX6P4P 8 \ : X6N¥B3\ 8 P4P 9V ; U
} ^ :O= XzB 8 ~N 8 : XQNT\ = 0 =6: \ ¨7 = }8 0 = V = N :<=©=+6 CV = B>B = }z8 N =65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N ¾Á fL ¿ = 8 N9~B3yzX6P4P
} ;= B@N ; \ 8 y/9P_2¬\ 7 X6\ m [ 8 BN = ~P 8 ~ 8 9P = 8 N =65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N ¾ÂÁ o ¿ ; V@\ 7 XQ\ ¹ ¶ 8 N =ª5 ^|X6\ 8 ; N ¾ÂÁ ¿
8 BN = ~P 8 ~ 8 9P =
x N B 6= : \ 8 ; N Á _Ã \ 7 = X }9}8 \ 8 ; N|X6P« ; V :<= Xª0 =6: \RB\ 7 = ^9 } XQ\ = } }8 B3\V 8 9^C\ 8 ; N ±^CN : \ 8 ; N <
° v ¾Ç¬² v ÅÈ]² Ã ¿ <|; N = X : 7 P 8 N 9 < §¼rTÅ+ x N¥B =6: \ 8 ; N Á 4Ãa Á \ 7 = ^9 } X6\ = }¥}8 BA\V 8 9^9\ 8 ; N
±^9N : \ 8 ; N 8 BX6P4\ = V = } < T2z\ 7 = X }9}8 \ 8 ; N|XQP§\ = Vy < T2¥XQN*XQy ; ^9N\W9V ; ; V>\ 8 ; N|XQPj\ ; ¹]¶ v ¶
¨798 By = XQNBs\ 7 XQ\ ° h 8 BN ; \ : 7 X6N9~ = } ¾Â° h 8 P_P < 7 ;6= = V < = ^9 } XQ\ = } X :d:<; V }8 NC~¬\ ; \ 7 =
B3\RXQN } XQV } :<; P4P 8 B 8 ; N ; = VGXQ\ ; V ¿ x X 7 =/6 X6~ ; NXQP@~V 8S} <À 8 \ 7 P 8 N 9 B f X6N } Á 7 ; V 8 ; N\RXQP <
8 BW^|B = } \ 7 = NN = 8 \ 7 = V ° a ; V °
8 P_Pf =: 7 XQN9~ = } 2z\ 7 = X }9}T8 \ 8 ; N|X6Pj\ = V>y x Ê\ 7 = ~aV 8`}
8 B ; V 8 = N\RXQ\ = } B ; \ 7 XQ\ ° a XQN } °
XQV = = V\ 8 : X6Ps\ 7 = Nµ\ 7 = X }9}8 \ 8 ; N|XQP@\ = Vy 8 P4P Xª0 =6: \
° /Å _ÅG ° XQN }z8 \ 8 P4P 7 Xd = X PSXQV>~ = V = 0 =ª: \ ; N ° a XQN } °
\ 7 XQN 8 \ 8 P4P ; N\ 7 =; \ 7 = VGB
: 7 XQN9~ = 8 N¥B ; y =; \ 7 = ° v \ = VyBXQ\ ; N = \ 8 y = UABA\ = 8 P4P 9V ; |XQ~ XQ\ = \ 7 V ; ^9~ 7 \ ; X6P4PÀ\ 7 =
° v \ = VyBXQ\W\ 7 = N += 6 \@\ 8 y = UABA\ =

!"#$% '&)(+*#,+-./0.1(324 5* ZÁ
/b i)k

«e"g§rgsn i³e

¨7 = \ ; y ; } = P`B } = B : V 8 = } 8 N B =6: \ 8 ; N|B Á _Ã X6N } Á _Ã Á Ê= V = ; \ 78 y/CP = y = N\ = } B ;
\ 7 XQ\\ 7 = Xª0 =6: \\ 7 = 2 7 Xd =©; N*XE{|^ 8`} B 8 y"^9P`XQ\ 8 ; N :O; ^9P } =¬; |B = V = } X6N } XQNT2 }8 0 = V
U
= N :O= BY = \ Ê=d= N\ 7 = y ; } = P`B :O; ^9P } =@:<; N|B 8`} = V = } x NXQP4PT\ 7 = B 8 y³^CPSXQ\ 8 ; N|B < ^9NCP = B>BfBA\GXQ\ = }
; \ 7 = V 8 B != < Ê= 8 P_PÀ^|B = z¼Cr4 Z/XQN } ¼ r3grLr Ã%[ ¨798 B aXQP_^ = ; 8 B@PSXQV>~ = VW\ 7 XQN
XQNT2¬aXQP_^ = ^B = }³8 N/BA^9|B =65 ^ = N\ Xd = B 8 y"^9PSX6\ 8 ; N|B B 8 N9~P = U B3 =6: 8 = Bfy ; } = P XaB 8 y9P = U

y = NT\ = } ^|B 8 N9~"\ 7 = 8 B ; \>V ; 8 L: < !XQP 8 P = XQN 8 NTaXQV 8 XQNT\ =65 ^ 8 P 8 9V 8 ^9y }8 B3\V 8 9^C\ 8 ; N } = V 8 = }³8 N
B =ª: \ 8 ; N 9 f_Ã N 8 y/y 8 B : 8 9P = 8 N|XQV>2){|^ 8`} XB 8 y/CP = y = N\ = } ^|B 8 N9~/\ 7 = ±V =d=©= N = V>~2
y ; } = P } = B : V 8 = }/8 N¥B =6: \ 8 ; N 9 9 9
A@ §¡W9LK | A§¡j
F G RM
-Ê; VP } XB 8 N 8 \ 8 XQP 8 B = } ; N¥X 2 ~V 8S} 8 \ 7 = V ; = P ;T: 8 \A2¬X6N } [ ¼ C ; ^CN } U
XQV>2 XaB9PSX :<= } X6\@\ 7 = ; \>\ ; y ¾ ¼r¸¿ ; §\ 7 = ~V 8`} < 7C8 : 7 XQP`B ; X : \ = } XB@X ; ^9N } X6V2

XQ\\ 7 = \ ; <À:O; NT\ 8 NT^ ; ^|B ; ^9N } X6V2 :<; N }8 \ 8 ; N|B = V = X699P 8 = } XQ\\ 7 =¬; \ 7 = VW\ Ê;/= } ~ = B
!WVGXd 8 \A2 XB\ 7 = NzX699P 8 = } ^|B 8 N9~¬y = \ 7 ; } ¾ Ã ¿ XQN } y = \ 7 ; } ¾ f ¿ X6N } \ 7 = } = N|B 8 \32"y = X+U
B3^CV = } = = V2 LÃ < rrLr \ 8 y = UABA\ = |BÊXQP ; N9~zX" = V\ 8 : X6PÆP 8 N = \ 7 V ; ^9~ 7 \ 7 = y 8S}C} P =; j\ 7 = ~V 8S}
¨7 = V = BA^9P4\RB@XQV = B 7 ;6 N 8 N)~^9V = Á Ã XQ\W\ 8 y = B ÃL< rLrr <f3< rLrr < o4< rLrLr <0< rLrr < XQN } Á < rLrr

\ 8 y = U B3\ = |B 7 = N"~VGXd 8 \A2 8 BjXQC9P 8 = } ^|B 8 N9~y = \ 7 ; } ¾ f ¿ ¨7 = } = N|B 8 \32©9V ; |P = 8 BjB =d= N¬\ ;
= ; B : 8 P4P`XQ\ = ?|XQ ; ^9\ 8 \GB@|N|XQP] ; B 8 \ 8 ; N ; VB = = VGXQP]\ 7 ; ^|B>XQN } \ 8 y = U B3\ = |B = ; V = V = X : 798 N9~
8 \RB N|XQPLB3\RXQ\ = x \ 8 B : P = X6V±V ; y ~^9V = Á Ã \ 7 XQ\ } ^9V 8 N9~"\ 798 B \ 8 y = \ 7 = }8 BA\V 8 9^9\ 8 ; N 8 B

N ; \BA2y/y = \V 8 : XQ ; ^9\o\ 7 = y 8S} U 7 = 8 ~ 7 \ ±\ = V Ã r < rLrr \ 8 y = U B3\ = |Bs\ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2/X6\ = X : 7
; 8 N\ 8 B 8 \ 798 N r r q; 8 \RB«|N|XQP@aX6P4^ = < XQ\"\ 7C8 B \ 8 y = \ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2 }T8 B3\>V 8 9^9\ 8 ; N 8 B

; ^CN } \ ; P 8 =@; N/\ 7 = B>XQy = }T8 B3\>V 8 9^9\ 8 ; NXBj\ 7 X6\s ; V È¼ o Å rrLr \ 8 y = UABA\ = |B 8 N¬|~^9V = Á Ã
XQN } B ; 8 BN ; \ 8 N : P4^ } = } ; V : P`XQV 8 \A2
¨7 = \ Ê; y = \ 7 ; } B < y = \ 7 ; } ¾ Ã ¿ X6N } y = \ 7 ; } ¾ f ¿ < Ê= V =©:<; y/|X6V = } T2/P ;;9 8 N9~zXQ\W\ 7 =
}8 0 = V = N :O= 8 N\ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2 < m [ ¼ [ Z [ a < X6\ }T8 0 = V = N\ 7 = 8 ~ 7 \GBX6 ; = \ 7 = ; ^CN } U

XQV>2 jo= V =[ X6N } [ a XQV = \ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2 7 = N)y = \ 7 ; } ¾ Ã ¿ XQN } y = \ 7 ; } ¾ f ¿ XQV = ^|B = }

!"#$% '&)(+*#,+-./0.1(324 5* Z
t = 1,000
60
t = 2,000
t = 3,000
t = 4,000
t = 5,000
40
z
20
0
3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6

!"#%$'&()*+,*"$.-)/+-0"#1)23)()1)45176%)#8#-9/+:<;3=>??23)4
&@/A6B)C-*4EDGFH)I
V = B3 =6: \ 8 = P_2 ¨7 = V = B3^CP4\GBWXQV = B 7 ;6 N 8 Nz|~^CV = Á f X6\o\ 8 y = B ÃL< rrLr < rrLr X6N } Ã r < rrLr

\ 8 y = U B3\ = |B ¨7 = B 8 =§; |\ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2 }8 0 = V = N :<= 8 BÀB3yzX6P4P :<; y/|XQV = } \ ; \ 7 = y = XQN } = N|B 8 \A2
; XQN }8 BoB =d= N¥\ ; } =ª: V = XaB = 8 \ 7 \ 8 y = ±\ = V Ã< rrLr \ 8 y = U B3\ = |B 8 \ 7 XaBX¬yzX 6 8 y"^9y
aXQP_^ = ; AÃ JÃ rLKM < ; N9P42 r r f Á ; \ 7 = y = X6N } = N|B 8 \32 < XQ\BA^9|B =ª5 ^ = N\\ 8 y = Bs\ 7 = }8 U

= V = N :<= 8 BÊXQP Xd29BÊB3yzX6P4P = V ¨7 = B 7 XQ = ; ]\ 7 = ~VGX6 7 BWB 7 ;6 N 8 N"|~^9V = Á f X6V = \A2T 8 : XQP

; \ 7 = B 7 XQ =¥; ©X6P4P\ 7 = V = BA^9P4\RB ; 9\RX 8 N = } c j; N|B 8`} = V = 8 \ 7 = V y = \ 7 ; } XQ99P 8 = } \ ; XQN
8 NT|N 8 \ = {^ 8S} 8 \ 7 \ 7 = BXQy = 8 N 8 \ 8 XQP } = N|B 8 \A2"XQ\ = X : 7 B 8 \ = ¨7 = V = 8 BsN ; } = N|B 8 \A2 : 7 XQN9~ =
8 N } ^ :<= } XQ\©XQNT2 ; Ê\ 7 = B 8 \ = B T2\ 7 = ~VRXª 8 \RXQ\ 8 ; NXQPf ; V :<= UWN ; ^9Vo|N 8 \ = ~aV 8S} XB3yzX6P4P
}8 0 = V = N :O=³ 8 P4P ;T:d: ^9V¬X6\¬B 8 \ = BX "} N X :<= N\©\ ; \ 7 = ; ^9N } X6V2µX6N } \ 7 = B = 8 P4PL9V ; |XQ~ XQ\ =
\ 7 V ; ^C~ 7 \ 7 = {|^ 8`} ¨7 = }8 0 = V = N :<= 8 N"\ 7 = ^9 } X6\ = V^CP = BjXQ\Ê\ 7 = B = B 8 \ = BjX :d:O; ^9NT\s ; V\ 7 =
B3yXQP4PTaXQV 8 XQ\ 8 ; N|B ; |B = V = } 7 = V = <a 798 : 7 XQV = N = ~P 8 ~ 8 9P_2 BAyzXQP_P < XQN } ; Vj\ 7 = B 7 X6 =o; À\ 7 =
: ^9V> = B 8 N|~a^9V = Á f ¨7 ^|BÀ ; \ 7 y = \ 7 ; } ¾ Ã ¿ XQN } y = \ 7 ; } ¾ f ¿ X6V = 9V ; } ^ : 8 NC~o\ 7 = B>XQy =

= 0 =6: \ ¨798 B 8 BÀ\ ; =@+= 6 =6: \ = } B 8 N :<= \ 7 = 2 ; \ 7 B>XQ\ 8 B ±2©\ 7 = B>XQy =Ê=65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; NB ; y ; \ 8 ; N

!"#$% '&)(+*#,+-./0.1(324 5* Z
60
40 t = 1,000
z
t = 4,000
t = 10,000
20
0
0 -4 -4 -4 -4
0*10 1*10 2*10 3*10 4*10

