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STUDY PACKAGE
Subject : Mathematics
ENJOY
MATHEMATICS
WITH
SUHAAG SIR
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Class :______________________
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1. Equation v/s Identity:
A quadratic equation is satisfied by exactly two values of ' x ' which may be real or imaginary. The
equation,
a x2 + b x + c = 0 is:
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98930 58881
(i) The solutions of quadratic equation, a x2 + b x + c = 0, (a ≠ 0) is given by
− b ± b2 − 4 a c
x=
2a
The expression, b2 − 4 a c ≡ D is called discriminant of quadratic equation.
(ii) If α, β are the roots of quadratic equation,
a x2 + b x + c = 0, a ≠ 0. Then:
SUHAAG
Here q = (– 2) × (– 15) = 30, correct value of p = 13. Hence original equation is
THS BY SUHAA
x2 + 13x + 30 = 0 as (x + 10) (x + 3) = 0
∴ roots are – 10, – 3
Self Practice Problems :
1. If α, β are the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 then find the quadratic equation whose
roots are
1+ α 1 + β α β
(i) 2α, 2β (ii) α2, β2 (iii) α + 1, β + 1 (iv) ,
1− α 1 − β
(v) ,
β α MATHS
CLASSES,, MA
(r + 1)2 b2
2. If r be the ratio of the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, show that = .
r ac
O CLASSES
D=0 D≠0
Roots are equalα = β = − b/2a Roots are unequal
a, b, c ∈ Q & a, b, c ∈ Q &
D is a perfect square D is not a perfect square
⇒ Roots are rational ⇒ Roots are irrational
↓ i.e. α = p + q , β = p − q
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a = 1, b, c ∈ Ι & D is a perfect square
⇒ Roots are integral.
Solved Example # 4
For what values of m the equation (1 + m) x2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 has equal roots.
Solution.
Given equation is (1 + m) x2 – 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 ........(i)
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98930 58881
⇒ D = (a – 10)2 – 4
⇒ 4 = (a – 10)2 – D
If D is a perfect square it means we want difference of two perfect square as 4 which is possible only
when (a – 10)2 = 4 and D = 0.
⇒ (a – 10) = ± 2 ⇒ a = 12, 8
Solved Example # 6
If the roots of the equation (x – a) (x – b) – k = 0 be c and d, then prove that the roots of the equation
(x – c) (x – d) + k = 0, are a and b.
Solution.
SUHAAG
(2) a= ,–
THS BY SUHAA
3 4
4. Common Roots:
Consider two quadratic equations, a1 x2 + b1 x + c1 = 0 & a2 x2 + b2 x + c 2 = 0.
(i) If two quadratic equations have both roots common, then the equation are identical and their
co-efficient are in proportion. i.e.
a1 b c
= 1 = 1 . MATHS
a2 b2 c2
CLASSES,, MA
(ii) If only one root is common, then the common root ' α ' will be:
c a − c 2 a1 b c − b2 c1
α= 1 2 = 1 2
O CLASSES
a1 b 2 − a 2 b1 c1 a 2 − c2 a1
Hence the condition for one common root is:
2
c1 a 2 − c2 a1 c1 a 2 − c2 a1
a1 + b1 + c1 = 0
TEKO
a1 b 2 − a 2 b1 a1 b2 − a 2 b1
TEK
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Solved Example # 8
If a, b, c ∈ R and equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and x2 + 2x + 9 = 0 have a common root, show that
a : b : c = 1 : 2 : 9.
Solution. Given equations are : x2 + 2x + 9 = 0 ........(i)
and ax2 + bx + c = 0 ........(ii)
Clearly roots of equation (i) are imaginary since equation (i) and (ii) have a common root, therefore
common root must be imaginary and hence both roots will be common.
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98930 58881
a1 b1 1
a1, b1, c1 are in G.P.
5. Factorisation of Quadratic Expressions:
" The condition that a quadratic expression f (x) = a x2 + b x + c a perfect square of a linear expression,
is D ≡ b2 − 4 a c = 0.
" The condition that a quadratic expressionf (x, y)= ax² +2 hxy + by² +2 gx+ 2 fy + c may be resolved into
two linear factors is that;
a h g
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
1
or ((a – b) 2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2) = 0
2
which is possible only when a = b = c.
Self Practice Problems :
9. For what values of k the expression (4 – k)x2 + 2(k + 2)x + 8k + 1 will be a perfect square ?
10. If x – α be a factor common to a1x2 + b1x + c and a2x2 + b2x + c prove that α(a 1 – a2) = b2 – b 1.
11. If 3x2 + 2αxy + 2y2 + 2ax – 4y + 1 can be resolved into two linear factors, Prove that α is a root of the MATHS
equation x2 + 4ax + 2a 2 + 6 = 0. Ans. (1) 0, 3
6. Graph of Quadratic Expression:
CLASSES,, MA
y = f (x) = a x2 + b x + c
O CLASSES
2
D b
y + = a x +
a
or
4a 2
b D
" the co−ordinate of vertex are − 2 a , − 4 a
" If a > 0 then the shape of the parabola is concave upwards & if a < 0 then the shape of the
parabola is concave downwards.
" the parabola intersect the y−axis at point (0, c).
" the x−co−ordinate of point of intersection of parabola with x−axis are the real roots of the
quadratic equation f (x) = 0. Hence the parabola may or may not intersect the x−axis at real
points.
