RUHR-UNIVERSITÄT BOCHUM

LNG Training Course – Density Calculations

4th International Workshop “Metrology for LNG”
NPL, Teddington, UK | 2016/06/15
M. Richter, C. Tietz, R. Kleinrahm, R. Lentner, R. Span
 LNG Custody Transfer
General Formula for Calculating the LNG Energy Transferred
(According to GIIGNL - LNG Custody Transfer Handbook)

𝑬 = 𝑽𝐋𝐍𝐆 ' 𝝆𝐋𝐍𝐆 𝑻, 𝒑, 𝒙 ' 𝑯𝐒,𝐋𝐍𝐆 𝒙 𝐤𝐖𝐡

𝐸: the total net energy transferred from the loading

facilities to the LNG carrier, or from the LNG carrier
to the unloading facilities.

𝑉567: the volume of LNG loaded or unloaded in m3.

𝜌567: the density of LNG loaded or unloaded in kg/m3.

𝐻:,567: the gross calorific value of the LNG loaded or unloaded

in MMBTU/kg.

Richter et al. | 4th International Workshop “Metrology for LNG” | June 2016 2
  
­  ship’s LNG cargo discharge pumping rate is lower   
than a preset value, e.g. 70% of nominal rate, 
9.2. DENSITY CALCULATION
LNG Density Calculation Methods
­  other criteria particular to the analyses.  – cf. CTH
METHODS
_________________________________ 
After performing this data processing step, a subset of  A variety of calculation methods exists [6], such as: 
acceptable  LNG  compositions  is  ready  for  data 
treatment. 
  GIIGNL ­ 
­ 
state equations in their integral form, 
method of extended corresponding states, 
 
_________________________________ 
8.2.2. Data treatment   ­  hard sphere model method, 
 
 
The  aim  of  the  data  treatment  is  to  obtain,  from  a  ­  WATSON method, 
statistical point of view, a robust and consistent result 
that  best  reflects  the  quality  of  the  whole  transferred  ­  ELF­AQUITAINE method, 
LNG CUSTODY TRANSFER
LNG.  ­  graphic method of RC MILLER, 
This step consists of: 
HANDBOOK ­  HIZA method, 
­  performing a statistical test for each analysis and 
 
 
each  LNG  component  in    order  to  determine  the  ­  revised  KLOSEK­McKINLEY  method  (k1  and  k2 
FOURTH EDITION version 4.00 
presence of outliers,  tables in Kelvin: K), 
 

­   
evaluating  the  elimination  or  not  of  the  detected 
 
­  ISO  6578,  also  using  the  revised  KLOSEK­
outliers (the whole analysis must be eliminated),  McKINLEY  method  (k1,  k2  tables  in  degrees 
Celsius: °C). 
­  calculating  the  average  composition  from  the   
analyses not being rejected,  Validation of these density models by experimentation 
­  normalizing the final LNG composition.  is ongoing  (Ref [18]). In this  handbook,  the  preferred 
  method  is  the  revised  KLOSEK­McKINLEY  method, 
There  are  different  approaches  to  determine  the  as  described  in  N.B.S.  Technical  note  1030 
presence of individual values in a set of data that may  December 1980 [9] or in ISO 6578. It is easy to apply 
be  inconsistent  and  may  change  the  final  result:  and  only  requires  the  LNG  temperature  and 
graphical consistency technique and numerical outlier  composition to be taken into account. The limits of the 
tests.  These  techniques are  explained in ISO  5725­2  method  also  encompass  the  composition  of  most 
standard. One of the numerical tests recommended in   
LNG  produced.  Its  uncertainty  is  ±0.1%,  when  either 
 
this  standard  for  dealing  with 
  outliers  is  the  Grubbs’  the  nitrogen  or  butane  content  does  not  exceed  5%. 
 
test.  Appendix  8  shows  the   procedure  to  apply  this  For  these  density  calculations  an  electronic 
 
test as well as a numerical example. 
 GIIGNL 2015 
spreadsheet or a computer programme is often used. 
 