9 - 4:() @>413)8 )>6B)C-*4 D H4B6B)C-*49D FH" $'&()*+
*"$ -)/+- " ) 2)())4,@6B)I
A@ A@ EM])*
|G A9 ¡
? = \ 7 ; } ¾ Ã ¿ XQN } y = \ 7 ; } ¾ f ¿ ; \ 7 CV ; } ^ :O= B 8 y 8 PSX6V@V = BA^9P4\RB < 7 ;6= = V@y = \ 7 ; } ¾ f ¿ 8 B
9V = = VV = } ; V¬^|B = 8 N\ 7 = V = BA\ ; W\ 7 = B 8 y"^9PSX6\ 8 ; N|B ¨798 B 8 B =ª: XQ^|B = \ 7 = ; } 2 ; V :O=
XQC = XQVGB 8 N X N|XQ\>^9VGX6PoyzX6N9N = V/7XaB/XQN =/6 \>VGX\ = Vy 8 Nº\ 7 = ~ ; = V>N 8 NC~ =65 ^|X6\ 8 ; N x N
y = \ 7 ; } ¾ Ã ¿ \ 7 = ; } 2 ; V :<= 8 BYCV ; } ^ :O= } 2 :<; N|B 8`} = V 8 N9~\ 7 ==ª5 ^ 8 P 8 9V 8 ^9y }8 B3\V 8 9^C\ 8 ; N <
N ; \ ; \ 7 = X : \^XQP{|^ 8`} 9^9\ ; X){|^ 8`} 8 \ 7 XN ; N4UÂ 7 29B 8 : X6P = =ª5 ^ 8 P 8 9V 8 ^9y = P ;T: 8 \A2 ?
¨7 = y ; } = PÆ\ = B3\RB } = B : V 8 = }³8 NzB =6: \ 8 ; N|B Á gfTgo4< Á f X6N } Á o XQN } \ 7 = 8 NT\ = VAÂX : 8 XQP Xd =
B 8 y³^CPSXQ\ 8 ; N|B 8 N : 7 X69\ = VRB X6N } Ë 8 P4P XQP4P 7 Xd = ~VGXd 8 \A2 8 y9P = y = N\ = } ^|B 8 N9~zy = \ 7 ; }
¾f ¿
A@ |
F G VM `G|A§¡j9§C3@¡
x \ 8 B 8 y ; V\RXQNT\«\ ; 8 N|BA^9V = \ 7 X6\ \ 7 = y ; } = P 8 B 8 N } = = N } = N\ ; W\ 7 = ~V 8S} ; V 8 = N\RXQ\ 8 ; N <
|X6V\ 8 : ^9P`XQVP_2zB 8 N :<=< XB }8 B : ^|B>B = }z8 B@B =ª: \ 8 ; N Á _Ãg3< \ 7 =; V 8 = NT\GX6\ 8 ; N ; §\ 7 = ~aV 8S} : X6NXd U
=6: \Ê\ 7 =©: 7 XQNC~ = 8 N = X : 7¥}8 B3\V 8 9^C\ 8 ; N/±^9N : \ 8 ; N¥X6N } 7 = \ 7 = V ; ^9V ; VWB 8 6/; j\ 7 = B = = N
}8 B3\V 8 9^C\ 8 ; N/±^9N : \ 8 ; NBoX6V =©: 7 XQN9~ = } B N ; \ = }8 N¥B =6: \ 8 ; N Á _Ã X : 7 XQNC~ = 8 N¥B ; y =;

!"#$% '&)(+*#,+-./0.1(324 5* ZË
\ 7 = ° v XQ\ ; N = \ 8 y = U B3\ = 8 P4P]9V ; } ^ :<= X : 7 XQNC~ = 8 N XQP_Pf\ 7 = ° v XQ\\ 7 = N =+6 \W\ 8 y = UABA\ =
¨7 = } = = N } = N :<="; N\ 7 = ~V 8`} ; V 8 = N\RXQ\ 8 ; N XaB«\ = B3\ = } ^B 8 NC~X T2 ~V 8`} 7C8 : 7
XaBB = \^9 8 \ 7 \ 7 =^6 UAX 6 8 BXQP ; N9~\ 7 = }8 V =6: \ 8 ; N ; a N =d B = \ ; Ê = V = N }8 : ^CPSXQV
X 6 8 B9X6N } Ê= V = } = |N = } B ; \ 7 XQ\Ê\ 7 = 4U X 6 8 BjXQN } \ 7 = U X 6 8 B 8 N\ = VGB =6: \jX6\@X6NzXQN9~aP = <
B 5 ^XQV = ; 6. r P4^T2 r P4^ XaB'\ 7 = N BA^9 = V 8 y/ ; B = } ; N\ 7 = ~V 8S} < \ 7 =©= } ~ = B ;
\ 7 = B 5 ^|X6V = = 8 N9~|X6VGX6P4P = P9\ ; \ 7 = }8 V =6: \ 8 ; N|B ; ]\ 7 = ULXQN } U X 6 8 B P4PT ; 8 NT\GB ; ^9\RB 8S} =
\ 7C8 B¬B 5 ^|X6V =z 7 = V = \ 7 = N } = |N = } XaB ; ^9N } X6V2ºB 8 \ = B ¨798 B 8 B¬B 7 ;6 N 8 N|~^9V = Á oT
¨7 = N ; N4UÂ ; ^9N } X6V2 B 8 \ = B 8 N|B 8S} = \ 7 = r T2 r P4^¥\ 8 P4\ = } B 5 ^XQV =¬Ê= V = |P4P = } 8 \ 7 |XQVV U
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\ 8 : P = B 8 \ 7 [ ¼ XQN } = P ;T: 8 \A2¬ = V ; XQN } ~VRXª 8 \A2 XaB@XQ99P 8 = }/8 N/\ 7 = }8 V =6: \ 8 ; N ; L\ 7 =
Z UAX 6 8 B ¨7 ^|Bs\ 7 = = V\ 8 : XQP }8 V =6: \ 8 ; N 8 B 8 N"\ 7 = }8 V =6: \ 8 ; N ; ]\ 7 = UAX 6 8 B ¨798 B XaB

} ; N = ; V ¼r <ÀÃ Ë <0oL < Á < f XQN } Z r ¨7 = } = NB 8 \A2"aXQV 8 XQ\ 8 ; N 8 \ 7z7 = 8 ~ 7 \ XaB

\ 7 = N/ ; ^9N }z8 Nz\ 7 = ; P4P ;Q 8 N9~ Xd2CB%7

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7 = N ¼ r \ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2 XaBsy = XaB3^9V = } 8 NX 7 ; V 8 ; NT\GXQP|P 8 N = ¾ |X6VGX6P4P = P \ ; \ 7 = U X 6 8 B ¿
XQ ; = \ 7 = ; ^9N } XQV2 < XB XaB } ; N = 8 Nµ\ 7 = 9V = 8 ; ^|B¬B =ª: \ 8 ; N = N|B 8 \32*X6P4^ = B = V =
; ^CN } X6\ 7 = 8 ~ 7 \RB 8 \ 7 B = |X6VGXQ\ 8 ; N o f P4^
7 = N ¼ Z r \ 7 = } = N|B 8 \32 XaB y = XBA^9V = 8 N"X 7 ; V 8 ; NT\GX6P9P 8 N = ¾ XQVGX6P4P = P9\ ; \ 7 = 4UAX 6 8 B ¿
= NB 8 \A2"aXQP4^ = B Ê= V = ; ^9N } XQ\ 7 = 8 ~ 7 \GB 8 \ 7 B = |X6VGX6\ 8 ; N Ã P_^
7 = N ¼ Ã Ë <o < Á X6N } \ 7 = 7 ; V 8 ; N\RXQP }T8 V =ª: \ 8 ; N ¾ XQVGX6P4P = Pf\ ;

f \ 7 = U X 6 8 B ¿
} ;= B N ; \¬P 8 = X6P ; N9~ X)~aV 8S}µ}8 V =6: \ 8 ; N ¨7 = ; P_P ;6 8 NC~y = \ 7 ; } XB«^B = } \ ; |N } \ 7 =
} = NB 8 \A2XQ\W~ 8 = N 7 = 8 ~ 7 \GB@X6 ; = \ 7 = ; ^9N } X6V2
Ã|= \ = 8 N 8 N } =+6 PSXQ = P_P 8 N9~ \ 7 = } XQ\RXE ; 8 N\RB
6X P : ^9P`XQ\ = \ 7 = ~ VRX }8 = N\ <<§; ©XP 8 N = \ 7 V ; ^9~ 7 \ 7 )= ; V 8 ~ 8 N

f \X6\@\ 7 =; V 8 ~ 8 N 8 \ 7 O: ; U ; V }T8 N|X6\ = B ¾ Å ¿§¼ ¾rÅr¿

o
9 ! 8 = NzXE ; 8 NT\ : XQP : ^9PSX6\ = 8 \GB }8 B3\RXQN :<= ±V ; y \ 7 =; V 8 ~ 8 N < }

Á 6X P : ^9P`XQ\ = \ 7 = ~VGX }8 = N\ ; Ê\ 7 = P 8 N = ¾>¾ArÅ5r¸¿GÅ ¾ ² Ã Å ¿¿ XQN } ~VRX }8 = NT\ a ;
\ 7 = P 8 N = ¾¾rÅr¿GÅd¾ ² Ã f Å ² o f ¿>¿
? ; = \ ; \ 7 = ; 8 NT\ ¾ ² Ã Å ¿ 8 8 B : P ; B = Vj\ ; ; V \ ; \ 7 = ; 8 N\ ¾ ² Ã f Å ²

o f ¿ ; a 8 B : P ; B = V@\ ;
x \ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2µXQ\¬\ 7 = ; 8 NT\ 8 B = V ; ¾ \ 7 = ; 8 NT\ 8 B¬X ; ^9N } XQV>2 B 8 \ = ¿ \ 7 = NµP = \

W ¼ }

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Ë x ]\ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2 8 BjN ; N3U = V ; ¾ \ 7 = ; 8 N\ 8 BX N ; N4UÂ ; ^9N } X6V2¥B 8 \ = ¿ V = \>V 8 = = X¬B = \ ;
aXQP_^ = B ¼H}^Z W XQN } [ ¼ [|

Z @= = XQ\WBA\ = B Ë ^CN\ 8 PÆ\ 7 = V = QX V = N ; ; 8 NT\GBP = ±\
¨798 B ~ 8 = BÊX³B = \ ; } XQ\GX Å [ ; V ¼ Ã Å f Å/_Å 7 = V = \ 7 = aXQP_^ =; } = = N } B ; N

\ 7 = XQNC~P = ¨798 B 8 B 8 P_P4^|BA\VRXQ\ = }8 N|~^CV = Á z 7 = V = \ 7 = \ 798 :9 B ; P 8S} P 8 N = V = 9V = B = NT\GB

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\ 7 = P 8 N = \ 7 V ; ^9~ 7 8 \ 7 ~VGX }8 = N\ < \ 7 = \ 7C8 :9 } XB 7 = } P 8 N = V = 9V = B = NT\GB§\ 7 =^= ; \\ ; y?
; ^9N } XQV>2 X6N } \ 7 = B ; P 8`}-} ; \GB/V = 9V = B = NT\³\ 7 = B 8 \ = B 798 : 7 X6V = :<; N|B 8`} = V = } XB/P42 8 N9~
N = X6V = BA\\ ; \ 7 = \ 798 :9 B ; P 8S} P 8 N =f; 8 N\ i 8 Bo\ 7 = PSXaB3\ ; \ 7 = B = ; 8 NT\ 798 : 7¥8 B 8 \ 798 N
\ 7 = ; ^9N } XQV2B ; \ 7 = }8 B3\RXQN :<= W 8 Bs\ 7 = P = N9~\ 7 ; i wt; V@B ; y = aXQP_^ = B ; «\ 7 = P 8 N =
|X6VGXQP_P = P \ ; \ 7 = U X 6 8 B < |XB>B 8 N9~³\ 7 V ; ^9~ 7 2 : XQN = ; 9^ N } X6P ; N9~
\ 7C8 BfP 8 N = : 8 y 8 P`XQV V = BA^9P4\RB = V =; 9\GX 8 N = } ; Vj ; \ 7 y = \ 7 ; } B :<; NVy 8 N9~o\ 7 XQ\L\ 7 = X6N9~P =
; \ 7 = ; 6 XQN } \ 7 = X6N9~P = X6\ 7C8 : 7 ~VRXª 8 \A2 8 B@X : \ 8 N9~"X6V =©:<; N|B 8 B3\ = N\

P_P\ 7 = V = BA^9P4\RBjB 7 ;6 ~ ;; } QX ~aV d= = y = TN \ 8 \ 7 = X : 7 ; \ 7 = V Rt 8 ~a^9V = Á TÁ B 7 Q; jB \ 7 = V = B3^CP4\GB

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; V©\ ; X6N9~P = B < q ¼ r XQN } ¼ sf 7 = N*~VGXd 8 \A2 8 B 8 y/CP = y = NT\ = } ^|B 8 N9~¥y = \ 7 ; }
¾ f ¿ ¨7 = V = B3^9P_\GB ; V ¼ sf X6V = B =d= Nz\ ; P 8 =; N = 8 \ 7 = VWB 8`} =; j\ 7 = V = B3^9P_\GB ; V ¼Or
¨7 =: V ; B>B ; = Vj = \ Ê=d= N"\ 7 = B = P 8 N = B :<; VV = B3 ; N } B\ ; \ 7 = ; 8 N\RB < B 7 ;6 N 8 N³|~a^9V = Á <
y ; 8 N9~o±V ; y ; N = B 8S} =W; ]\ 7 = B ; P 8S} P 8 N = \ ; \ 7 =W; \ 7 = V ¨7C8 B = 0 =6: \ XaBX6PSB ; N ; \ 8 :<= } ; N
\ 7 =¬; \ 7 = VV = B3^9P_\GB ; V BAyzXQP_P = V"9^9\\ ; X/P = BB = V =+6 \ = NT\ ¨7 = V = 8 BXQP`B ; XzB3yXQP4P = V>V ; V
8 NT\V ; } ^ :<= } =6: XQ^|B = \ 7 = ; 8 NT\ i 8 BÆN ; \ =+6 X : \>P42 ; N \ 7 = ; ^9N } X6V2 P = XQV>P42W\ 7 = B =§= V>V ; VRB
XQV = V = P`XQ\ 8 = P_2BAyzXQP_P < XQP_P\ 7 = V = B3^CP4\GB]P 8 =j 8 \ 798 N ; N = PSXQ\>\ 8 :<= ^9N 8 \ ; = X : 7 ; \ 7 = V º: P ; B = V
:<; y/|XQV 8 B ; N : XQN = yzX } = = \ =d= Nz\ 7 = V = BA^9P4\RB ; V ¼ r X6N } ¼ Z r =6: XQ^B = \ 7 =
+= 6 X : \ 7 = 8 ~ 7 \X6 ; = \ 7 = ; ^9N } X6V2 8 B 9 N ;6 ¨ ; } ; \ 798 Bo\ 7 = V = B3^CP4\GB ; V C ¼ r = V =
P 8 N = X6VP42 8 NT\ = V ; P`XQ\ = } \ ; N } \ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2/X6\ 8 N\ = ~ = VPSX6\\ 8 :<= U B3\ = ¥B = XQVGX6\ 8 ; N|B ¨7 = B =