7. Range of Quadratic Expression f (x) = a x2 + b x + c.
(i) Absolute Range:
D
If a>0 ⇒ f (x) ∈ − 4 a , ∞
D
a<0 ⇒ f (x) ∈ − ∞ , − 4 a
D
Hence maximum and minimum values of the expression f (x) is − 4 a in respective cases and
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b
it occurs at x = − 2 a (at vertex).
(ii) Range in restricted domain:
Given x ∈ [x1, x2]
b
(a) If − ∉ [x1, x2] then,
2a
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[ {
f (x) ∈ min f ( x1) , f ( x 2 ) ,} {
max f ( x1) , f ( x 2 ) }]
b
(b) If − ∈ [x1, x2] then,
2a
D D
f (x) ∈ min f ( x1) , f ( x 2 ) , − 4 a , max f ( x1) , f ( x 2 ) , − 4 a
Solved Example # 11
If c < 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0 does not have any real roots then prove that
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(i) a–b+c<0 (ii) 9a + 3b + c < 0.
Solution.
c < 0 and D < 0 ⇒ f(x) = ax2 + bx + c < 0 for all x ∈ R
⇒ f(– 1) = a – b + c < 0
and f(3) = 9a + 3b + c < 0
Solved Example # 12
Find the maximum and minimum values of f(x) = x2 – 5x + 6.
Solution.
D b
SUHAAG
⇒ (y + 1)2 – 4(y – 1)2 ≥ 0 ⇒ (y – 3) (3y – 1) ≤ 0
THS BY SUHAA
1
⇒ y ∈ , 3 .
3
x+2
Solved Example # 14:Find the range of y = , if x is real.
2x 2 + 3 x + 6
x+2 MATHS
Solution.: y=
CLASSES,, MA
2x + 3 x + 6
2
⇒ 2yx2 + 3yx + 6y = x + 2
⇒
O CLASSES
2yx2 + (3y – 1) x + 6y – 2 = 0
∴ x is real
D≥0
⇒ (3y – 1)2 – 8y (6y – 2) ≥ 0 ⇒ (3y – 1) (13y + 1) ≤ 0
1 1
y ∈ − , .
TEKO
13 3
TEK
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then f (x0) > 0 and vice−versa.
We get six different positions of the graph with respect to x−axis as shown.
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98930 58881
NOTE:
(i) ∀ x ∈ R, y > 0 only if a > 0 & D ≡ b² − 4ac < 0 (figure 3).
(ii) ∀ x ∈ R, y < 0 only if a < 0 & D ≡ b² − 4ac < 0 (figure 6).
9. Solution of Quadratic Inequalities:
SUHAAG
x 2 + 6x − 7
≤2
THS BY SUHAA
Solved Example # 15 Solve
x2 + 1
Solution. ⇒ x + 6x – 7 ≤ 2x + 2
2 2
⇒ x2 – 6x + 9 ≥ 0 ⇒ (x – 3)2 ≥ 0
⇒ x∈R
x2 + x + 1
MATHS
Solved Example # 16: Solve > 0.
| x + 1|
Solution. ∴ |x + 1| > 0
CLASSES,, MA
∀ x ∈ R – {–1}
∴ x2 + x + 1 > 0 ∴ D=1–4=–3<0
O CLASSES
∴ x2 + x + 1 > 0 ∀ x ∈ R ∴ x ∈ (– ∞, – 1) ∪ (– 1, ∞)
x 2 − 3x − 1
Solved Example # 17 < 3.
x2 + x + 1
| x 2 − 3x − 1 |
TEKO
Solution. < 3.
TEK
x2 + x + 1
∵ 2
in x + x + 1
D=1–4=–3<0
∴ x2 + x + 1 > 0 ∀ x ∈ R ∴ |x2 – 3x – 1| < 3(x2 + x + 1)
⇒ (x2 – 3x – 1) 2 – {3(x2 + x + 1)}2 < 0
⇒ (4x2 + 2) (– 2x2 – 6x – 4) < 0
⇒ (2x2 + 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) > 0 ⇒ x ∈ (– ∞, – 2) ∪ (– 1, ∞)
Self Practice Problems :
17. (i) |x2 + x | – 5 < 0 (ii) x2 – 7x + 12 < |x – 4|
2x 1
18. Solve ≤
x −9
2
x+2
19. Solve the inequation (x2 + 3x + 1) (x2 +3x – 3) ≥ 5
x 2 + αx + 1
20. Find the value of parameter 'α' for which the inequality < 3 is satisfied ∀ x ∈ R
x2 + x + 1
x 2 − 5x + 4
21. Solve ≤1
x2 − 4
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1 + 21 21 − 1
− ,
Ans. (17) (i) 2 2 (ii) (2, 4)
(18) (– ∞, – 3) ∪ (– 2, 3) (19) (– ∞, – 4] ∪ [–2, –1] ∪ [1, ∞)
8 5
(20) (–1, 5) (21) 0, 5 ∪ 2 , ∞
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98930 58881
(i) Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = 0 to be greater than a specified number‘x0’ are
b² − 4ac ≥ 0; f (x0) > 0 & (− b/2a) > x0.
(ii) Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = 0 to be smaller than a specified number ‘x0’ are
b² − 4ac ≥ 0; f (x0) > 0 & (− b/2a) < x0.