 
 
 
 
This data  treatment step  results  in  a  final  LNG  molar  Comparison between the revised KLOSEK-
Richter th
et al. | 4 representative 
International for  Workshop “Metrology for LNG”
McKINLEY| June 2016using tables in Kelvin (NBS) and
method
composition,  the  whole  LNG  3
 LNG Density Calculation
'5'=-/35'3
Methods – cf. McCarty
ft-/-ZV7

NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 1030

u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 'National Bureau of Standalds

Models investigated by R. D. McCarty (1980):
• extended corresponding states
• hard sphere method
therefore requires • cell method
twelve significant figures to insure the accuracy of the
calculated density.
• revised Klosek and McKinley method
The other two models require only eight significant figures

to be carried along in the calculations.

7. CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of the performance of the four models given here and subject to

the composition and temperature restrictions already noted, it is estimated that

given the pressure, temperature and composition of LNG, any one of the four

models may be used to predict the density to within 0.1% of the true value. As

has already been mentioned (see section I) the above accuracy statement is

dependent entirely upon the accuracy of the experimental data in Haynes, et al.

[11], Haynes, et al. [13], Hiza, et al. [14], Haynes [g], Hiza and Haynes [15],
Richter et al. | 4th International Workshop “Metrology for LNG” | June 2016 4
perimental data represent different com-
ourse considered when deviations to the
LNG Density Calculation Methods – Wide Range
re calculated. The LNG densities were
Bureau of Standards in the USA (today:
dards and Technology, NIST) by Haynes
property models have a crucial impact on the accuracy of process
simulations, which makes an implementation of the GERG-2008
equation of state inevitable.
Applied Energy 97 (2012) 822–827
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

uncertainty of Dq0 /q0 6 0.1%. However, 3. The GERG-2008 Applied Property EnergyPackage
uncertainty of the composition, the total
ounts to approx. 0.3%. The experimental Since the GERG-2008 equation of state describes the whole fluid
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy

capacities of a LNG mixture were mea- region of natural gases and similar mixtures with an accuracy that
Shell-Laboratory in Amsterdam, Nether- is beyond those of industrially used equations of state, smaller
Modelling liquefied-natural-gas processes using highly accurate property models
nd Zeldenrust [11]. The uncertainty is ⇑ uncertainties for process simulation can be expected as well. An
Florian Dauber , Roland Span
with Dcp/cp 6 1%. implementation of the GERG-2008 equation into simulation envi-
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Thermodynamics, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany

es calculated with the equation of Peng– ronments enables a consistent and stable calculation in the scien-
than 10% from results of the GERG-2008.
a r t i c l e i n f o tifically aand b s t rindustrially
a c t most often used process modelling
Article history: Accurate simulations are important for efficient design and operation of a process. Therefore, a precise
Received 27 June 2011 representation of thermophysical properties using an adequate property model is necessary. The
Received in revised form 13 November 2011 GERG-2008 by Kunz and Wagner [1] is the new reference equation of state for natural gases consisting
Accepted 14 November 2011
of up to 21 specific compounds. It describes the gas and liquid phase as well as the super-critical region
Available online 7 December 2011
and the vapour–liquid equilibrium. In order to model LNG processes with the highest accuracy available,
software available for the new equation is implemented into various common simulation tools. To ensure
Keywords:
stable and consistent simulations, the GERG-2008 Property Package has been developed, which meets the
GERG-2008
Vapourisation
CAPE-OPEN standard. The influence of property models on the simulation of the most important pro-
CAPE-OPEN cesses of the LNG value chain is investigated. Results show the expected advantages in accuracy for sim-
Liquefied natural gas ulations using the new property model.
Liquefaction ! 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Transport