!"#$% '&)(+*#,+-./0.1(324 5* Ãrf
= V = \ 7 = N :O; y/|X6V = } \ ; \ 7 = V = BA^9P4\RBo ; V ¼ Z r X6N } \ 7 = 8 V }8 0 = V = N :<= m [ 8 B9P ; \\ = }
8 N|~a^9V = Á T ¨7 = }8 0 = V = N :<= = \ =d= N \ 7 = V = B3^9P_\GB 8 BXQP Xd29BP = B>B\ 7 X6N r r < \ 7 =

40
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}8 0 = V = N :O= } = = N }8 N9~ ; N\ 7 = 7 = 8 ~ 7 \XQ ; = \ 7 = ; ^9N } X6V2 ¨798 B 8 BoCV ; XQ9P_2 } ^ = \;
\ 7 = ; 6 N ; \@ = 8 N9~ =+6 X : \P_2/B 5 ^XQV =!< 8 \GB }T8 y = NB 8 ; N|BX6V = r T2 J o f P4^ 798 : 7z8 B
r T2 o Z Ë P4^ < X }8 0 = V = N :<=; r Á /
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F G I

! WVGXd 8 \A2 XaB 8 y ; B = } ; N"XB 8 N9~P = UABA =6: 8 = Bw{|^ 8S} ^B 8 NC~y = \ 7 ; } ¾ f ¿ ¨7 = 8 N 8 \ 8 X6P } = N|B 8 \A2
; \ 7 = {|^ 8`} XaB [h ¼ Ã gr XQN } \ 7 = {^ 8S} XaB = ; P4 = } ; V Ã r < rrLr \ 8 y = UABA\ = B 8 \ 7
¼ f rr r \ ;/= N|BA^9V = \ 7 X6\\ 7 = {|^ 8S} V = X : 7 = B 8 \GB =65 ^ 8 P 8 9V 8 ^9y B3\RXQ\ = t 8 ~a^9V = Á B 7 ;6 B

\ 7 = } = NB 8 \A2zaXQV 8 XQ\ 8 ; N 8 \ 7 } = 9\ 7 7 = N ¥¼r4rLr Ãa ¨7 = } = NB 8 \A2/~aVGX }8 = NT\ 8 BoBAP ;6 P42
8 N : V = XaB 8 N9~ 8 \ 7 } = 9\ 7 ¨7 = B 7 XQ =/; W\ 7 =": ^CV = B 7 ;Q N 8 N|~a^9V = Á 8 B :<; N|B 8 B3\ = N\

8 \ 7 \ 7 =©+= 6 =6: \ = } /= 6 ; N = N\ 8 X6PÀX6V 8 XQ\ 8 ; N ; j\ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2 8 \ 7u} = 9\ 7 ¨7 = aX6V 8 X6\ 8 ; N
; \ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2~VRX }8 = N\ 8 \ 7"} = 9\ 7¬8 B§Xo±^9N : \ 8 ; N ; \ 7 = ~aVGXd 8 \GX6\ 8 ; N|X6P|B3\>V = N9~a\ 7 < 7 = N

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250
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\ 7 = ~VGXd 8 \RXQ\ 8 ; N|X6P B3\V = N9~a\ 7"8 BfP = BBf\ 7 XQN r rLraÁ \ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2 ~aVGX }T8 = NT\ : X6N³ =W:<; N|B 8`} = V = }
XBW = 8 N9~ :O; N|BA\GXQNT\ ; = Vo\ 7 = VRXQN9~ =¬; } = 9\ 7 B = X6V =:<; N|B 8S} = V 8 NC~ Et 8 ~a^9V = Á Ë B 7 ;6 B

\ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2 aXQV 8 X6\ 8 ; N 8 \ 7º} = 9\ 7 ; V"X VRXQN9~ =; '~VGXd 8 \RXQ\ 8 ; N|X6PWB3\>V = N9~a\ 7 B"XQN } \ 7 =
= B3\VU \B3\>VGX 8 ~ 7 \oP 8 N = \ 7 V ; ^9~ 7 \ 7 = ; 8 N\RB = Nz ; VW\ 7 = PSX6V~ = B3\WX6P4^ =©; z¼ r3grLrrÁ
\ 7 = P 8 N = XQV XQ9CV ; 6 8 yzXQ\ 8 ; NzXQ9 = X6VGB\ ; |\ = P_P ¨7 = P 8 N = X6V } = NB 8 \A2¬~aVGX }T8 = NT\ 8 BÊB 7 ;6 N
8 Nz|~^CV = Á Z³ ; VX³VRXQN9~ =¬; ÊaXQP_^ = B ; P = B>Bo\ 7 X6N r rLrLraÁ P = X6VP_2)\ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2)~aVG+X U

}8 = N\ 8 Bj9V ; ; V\ 8 ; NXQP]\ ; \ 7 = ~VRXª 8 \RXQ\ 8 ; NXQP]B3\>V = NC~\ 7 x \ 8 B 8 y/ ; V\GX6N\j\ ; V = y = y³ = V
\ 7 XQ\W\ 7 = B = V = BA^9P4\RBB 7 ;Q \ 7 X6\o\ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2³~aVGX }8 = NT\ 8 B@X699V ; 6 8 yXQ\ = P42¬P 8 N = X6V ; = V\ 7 =
} = C\ 7 B = XQV =:<; N|B 8S} = V 8 NC~ ¨7 = X : \^|X6Ps ; V>y ; W\ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2~aVGX }T8 = NT\ 8 B XQN += 6 ; U
N = NT\ 8 XQP < XBBA^9~~ = B3\ = } 2/|~a^9V = Á ¨7C8 B : X6N = B =d= N 8 N)~^9V = Á Ã r 798 : 7 B 7 ;6 N

\ 7 = P 8 N = XQV } = N|B 8 \A2)~aVGX }8 = NT\GB9P ; \>\ = } X6~X 8 N|B3\ < XB 8 N|~^9V = Á Z < 9^9\W ; V©XQN 8 N 8 \ 8 XQP

^9N 8 ; V>y } = N|B 8 \A2 ; 9 r ¨7 = } = N|B 8 \A2³~aVGX }T8 = NT\GB@B 7 ;6 N 8 N/|~a^9V = Á Ã r XQV = ; ^9Vo\ 8 y = B

\ 7 = ~aVGX }8 = NT\GB@B 7 ;6 N 8 N~^9V = Á Z

= 7 Xd = B = = N\ 7 XQ\ < 9 V ; 8S} = } \ 7 = ~VRXª 8 \RXQ\ 8 ; NXQPWB3\>V = NC~\ 7 X6N } \ 7 = {|^ 8`}} = C\ 7 QX V =
3B yXQP4P < \ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2~VRX }8 = NT\ 8 BX699V ;6 8 yXQ\ = P42/P 8 N = X6VX6N }8 Bo9V ; ; V>\ 8 ; N|X6Ps\ ; t9; V
PSX6V~ = VjX6P4^ = B ; <¸ 7 = V = \ 7 = ~aVGX }8 = NT\ : X6N³N ; UÂP ; NC~ = VÊ =W:O; N|B 8S} = V = } P 8 N = X6V <Ê=oÊ; ^9P }
B3\ 8 P_P += 6 =6: \@\ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2³~aVGX }T8 = NT\@\ ; = CV ; ; V\ 8 ; N|X6Pf\ ; \ 7 = ~VRXª 8 \RXQ\ 8 ; NXQP]B3\>V = NC~\ 7

N 8 yy 8 B : 8 9P = 8 N|X6V2³{^ 8S} XaB 8 N 8 \ 8 X6P 8 B = } 8 \ 7 \ 7 = \ Ê; {|^ 8`} B@B = XQVGX6\ = } 2X 7 ; VVU
8 ; NT\GXQP 8 NT\ = V3ÂX :O= ¨7 = ^99 = Vo{^ 8S}7 XaB " [ N = ~X6\ 8 = !WVGXd 8 \A2 XaBXQC9P 8 = } \ ; ; \ 7
{|^ 8`} B 8 \ 7 B3\>V = N9~a\ 7 [ ¼ ¾¾ ¾ [ Z " [ ¿C² a ¾ [ ² " [ ¿¿ f ^|B 8 N9~©y = \ 7 ; } ¾ f ¿ <T 7 = V =

a \@\ = y/ = VGX6\^9V = ¼ r4 Á = 7 Xd = B =d= N¥\ 7 X6\ [ " [
f 8 N\ 7 = XQB = N :O=

; Ê~aVGXd 8 \A2 E t 8 ~a^9V = Á ÃÃ B 7 ;6 Bo\ 7 = aX6P4^ =©; Ê\ 7 = y ; } ^9P_^|B ; \ 7 = VRXQ\ 8 ; [ " [ XQ\ }8 U

= V = N\ } = 9\ 7 B ; Vs\ 7 = 8 y/y 8 B : 8 9P = {|^ 8S} 7 = N ¼ r3grLrr Ã X6N } a ¼ r4grrLr f \j\ 7 =

8 NT\ = V3ÂX :O= \ 7 = aXQP_^ =; [ " [ 8 B }8 0 = V = NT\§±V ; y f r T2³N ; y ; V = \ 7 XQN < X Xd2E±V ; y

\ 7 = 8 NT\ = V3ÂX :O= \ 7 = VGX6\ 8 ; XQC = XQVGB :<; N|B3\RXQNT\ 8 \ 7u} = 9\ 7 < X6N })7 = N :<= XQPSB ;³ 8 \ 7u} = N|B 8 \A2

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!"#$% '&)(+*#,+-./0.1(324 5* ÃrË
8 Nz\ 7 = ^9C = VX6N } P ;6= Vs{|^ 8`} B@V = BA =ª: \ 8 = P42 : \VGX 8 ~ 7 \WP 8 N = B 8 \ 7 \ 7 = B = ~aVGX }T8 = NT\GBWXQV =
XQP`B ; B 7 ;Q N 8 N|~a^9V = Á Ã+f ¨7 = X6~V = = y = NT\@ = \ =d= N\ 7 = X : \>^|XQPj~VRX }8 = NT\GBXQN } \ 7 =

9V = }8 : \ = } ~VRX }8 = N\RB 8 B ~ ;; } X6N } V = 8 N ; V :<= B§\ 7 = ^|B =; =65 ^|X6\ 8 ; N ¾Á gf ¿ 8 B : X6P : ^CPSXQ\ 8 N9~
X6N } a ¨7 = } = \GX 8 PSB ; À\ 7 = } = NB 8 \A2 : P ; B = \ ; \ 7 = 8 N\ = V3ÂX :<= X6V = B 7 ;6 N 8 N |~a^9V = Á +Ã o
; Vj\ ; }8 0 = V = N\LX6P4^ = B ; ¨7 = V = BA^9P4\RBL ; V : XB = ¾ X ¿ X6V = B 7 ;6 N"2©\ 7 = } XaB 7 = } P 8 N = B
XQN } \ 7 = V = BA^9P4\RBs ; V : XB = ¾ ¿ X6V = B 7 ;6 NzT2/\ 7 = } ; \\ = } P 8 N = B x \ : XQNz = B =d= Nz\ 7 XQ\ < XaB
= ; V =< \ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2 8 BsV = } ^ :<= } BAP 8 ~ 7 \P42"X : V ; BBj\ 7 = 8 NT\ = VAÂX :<= X6N } \ 7 X6\\ 7 = 8 N\ = V3ÂX :<= 8 B
PSX6V~ = V ; V ¼Or3 Ãa o Xd2³±V ; y \ 7 = 8 N\ = V3ÂX :<= \ 7 = V = BA^9P4\RB ; V ¼ r3grLr Ã XQN } ¼ r4 Ã
XQV = 8 V\^XQP4P_2 8 N }8 B3\ 8 N9~^ 8 B 7 XQ9P =
/b pqr Qn r¬e fe/t©r hn rEem

¨ ; \ = B3\\ 7 = !XQP 8 P = XQN 8 NTaXQV 8 XQN :<=¬; W\ 7 = y ; } = PLX } V ; ; @VGX }8 ^B r PSX6\\ 8 :<= ^9N 8 \GB

XaB 8 N 8 \ 8 X6P 8 B = } XQ\"\ 7 =u:<= NT\V =/; X Ã+f Ë 2 Ã+f Ë ~V 8S} 8 \ 7 \ 7 =z 7 ; P = {|^ 8S} y ; 8 N9~
8 \ 7 BA =d= } "8 N\ 7 = U }8 V =6: \ 8 ; N XQN } 8 \ 7 ~aVGXd 8 \A2X : \ 8 NC~ 8 N \ 7 = U }8 V =6: \ 8 ; N 8 \ 7

B3\>V = NC~\ 7 q ¼ r4rLrrÁ ¨7 = 9^999P =/ XaB«\ 7 = NµX6P4P ;6Ê= } \ ;=65 ^ 8 P 8 CVGXQ\ = ; V¬XzN^9y" = V
; }8 0 = V = NT\aXQP_^ = B ; L\ 7 = V = PSX 6 XQ\ 8 ; N/\ 8 y = XB>B ;T: 8 XQ\ = } 8 \ 7 \ 7 =«; V } = V|X6VGXQy = \ = V <
¨7 = {|^ 8S} V = PSX 6 X6\ 8 ; Nz|XQVRXQy = \ = V
XBWB = \W\ ;¥Ã_Ã \ 7 V ; ^9~ 7 ; ^9\ ¨7 = VRXQ\ 8 ;¬; < \ 7 =
} V ; }8 XQy = \ = V 8 N\ 7 = % U }8 V =6: \ 8 ; N < \ ; < \ 7 = }8 X6y = \ = V 8 N\ 7 T= 6 U }8 V =6: \ 8 ; N < 8 BWB 7 ;6 N