(iii) Conditions for both roots of f (x) = 0 to lie on either side of the number ‘x0’ (in other words the
number ‘x0’ lies between the roots of f (x) = 0), is f (x0) < 0.
(iv) Conditions that both roots of f (x) = 0 to be confined between the numbers x 1 and
x2, (x1 < x2) are b² − 4ac ≥ 0; f (x1) > 0 ; f (x 2) > 0 & x1 < (− b/2a) < x2.
(v) Conditions for exactly one root of f (x) = 0 to lie in the interval (x1, x2) i.e.
x1 < x < x2 is f (x1). f (x2) < 0.
Ex.10.1 x2 – (m – 3) x + m = 0
(a) Find values of m so that both the roots are greater than 2.
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
Condition - Ι D≥0 ⇒ (m – 3)2 – 4m ≥ 0 ⇒ m2 – 10m + 9 ≥ 0
⇒ (m – 1) (m – 9) ≥ 0 ⇒ m ∈ (– ∞, 1] ∪ [9, ∞) ......(i)
(b) Find the values of m so that both roots lie in the interval (1, 2)
TEKO
TEK
Condition - Ι D ≥ 0 ⇒ m ∈ (– ∞, 1] ∪ [9, ∞)
Condition - ΙΙ f(1) > 0 ⇒ 1 – (m – 3) + m > 0 ⇒ 4>0 ⇒ m∈R
Condition - ΙΙΙ f(2) > 0 ⇒ m < 10
b m−3
Condition - ΙV 1 < – <2 ⇒ 1< <2 ⇒ 5<m<7
2a 2
intersection gives m ∈ φ Ans.
(c) One root is greater than 2 and other smaller than 1
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Condition - Ι D ≥ 0 ⇒ m ∈ (– ∞, 1] ∪ [9, ∞)
Condition - ΙΙ f(0) > 0 ⇒ m>0
b m−3
Condition - ΙΙΙ − ⇒ ⇒
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98930 58881
and f(0) < 0 ⇒ m<0
∴ m ∈ φ Ans.
Ex.10.2 Find all the values of 'a' for which both the roots of the equation
(a – 2)x2 + 2ax + (a + 3) = 0 lies in the interval (– 2, 1).
Sol. Case - Ι
SUHAAG
Case-ΙΙ
THS BY SUHAA
a<2
Condition - Ι f(–2) < 0 ⇒ a<5
1
Condition - ΙΙ f(1) < 0, ⇒ a<–
4
b
Condition - ΙΙΙ – 2 < – ⇒ a ∈ (– ∞, 1) ∪ (4, ∞)
MATHS
<1
2a
Condition - ΙV D ≥ 0 ⇒ a≤6
CLASSES,, MA
1
intersection gives a ∈ − ∞, −
4
O CLASSES
1
complete solution is a ∈ − ∞, − ∪ (5, 6] Ans.
4
Self Practice Problems :
22. Let 4x2 – 4(α – 2)x + α – 2 = 0 (α ∈ R) be a quadratic equation find the value of α for which
TEKO
(a) Both the roots are positive (b) Both the roots are negative
TEK
(c) Both the roots are opposite in sign. (d) Both the roots are greater than 1/2.
(e) Both the roots are smaller than 1/2.
(f) One root is small than 1/2 and the other root is greater than 1/2.
Ans. (a) [3, ∞) (b) φ (c) (– ∞, 2) (d) φ (e) (– ∞, 2] (f) (3, ∞)
23. Find the values of the parameter a for which the roots of the quadratic equation
x2 + 2(a – 1)x + a + 5 = 0 are
(i) positive (ii) negative (iii) opposite in sign.
Ans. (i) (–5, – 1] (ii) [4, ∞) (iii) (– ∞, – 5)
24. Find the values of P for which both the roots of the equation
4x2 – 20px + (25p2 + 15p – 66) = 0 are less than 2.
Ans. (– ∞, –1)
25. Find the values of α for which 6 lies between the roots of the equation x2 + 2(α – 3)x + 9 = 0.
3
Ans. − ∞, − .
4
26. Let 4x2 – 4(α – 2)x + α – 2 = 0 (α ∈ R) be a quadratic equation find the value of α for which
1 1
(i) Exactly one root lies in 0, . (ii) Both roots lies in 0, .
2 2
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1
(iii) At least one root lies in 0, . (iv) One root is greater than 1/2 and other root is smaller than 0.
2
Ans. (i) (– ∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞) (ii) φ (iii) ( – ∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞) (iv) φ
27. In what interval must the number 'a' vary so that both roots of the equation
x2 – 2ax + a2 – 1 = 0 lies between – 2 and 4. Ans. (– 1, 3)
28. Find the values of k, for which the quadratic expression ax2 + (a – 2) x – 2 is negative for exactly two
integral values of x. Ans. [1, 2)
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f(x) = a 0x n + a 1x n-1 + a 2x n-2 +.... + a n-1x + a n = 0 where a 0, a 1, .... a n are all real & a 0 ≠ 0 then,
a1 a2 a3 an
∑ α1 = − a , ∑ α1 α2 = + a , ∑ α1 α2 α3 = − a ,....., α1 α2 α3........αn = (−1)n a
0 0 0 0
NOTE :
(i) If α is a root of the equation f(x) = 0, then the polynomial f(x) is exactly divisible by (x − α) or
(x − α) is a factor of f(x) and conversely.