1. Introduction implemented in a software component adhering to the CAPE-OPEN

Evaporation, transport and liquefaction are important processes
in the LNG process chain. High expectations on the economic effi-
ciency, the product quality and environmental safety result in
increasing demands on design and operation of these systems.
Fundamental contributions to the optimisation of systems can be
expected from detailed and sufficiently accurate simulations of
the processes. For these simulations an accurate representation
of thermophysical properties is essential.
Results of process simulations are influenced by the property
model used. New, highly accurate equations of state represent an
unused potential for process modelling. The GERG-2008 by Kunz
saturated liquid densities of LNG
th International
measured
and Wagnerby[1]Hiza
is an and Haynes
equation [9]describes
of state that and Haynes
mixtures of[10]and
Richter
2008. et al. | 4 Workshop “Metrology for LNG” | June 2016
arbitrary composition consisting of up to 21 specific compounds.
It covers the gas and liquid phase as well as the super-critical re-
standard [3]. This standard defines rules and interfaces that allow
Computer-Aided Process Engineering (CAPE) applications or com-
ponents to interoperate. While the standard is supported by vari-
ous commercial simulation tools, the developed GERG-2008
Property Package is not limited to a single simulation software
alone. The Property Package is a consistent collection of methods
and compounds for calculating any of a set of physical properties
for the different phases of a mixture or a pure compound. Using
the Property Package allows consistent and stable calculations of
thermodynamic properties.
In order to examine the influence of different property models
on process simulation, cubic equations by Peng and Robinson [4]
and calculated
by Redlich, with
Kwong and different
Soave [5] are takenproperty
into account.models
Fur- from
thermore, the modified Benedict–Webb–Rubin type equation of 5
state by Lee and Kesler [6] in connection with the mixture model
 thermodynamic properties —
monoxide, water, hydrogen sulfide, helium, and argon. Over the entire composition
range, GERG-2008 covers the gas phase, liquid phase, supercritical region, and vapor−
liquid equilibrium states for mixtures of these components. The normal range of ρr = ρr (x ̅ ) Part 2:
LNG Density Calculation Methods – Wide Range
validity of GERG-2008 includes temperatures from (90 to 450) K and pressures up to 35 MPa where the most accurate
experimental data of the thermal and caloric properties are represented to within their accuracy. The extended validity range INTERNATIONAL ISO
Single-phase properties (gas, liquid,
and dense fluid) for extended ranges
reaches from (60 to 700) K and up to 70 MPa. The given numerical information (including all of the sophisticated derivatives)
enables the use of GERG-2008 for all of the various technical applications. Examples are processing, transportation through STANDARD
of application 20765-2
Tr = Tr(x ̅ )
pipelines or by shipping, storage and liquefaction of natural gas, and processes to separate gas components. Comparisons with
other equations of state, for example, AGA8-DC92 and Peng−Robinson equation (P-R), are also presented. GERG-2008 will be
adopted as an ISO Standard (ISO 20765-2/3) for natural gases. Gaz naturel — Calcul des propriétés thermodynamiques —
Article
INTERNATIONAL ISO
First edition
Partie 2: Propriétés des phases uniques (gaz, liquide, fluide dense) 
pour une gamme étendue d’applications 2015-01-15
1. INTRODUCTION
The dimensionless
The accurate knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of
natural gas (LNG), thus making it transportablepubs.acs.org/jced
tanker ships. Modern and highly efficient liquefaction processes
use mixtures of natural gas components as refrigerants in
by specialized
form
STANDARD of the Helmholtz 20765-2 free energy
o
α
natural gases and other mixtures consisting of natural gas
ideal-gas mixture
components is of indispensable importance for the basic
The GERG-2008 Wide-Range Equation of State for Natural Gases and
engineering and performance of technical processes. The
is given by precooling, liquefaction, and subcooling cycles.
For the applications described above, the design of
fractionation units, compressors, heat exchangers, and storage First edition
Other Mixtures: An Expansion of GERG-2004
processing, transportation, storage, and liquefaction of natural
gas are examples for technical applications where the facilities requires property calculations over wide ranges of 2015-01-15
thermodynamic †
O. Kunz and W. Wagner*properties of a variety of mixtures of natural mixture compositions and operating conditions in the
N
∑Natural
gas components are required. homogeneous gas, liquid, and supercritical regions and for