8 N¬|~a^9V = Á %Ã 9 7 = N ¼ & \ 7 = VGX }8 ; 8 B 8 N } = = N } = NT\ ; XB ; |B = V = } = P`B =d 7 = V =

K o Ë M 8 N)\ 7 = XQ|B = N :<=; §~aVGXd 8 \A2 t9; V ; \ 7 = V@X6P4^ = B ; \ 7 = VGX6\ 8 ; 8 B } = = N } = NT\ ; N

XQN } \ 7 = y ; } = P 8 BN ; \ !XQP 8 P = XQN 8 NaXQV 8 X6N\ < \ 7 = ±^9V>\ 7 = V 8 B ±V ; y & \ 7 =¬; VGB = \ 7 =
PSX : 9©; !X6P 8 P = X6N 8 NaXQV 8 X6N :<= 8 B ¨7 = VGX6\ 8 ;«; ]\ 7 = \ Ê; }T8 XQy = \ = VRBfX69 = XQVRB 8 N } = = N } = NT\
; \ 7 = = P ;T: 8 \A2 7 = N ¼ & XQN }8 B©B3P 8 ~ 7 \P_2BAyzXQP_P = V\ 7 XQN^9N 8 \A2 ¨7 = }8 0 = V = N :<=
±V ; y ^CN 8 \A2 8 B } ^ = \ ; \ 7 = } = N|B 8 \A2¬~VRX }8 = NT\X : V ; BB\ 7 = } V ; ¨798 B } ;= BN ; \@Xª0 =6: \\ 7 =
!XQP 8 P = XQN 8 NTaXQV 8 XQN :O= =6: XQ^|B = \ 7 = ±V = =s= N = V~a2 8 N|X6V2 U {^ 8S} y ; } = P 8 B !X6P 8 P = X6N 8 NaX6V 8 X6N\
K o Ë M9 ; V XQP_P } = N|B 8 \ 8 = B§XQN } \ 7 = \VRXQN|BA ; V\ :O;= z: 8 = NT\GB§X6V = 8 N } = = N } = NT\ ; } = N|B 8 \A2 ¨7 =
:<; N|B3\RXQNT\/aXQP4^ =; B 7 ;6 B³\ 7 X6\/\ 7C8 B³y ; } = P < 8 N :O; V ; VGXQ\ 8 N9~*\ 7 = ~aVGXd 8 \GX6\ 8 ; N|XQP
8 NT\ = VGX : \ 8 ; N < 8 B < XQ\ ; VRB3\ < = V2 : P ; B = \ ; !XQP 8 P = XQN 8 NaXQV 8 X6N\@9V ; 8`} = } ¼ &

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r hjv
= 7 Xª = B =d= Nµ\ 7 X6\/X ; } 2 ; V :<=!< AB ^ : 7 XaBE~aVGXd 8 \A2 <j: XQNº = 8 N <: ; V> ; GV X6\ = }µ8 NT\ ; \ 7 =
PSX6\\ 8 :<=; P_\dyzX6N9Ny ; } = P y = \ 7 ; } 7 XB« =d= N9V ; ; B = } 798 : 7 8 N :O; V ; VGXQ\ = B \ 7 =
; } 2 ; V :<= 8 N\ ; \ 7 = PSX6\\ 8 :<=©; P_\dyXQN9N =65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N ¨798 BWy = \ 7 ; }8 BB = = N\ ; 9V ; } ^ :<=
= V>2B 8 y 8 P`XQVÀV = B3^9P_\GBÀ\ ; \ 7 = y = \ 7 ; } 9V ; ; B = } T2©?XQV>\32CB@DGF§HI_J9K L M ¨7 = N =d y = \ 7 ; }
8 BÀ9V = = VV = } =6: XQ^|B = 8 \ 8 NT\V ; } ^ :<= Bf\ 7 = ~VRXª 8 \RXQ\ 8 ; NXQPT\ = V>y }T8 V =ª: \P_2 8 NT\ ; \ 7 = ~ ; = V>N 8 N9~
=65 ^|XQ\ 8 ; N 8 N X)BA\VRX 8 ~ 7 \ ; V X6V } yzXQNCN = V ¨7 = 8 y/9P = y = NT\GXQ\ 8 ; N ; @\ 7 = N =d y = \ 7 ; }
8 BXQPSB ; B 7 ;6 N \ ; = 8 N } = = N } = NT\ ; \ 7 = ^CN } = V>P42 8 N9~"~V 8S} 7 = N\ 7 = ; } 2 ; V :<= 8 B
XQC9P 8 = } \ ; \ 7 = 8 NXQV2z{|^ 8`} y ; } = PWK[Z6M§\ 7 = V = B3^9P_\ 8 N9~zy ; } = P 7 XB =d= N*B 7 ;6 N\ ; =<
XQ\ Ê; VGBA\ < = V>2 : P ; B = \ ; !XQP 8 P = XQN 8 NTaXQV 8 XQNT\@ ; V\ 7 =":O; VV =6: \ : 7 ; 8 :<=©; @\ 7 = V = PSX 6 XQ\ 8 ; N
|X6VGXQy = \ = V

! "#$%'&(*) ,+$ - !$
x/. \1032547680|XQC\:9<;7=>4@?9yyA=B;1CED6GF1039H9JIK?L=MF:2ND . 4§~OD69<; . 2 . ~E2 . F19<; . =BP =ª9@yQDOF:2ND . 2R4 S;:9%U

@4 9 . F19 } x/. 2NF:2R=BPTPNC =d93;1DL=6~=BF12TD . =BF=Q4@0L=M;2 . F:9U;3V=O6W9 < L9<F 9<9 . F D . D . UÂX2R4:6YDZ?L4
{L?32 } 4 <À 2NPTP][9Q6YD . 4@2 } 9<;:9 } = .|} F1039\9MI?L=BF12TD . 4 } 9M4:6W;:24S2 . ~,F1039 =d9¬y,DZF:2ND . } 9<;1249 }
¨ D¬{L?32 } 4 2TF:0]= . 2NF:9>43y,DDZF:0]2 . F:9<;AV=O6Y9 2NPTP^=BP54_D³L9`6YD . 4_2 } 9U;:9 } = .} F:0S9E9Wab9J6YFcDQ
F:0S9« . 2NF:9>2 . F:9<;AV=O6Y9>D . F:0S9 9MI?L=BF12TD . 4HDQÊy,DZF:2ND .} 254:6W?L4:4_9 } ¨ 0S9 {L?32 } X2R4:6YDd4@2NF@C 2NPTP
=BPR4@D¬L9(9 6 =QyQ2 . 9 } = .|} 2TFe4#9Yaf9M6YFgD . F1039oh;19MIK?S9 . 6YC < F1039 } =6y/32 . ~ED6i2 . F19<;3V=Z6Y25=MP =d9M4
= .} F:0399<PTDj6Y2NF_C)S;:DQkPT9 2NPTP§L9³hDZ? .|} t 2 . =BPTPNCF1039l9JIK?L=MF:2ND . 4hDO;\4_F8= .|} 2 . ~ =d9M4
2TPNPÆL9«hDZ? .|} h;:DaymF:0393;1D~O;19M4:4_249 =d9 4_DOPN?3F:2ND . 4
nAoF:039¥3;:9J4:4@?S;:9 ] < F19dy/L9<;8=MF:?3;19 = .|} < hDZ;

='PN25I?32 } < F:039Q4:=MPT2 . 2TF_C~ < } 9< . 9 } =Z4(F:039"3;:DaLDO;:F12TD . jCyA=Z4:4HD6F:039 } 25414@DZP49 } 41=BPTFe4
<Âk D . 4@2 } 9<;x=L=M;:F1256YPN9,=MF\039<24~Z0XF <§ 039<;19'F1039 } 9 . 4@2NF@C*254 [ ¾ ¿ < 2 . =){L?S2 } 2TF10

. D*F:9dy[9U;8=BF1?3;:9QDO;A41=BPT2 . 2TF_C Z=B;:2R=BF12TD . ¨ 039S;:9M414@?3;19=MF,039<2_~O0jF 2R4E~Z249 . jCF:0S9

0jC } ;1D4_F8=BF12563;19M4:4_?3;:99MI?L=BF12TD . M

} ] ¾ ¿ C¼ Z [ ¾ ¿

¾ 4Ã ¿
}
x >F:039 L=B;1F:2R6YPT9¥y,D69M4l4_PT2_~O0jF:PTCzF:D$039<2_~O0jF /² F:039 . F10393;:9J4:4@?S;:9=O6YF12 . ~$D . F:0S9

L=M;:F:2R6YPT9= .} F:039W{L?32 }"} 9 . 4@2TF_C 2NPTPf60k= . ~Z9(F:D ] ¾ ²¿ = .|} [ ¾ ²¿ ;:9J43L9M6YF1249<PNC = .|}

ÃÃ r

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ ÃÃaÃ
F:0S9L=M;:F:2R6YPT9 2TPNP;:9dyA=M2 . 2 . 9JIK?32NPT2_3;:2N?9y 039 . 9c=M;:9c6WD . 4_2 } 9<;12 . ~2 . F:9<; . =BP =ª9J4 9
=B;196YD . 6Y9<; . 9 } < . DOF 2TF10 F1039=O6YF1?L=BP } 9 . 4_2TF_C < 3?3F 2NF:0 F1039c9 6 6Y9M414 DZ;§LDOF:9 . F125=BP } 9 . 4_2TF_C
} 9< . 9 } Ë <gO =Z4 F:0S9 } 9 . 4@2TF_CF:0S9s{L?32 } DO?3P } 0L=d9721f6WDy/3;19M4:4_9 } = } 2R=QL=MF:2R6<=BPNPTC <6 2TF10
6YD . 4@Fe= . F(41=BPT2 . 2TF_C < F1D,= ;19<h9<;:9 . 6Y93;19M4:4_?3;:9 ] h6 ¨ 032R4c6<= . L9 9 6 3;19M4:4_9 } B
®[
[ LDOF ¼ [ Z | ® } ¾ g f ¿
]
]
039<;19254\F:039A9 . F:;1DjC ¨ 0S254¬y,9M= . 4 F:0L=MF,= {k?32 } 032R60$0L=Z4,= } 9 . 4@2NF_C~O;e= } 2N9 . F
3;1D } ?L6Y9 } 4_DOPT9UPTC XC~Z;8=dX2NF_C!0L=Z4 [LDOF 6YD . 4@F8= . Fx= .|}. D2 . F:9U; . =MP =d9³y,DZF:2ND . 2NPTP
Dj6<6Y?S; x/. 3;e=O6YF1256Y9g2 . F:9<; . =BP =d9M4GD . PTCDj6<6Y?3; 039 . F:0S9<;:9c2R4 =680L= . ~Z9c2 . F:9dy/L9<;e=BF1?3;:9
DO;=\680L= . ~Z92 . 4:=MPT2 . 2TF_C 2NF:0 } 9dSF:0
nAo wt|M{§m|! " rt #%$'&¥rv#|Uulw{
9<hDZ;:96YD . 4_2 } 9U;:2 . ~EF1039(9Yaf9M6WF84iDQ]j25416YD4_2TF_C 9;:9dj2T9 F1039(2 . F19<;3V=Z6Y25=MP =d99MIK?k=BF:2ND . 4

hDO;= . 2 . j25416Y2 } {k?32 }
)(A@)(* W µRQ +¬JKÊG EM]
!;8=dj2TF_C =d9Êy,DOF12TD . L9<F 9U9 . 2_y/y,2N4:6Y2_3P 9 < 0SDy,Da~O9 . 9UDO?L4 < 2 . 6WDy/3;19M4:4_243PN9Y{k?32 } 4}6<= . <
3;1DQj2 } 9 } = . C } 2R4@F1?3;L= . 6Y9M4Q=B;:9*4AyA=BPNP < L9 } 9J4:6Y;124L9 } jC PT2 . 9M=M; =ª9]F:039UDO;:C = . =
yA= .3. 9<; = . =MPTD~ZDO?L4cF:D\PN2 . 9J=B;c4_?3;3V=Z6Y9 =d9M4 !< r < Ã<R D . 4_2 } 9<;cF D {L?32 } 4 DQ } 9d3F10
, = .|} , a 2NF:0 } 9 . 4@2TF12T9M4 [ = .|} [ a <[ [ a < 4@9dk=B;8=MF:9 } jC\=4@0L=M;\2 . F:9U;3V=O6W9 9<FiF:0S9

DO;124~Z2 . [9 =BF F1039x2 . F:9<;AV=O6Y9 2NF:0*F:039 4U 6YDDO; } 2 . =BF:9Q03DO;124<D . Fe=BPg= .|} F:039 U_6WDDO; } 2 . =MF:9

9<;1F:256U=BPTPNC?9 =B; } 4 x (F1039){k?32 } 4\=M;:9]2T;:;1DOFe=BF:2ND . =MPcF:039 . F:0S9<C$6<= . L9 } 9M4:6W;:24L9 } 2 .