Every equation of nth degree (n ≥ 1) has exactly n roots & if the equation has more than n roots,
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(ii)
it is an identity.
(iii) If the coefficients of the equation f(x) = 0 are all real and α + iβ is its root, then α − iβ is also a
root. i.e. imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.
(iv) An equation of odd degree will have odd number of real roots and an equation of even degree
will have even numbers of real roots.
(v) If the coefficients in the equation are all rational & α + β is one of its roots, then
α − β is also a root where α, β ∈ Q & β is not a perfect square.
SUHAAG
4
THS BY SUHAA
23 6
⇒ α2 + 2αβ = – & α2 β = –
4 4
from equation (i)
23
α2 + 2α (– 5 – 2α) = –
4
23 MATHS
⇒ α2 – 10α – 4α2 = – ⇒ 12α2 + 40α – 23 = 0
CLASSES,, MA
4
23 1
∴ α = 1/2, – when α =
O CLASSES
6 2
1 3
from equation (i) α2 β = (– 5 – 1) = –
4 2
23
when α = –
TEKO
6
TEK
23 × 23 23
α2 β = − 5 − 2x − ≠ – 3
36 6 2
1
⇒ α= , β=–6
2
1 1
Hence roots of equation = , , – 6 Ans.
2 2
Self Practice Problems :
29. Find the relation between p, q and r if the roots of the cubic equation x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0 are such that
they are in A.P. Ans. 2p3 – 9pq + 27r = 0
30. If α, β, γ are the roots of the cubic x3 + qx + r = 0 then find the equation whose roots are
(a) α + β, β + γ, γ + α Ans. x3 + qx – r = 0
(b) αβ, βγ, γα Ans. x3 – qx2 – r 2 = 0
(c) α2 , β2 , γ 2 Ans. x3 + 2qx 2 + q2 x – r2 = 0
(d) α3 , β3 , γ 3 Ans. x3 + 3x2r + (3r2 + q3) x + r3 = 0
KEY CONCEPTS
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The general form of a quadratic equation in x is , ax2 + bx + c = 0 , where a , b , c ∈ R & a ≠ 0.
RESULTS :
−b± b 2 −4ac
1. The solution of the quadratic equation , ax² + bx + c = 0 is given by x =
2a
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98930 58881
conjugate p − i q & vice versa. (p , q ∈ R & i = − 1 ).
(B) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c ∈ Q & a ≠ 0 then;
(i) If D > 0 & is a perfect square , then roots are rational & unequal.
(ii) If α = p + q is one root in this case, (where p is rational & q is a surd)
then the other root must be the conjugate of it i.e. β = p − q & vice versa.
4. A quadratic equation whose roots are α & β is (x − α)(x − β) = 0 i.e.
x2 − (α + β) x + α β = 0 i.e. x2 − (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0.
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
(ii) If D = 0, then roots are equal, i.e. x1 = x2.
In that case a > 0 ⇒ x ∈ (−∞, x1) ∪ (x1, ∞)
a<0 ⇒ x∈φ
P (x )
(iii) Inequalities of the form 0 can be quickly solved using the method of intervals.
Q (x )
8. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUE of y = ax² + bx + c occurs at x = − (b/2a) according as ; MATHS
CLASSES,, MA
ψ ψ ψ
α>0
α>0 α>0 ∆<0
∆>0 ∆=0
TEKO
TEK
ξ1 Ο ξ2 ξ Ο ξ Ο ξ
Roots are real & distinct Roots are coincident Roots are complex conjugate
Ο ξ Ο ξ
α<0
∆>0 α<0
ξ1 ξ2 α<0
∆=0 ∆<0
Ο ξ
Roots are real & distinct Roots are coincident Roots are complex conjugate
4 ac − b 2 4 ac − b 2
a < 0 or a > 0 . y ∈ , ∞ if a > 0 & y ∈ − ∞ , if a < 0 .
4a 4a
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9. COMMON ROOTS OF 2 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS [ONLY ONE COMMON ROOT] :
Let α be the common root of ax² + bx + c = 0 & a′x2 + b′x + c′ = 0 . Therefore
2
a α² + bα + c = 0 ; a′α² + b′α + c′ = 0. By Cramer’s Rule α =
α
=
1
bc′ − b′c a ′c − ac′ ab′ − a ′b
ca ′−c′a bc′−b′c
Therefore, α = = .
ab′−a ′b a ′c−ac′
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So the condition for a common root is (ca′ − c′a)² = (ab′ − a′b)(bc′ − b′c).
10. The condition that a quadratic function f (x , y) = ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c may be resolved
into two linear factors is that ;
a h g
abc + 2 fgh − af2 − bg2 − ch2 = 0 OR h b f = 0.
g f c
11. THEORY OF EQUATIONS :
If α1, α2, α3, ......αn are the roots of the equation;
f(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 + .... + an-1x + an = 0 where a0, a1, .... an are all real & a0 ≠ 0 then,
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a1 a a a
∑ α1 = − , ∑ α1 α2 = + 2 , ∑ α1 α2 α3 = − 3 , ....., α1 α2 α3 ........αn = (−1)n n
a0 a 0 a0 a0
Note : (i) If α is a root of the equation f(x) = 0, then the polynomial f(x) is exactly divisible by (x − α) or
(x − α) is a factor of f(x) and conversely .
(ii) Every equation of nth degree (n ≥ 1) has exactly n roots & if the equation has more than n roots,
it is an identity.
