Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Connections -II
Welding
2
Basics…
3
Basics…
Edge
Lap
Tee Corner
4
Basics…
• Types of welds
5
Basics…
6
Basics…
7
Basics…
Electrical
Electricalcircuit
circuit
8
Basics…
9
Basics…
10
Basics…
11
Basics…
• Welding machines …
– Manual to Fully Automatic Equipment
12
Basics…
• Choosing an Electrode
13
Basics…
14
Basics…
• Welding Symbols
15
Basics…
6 150
8 150
12 150
6 150
16
Process OF Welding
• Edge preparations for groove welds
17
Quality of WeldING
• Possible weld defects
18
Quality OF Welding…
Poor
Poor
Good
Good
19
Quality OF Welding…
• Weld profile…
Fillet
FilletWeld
Weld Groove
GrooveWeld
Weld
20
Quality OF Welding…
• Weld profile…
1.5-2mm
21
Quality OF Welding…
• Weld profile…
22
Quality OF Welding…
• Weld problems…
23
Quality OF Welding…
Tolerance
24
Problems of welding
• Heat affected zone
– Material properties are changed
Base metal
Fusion zone
Angular distortion
26
Process OF Welding…
Curvature
Curvaturedeveloped
developedafter
afterwelding
welding
or or
27
Problems of welding…
28
Problems of welding…
• Internal stresses
– Weld restraints
29
Problems of welding…
• Internal stresses
– Weld restraints
30
Problems of welding…
• Internal stresses
– Weld restraints
• One solution
31
Problems of welding…
32
Problems of welding…
33
Problems of welding…
34
Problems of welding…
35
Problems of welding…
36
Problems of welding…
Weld Access
Hole
Cope
CJP
Weld
Beam
• Performance of Welds
– Tri-axial state of stress at column face
• Avoid high stresses in welds
τ τ
σu/2
σy/2
σ2 σy/2 τmax
σ σy σu σ
σ1 σ2 = σ3 = 0 σ 1 = σy σ1 = σu σ3 σ2 σ1
σ3
38 Uni-axial
Uni-axialStresses
Stresses Tri-axial
Tri-axialStresses
Stresses
Problems of welding…
I-section I-section
39
Structural welds
• Design of welds
Butt
ButtWeld
Weld
Fillet
Fillet
Weld
Weld
40
Structural Design of welds …
• Weld sizes
Cl. 10.5.8
– Fillet Welds
• Max. size:
smax = t-1.5 mm for square edges of t > 6 mm
smax = t for square edges of t < 6 mm
smax = 0.75t for the rounded edges of rolled sections
41
Structural Design of welds …
• Weld sizes …
[ Cl. 10.5.8.5 ]
– Fillet Welds
• Max. size:
End fillet weld normal to
force direction
42
Structural Design of welds …
• Weld sizes…
[ Cl. 10.5.2.3 ]
– Fillet Welds Table 21
• Min. size:
smin = 3 mm for tmax ≤ 10 mm
smin = 5 mm for 10 mm ≤ tmax ≤ 20 mm
smin = 6 mm for 20 mm ≤ tmax ≤ 32 mm
smin = 8 mm for the first run and 10
mm for 32 mm ≤ tmax ≤ 40 mm
43
Structural Design of welds …
• Weld sizes …
– Butt Welds
• Min. groove depths for different situations applicable
– End returns: min of 2 times weld size
– Min length Lmin = max (4 s, 40 mm)
– Lap Joints: min. lap length Llap = 4t min or 40 mm
44
Structural Design of welds…
s lw
45
Structural Design of welds…
s lw
46
Structural Design of welds…
fu
fe = f + 3q ≤
a
2 2
3γ mw
[ Cl. 10.5.10.1.1 ]
Fillet
Fillet Weld
Weld
47
Structural Design of welds…
Butt
ButtWeld
Weld
fe = f b2 + f br2 + f b f br + 3q 2
[ Cl. 10.5.10.1.1 ]
48
Structural design of welds…
fu
f wn = ; f u = m in( f uw , f up )
3
49
Structural design of welds…
0.2 l j
β lw = 1.2 − ≤ 1.0
150tt
50
Structural design of welds…
f wn = f u = m in( f uw , f up )
51
Structural design of welds…
Eqm. requires
Solving A and B
0.8kN/mm LGF
52 LAB = 125mm , LGF = 75mm
Eccentric connection
• Definition
– Resultant of applied forces does not pass through the c.g. of
weld group
– Two types
• Cause only shear in fasteners
• Cause shear + tension in fasteners
P P
M=Pe
P P y
tt
M=Pe
Based on shaft
torsion analogy
54
Eccentric connection …