F:9U;yA47DQ =E9<PNDj6Y2TF_C¬LDOF19 . F:25=M.P -4@?L680AF:0L=MFHF10399<PTDj6W2TF_C X h ¼ ¾ h 0Å / h ¿ 254@~O2_9 . jC
h ¼
®-Å /h¼ ®- ¾ g o ¿
® ®
9<FcF10399<PTDj6Y2NF_C¬[DZF:9 . F:2R=BP [

9 - hDZ; r , = .} - a hDZ; r21 21OZ , a w S D < F:0S9

{L?32 } 9<PTDj6W2TF_C/yx?L4@F4:=MF:254hCF1039x6YD . F:2 . ?S2TF_C,9MI?L=BF12TD . 4@D,F1039¬9<PTDj6W2TF_C/LDOF19 . F125=MP§yl?k4@F

4:=MF:2R4 hC,F1039 =Q3PR=O6Y9>9MIK?k=BF:2ND .
® a - ² ® a - ¼r3 ¾ ¿
® a ® a

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ Ã Ã/f
9 . D 6YD . 4@2 } 9<; F:039g2 . F:9<;AV=O6Y97F1DoL9L9<;1F:?3;>L9 } XC%=(43yA=MPTPd=Qy,DZ? . F ¬¼|¾ ÅÈG¿ 039<;19

F:0S9/L9<;:F1?3;L=MF:2ND . 254=O414@?9yQ9 } F:D¥L9=z3P5= . 9/y,D . Dj6803;:DayA=BF1256 d= 9 2TF10 h;:9MI?39 . 6YC
h <9 =d9 . ?9y"L9<;= .|} =Qy/SPT2TF1? } 9 7
³¼ v K ¯ ¾ Á¿
039<;19 254(F:039 } 9<hDO;>yA=BF12TD . =Qy/SPT2TF1? } 9x= .|} 039<;:9x2TF>254? .|} 9<;e4@F1DD } F:0k=BF 2NF 2R4EF:0S9
;:9J=BP|L=B;1F D6 0325680l2R4iDQ 2 . F:9U;:9M4_F ¨ 039ohDZPTPTD 2 . ~[DZ? .|} =M;:CQ6YD .} 2TF12TD . 4 =QC3PTC\F1D F:0S9
{L?32 } 4
Ã ¨ 0392R4 . D³9U;:F:2R6<=BP|y,DZF:2ND . =BFcF1039[9 } <
® - a ¼ r
¾ g ¿
® K

f . C$4_?3;3V=Z6Y9y,DZF:2ND . S;:D } ?L6W9 } jC$F:039]2 . F:9<; . =BP =ª9J4 254 . 9d~OPN24~Z243PN9= .|} F:0S9
4_?3;3V=Z6Y9>6<= . [9>6YD . 4@2 } 9<;19 } =O4=\4@DOPN2 } LDO? .} =B;1C <
® - ¼ r ¾ ¿
®

o FHF1039\2 . F:9U;3V=O6W9 F:0S9\03DO;124<D . Fe=BP§9<PNDj6Y2TF_C,2 . LDOF:0{L?32 } 4yl?k4@F@L9lF1039x4:=6y,9\=Z4

F1039 ® ® È 4@2 . ~AF:039xPT2 . 9M=M; =693;1D 6 24y =BF:2ND . F10L=BF`=BPTP } 2R4@F1?3;L= . 6Y9M4=M;:9Q43yA=MPTP
F103254c6<= . [9`=Q9SPT2T9 } =MF E¼r <

® ¼ ® - Å
® È ® h

¾ Ë ¿
® ¼ ® - a
® È ® h

9 F F1039(2 . F:9U;3V=O6W9HF1039 9<; . DZ?3PTPN2L9MIK?k=BF:2ND . yx?L4_FsL9>4:=MF:2R4 L9 } x 9=O414@?9yQ9(F:0L=MF
F1039 =d9M47=B;:9[9U2 . ~ } ;:2_9 . 4_DOPN9<PTC¬jC¬~O;e=ªj2TF_Cx= .|} F:0k=BFcF:0S9o3;19M4:4_?3;:9 } 2 af9<;19 . 6Y9
=Z6Y;:Dd4:4cF:0392 . F:9U;3V=O6W9(254 . 9 ~OPT2_~O2_3PT9(F1039 . F:0S254c6<= . L9>9 6 S;:9M414@9 } <
®-
[ | ®|È ² ¼ [ a | ® È a ²
®- ¾ ¿

h
h
¨ D,4_DOP49F:039 =QSP5=O6W9 9MI?L=BF12TD . 9PTDD 9 hDO; =d94@DZPT?3F12TD . 4 D67F:0S9'hDZ;y
- v ¼ v v ¾ ¿ v K ¯ Å f¼ Ã Å f
¾ T4Ã r¿

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ Ã Ã/o
039<;19 254 = . =Qy3PT2NF:? } 9}F:9<;>y = .|} ¾ ¿ } 9J4:6Y;124L9M4bF:0S9 U } 9 [9 .|} 9 . 6W9#D6fF:039 4@DOPN?3F:2ND .

: ?9k4@F:2NF:?3F12 . ~\9JIK?L=MF:2ND . ¾ _Ã r¸¿ 2 . F1D\F:039 =63P5=Z6Y9 9MI?L=MF:2TD . ~O249J4

® a v Z a v ¼ r ¾ T4ÃÃ ¿
®
032R60,0k=O44@DOPN?3F:2ND . < 4_?9 N 9M6YFcF1D\F:039LDO? .|} =B;1C]6YD .|} 2TF:2ND . 4c9MI?L=BF12TD . 4 ¾ Tg ¿ = .|} ¾ ¿ <
¼ 6YDd4@0 ¾ Z , ¿

a ¼ 6YDd4@0 ¾ o² , a ¿
¾ T4+Ã f ¿
: ?9k4@F:2NF:?3F12 . ~*9MI?L=BF12TD . 4 ¾ T4Ã r¿ 2 . F1DF:039zLDO? .|} =B;1C6YD .|} 2NF:2TD . 4 ¾ T Ë ¿ = .|} L? 4_2 . ~*F:0S9
9 6 3;:9J4:4@2ND . 4ÆhDO; v 9s .|} F:039=6y/3PN2TF:? } 9M4 v 2 . F:9<;>yA4bDQfF:0S9 } 9<hDZ;yA=MF:2ND . =6/y 3PN2TF:? } 9
7
¼ c4_2 . 0 h ¾ , ¿ Å
¾ T4+Ã o ¿
aC ¼ Z c4@2 . 0 h ¾ , ¿
a
: ?9k4@F:2NF:?3F12 . ~\9JIK?L=MF:2ND . 4 ¾ 4Ã r¸¿ 2 . F1D 9MI?L=BF12TD . ¾ ¿ = .} ?k4@2 . ~\F:039(9 6 3;19M4:4_2TD . 4shDO; v
= .} v ~Z249M47F:039 } 2R43L9<;e4@2TD . ;19<P5=MF:2TD .
ha [ ² ha [ a Z ¾ [ a Z [ ¿ ¼ r4 ¾ T4%Ã ¿
Fe= . 0 ¾ , ¿ cF8= . 0 ¾ , a ¿
x F:0392 . F:9<;AV=O6Y9254§V=B;h;:Day F1039L9 } = .} F1039h;:9<94@?S;3V=O6W9 4_D\F:0L=MFcF8= . 0 ¾ , ¿ Ã = .|}
F8= . 0 ¾ , a ¿ Ã F:032R4(6<= . L9 ;:2NF:F:9 . 2 . =EhDO;>y = . =BPND~ODZ?L4(F:D,F1039 } 2543L9<;e4@2ND . ;:9UP5=BF12TD .

hDO;4@?S;3V=O6W9 =d9M4
ha ¼ ¾ T4Ã Á¿
039<;19 2R4 F:039;19 } ?L6Y9 } ~Z;8=dj2TF_C,= .|} 2R4 } 9< . 9 } XC
¼ ¾¾ [ a Z² [ G ¿¿ ¾ T4+Ã ¿
[ a [
¨ 0399<PNDj6Y2TF_Cx6<= . L9'hDZ? .|} XC } 2 af9<;19 . F:25=MF:2 . ~ F10399<PNDj6Y2TF_C¬LDOF19 . F125=MP = .|} F8= 9 2 . ~\F:0S9
;:9J=BPÀL=M;:F+7
h ¼ Z h 6WD4@0 ¾ Z , ¿ 6YDd4 ¾ Z h ÈG¿GÅ r

,
4 6Y@D2 4_. 0 0 ¾ ¾ ,o ² ¿ , ¿
h ¼² h

a 6WD4 ¾ Z h ÈG¿RÅ r 1 1OZ , a
4 4@@2 2 . . 0 0 ¾ ¾ , >a Z ¿ , ¿
¾ T4Ã ¿
/ h ¼CZ
h
¾ 4_2 . ¾ Z h ÈG¿GÅ r ,
@
4 2 . 0 , ¿
/ h ¼ h 4@4_2 .2 . 0 0 ¾ ¾ o, ² ¿ , a ¿ 4@2 . ¾ Z h ÈG¿GÅ r 1 21Z , a

a

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ ÃÃ
)(A@)(A@ @¡j9¡@¦W@¦W ¡ 9LK |G A CA ¡
¨ 039(9JIK?L=MF:2ND . 4 2 . F10393;19M6Y9 } 2 . ~\4_9M6YF12TD .} 9M4:6W;:24L92 . F:9<;AV=O6Y2R=BP =d9M47=MF= 4@0k=B;]2 . F:9<;VU
V=O6W9L9<F 9<9 . F Dc24y/y,2R4:6Y2 3PN9Y{k?32 } 4 ¨ 039 } 9 . 4@2NF@C0L=O4i= } 2R4:6YD . F12 . ?32TF_C=BF F:039g2 . F:9<;AV=O6Y9
F8= 9 2 . ~x= Z=BPN?39 [ =BF E¼Hr = .|} [ a =BF ¼r K x/. yA= . Cx4_2TF:?k=BF:2ND . 4 F103254yQD } 9<P|yA=<C

0L=d9A4_Dy,9A4_03DO;1F86YDay,2 . ~4 4_2 . 6W9,F:039U;:9 2NPTP . DO;>yA=BPNPTCL9]=43yA=MPTP < 3?3F . 2TF19 < ;:9d~Z2TD .
=B;1DO? .} F1039,2 . F19<;3V=Z6Y9 039<;19,F:039 } 9 . 4_2TF_C*60k= . ~Z9M4 4Ay,DDOF103PTCh;1Dy [ F:D [ a ¨ D2 . U
9M4_F:24~d=BF19(F:032R43039 . Dy,9 . D . 9 2NPTPfPTDD 9 =MFcF:039F:0S9<DO;1C³hDO;c2 . F19<; . =MP =ª9J4 2 . = {L?32 }
2TF10\=6YD . F:2 . ?SDO?L4_PTCZ=B;:Cj2 . ~ } 9 . 4@2NF@C%= .|} F1039 . .|} F1039c4_DOPT?SF:2TD . 4ÆhDO;iDZ?3; } 9M4@2N;:9 }©} 9 . U
4@2NF_C } 2R4@F:;1243?SF:2TD . R t DOPNPTD 2 . ~;19<h9<;:9 . 6Y9M4 0< ÃW F:039 : F:?S;y U 2TDZ?9X2NPTPN9 9MI?L=BF12TD . 2NPTP|L9
} 9<;1249 } 0325680\6U= . F:0S9 . L94@DOP_9 } . ?9y,9<;1256<=MPTPTChDZ;7F:039c;19MIK?S2T;:9 }«} 9 . 4@2NF_C } 2R4@F:;1243?SF:2TD .
9<;19 9 =O4:4_?9y,9 < =Z4 2 . F1039AF DU±{L?32 } 6<=O4_9 < F:0L=MF\F:039/{L?S2 } 2R4 2 . 6YDay/3;19M4:4_243PN9 < 2T;:;1DU
F8=MF:2ND . =MP= .|} 03Day,D~Z9 . 9<DZ?L4 9]=BPR4@DyA= 9 9lF1039 DZ?L4:4_2 . 9M41I=QC3;:D 6 24yA=MF:2TD . ¨ 03254
=O414@?9yQ9M4HF:0k=BF } 9 . 4_2TF_CzZ=B;:2R=BF12TD . 4E=M;:9x4AyA=BPNPi= .|} 6U= . L9 . 9d~OPN9M6YF:9 } 2 . 4_D/V=B;=Z4%F1039<C
=Jaf9M6WF 2 . 9<;:F125= < S?3F ;19<F8=M2 . 9 } 2 . F1039/3?3DMCj= . 6YC*F:9<;>yA4 039<;19,F:0S9<C=69L9M=B;\2 . 6YDay³32 U
. =MF:2TD . 2TF10~O;e=ªj2TF_C ¨ 039 } 9 . 4@2TF_C]254~O2_9 . XC [ ¼ [ ² [ 0S9<;:9 [ ¾ ¿ 254(F1039³yQ9M= .
} 9 . 4@2TF_C= .|} [ ¾ Å 9ÅÈG¿ 2R4EF:0S9 } 9 . 4@2NF_C {L?k6YF:?L=MF:2ND .º} ?39,F1D =d9M4y,DOF12TD . ; S D F:0S9

6YD . F12 . ?32TF_Cx= .} S =dj2T9<V; U : F1D 9 9M479MI?L=BF12TD . 4c=B;:9

® [ ² ®f¾ [ ¿ ² ®]¾ [ /¿ ¼ r
®È ® ®
® ² ® ² / ® ¼OZ Ã ® ] ¾ T4Ã Ë ¿
®È ® ® [ ®
® / ² ® / ² / ® / ¼CZ Ã ® ] Z
®È ® ® [ ®

: 2 . 6Y9(F1039{L?32 } 2R4H=Z4:4@?Cy,9 } F1D³L92 . 6WDy/3;19M4:4_243PN9 9>6<= . =BPR4@D ;:2NF:9

® ² ® / H¼ r4 ¾ T4Ã ¿
® ®
: 9? k4@F:2NF:?3F12 . ~ [ ¾ Å 9ÅÈG¿¬¼ [ ¾ ¿s² [ ¾ Å 9ÅÈG¿ 2 . F:D9JIK?L=MF:2ND . ¾ T4Ã Ë ¿ = .|} O= 414@?9y,2 . ~ < =Z4

L9<hDO;19 < F:0k=BF\F:0S9)9UPTDj6Y2NF:2T9J4(=B;194AyA=BPNPg= .|} F:0k=BF [ 2R4\=BP54_D*43yA=MPTPg4@D 9A<6 = .. 9d~OPN9M6YF