If the coefficients of the equation f(x) = 0 are all real and α + iβ is its root, then α − iβ is also
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
(iii) Conditions for exactly one root of f (x) = 0 to lie in the interval (d , e) i.e. d < x < e are
b2 − 4ac > 0 & f (d) . f (e) < 0.
(iv) Conditions that both roots of f (x) = 0 to be confined between the numbers p & q are
(p < q). b2 − 4ac ≥ 0; f (p) > 0; f (q) > 0 & p < (− b/2a) < q.
13. LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITIES
(i) For a > 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x < loga y are equivalent. MATHS
(ii) For 0 < a < 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x > loga y are equivalent.
CLASSES,, MA
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Q.8 Find a quadratic equation whose sum and product of the roots are the values of the expressions
(cosec 10° – 3 sec10°) and (0.5 cosec10° – 2 sin70°) respectively. Also express the roots of this
π
quadratic in terms of tangent of an angle lying in 0, .
2
2
6x − 22x + 21
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Q.9 Find the least value of for all real values of x, using the theory of quadratic equations.
5x 2 2− 18x +2 17
Q.10 Find the least value of (2p + 1)x + 2(4p2 – 1)x + 4(2p2 + 1) for real values of p and x.
Q.11 If α be a root of the equation 4x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 then prove that 4α3 – 3α is the other root.
Q.12(a) If α, β are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 then which of the following expressions in
α, β will denote the symmetric functions of roots. Give proper reasoning. (i) f (α, β) = α2 – β
α
(ii) f (α, β) = α2β + αβ2 (iii) f (α, β) = ln (iv) f (α, β) = cos (α – β)
β
(b) If α, β are the roots of the equation x – px + q = 0, then find the quadratic equation the roots of
2
which are (α2 − β2) (α3 − β3) & α3 β2 + α2 β3.
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Q.13 If α , β are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 & α ′, − β are the roots of a′x2 + b′x + c′ = 0, show that
−1 −1
b b′ b b′
α , α ′ are the roots of a + a′ x2 + x + + =0 .
c c′
Q.14 If α , β are the roots of x2– px + 1 = 0 & γ , δ are the roots of x2 + qx + 1 = 0, show that
(α − γ) (β − γ) (α + δ) (β + δ) = q2 − p2.
Q.15 Show that if p , q , r & s are real numbers & pr = 2 (q + s) , then at least one of the equations
SUHAAG
p−2 p−2 q−2 q−2 r−2 r−2 s − 2 s − 2 are collinear then
THS BY SUHAA
pqrs = 5 (p + q + r + s) + 2 (pqr + qrs + rsp + spq).
Q.21 The quadratic equation x2 + px + q = 0 where p and q are integers has rational roots. Prove that the
roots are all integral.
Q.22 If the quadratic equations x2 + bx + ca = 0 & x2 + cx + ab = 0 have a common root, prove that
the equation containing their other root is x2 + ax + bc = 0.
MATHS
Q.23 If α , β are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 & x2n + pnxn + qn = 0 where n is an even integer, show
that α/β , β/α are the roots of xn + 1 + (x + 1)n = 0.
CLASSES,, MA
Q.24 If α, β are the roots of the equation x2 − 2x + 3 = 0 obtain the equation whose roots are
α3 − 3α2 + 5α − 2 , β3 − β2 + β + 5.
O CLASSES
Q.25 If each pair of the following three equations x2 + p1x + q1 = 0 , x2 + p2x + q2 = 0 &
x2 + p3x + q3 = 0 has exactly one root common , prove that;
(p1 + p2 + p3)2 = 4 [p1p2 + p2p3 + p3p1 − q1 − q2 − q3].
Q.26 Show that the function z = 2x2 + 2 xy + y2 − 2x + 2y + 2 is not smaller than – 3.
TEKO
TEK
1 1
1 2 1 2
Q.27 Find all real numbers x such that, x − + 1 − = x.
x x
Q.28 Find the values of ‘a’ for which −3 < [(x2 + ax − 2)/(x2 + x + 1)] < 2 is valid for all real x.
6
1 6 1
x + −x + 6 − 2
x x
Q.29 Find the minimum value of 3 for x > 0.
1 3 1
x + + x + 3
x x
Q.30 Find the product of the real roots of the equation,
x2 + 18x + 30 = 2 x 2 + 18x + 45
EXERCISE–2
Q.1 Solve the following where x ∈ R.
(a) (x − 1)x2 − 4x + 3+ 2 x2 + 3x − 5 = 0 (b) 3x2 − 4x + 2= 5x − 4
(c) x + 1+ x − x − 2 = 0
3 2 (d) 2x+2 − 2x+1 − 1= 2x+1 + 1
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(e) For a ≤ 0, determine all real roots of the equation x − 2 ax − a− 3a2 = 0.
2
Q.2 Let a, b, c, d be distinct real numbers and a and b are the roots of quadratic equation
x2 – 2cx – 5d = 0. If c and d are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 2ax – 5b = 0 then find the
numerical value of a + b + c + d.
p
Q.3 Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 has an irrational root r. If u = be any rational number, where a, b, c, p and
q
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1
q are integer. Prove that 2 ≤ | f (u) |.
q
Q.4 Let a, b, c be real. If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two real roots α & β, where α < − 1 & β > 1 then show that
1 + c/a + b/a < 0.