αo(ρ , T , x ̅ ) = xi[αooigas
(ρ ,—TCalculation
) + ln xofi]
To meetfüpipeline-quality specifications or for commercial use vapor−liquid equilibrium (VLE) states. These data can be
Lehrstuhl r Thermodynamik, Ruhr-Universitä t Bochum, D-44780 Bochum,
calculatedGermany
in a very convenient way from equations of state.
as a fuel, natural gas in its raw form in general needs to be
The GERG-2004 wide-range equation of state for natural
processed ahead of the feed into gas-pipeline systems or
ABSTRACT:
liquefaction A new
facilities. Thisequation
involvesofthestate for the of
separation thermodynamic
a number gases and ofother
properties mixtures developed by Kunz et al.1 is the only
natural thermodynamic properties —
of gases,
in this
water,
similar that
components
andwork.
gases,areand
hydrogenThissulfide)
other
either
equation
mixtures, the
undesirable
is anmore
or have
(e.g.,GERG-2008
expanded
value onversion
their ofown
equation
applications
the GERG-2004
of state
equation of state, is presented
carbon dioxide, that is appropriate for nearly all of the technical
described above and that satisfies the demands on
equation.
i = 1Part 2:
the accuracy in the calculation of thermodynamic properties over
GERG-2008
than when left isin explicit in thegasHelmholtz
the natural free energy
(e.g., ethane, propane,as butane,
a function of density, temperature,
the entire fluid region. Similar to other recent developments, the Single-phase properties (gas, liquid,
where N is the number of components in the mixture, αoo
andandheavier hydrocarbons
composition. The and also helium).
equation is based on 21 natural gas components: methane,
The processed
nitrogen, carbonnatural
dioxide,gas is transported
ethane, in gaseous
propane, n-butane, GERG-2004
form n-pentane,
isobutane, equation of state is based on a multi-fluid
isopentane, Natural gasfluid)
and dense
Article — Calculation of ranges
for extended
through
n-hexane,pipelines at pressures
n-heptane, n-octane, up to 12 MPa.n-decane,
n-nonane, Compressor hydrogen,approximation.
oxygen, carbon The mixture model uses accurate equations of
stations placedwater,
monoxide, periodically
hydrogen along the pipeline
sulfide, helium, ensure the the state
that Over
and argon. entireincomposition
the form of fundamental equations for each mixture thermodynamic
of application properties —
natural
range,gas
allow
remains pressurized.
GERG-2008
for equilibrium
liquid monitoring and dimensionless form ofPart
covers the gas
managing
states
In addition,
the natural
for mixtures
metering
phase, liquid
the2:Helmholtz free energy in the id
supercritical component
phase,stations
gas incomponents.
of these
region, and vapor−
the pipes. Themixtures normalofrange
along with functions developed for the binary
the components
of to take into account the residual
Gaz naturel — Calcul des propriétés thermodynamiques —
4.1. Numerical Description
Small
scale
differences
validity
metering can introduce stateofofGERG-2008.
in methodsincludes
of GERG-2008
large cost component The
used to temperatures
calculate flow rates
uncertainties. To GERG-
from in(90
match
to 450) mixture
large
iSingle-phase
(see eq 12),
properties
K and behavior.
and(gas,the
other
pressures The
quantities
liquid,
up GERG-2004
to 35 MPa where
experimental data of the thermal and caloric properties are represented to within their accuracy. The extended validitygases
calculation of thermal
mixtures consisting
and
(including of
caloric
all18
equation
properties
ofcomponents:
theof most
for
state enables
accuratethe
natural
methane,
rangeand
nitrogen,
Partie 2: Propriétés des phases uniques (gaz, liquide, fluide dense) 
pour une gamme étendue d’applications
supply
reachesandfrom
demand,
(60 tonatural
700) Kgas andis up
injected
to 70 at MPa.
and dense fluid) for extended ranges
pressures
The givenup tonumerical information the sophisticated derivatives)
2008 equation of state for natural
30enables
MPa into
reservoirs,
other
theunderground
aquifers,
equations
and salt the mole
caverns.
the economics
of state, for example,
gasesfractions
storage facilities,
use of GERG-2008
and other
for all ofsuch

of AGA8-DC92
mixtures
of the
theasvarious
of mixture
depleted
of constituents. The term
gas
technical
application
carbon dioxide,
applications. ethane,are
Examples propane,
pipelines or by shipping, storage and liquefaction of natural gas, and processes to separate gas components. Comparisons with
In situations where major gas-transmission
and Peng−Robinson Received:
equation June(P-R),
17, 2012
n-butane,
processing, isobutane, n-pentane,
transportation through