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ ÃÃ Á
4@9J6YD .|} U/DZ; } 9<;F:9U;yA472 . [ < < / = .|} 1F 039<2N; } 9<;124Z=BF1249M4 < 9«~Z9<F
® [ ² / ® [ ¼r
®|È ®
® ®
[ ®|È ² ® ] ¼ r ¾ Tgf r¿
®/ ®
[ ®|È ²/ ® ] ² ¾ [ ² [ ¿ ¼ r3
2 ab9U;:9 . F:2R=BF:2 . ~ F10394_9M6YD .} D6iF1039M4_9E9JIK?L=MF:2ND . 4 2NF:0,;19M43L9M6YFcF1D = .|} F:039F:032N; } 2TF10
;:9J43L9M6YFcF1D]= .|},. DZF:2 . ~lF10L=BF ® [ ® ¼ r 9~O9UF

® a] ¼ [ ® | ® ² ® ® [ Å
Z
® ® ® È ® ®|È ®

¾ TgfÃ ¿
® a] ¼ [ ® | ® / ² ® [
Z
® ® ®È ® ®

IK?k=BF:2 . ~xF:039>F DlF19<;y 4shDO; ® a ® ® = .|}} 2 ab9U;:9 . F:2R=BF:2 . ~ 2TF10;19M43L9M6YFcF1D È = .|}

Cj2T9<P } 4 ]
®[ a | ® a Z ® a / Z ® a ® [ ¼CZ ® [ ® M ¾ TgfLf ¿
®|È a ® ® ® ® ® a ® È ® ® È a ®

t 2 . =BPNPTC 9,6U= . =693PTCF1039 DO?L414@2 . 9M4:I=693;:D 6 24yA=MF:2ND . = .|} 4_9<FF:039x;:2_~O0jF0L= .|} 4@2 } 9
DQ}9MI?L=BF12TD . ¾ fLf ¿ F1D¬<9<;1D\4@2 . 6Y9Z=M;:25=MF:2ND . 4 2 . F1039 } 9 . 4@2NF@CQ=B;19(D . PTC,2_y/LDO;:Fe= . F 039 .
F:0S9<C!Dj6U6Y?3;\2 . 6YDay³S2 . =MF:2TD . 2NF:0µ~O;e=dX2NF@C ; S D h;:Day 9MI?L=BF12TD . 4 ¾ Tg f r¿ = .|} ¾ T4Ã ¿
90L=d9 ® ® e ¼ Z® / ® = .|} ® [ ® È
¼ Z /W® [ ® ¨ 0X?k4 9MI?L=MF:2TD . ¾ fLf ¿ 6<= . L9

;:9 U ;12TF:F19 . 2 . F:9U;yA4iDQ F:039y,9M= .z} 9 . 4@2TF_C [ = .} F1039 U_6WDy/LD . 9 . FcD6§9UPTDj6Y2NF@C / =Z4

® a ® a/ ® a/
[ ®|È a | ® ® ² ® ® Z ® a ® H
® a / ® [ ¼ r4 ¾ Tg fLo ¿

9EPNDD 9 hDO;4_DOPN?3F:2ND . 4cDQ79JIK?L=MF:2ND . ¾ Tg fLo ¿ D6iF1039hDO;>y

/- ¼ ¾ ¿ v K ¯
¾ Tg f ¿
032R60 039 . 4_?9L4@F12TF1?3F:9 } 2 . F1D\9MIK?k=BF:2ND . ¾ Tg fo ¿ ~O249J4
} ¾ ¿ } ¾ ¿ ² ¾ ¿À² u ¾ ¿ ¾ ¿j¼ rÅ

¾ Tg f Á¿

} i }

039<;19 i ¾ ¿¼ Ã Å ¾ ¿q

¼ Z a Å u ¼ Ã ´ a 039<;19 É¼ 254(F:0S9 =d9x6Y9<PN9<;:2NF@C
= .} ¾ ¿s¼ a ¾ ¿ 0S9<;:9 ¾ ¿ 254 F1039 ;:? .
F U
=B 2R4 =M P =« h;:9JIK?39 . 6YC <

a ¾ ¿§C ¼ Z [ ®® [

¾ Tg fL ¿

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ ÃÃ/
IK?k=BF:2ND . ¾ gf Á¸¿ 2R4 F1039 : F1?3;y U 2TDZ?9j2TPTPN9,9MI?L=BF12TD . = .} 2TFQ6<= .. DZF < 2 . ~O9 . 9<;8=MP < L9
4@DZP49 } = . =MPTCjF:256U=BPTPNC x F 2R4 03D 9d9U; 9 . D . sfO F:0k=BF < 3;1DQj2 } 9 } i ¾ ¿ 1qr < ¾ ¿
r = .|} ¾ ¿ 1 r < F:039 : F1?3;y U 2NDO?9j2TPNPT9,9MI?L=MF:2TD . 0L=O4A= . 2 . . 2NF:9 . ?9y"L9<;\DQ`;:9M=MP <

LD4_2TF:2_979<24~Z9 . UÂO=MPT?39 4@DZPT?3F12TD . 4 u ¼ u h Å u Å u a Å/ 9M=O680 2NF:0>9<24~Z9 . U±h? . 6YF12TD . 4 9Å ¼

rÅ Ã Å f Å+ =O680DQcF1039\9<2_~O9 . U±h? . 6WF:2TD . 4 9¾ ¿ 0L=dX2 . ~ . ² Ã 9 6 F:;:9 y,9M4 2 . F1039 UV;8= . ~O9

2 . 0S25680 [ 254 } 9< . 9 } t DZ;(9M=Z60y,D } 9 ¾ . ¼ r <§ÃL<j_4 ¿ F:039U;:9\254=,? . 2RIK?39>;:9<PR=BF12TD . 4@032_

L9<F 9<9 . F:0S9*6Y9<PT9U;:2TF_C < ´¼ Ã u = .|} F1039 =d9 . ?9y"L9<; < F:0S254l;19<P5=MF:2TD . 4@0S24254
;:9Oh9<;:;19 } F1Dx=O4cF:039 } 254A[9U;84@2ND . ;:9UP5=BF12TD . DQ F10L=BF@y,D } 9 x 9 . D ;:2NF:9F:039 4U9UPTDj6Y2NF@C
2 . F1039>4:=QyQ9ohDO;>y
¼ v K ¯ ¾ Tgf ¿
F:0S9 . < h;:Day F:0S9E2 . 6YDay/3;:9J4:4@2_32TPN2TF/C>9MI?L=BF12TD . ¾ 4Ã ¿ < 9' .|}
} ¾ ¿ ¼ Z ³¾ ¿
¾ Tgf Ë ¿
}

x 9 } 9< . 9
xyyy
yyy [ 21

yyyy f
yyy
² ¾[ a ¿ ¾a
Z ¿
y
[ ¼ z
yyy [
Z [ J
Z ¾ Tgf ¿
yyy f
f
yyy
yyy
yy{ Z
[ a
f
F:0S9 . xyyy ¾[ a Z [ ¿ Z
®[ ¼ z
yy
f

f
¾ Tgo r¿
® yyy
{yy
r ZD F:039<; 254_9
¨ 032R4 } 9 . 4_2TF_C } 254@F1;:2_3?3F:2ND . 2R4c4@2_y,2TPR=B;7F:D\F10L=BFDQ}F:039F D U/PR=<C9<;jy,D } 9<Pf9 6 6W9d3F . D F:0S9
2 . F:9U;3V=O6W9i254 . DPTD . ~O9U;i4_0L=B;> 3?3F 0L=Z4 = . 2NF:974_24<9 ¨ 0S9 } 9 . 4@2TF_C60k= . ~Z9M4 PN2 . 9J=B;:PNC h;1Dy
[ F1D [ a =O6W;:D414 F:0S9 2 . F:9U;3V=O6W9 ¨ 039gPTD 9M4_FfyQD } 9 ¾ ¼ r¸¿ ~O2_9M4 =H4_24y,2NP5=B; y,DOF12TD . F1D(F:0S9
F D U/PR=JC9U;oy,D } 9L=BF12TD . 4%F1D,F:0S9 y,DZF:2TD . 2NF:032 .
F:0S9E2 . F19<;3V=Z6Y25=MPb;19d~O2ND . ¨ D } 9dy,D . 4@F1;8=B2_~O0jFcF:039 } 2 af9<;:9 . 6Y9L9<F 9<9 . F1039F D¬y,D } 9UP54

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ ÃÃ
F:0S9 : F1?3;y U 2TDZ?9j2TPTPN9(9MI?L=BF12TD . =O44@DZP49 } soO hDO; ¼ Á Ã/f4<[ a ¼ f [ < ¥¼Or3grrLr Ã Á <
¼ f r o f3< , ¼ , a ¼ Ã r Ë = .|}
¼Á ¨ 0S9M4@9`=B;:9>DQg=x4@2_y,2TPR=B;gDO; } 9<;HF1DlF1039 Z=MPT?39M4
?L4_9 } P5=MF:9<; 2 . F1039 PR=BF:F1256Y9 DOPNFdyA= .3. 4@2_yl?3PR=BF12TD . 4 ¨ 039@9UPTDj6Y2NF:2T9J4G= .|} =ª9jh;:9MI?39 . 6YC
9U;:9\=MP54_D6U=BP56W?3P5=MF:9 } h;1Dy 9JIK?L=MF:2ND . 4 ¾ _Ã Á¸¿ U ¾ _Ã ¿ hDZ;F:039\F D U/PR=<C9<;oyQD } 9<P ¨ 0S9
UÂ9<PTDj6Y2NF_C =Z4YhDO? .} F:DL9@j2T;:F1?L=BPNPTC(F1039c41=Qy,9 =BF7=MPTP } 9d3F10L4YhDZ;iF:039gF Dy,D } 9<P54 ¨ 0S9
4U9UPTDj6Y2NF@C =O4(=MP54_D,=MP4y,Dd4@F 2 } 9 . F:2R6<=BPf9 6 6W9d3F 2 . F10392 . F:9<;AV=O6Y9(;19d~O2ND . ¨ 039 } 2 af9<;19 . 6Y9
L9<F 9<9 . F:039"9<PTDj6W2TF:2N9M4o3;19 } 2R6YF:9 } jCF:0S9lF Dzy,D } 9<P54H2R44@03D . 2 . |~Z?3;:9 Ãa ¨ 0S9
0.02
0.01
Continuous Model
Two Layer Model
ux
0.0
-0.01
-0.02
-10 -5 0 5 10
z

- ';0)23*() ?:)4())4 0> - 8 *'2@0:6B*4)24BC- ()*+17&*+& 6B*4)2
@AC->: )/*+A*"$C-@0: $'"()I
Z=BPN?39M4 DQ}F:0S9'h;19MI?39 . 6YC h< 6U=BP56W?3P5=MF:9 } hDZ;cF:039F D U/PR=<C9<;y,D } 9<PG= .|} F:039>6YD . F12 . ?3DO?L4
y,D } 9UP 9<;19 Ã Ã r Ë J/Ã rLKM = .|} Ã gr Ë ÃJ/Ã rLKM ;:9M4A[9J6YF:2_9<PTC < = } 2 af9<;:9 . 6Y9cDQ =QLDO?SF f Á /

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ ÃÃ Ë
nAo " rt E{m|Mw r

|M{§m u2&{ &| {
9 . D F:?3; . DZ?3;=BF:F19 . F:2TD . :F D =d9y,DZF:2TD . 2 . = j25416YDO?L4{L?32 }

)()(* PG |f¤o¦ ¡WKq¡EM .
¡ED N¥ G| À9G
D . 4@2 } 9<; 2 . F19<; . =MP =d9³yQDOF:2ND . L9<F 9<9 . F D¥X2R4:6YDZ?L4'{L?S2 } 4>4@9dL=M;8=MF:9 } jC*=4@0L=M;
2 . F:9U;3V=O6W9 ¨ 032R4\6<= . L96WD . 4_2 } 9<;19 } /O 2 . =yA= .3. 9<;`4@2_y,2TPR=B; F1DF:039AF1;:9M=MFy,9 . FDQ
4@?S;3V=O6W9 =ª9J4 Á < sBÂ x gF:0S9 {L?32 } 4E=M;:9"X2R4:6YDZ?L4(F:039 . F:039x9MI?L=BF12TD . 4%D6@y,DZF:2ND . 6<= .
L9 ;:2TF1F:9 . 7 ® ¼ Z Ã ® ] `² _ a Å
®È [® \
® / ¼CZ Ã ® ] ²k_ a /Å ¾ TgoÃ ¿
®È [® \
® ² ® / ¼r4
® ®
t DO;cF1039F DU±{L?32 } 4@CS4@F19dysF:039M4_90L=d9 4_DOPN?3F:2ND . 4 Á < /O

0v ¼
® - v ² ® v Å
® ®
¾ TgoLf ¿

0v ¼
® - v Z ® v Å
® ®
039<;19 - ¼ K v K ¯ - a ¼ a v K ¯ AÅ

¼ K
v K ¯ a ¼ a
v ¯

¾ TgoLo ¿

= .}
va ¼ a ² _ v ¾ Tgo ¿
039<;19 _ v 254bF:0S9sj25416YD4_2TF_CDQ9{L?S2 } < f¼ Ã Å f ¨ 0S9sLDZ? .|} =M;:C\6WD .|} 2NF:2ND . 4G=MF F103972 . F:9<;AV=O6Y9
=B;19 7
Ã ¨ 039>6YD . F12 . ?32TF_CxDQ}F:0399<PNDj6Y2TF12T9M47=Z6Y;:Dd4:4HF10392 . F:9<;AV=O6Y9
h ¼ a h Å / h ¼ / a h ¾ Tg o Á¿

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ ÃÃ
f ¨ 039>6YD . F12 . ?32TF_CxDQ 4@F1;:9M414@9M4 ] = .|} ] =O6Y;1D4:4F:0392 . F:9U;3V=O6W9

¾ ¿ ¾ ¿
| ] ¼ | ] a Å | ] _
¾ ¿ ¼ ¾ ¿
| ] a _ ¾ TgoL ¿

[
h
[ a
h
[
h [ a a h

¨ 039>4@F1;:9M414 F19<;y 4 =B;19 Á

¼ Z ] ² f _
®/ Å ] ¼ |® ² ®/ Å ¾ Tgo ¿
] O

[ [ ® [_ ® ®

039<;19 ] 2R4~O249 . XCQF:039 9<; . DO?3PNPT2L9MI?L=BF12TD .