Q.5 If α, β are the roots of the equation, x2 − 2 x − a2 + 1 = 0 and γ , δ are the roots of the equation,
x2 − 2 (a + 1) x + a (a − 1) = 0 such that α , β ∈ (γ , δ) then find the values of 'a'.
Q.6 Two roots of a biquadratic x4 – 18x3 + kx2 + 200x – 1984 = 0 have their product equal to (– 32). Find
the value of k.
Q.7 If by eleminating x between the equation x² + ax + b = 0 & xy + l (x + y) + m = 0, a quadratic in y is
formed whose roots are the same as those of the original quadratic in x. Then prove either
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a = 2l & b = m or b + m = al.
α α
x 2 − 2x cos α + 1 sin 2 cos 2
Q.8 If x be real, prove that lies between 2 and 2 .
x 2 − 2x cos β + 1 β β
sin 2 cos 2
2 2
Q.9 Solve the equations, ax2 + bxy + cy2 = bx2 + cxy + ay2 = d.
SUHAAG
a.9x + 4(a–1)3x + a – 1 > 0 is satisfied for all real values of x.
THS BY SUHAA
Q.16 Find the complete set of real values of ‘a’ for which both roots of the quadratic equation
( a2 – 6a + 5) x2 – a 2 + 2a x + (6a – a2 – 8) = 0 lie on either side of the origin.
Q.17 If g (x) = x3 + px2 + qx + r where p, q and r are integers. If g (0) and g (–1) are both odd, then prove
that the equation g (x) = 0 cannot have three integral roots.
Q.18 Find all numbers p for each of which the least value of the quadratic trinomial MATHS
4x2 – 4px + p2 – 2p + 2 on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 is equal to 3.
CLASSES,, MA
Q.19 Let P (x) = x2 + bx + c, where b and c are integer. If P (x) is a factor of both x4 + 6x2 + 25 and
3x4 + 4x2 + 28x + 5, find the value of P(1).
O CLASSES
Q.20 Let x be a positive real. Find the maximum possible value of the expression
x2 + 2 − x4 + 4
y= .
x
EXERCISE–3
TEKO
TEK
Solve the inequality. Where ever base is not given take it as 10.
2
5
Q.1 (log 2 x ) − log 1 x − 20 log 2 x + 148 < 0 .
4
Q.2 x1/logx . log x < 1
2 4
Q.3 (log 100 x) + (log 10 x)2 + log x ≤ 14
2 Q.4 log1/2 (x + 1) > log2 (2 − x).
Q.5 logx2 . log2x2 . log2 4x > 1. Q.6 log1/5 (2x2 + 5x + 1) < 0.
Q.7 log1/2 x + log3 x > 1. Q.8 logx² (2 + x) < 1
4x + 5
Q.9 logx < −1 Q.10 (logx+62) . log2 (x2 − x − 2) ≥ 1
6 − 5x
x 2 − 4x + 3
Q.11 log3 ≥0 Q.12 log[(x+6)/3][log2{(x − 1)/(2 + x)}] > 0
x2 + x − 5
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log 3 ( x 2 − 3x + 7)
Q.13 Find out the values of 'a' for which any solution of the inequality, < 1 is also a solution
log 3 (3x + 2)
of the inequality, x2 + (5 − 2 a) x ≤ 10a.
Q.14 Solve the inequality log ( x 2 − 10 x + 22) > 0 .
x
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log
2 2
Q.15 Find the set of values of 'y' for which the inequality, 2 log0.5 y2 − 3 + 2 x log0.5 y2 − x2 > 0
is valid for atleast one real value of 'x'.
EXERCISE–4
sin x cos 3x 1
Q.1 Prove that the values of the function do not lie from & 3 for any real x.[JEE '97 , 5]
sin 3x cos x 3
2
Q.2 The sum of all the real roots of the equation x − 2 + x − 2 − 2 = 0 is ______. [JEE '97, 2]
Q.3 Let S be a square of unit area. Consider any quadrilateral which has one vertex on each side of S. If a,
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b, c & d denote the lengths of the sides of the quadrilateral, prove that: 2 ≤ a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ≤ 4.
Q.4 In a college of 300 students, every student reads 5 news papers & every news paper is read by
60 students. The number of news papers is:
(A) atleast 30 (B) atmost 20 (C) exactly 25 (D) none of the above
Q.5 If α, β are the roots of the equation x − bx + c = 0, then find the equation whose roots are,
2
(α2 + β2) (α3 + β3) & α5 β3 + α3 β5 − 2α4 β4.