are also presented. GERG-2008 will be Reference number

natural gas components is based
pipelines
adoptedareasnotan viable (primarily
ISO Standard
on a multi-fluid
accounts
across
(ISO
cooled and condensed into liquid form, known as liquefied approximation
for the entropy
oceans), natural
20765-2/3)
of mixing.
gas isgases. Accepted: August 2, 2012
for natural
Published: October 31, 2012
ISO 20765-2:2015(E)
Gaz naturel — Calcul des propriétés thermodynamiques —
Partie 2: Propriétés des phases uniques (gaz, liquide, fluide dense) 
explicit in the reduced HelmholtzInfree
1. INTRODUCTION energy approximation, the residual part of the re
a multi-fluid
© 2012 American Chemical Society

The accurate knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of

3032
natural gas (LNG),dx.doi.org/10.1021/je300655b | J. Chem. Eng. Data 2012, 57, 3032−3091
thus making it transportable by specialized
tanker ships. Modern and highly efficient liquefaction processes
pour une gamme étendue d’applications
© ISO 2015

r
use mixtures of natural gas components as refrigerants in
Helmholtz free
natural gases and other mixtures consisting of natural gas
o r energy of
α(δ , τ , x ̅ ) = α (ρ , T , x ̅ ) + α (δ , τ , x ̅ ) general structure(8)
components is of indispensable importance for the basic
engineering and performance of technical processes. The
the mixture α is given by:
precooling, liquefaction, and subcooling cycles.
of multi-fluid approx.
For the applications described above, the design of
processing, transportation, storage, and liquefaction of natural fractionation units, compressors, heat exchangers, and storage
gas are examples for technical applications where the facilities requires property calculations over wide ranges of
thermodynamic properties of a variety of mixtures of natural N mixture compositions and operating conditions in the
o
part à α (δ , τ , x ̅ ) = ∑ xiαoi(δ , τ ) + Δα (δ , τ , x ̅ )
where the α part residual
gas components are required.
represents ther properties of the ideal-gas
To meet pipeline-quality specifications or for commercial use
as a fuel, natural gas in its raw form in general needs to be
r
homogeneous gas, liquid, and supercritical regions and for
r
vapor−liquid equilibrium (VLE) states. These data can be
calculated in a very convenient way from equations of state.

mixture at a given mixture density ρ, temperature T, and molar

processed ahead of the feed into gas-pipeline systems or
i=1
liquefaction facilities. This involves the separation of a number
of components that are either undesirable (e.g., carbon dioxide,
The GERG-2004 wide-range equation of state for natural
gases and other mixtures developed by Kunz et al.1 is the only
equation of state that is appropriate for nearly all of the technical

composition x̅ according to
water, and hydrogen sulfide) or have more value on their own
than when left in the natural gas (e.g., ethane, propane, butane,
applications described above and that satisfies the demands on
the accuracy in the calculation of thermodynamic properties over
r the entire fluid region. Similar to other recent developments, the
where
and heavier hydrocarbons and also helium).
Richter et al. | 4th International Workshop αoi is
“Metrology for the
The processed natural gas is transported in gaseous form
N
through pipelines at pressures up to 12 MPa. Compressor
LNG”residual
| June 2016 part of the reduced Helmhol
GERG-2004 equation of state is based on a multi-fluid
6
approximation. The mixture model uses accurate equations of
 LNG Density Calculation Methods – Wide Range
• Cubic EOS of Redling <'= B
𝑝 = >?@ − =C,D '>' >E@
and Kwong (1949)

• Cubic EOS of Peng and <'= B

𝑝 = >?@ − >' >E@ E@' >?@ a, b: fluid spec. const.
Robinson (1976)

• Modified BWR EOS of 𝜔 P

𝜔 ref
𝑍= 1+ 𝑍 + 𝑍
Lee and Kesler (1975) 𝜔 ref 𝜔 ref
and Plöcker et al. (1978)
ref /P
𝑝r 𝑣r
𝑍 =
𝑅𝑇r
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝑐[ 𝛾 𝛾
= 1 + + W + Y + \ W 𝛽 + W exp − W
𝑣r 𝑣r 𝑣r 𝑇r 𝑣r 𝑣r 𝑣r
B, C, D are calculated by means of the critical
parameters (as a function of the composition
and pure substance parameters) and a binary
specific mixture parameter
the equation contains 25 general constants,
e.g., c4, γ, β (which are not fluid specific)