®-
] ¼ Z ® È Z ¾ Tgo Ë ¿
[
t DO;= . 2 . . 2NF:9«{k?32 } v = .|} v 6<= . L9 9<PN24y,2 . =BF19 } jC'F1039 2 . F19<;3V=Z6Y9LDO? .|} =B;:C6YD . U
} 2NF:2TD . 4 F:D"~O2_9(F:0S9 = h;:9MI?39 . 6YC ?9MI?L=MF:2TD . +Z

¼ z x{ ¾ [ ¾ [ a ² Z [ [ ¿ G¿ Z ¾ [ ¾ [ a ² Z [ [ ¿ G¿ ¾ [ ² [ f ¿G ¾ [[ a [ _ _ ² a _ [ _ ¿

a a a a a
x ¾ Z ¿
² { ¾ [ [ a ² [ [ ¿ ¾ [ ² [ f ¿R ¾ [[ a [ _ _ ² a _ [ _ ¿ ² f a ¾ [ ² [ _ ¿Gaa¾ [[ Ma k² _ _ a ² [ M [ _ V¿ a
z
¾ Tg o ¿

a a a a a a a
t DO;=x4@2 . ~OPN9'{k?32 } ¾ [ a ¼ rTÅ _ a ¼ r¸¿ F:0S254 ;:9 } ?L6Y9M47F:D

¼ ¾ ¿À² f A_ a ¾ T r¿
032R60254GF:0S9#9 6 3;19M4:4_2TD . hDO; F:0S9 h;19MI?39 . 6YC%= .|} F:039j3;1DLDO;1F:2TD . =BP } =Qy/S2 . ~cD6G=4@?S;3V=O6W9
=d9 MÂ 6 3;19M4:4_2 . ~ 2 . F1039hDO;>y ¼¬¾ h Z ¿ Z < 0S9<;:9 h 254 F1039h;:9MI?39 . 6YC
DQ#= . 2 . X2R4:6Y2 } =d9 < = .|} 6YD . 4@2 } 9<;12 . ~\F D {k?32 } 4 2TF10AF:039>4:=6y,9j25416YD4_2TF_C
_ ¼ _ a ¼ _ ¾ T 9Ã ¿
= .} 2TF10 } 9 . 4_2TF:2N9M4s~Z249 . jC
[ ¼ [ Å [ a ¼° [ Å ¾ T f ¿
=4_9<;:2N9M4E9 6 L= . 4@2ND . < 2 . F19<;y 4%D6 _ < 6<= . L9/yA= } 9EhDZ; +OÂ ¨ DDO; } 9<; ¾ _ ¿ F:0S9
4@DZPT?3F12TD . 254 +Z
¼ ¾ h ¿
a f ° _

¾ Ã ²µ°Y¿ a ¾ To ¿

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ Ã+f r
= .}
¼¾ h ¿
a ¾ Ã f ²µ ° °À ¿ a_ ² f a¾ Ã¾ Ã ² ²µ°Y° ¿ M M ¿ _ ¾ TL ¿
¨ 0392 . F:9U;3V=O6W25=BP } 254_F:?3;>L= . 6Y9254 . D ~Z249 . jC
E¼ K ¶d¯ v K ¯ ¾ T Á¿
039<;19 ¼ h Z ¨ 0X?k4%F1039«h;19MI?39 . 6YC ¾ = .|} 039 . 6Y9x=BPR4@D,F1039x6Y9<PN9<;:2NF_C ´ ¼ ¿ 254
;:9 } ?L6Y9 } XC = . =QyQDO? . F h;:DaymF:039>2 . X2R4:6Y2 } 4_DOPN?3F:2ND . = .|} F:0S9 =d9`=Qy/3PN2TF1? } 9 254
;:9 3P5=Z6Y9 } jCA= } 9M6U=JCj2 . ~ 9 6 LD . 9 . F:2R=BP 7 9 6 ¾ Z ÀÈG¿ x/. yA= . Cx4@2NF:?L=MF:2TD . 4 = .|} =B;19
43y =BPTPS= .} DQ = 4@2_y,2TPR=B;}4@2_<9 x/. 4_?L60Q4@2NF:?L=MF:2ND . 4iF:0S9 h;19MIK?S9 . 6YC>254iD . PNCx=BPNF:9<;19 } 4@PN24~O0jF:PNC
h;:Day 2NF84H2 . j25416Y2 } O=MPT?39\0SD 9d9<;F:039 } =Qy/32 . ~xF:9<;>y 9 6 ¾ Z ÀÈG¿ 6<= . S;:D } ?L6W9,=,P5=M;~Z9
9Yaf9M6YF 039 . =O6U6Y?9yx?3P5=MF:9 } D69<; P5=B;>~O9cF124y,9M4 4 . DOF:9 } XC =B;1;:254_D . +O 03254i4_DOPN?3F:2ND . 254
= . 9 6 L= . 4@2ND . 2 . _ 6YDO;1;:9M6WF F:D\DZ; } 9U; ¾ _ ¿ = .} =BPR4@Dx=\4_9<;:2N9M4#9 6 L= . 4@2ND . 2 . Q6YDO;1;:9M6YF
F:DDZ; } 9<; ¾ a ¿ ¨ 0S254i4_DOPT?SF:2TD . 2R4 2 . =6~O;19<9dy,9 . F 2TF10lF10394@DZPT?3F12TD . DQ DZ0 . 4 <9 0S25680
=Z4YhDO? .|} jC>6YD . 4@2 } 9<;:2 . ~4@9 L=B;e=BF:94_DOPN?3F:2ND . 4 2 . 4@2 } 9c= .|} DO?3Fe4@2 } 9cF:039Ê[DZ? .|} =M;:CxP5=<C9<; <
2 . = yA= .3. 9<;c= 9 2 . F:D\F1039(F:;19M=BF>y,9 . F7DQ}F:0399UPTDj6Y2NF:2T9J4 2 . 4@9J6YF:2ND . Tg o f4< = .|} yA=BFe6032 . ~
F:0S9EF Dx4@DOPN?3F:2ND . 4 ¨ 0S9 4_DOPN?3F:2ND . D6 DZ0 . 4 M 254cD . PTC,F1D L;84_
F UVDO; } 9<;H2 . _
)()(A@ JI Ê ] AoÀC3]
¨ 039\PN2 . 9M=M;:2R4@9 } S =dX2N9<
; U : F:D 9 9M4c9MIK?k=BF:2ND . L9<;>y,2TFe4 F1039¬9<PTDj6W2TF_C,F:D[9Q43SPT2TF2 . F:D =LD U
F:9 . F125=BP]L=M;:F < X h ¼ \ - < = .|} =,;:DZF8=BF12TD . =BPÊL=B;1F < ¼ ¾Å¿ Ë < 3< L!< Ë r < Ë Ã< ¨ 0S9
4@DZPT?3F12TD . hDO; X h 254\4@2_y/3PNC!F1039A2 . X2R4:6Y2 } 4@DZPT?3F12TD . 0325680$0L=O4Q=BPT;19M= } CL9<9 . ~Z249 . 2 .
9MI?L=BF12TD . ¾ _Ã ¿ ¨ D¬ .|} F:039;1DOF8=MF:2ND . =MPf9<PNDj6Y2TF_C 9 . DOF:9 Ë ÃL< Ë r F10L=BFW3;:D6j2 } 9 }
a _ v
a
v ¼ ¾ T ¿

2544AyA=BPNPi2 . LDOF:0 {L?32 } 4 F1039/y,DZF:2ND . 254(9M414@9 . F:2R=BPNPTC2N;:;1DOF8=MF:2ND . =MP#9 6 6Y9 3F . 9M=M; j25416YDO?L4
LDO? .} =B;1C'PR=<C9<;84 0325680A=B;19DQ7F103256 9 . 9M4:4 A¾ _ v ¿
a = .|} 0S25680,Dj6<6Y?3;=MF4@DZPT2 } LDO? .|} U
=B;12T9M4x= .} =BFxF:0S92 . F:9U;3V=O6W9 ¨ 0X?k4 9'PNDD 9 hDO;Q4@DZPT?3F12TD . 4EhDO; 032R60z41=BF:2R4 hC$F:0S9
S =dj2T9<V; U : F1D 9 9M479MI?L=BF12TD . hDZ;cF:039;:DZF8=MF:2TD . =BP]L=M;:FDQ7F10399<PTDj6Y2NF_C <
® v ¼ _ v a v Å ¾ T 4 ¿
®|È \

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ +Ã fTÃ
= .} F:039 =Q93;1D3;125=MF:9@LDO? .} =B;1C\6YD .|} 2TF12TD . 4 9gD . PNC 6WD . 4_2 } 9<;}4@DZPT?3F12TD . 4 0S25680 0L=d9g=
4@2_~ . 2 f6<= . F§Z=MPT?39c2 . F:039Ê[DZ? .|} =M;:CxP5=<C9<;}= .|} = . 9 ~OPT2_~O2_3PT9jZ=BPN?39cDO?3Fe4@2 } 9HF1039LDZ? .|} =M;:C
P5=<C9<; : 2 . 6Y9 99 6 L9M6YF 3< Ë r F10L=BF v 2TPNPÆL9>= . DO; } 9<;cDQLyA=6~ . 2NF:? } 943y =BPTPN9<;7F:039 .
v 9 2TPTP 4_DOP_9'hDZ; v < F1039>6YDy/LD . 9 . Fc2 . F:039 } 2T;19M6YF12TD . DQ =d93;1DL=6~=MF:2TD . ¨ 0S9
4@DZPT?3F12TD . hDO; v 6<= . F:0S9 . L9ohDO? .|} jCl2 . F19d~O;e=BF:2 . ~ v Ë r DD 9 2 . ~¬L;84_Fc=MFcF:039=B;19M=
DQ F:0392 . F:9U;3V=O6W9 9 6WD . 4_2 } 9<;4_DOPN?3F:2ND . 4cDQ}F:039hDZ;y Ë < Ë r

a
j¼ 9 6 AZ ¾ Ã ²`3¿ v K ¯

f_

a
¾ T Ë ¿
a ¼ a 9 6 ¾ Ã ` ² A¿ f _
v K ¯

a
S D 6YD . 4_2 } 9U;cF:039LDO? .} =B;1C6YD .|} 2TF12TD . 4c=BFcF10392 . F:9<;AV=O6Y9
Ã ¨ 039>6YD . 4@9U;Z=BF12TD . DQ}03DO;124<D . Fe=BPÀ9<PNDj6Y2TF_CQ=BFcF10392 . F:9<;AV=O6Y9(;19MI?32T;19M4

®- ®-
| ® ² j¼ ® a ² a ¾ T ¿
h
D . 4@9<;>Z=BF:2ND . DQ7F1039>4@F:;19M4:4
f
]
=O6W;:D414 1F 0392 . F:9<;AV=O6Y9;:9MI?32T;19M4

®
| [ _ ® ¼ [ a _ a ® a
® ¾ T ÁLr¿
h

: ?9k4@F:2NF:?3F12 . ~AF1039³9UPTDj6Y2NF:2T9J4 < 9MIK?k=BF:2ND . ¾ T Ë ¿ < 2 . F:DAF:039"LDO? .} =B;1C6YD .|} 2NF:2TD . 4 < 9MI?L=sU
F:2ND . 4 ¾ ¿ = .} ¾ T Ár¸¿ ~O249J4
¾ h Z a a h ¿
¼ Z°
Ã² ° Å ¾ T Á Ã ¿
¼a ¾ Ã h²µZ ° a a h ¿
039<;19 v h ¼ v ¾ ¿ h = .|} ° ¼ ¾ [ a [ ¿G¾ _ a _ ¿
a

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ Ã+ff
S 9 6 F6YD . 4@2 } 9<;F:0S9E{L?S2 } = }"N =O6Y9 . FF:DAF1039A4@DZPT2 } LDO? .|} =B;12T9M4 9xPTDD 9 hDZ;\4_DOPT?SF:2TD . 4 <
hDO;F:0S9E;1DOFe=BF:2ND . =MPÀ9<PTDj6W2TF_C,6WPTD4_9(F:DxF:0S9«LDZ? .|} =M;:CPR=<C9<; < DQ}F:0S9'hDZ;y Ë < Ë r

a
¼ 9 6 ¾ Ã ²À¿

_f
¾ Z , ¿ v K ¯ Å

a
¾ T Á f ¿
a ¼ a 9 6 Z ¾ Ã ²k3¿

_f a
¾ '² , a ¿ v K ¯

: ?9k4@F:2NF:?3F12 . ~\F1039M4_9E2 . F1D\F:039 . D U_4_PT2_LDO? .} =B;1C6WD .|} 2NF:2ND .
®-
| ® ²
¼ rÅ

¾ T Á o ¿
®-
| ® a ² a
K ¼ r
~O2_9M4#F1039>6YD . 4@F8= . Fe4

C ¼ Z' Å a O ¼ Z' a a K ¾ T Á ¿

¨ 039 . =MP 4_DOPN?3F:2ND . hDO; X 6<= . L9hDO? .} XC 4@?9yy,2 . ~=BPNP(F:0S9!03DZ;:2_<D . F8=MP«9UPTDj6Y2NF@C
F:9U;yA4 x/.¥} DZ2 . ~\F103254 9 . 9 ~OPT9J6YF 2 . F19<;y 4 ¾ Z §¿ 9 6 6Y9d3F 039U;:92TFg=QC[9J=B;84c2 . = .
9 6 LD . 9 . F:2R=BP yl?3PNF:2_3PT2N9 } XC È <T 0325680]6<= . L9 PR=B;>~O9 ¨ 032R4~O2_9M4
¼ 4@2 . 0 ¾ , ¿ K ¶d¯ Z 6YD4_0 ¾ Z , ¿ 6WD4 ¾ Z È ¿