Let α + iβ; α, β ∈ R, be a root of the equation x3 + qx + r = 0; q, r ∈ R. Find a real cubic equation,
SUHAAG
Q.9(a) For the equation, 3 x2 + px + 3 = 0 , p > 0 if one of the roots is square of the other, then p is equal to:
THS BY SUHAA
(A) 1/3 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 2/3
(b) If α & β (α < β), are the roots of the equation, x2 + bx + c = 0, where c < 0 < b, then
(A) 0 < α < β (B) α < 0 < β < α
(C) α < β < 0 (D) α < 0 < α < β
(c) If b > a , then the equation, (x − a) (x − b) − 1 = 0, has :
(A) both roots in [a, b] (B) both roots in (− ∞, a) MATHS
(C) both roots in [b, ∞) (D) one root in (− ∞, a) & other in (b, + ∞)
CLASSES,, MA
Q.10 The number of integer values of m, for which the x co-ordinate of the point of intersection of the lines
TEK
Q.13 If x2 + (a – b)x + (1 – a – b) = 0 where a, b ∈ R then find the values of ‘a’ for which equation has
unequal real roots for all values of ‘b’. [JEE 2003, Mains-4 out of 60]
[ Based on M. R. test]
Q.14(a) If one root of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 is the square of the other, then
(A) p3 + q2 – q(3p + 1) = 0 (B) p3 + q2 + q(1 + 3p) = 0
3 2
(C) p + q + q(3p – 1) = 0 (D) p3 + q2 + q(1 – 3p) = 0
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(b) If x2 + 2ax + 10 – 3a > 0 for all x ∈ R, then
(A) – 5 < a < 2 (B) a < – 5 (C) a > 5 (D) 2 < a < 5
[JEE 2004 (Screening)]
1 − 2 x + 5x 2 π π
Q.15 Find the range of values of t for which 2 sint = 2 , t∈ − 2 , 2 .
FREE Download Study Package Views of students available at website: www.iitjeeiitjee.com, www.tekoclasses.com
3x − 2x − 1
[JEE 2005(Mains), 2]
Q.16(a) Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle. No two of them are equal and λ ∈ R. If the roots of the equation
x2 + 2(a + b + c)x + 3λ(ab + bc + ca) = 0 are real, then
4 5 1 5 4 5
(A) λ < (B) λ > (C) λ ∈ , (D) λ ∈ ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
[JEE 2006, 3]
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(b) If roots of the equation x 2 − 10cx − 11d = 0 are a, b and those of x2 – 10ax – 11b = 0 are c, d, then find
the value of a + b + c + d. (a, b, c and d are distinct numbers) [JEE 2006, 6]
EXERCISE–5
Part : (A) Only one correct option
1. The roots of the quadratic equation (a + b – 2c) x2 – (2a – b – c) x + (a – 2b + c) = 0 are
1
(C) a – 2b + c and (D) none of these
a+b−c
3x
2. The roots of the equation 2x + 2. 3 x −1 = 9 are given by
log 3
(A) 1 – log2 3, 2 (B) log2 (2/3), 1 (C) –2, 2 (D) –2, 1 – log 2
3. Two real numbers α & β are such that α + β = 3 & α − β = 4, then α & β are the roots of the quadratic
SUHAAG
THS BY SUHAA
equation:
(A) 4x2 − 12x − 7 = 0 (B) 4x2 − 12x + 7 = 0 (C) 4x2 − 12x + 25 = 0 (D) none of these
4. Let a, b and c be real numbers such that 4a + 2b + c = 0 and ab > 0. Then the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 has
(A) real roots (B) imaginary roots (C) exactly one root (D) none of these
5. If e cosx
–e – cosx
= 4, then the value of cos x is MATHS
( ) ( ) ( )
CLASSES,, MA
x2 − x + 1
10. If x is real and k = then:
x2 + x + 1
1
(A) ≤k≤3 (B) k ≥ 5 (C) k ≤ 0 (D) none
3
x2 − x + c
11. If x is real, then can take all real values if :
x2 + x + 2c
(A) c ∈ [0, 6] (B) c ∈ [− 6, 0] (C) c ∈ (− ∞, − 6) ∪ (0, ∞) (D) c ∈ (− 6, 0)
x 4 − 3 x 3 + 2x 2
≥ 0 is:
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12. The solution set of the inequality
x 2 − x − 30
(A) (− ∞, − 5) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (6, ∞) ∪ {0} (B) (− ∞, − 5) ∪ [1, 2] ∪ (6, ∞) ∪ {0}
(C) (− ∞, − 5] ∪ [1, 2] ∪ [6, ∞) ∪ {0} (D) none of these
13. If x – y and y – 2x are two factors of the expression x3 – 3x2y + λxy2 + µy3, then
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11 3
(A) λ = 11, µ = –3 (B) λ = 3, µ = –11 (C) λ = ,µ=– (D) none of these
4 4
14. If α, β are the roots of the equation, x2 − 2 m x + m2 − 1 = 0 then the range of values of m for which
α, β ∈ (− 2, 4) is:
(A) (− 1, 3) (B) (1, 3) (C) (∞, − 1) ∪ ((3, ∞) (D) none
15. If the inequality (m − 2)x + 8x + m + 4 > 0 is satisfied for all x ∈ R then the least integral m is:
2
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2
17. Let a > 0, b > 0 & c > 0. Then both the roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0
(A) are real & negative (B) have negative real parts (C) are rational numbers (D) none
18. The value of 'a' for which the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation, x 2 − (a − 2) x − a − 1 = 0
assume the least value is:
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
2x
, then the range of expression, y2 + y − 2 is:
1+ α 1+ β 1+ γ