Richter et al. | 4th International Workshop “Metrology for LNG” | June 2016 7
 LNG Density Calculation Methods – Wide Range
• COSTALD 1 − 𝐶 ln(𝐵 + 𝑝)
𝑣 = 𝑣′ '
(corresponding states 𝐵 + 𝑝s
liquid density) by
𝑣n = 𝑣∗ ' 𝑣r ' 1 − 𝜔 ' 𝑣r
P p
Hankinson and
Thomson (1979) B and C are calculated by means of the critical
parameters and the acentric factor (as a function
of the composition and pure substance parameter
à without specific mixture parameter)

J. Chem. Thermodynamics 93 (2016) 205–221

LNG (type: Norway), p = (0.07 to 0.5) MPa
0.4
100 (ρ'exp−ρ'GERG)/ρ'GERG

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

J. Chem. Thermodynamics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jct
0.3
Development of a special single-sinker densimeter for cryogenic liquid
mixtures and first results for a liquefied natural gas (LNG)
0.2 Markus Richter ⇑, Reiner Kleinrahm, Rafael Lentner, Roland Span
Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
0.1 Article history: A special densimeter has been developed for accurate density measurements of liquid mixtures at
Received 9 August 2015 cryogenic temperatures, e.g., liquefied natural gas (LNG). It covers the density range from (10 to 1000)
Received in revised form 22 September 2015 kg ! m"3, thus enabling density measurements in the supercritical region, in the homogeneous liquid
Accepted 29 September 2015
region, along the saturated liquid line as well as in the homogeneous gas region. The apparatus is
Available online 8 October 2015
designed for measurements over a temperature range from (90 to 300) K at pressures up to 12 MPa.
The densimeter is based on the Archimedes (buoyancy) principle and is a single-sinker system
0 Keywords:
Cryogenic liquid mixtures
incorporating a magnetic suspension coupling. The density can be obtained directly without the need
for calibration fluids. The relative combined expanded uncertainty (k = 2) for density measurements in
105 110 115 120 125 130 135 Density measurement
Single-sinker densimeter
Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
the homogeneous liquid region (including the contribution resulting from the uncertainty of the sample
gas analysis) was estimated to be 0.044%. First results for a synthetic five-component LNG mixture were
Magnetic suspension coupling obtained at the temperatures T = (105, 115, 120, 125, and 135) K with pressures up to 8.1 MPa. The results

T/K Synthetic gas mixtures were compared to the GERG-2008 reference equation of state for natural gases, which represents the
experimental values within 0.06%.
! 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

exp. data (this work) Rev. Klosek-McKinley COSTALD correlation

1. Introduction and pressure range and was fitted to a comparatively small
number of experimental data. Within the present project, the
Natural gas is an important energy source today and for the uncertainty of these data, mostly measured by Miller and Hiza
future. According to the International Energy Agency [1] the [4] as well as by Hiza and Haynes [5–7], was estimated to be up

Richter et al. | 4th International Workshop “Metrology for LNG” | June 2016
‘‘demand for natural gas grows by more than half, the fastest rate
among the fossil fuels, and increasingly flexible global trade in
liquefied natural gas (LNG) offers some protection against the risk
to about 0.3%. Thus, it can be stated that an uncertainty of 0.1%,
given in Reference [3] for calculated densities, is probably
underestimated.
8
 LNG Density Calculation Methods – ERKM
(ERKM = Enhanced Revised Klosek and McKinley Method)

The original RKM-method:

𝑥6W
𝑣rst = € 𝑥‚ ⋅ 𝑣‚ − 𝑘~ + 𝑘W − 𝑘~ ⋅ ⋅ 𝑥†‡[ Fitted constants
‚ 0.0425

~.••
𝑀rst ?[
𝑇}w
𝜌567 = ⋅ 1 + 𝑝 − 𝑝v,wxyy ⋅ 4.06 ⋅ 10 ⋅
𝑣rst 𝑇}w − 𝑇

A pseudo-critical temperature to avoid

deviations at higher temperatures:

𝑇}w = € 𝑥‚ ⋅ 𝑇w,‚
‚
A correction term for the saturation pressure:
𝑝v,wxyy = 𝑝v,†‡[ + 𝑥6W ⋅ 0.11 MPa ⋅ 𝑇 − 90 K − 𝑥†W‡Œ ⋅ 0.05 MPa ⋅ 𝑇 − 95 K

Richter et al. | 4th International Workshop “Metrology for LNG” | June 2016 9
 LNG Density Calculation Methods – Performance of ERKM

Estimated 0.1 % for 100 K ≤ 𝑇 < 115 K and 𝑝v ≤ 𝑝 < 5 MPa

Uncertainties: 0.15 % for 115 K ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 135 K and 5 MPa ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 10 MPa

Richter et al. | 4th International Workshop “Metrology for LNG” | June 2016 10
 In order to use the ALLEOS routine, a range of 15 cells needs to be selected. A click on the fx button
atabase Structure after typing “ALLEOS(“opens the optional context menu (see Figure 1). After finishing the inputs

LNG Density Calculation Methods – Software

Ctrl+Shift+
ROP consists of a graphical user interface (GUI) and FORTRAN
roperty models. The interface provides a convenient means to
Enter
subroutines
calculate
need to be
implementing
and display
pushed
a variety
thermodynamic
of at the time instead of just Enter or clicking ok. The 15 selected
cells will then be filled with T, D, P, U, H, S, G, A, CP, CV, WS, B, C, CP0 and Q, respectively.
ansport properties of pure fluids and mixtures. The property models are written in FORTRAN and
sed by the GUI through a dynamic link library (DLL). The property subroutines can also be used by
applications, such as spreadsheets, independently of the GUI, as described in Appendix B.
The constant property (temperature or pressure) is entered at the upper left. The composition will be linearly
igh-level subroutines
points indicated at the upper right. that
With 11carry
points, the out iterative
composition of the binarysaturation
varied from the condition indicated in the "Initial" column to that in the "Final" column using the number of
system shown in the and flash calculations are independent of the
property models. Underlying these subroutines are sets of core routines for each of the models
example is varied from pure component 1 to pure component 2 with increments of 0.1 in mass fraction.

mentedappearsin thetheprogram.
indicating The
status. To stop the numerical
calculations, click the Cancelcoefficients to the
Clicking the OK button initiates the calculations. While the calculations are in progress, a small window
button. When the calculations are property models for each fluid are stored in

ate text files. The coefficients for the mixture departure functions are stored in a single text file.
complete, a table displaying the results appears.

onal files contain information specifying predefined or user-defined mixtures. This structure simplifies
dition of new fluids and additional models to future versions of the database and makes such additions
t totally transparent to the user.

se of the Database

he REFPROP program by double-clicking on its icon. A banner screen displays the title, credits, and a
disclaimer. Clicking the "Information" button calls up further details and credits through the help system.
ng the "Continue" button starts the program. The program is controlled, in the usual fashion of a
ows application, by the use of pull-down menus displayed across the top of the application window.
REFPROP 17

Figure 1: ALLEOS routine

The input parameters must have the types according to Table 2:

verview of the Menus

ile menu provides commands to save and print generated tables and plots. Individual items or entire
à In industry often individual in-house solutions are used!
ns with multiple windows can be saved or recalled. The standard Print, Print Setup, and Exit
ands are also present.

dit menu provides copy and paste commands, which allow selected data or plots to be exchanged with
applications.

Richter et al. | 4th International Workshop “MetrologyREFPROP

for LNG”
3 | June 2016 11
 LNG Density Calculation – e.g. TREND Package
Demonstration of current TREND 2 BETA Version
(Software is only for demonstration and personal use! Do not distribute!)

* not applicable for the RKM-method.

à Beside the ERKM-, the RKM-method was also implemented

Richter et al. | 4th International Workshop “Metrology for LNG” | June 2016 12
Richter et al. | 4th International Workshop “Metrology for LNG” | June 2016 13