² ¾ Ã f ²µ° °Y¿ 6YDd4@0 ¾ , ¿ 6YDd4 Z È Z a

9 6 Z a
¾ T ÁÁ¿

² 6YDd4 Z ÈÀ² a ¾ Z , ¿

Z9 6 a ¾ >Z , ¿

= .}
a ¼ 4_2 . 0 ¾ , ¿ K ¶d¯ 6WD4@0 ¾ '² , ¿ 6YDd4 ¾ Z È ¿

Z ¾ ²µ Y
6
D _
4 0 ¾ ¿ W
6
D 4 f
È ²
9 6
¾ T Á ¿
Ã °À¿
f , Z a

a

Z 6WD4 Z È Z ¾ ² , ¿
9 6 Z ¾ ² , ¿

a a
039<;19 9x0L=d9Q4@9<F , ¼ , a ¼ ,$= .} _ q ¼ _a q ¼ _ S DZF:9,F10L=BF>F:039,F1DOFe=BP9UPTDj6Y2NF@C
6<= . L9 Fe= 9 9 . =O4cF:039`4@?9ymDQgF1039F:03;19<9 9<PNDj6Y2TF_CxF:9<;>yA4 < 9MI?L=BF12TD . 4 ¾ 4Ã ¿ < ¾ Ë ¿ = .|}

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ +Ã fo
¾ T Á f ¿ 4_2 . 6W9\F:039x;:DZF8=BF12TD . =BPÊ9<PTDj6Y2NF:2N9M4 yx?L4_FL9 . 9d~ZPT24~Z243PN9«V=M;«h;:Day F:039U2T;(;19M43L9M6YF1249

LDO? .} =B;1C,P5=<C9<;e4 ¨ 039@L;84_F F:9U;y 2 . LDZF:0A9MI?L=BF12TD . ¾ T ÁaÁ¸¿ = .|} 9MI?L=MF:2TD . ¾ Á ¿ 254iF:0S9
2 . j254:6W2 } 4_DOPT?SF:2TD . = .|} F:039`4@9M6YD .|} = .|} F:032N; } F:9U;yA4g=B;:9>F:039;1DOF8=MF:2ND . =MPi6YDZ;:;19M6YF:2ND . 4c=MF
F:0S9l2 . F19<;3V=Z6Y9\= .|} F:0S9,4_DOPT2 } LDO? .|} =B;:2N9M4E;19M43L9M6WF:249UPTC ¨ 039"9<;:F1256<=MPf9<PNDj6Y2TF_C]6<= . L9
hDO? .|} h;1Dy F1039>6YD . F:2 . ?32NF_C\9MIK?k=BF:2ND . = .} 254
/ jC¼ Z h ® ® } Z h ® ® }
¾ T Á ¿
K

= .}
/ a ¼CZ ® ® } 0
¾ T Á Ë ¿
K

x Fc6<= . 9M=O4_2TPTC"L9>4@9<9 . F10L=BFc2 . F19d~O;e=BF:2 . ~ F1039L;84_FcF:9<;>y 2 . 9MI?L=BF12TD . 4 ¾ T ÁÁ¿ = .|} ¾ T Á ¿
~O2_9M4 F:0S92 . j254:6W2 } 4_DOPT?SF:2TD . / h6 ¨ 0S92 . F:9 ~O;8=MPHD6F:0S94@9J6YD .|} = .|} F:032N; } F:9<;>yA4\=B;19
43y =BPTPN9<; F10L= . F1039DZ;:2_~O2 . =BPF:9<;>yA4«jCz= V=O6YF1DO; ¾ f _ ¿ = .} 4@D ~O249AD . PTCz= 9<;1C
43y =BPTPk6YDO;1;:9M6YF12TD . F:9<;>y O t 24~O?S;:9M4 f = .|} o 4@0SD F:0S9 } 2 af9<;:9 . Fc6WDy/LD . 9 . Fe4iDQ F:0S9

03DZ;:24UD . F8=BPk= .|} 9U;:F:2R6<=BP9UPTDj6Y2NF:2T9J4whDZ; = =ª9 2NF:0x=6y/3PT2NF:? } 9 f r o f4< ¼ Ã J"Ã rLKM <
° ¼ Ã 0< ¼ f Á = .|} , ¼ , a ¼ +Ã f Ë o fT ¨ 039\4_DOPT2 } PN2 . 92 . |~O?S;:9 f 4_03D 4HF:0S9
2T;1;:DZF8=BF12TD . =BPj9<PNDj6Y2TF_C 0S256800L=O4>= } 2R4:6YD . F12 . ?32TF_C]=BF ¼ r = .} 2544@CTy/y,9UF:;:2R6(? .|} 9<;

=l;1DOF8=MF:2ND . DQ $=QLDO?3F ¾ )C¼ rTÅ

¼ r¸¿ ¨ 039¬y =Q~ . 2TF:? } 9 D6 F1039\2T;1;:DZF8=BF12TD . =BP§9UPTDj6Y2NF@C
254 y = 6 24yx?9y =MF ¼ r ¨ 0S9 } =Z4@039 } PT2 . 9,254 F1039]4@?9y DQF1039A2T;:;1DOFe=BF:2ND . =MPo9UPTDj6Y2NF@C

= .} F:0S9(;:DZF8=BF12TD . =BP}6YDy[D . 9 . Fc=MFcF:0392 . F:9U;3V=O6W9 ¨ 032R49<PTDj6W2TF_C } 254_F:;1243?3F12TD . 60k= . ~Z9M4

6YD . F12 . ?3DO?L4_PTCh;1Dy 2TFe443yA=MPTPT9J4@FZ=BPN?39A4_PT24~Z0XF1PTC¥[9UPTD ¼ r F:D]2TF84yA= 6 2_yl?Cy Z=BPT?S9

4@PN24~Z0XF1PTC\=6LDQ9 ¼ r x/. y,D4_FiDQ^F:039WLDO? .} =B;1ClPR=JC9U;iF:039;:DZF8=MF:2TD . =BP|9<PNDj6Y2TF_C0L=Z4#F:0S9

DC[Dd4@2NF:9]4@2_~ . F1DF:0S9l2N;:;:DZF8=MF:2TD . =BPÊ9<PTDj6W2TF_C= .|} =43y =BPTPN9<;yA=6~ . 2NF:? } 9 ¨ 0j?L4 2TF0L=Z4
F:0S9\9Yaf9M6YF(D6 ;19 } ?L6W2 . ~,F1039¬9<PNDj6Y2TF_C³h;1Dy 2NF84H2 . j25416Y2 } Z=BPN?39 FF:0S9\DO?3F19<;(;:9 ~O2TD . DQ
F:0S9³LDO? .|} =B;1C!PR=<C9<; <Æ 0S9<;:9xF:039x;:DZF8=MF:2TD . =BPg6YDay/LD . 9 . F25443yA=MPTP§3?SF . DOF . 9d~OPN24~O2_3PT9 <
F:0S9A4@2_~ . D6F:039,;1DOFe=BF:2ND . =MP6YDy[D . 9 . F254(F:039 4:=QyQ9,=Z4 F:039x2T;1;:DOFe=BF12TD . =BP6YDay/LD . 9 . F
= .} 4@D>F:0396WDy"32 . 9 } 9<PNDj6Y2TF_C 2R4iP5=B;>~O9<;gF:0L= . F:0S9H2 . j25416Y2 } 9<PNDj6Y2TF_C t ?S;:F:0S9<;§h;:DysF:0S9
2 . F:9U;3V=O6W9\F:039x;:DZF8=BF12TD . =BP 6YDy/LD . 9 . F«L9M6WDy,9M4 . 9d~OPN24~Z243PN9x= .|} F1039Q4@DOPN2 } = .|}*} =O4_039 }
PT2 . 9M4f=Q9L9M=M; F1D@y,9<;~Z9 ¨ 039j9<PNDj6Y2TF_Cc;19d3;:9J4@9 . F:9 } XCF:039 } =Z4@039 } PT2 . 9 254 . DZFi4_Cy/yQ9<F_;:256
=QLDZ?3F ¾ ³¼ rTÅ O¼ r¿ ¨ 032R4 2R4 } ?S9 F:DxF:0S9 ;8=MF:2ND a L9<2 . ~ ° = .|}. DZFH? . 2TF_C ¨ 0S9
} DZF:F:9 } PT2 . 9i;19d3;:9J4@9 . F84LF:039j . =BPj4_DOPN?3F:2ND . hDZ;GF:039j9<PNDj6Y2TF_C2 . 6WDO;LDZ;8=BF12 . ~F:0S9#;1DOFe=BF:2ND . =MP
6YDay/LD . 9 . F84c=MF(F:0S9 2 . F:9U;3V=O6W9= .|} F1039\4_DOPN2 } LDZ? .|} =M;:2T9J4 x F254c6YDZ2 . 6W2 } 9 . F8=MP 2TF10F:0S9
} =Z4@039 } PN2 . 9A9 6 6Y9dSFx6YPTDd4@9AF:DF1039]4@DZPT2 } LDO? .|} =B;:2N9M4,=MF,F:039]F:Da= .} [DZF:F1Dy D6F:0S9

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ Ã+f
100
50
0
z
-50 u0
u0 + U
u0 + U + U’
-100
-0.02 -0.01 0.0 0.01 0.02
u

-@::*C *+"2 -*:)*+ "2 ;)2*() h C-C&6 *"$ -7:1:*C"13*"2 ;)2*(
4 C- :*C *+"2 ;)2*+() $':*+6 C-,@: $ "()@"2 *&4 : 2@<: h 04 C-
$'&232 *2@&*+ $ *:=C-E-*+:)*+0C"2 ;)2*+() @()27&4@L/ C- @::*0C"*+"2()*6 ?*+05 !C-
*24 L*+&4 : I -B;)2*+())B:>( 23(&2@"1B$ *:#9@: $ "()@"28 <;8 C- 6 ?23C&4
F 0F
KM FB4 a <F FI
100
w0
(u + U + U’)/k
50
0
z
-50
-100
-0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0.0
w

- @::*C *+"2 ;:("2 ;)2*+() h 4 C - $ &22 ; 31()*+& *
2@&*+
I - ;) 2*+()) 0: ("2(&27 $G*+: 70: $'"()@"2 8 <; 8 C- 6 ?23C&4
F 0F
K M FB4 a <F FI

L !##(/
( #
5"/*jL 1(!##(/ Ã+f Á
=d9 . 9<;19 < =O4 2NF:0F:0S9;:DOFe=BF12TD . =BP9<PTDj6W2TF_C$=BFQF:0392 . F19<;3V=Z6Y9 < F10394_24~ . DQ 254
DC[Dd4@2NF:9AF:D]F:039A4_24~ . DQ 6YPND4@9xF:D]F:039[DZ? .|} =M;:C <§ 0S9<;:9,2NF84yA=6~ . 2NF:? } 9x254P5=M;~O9J4@F
x/. F:0S254 ;:9 ~O2TD . F:039(;1DOFe=BF:2ND . =MP 6YDy[D . 9 . Fc=Z6YF84 F1D\;:9 } ?k6Y9(F:0S9yA=Q~ . 2TF1? } 9(D6iF1039(F1DOF8=MP
9<PNDj6Y2TF_C < ;19 } ?L6W2 . ~\2NFcF:D¬<9<;1D\D . F:0S9«LDZ? .|} =M;:C 039<;19EF1039F D\6WDy/LD . 9 . Fe4 0L=d9(F:0S9
4:=6y,9WyA=Q~ . 2TF1? } 9 t ?S;:F:0S9<;§h;:DysF:0S9LDO? .|} =B;:CQF:039<;19H2R4 = ;19d~O2ND . 039U;:9F:0394_24~ . 4c=B;19
F:0S9x4:=QyQ9\= .} F1039 ;1DOF8=MF:2ND . =MP 6WDy/LD . 9 . F= }C} 4(F:DAF:039¬y =Q~ . 2TF:? } 9 D6 F1039\03DZ;:24UD . F8=BP
9<PNDj6Y2TF_C ¨ 039©yA=Q~ . 2TF1? } 9DQ F:039;:DZF8=MF:2TD . =BP 6YDy/LD . 9 . Fc25443yA=MPTPb0S9<;:9>= .} F:0399Yaf9M6YF
254 . DOFQ=O4lDaj2TDZ?L4 2 . |~O?3;19 f =O4\2TF\254 . 9M=M;lF1039A2 . F:9<;AV=O6Y9 ¨ 03254 2R4EL9M6<=M?L4@9 h

254\2 . 6Y;:9M=Z4@2 . ~*= =<Ch;:Dy F:0394@DOPN2 } [DZ? .|} =M;:Cº3?3Fx2TF\254 } 9M6W;:9M=Z4@2 . ~= =<C h;1Dy F:0S9
2 . F:9U;3V=O6W9 ¨ 039<;19 254yx?L680,PT9J4:4 } 2 ab9U;:9 . 6W9«L9<F 9<9 . F:0392 . j25416Y2 } 9U;:F:2R6<=BP 9<PTDj6W2TF_C,= .|}
F:0S9 j254:6WDO?L4@9<;:F1256<=MPÆ9<PNDj6Y2TF_CQ4@03D . 2 . |~Z?3;:9 o ¨ 039 y =B2 .¥} 2 af9<;:9 . 6Y9254 . 9M=B;F:0S9

2 . F:9U;3V=O6W9 039U;:9(F1039yA=6~ . 2NF:? } 9DQ F10399<PNDj6Y2TF_C\2R4syA= 6 2_y\?9y ¨ 039yA=6~ . 2NF:? } 9DQ}F:0S9

j254:6WDO?L4c4_DOPT?SF:2TD . 2R4c4@PT2_~O0jF:PNC,4AyA=BPNPT9<;g= .} 4@PN24~Z0XF1PTC"y,DO;19(;:DZ? .|} 9 } =MF ¬¼ r

nAo ,vLr w|Mw " rt E {
PNP#F1039x9 6 S;:9M414@2TD . 4 =6LDQ9 =B;:9"hDO;¬3;1D~O;19M4:4_249 =d9M4(F:;e=d9<PTPN2 . ~ <Y 2NF:0$6W9<PT9<;12TF_C ´/¼

< 2 . F:039[Dd4@2NF:249 4U } 2T;:9J6YF:2ND . t DZ; 9M=Z60Q4@2NF:?L=MF:2ND . 6YD . 4@2 } 9<;19 } F:0S9(;:9M=MP|L=B;1FcDQ F:0S9
2 . F:9U;3V=O6W9(0L=O4cF:0S9'hDZ;y
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