If α, β & γ are the roots of the equation, x3 − x − 1 = 0 then,
SUHAAG
22. + + has the value equal to:
1 − α 1− β 1− γ
THS BY SUHAA
(A) zero (B) − 1 (C) − 7 (D) 1
23. The equations x3 + 5x2 + px + q = 0 and x3 + 7x2 + px + r = 0 have two roots in common. If the third root
of each equation is represented by x1 and x2 respectively, then the ordered pair (x1, x2) is:
(A) (− 5, − 7) (B) (1, − 1) (C) (− 1, 1) (D) (5, 7)
24. If α, β are roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then the equation whose roots are 2α + 3β and 3α + 2β MATHS
is
CLASSES,, MA
25. If coefficients of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 are real and roots of the equation are non-real
complex and a + c < b, then
(A) 4a + c > 2b (B) 4a + c < 2b (C) 4a + c = 2b (D) none of these
26. The set of possible values of λ for which x2 – (λ2 – 5λ + 5)x + (2λ2 – 3λ – 4) = 0 has roots, whose sum
TEKO
TEK
5 5 5
(A) − 1, (B) (1, 4) (C) 1, (D) 1,
2 2 2
27. Let conditions C1 and C2 be defined as follows : C1 : b2 – 4ac ≥ 0, C2 : a, –b, c are of same sign. The
roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are real and positive, if
(A) both C1 and C1 are satisfied (B) only C2 is satisfied
(C) only C1 is satisfied (D) none of these
Part : (B) May have more than one options correct
28. If a, b are non-zero real numbers, and α, β the roots of x2 + ax + b = 0, then
1 1
(A) α2, β2 are the roots of x2 – (2b – a2) x + a2 = 0 (B) , are the roots of bx2 + ax + 1 = 0
α β
α β
(C) , are the roots of bx2 + (2b – a2) x + b = 0 (D) – α, – β are the roots of x2 + ax – b = 0
β α
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29. x2 + x + 1 is a factor of a x3 + b x2 + c x + d = 0, then the real root of above equation is
(a, b, c, d ∈ R)
(A) − d/a (B) d/a (C) (b – a)/a (D) (a – b)/a
30. If (x 2 + x + 1) + (x2 + 2x + 3) + (x2 + 3x + 5) +...... + (x2 + 20 x + 39) = 4500, then x is equal to:
(A) 10 (B) − 10 (C) 20.5 (D) − 20.5
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31. cos α is a root of the equation 25x + 5x − 12 = 0, − 1 < x < 0, then the value of sin 2α is:
2
EXERCISE–6
1. Solve the equation, x (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) = 120.
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2. Solve the following where x ∈ R.
(a) (x − 1)x² − 4x + 3+ 2 x² + 3x − 5 = 0 (b) (x + 3).x + 2+2x + 3+ 1 = 0
(c) (x + 3). (x + 1) +2x + 5= 0 (d) 2x+2 − 2x+1 − 1= 2x+1 + 1
( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 4) ( x + 6) + 25
3. If ' x ' is real, show that, ≥ 0.
7 x2 + 8 x + 4
x 2 − 2x + 9 1
8. If x be real, show that lies in , 2 .
x + 2x + 9
2
2
9. For what values of k the expression 3x2 + 2xy + y 2 + 4x + y + k can be resolved into two linear factors.
SUHAAG
10. Show that one of the roots of the equation, a x2 + b x + c = 0 may be reciprocal of one of the roots of
THS BY SUHAA
a1 x2 + b 1 x + c1 = 0 if (a a1 − c c1)2 = (b c1 − a b1) (b 1c − a1b).
11. Let α + iβ ; α, β ∈ R, be a root of the equation x 3 + qx + r = 0; q, r ∈ R. Find a real cubic equation,
independent of α and β , whose one root is 2α.
12. If a, b are the roots of x 2 + px + 1 = 0 and c, d are the roots of x2 + qx + 1 = 0. Show that
q2 − p2 = (a − c) (b − c) (a + d) (b + d).
13. If α, β are the roots of the equation x² - px + q = 0, then find the quadratic equation the roots of which are MATHS
(α2 − β2) (α3 − β3) & α3 β2 + α2 β3.
CLASSES,, MA
x 2 + kx + 1
O CLASSES
14. If ' x ' is real, find values of ' k ' for which, < 2 is valid.
x2 + x + 1
1 4 4 1 1
15. Solve the inequality, – + – < .
x −1 x − 2 x − 3 x − 4
TEKO
30
TEK
16. The equations x2 − ax + b = 0 & x 3 − px2 + qx = 0, where b ≠ 0, q ≠ 0 have one common root & the
second equation has two equal roots. Prove that 2 (q + b) = ap.
2
x
x
17. Find the real values of ‘m’ for which the equation, 2 − (m − 3) 1 + x 2 + m = 0 has atleast one
1 + x
real root ?
18. Let a and b be two roots of the equation x3 +px2 + qx + r = 0 satisfying the relation ab + 1 = 0. Prove that
r2 + pr + q + 1 = 0.
ANSWER KEYEXERCISE–1
FG 1 IJ
Q.2 2x2 + 2x cos (A − B) − 2 Q.3 254 Q.7 H
a ∈ −∞ , −
K
18 of 25
2
π 5π
Q.8 x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 ; α = tan ; β = tan Q.9 1 Q.10 minimum value 3 when x = 1 and p = 0
12 12
Q.12 (a) (ii) and (iv) ; (b) x2 − p(p4 − 5p2q + 5q2) x + p2q2(p2 − 4q) (p2 − q) = 0
1 5 +1
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14 LM IJ 11
Q 10. K ≤ − 1 Q 11. ( − ∞ , − 14 ) ∪ {4} ∪ ,∞
N K
Q 12. 2 2 ≤ a <
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3 3
Q.13 (0, 8] Q 14. (a) K < − 1 or K > 5/4 (b) K = − 1 Q 15. [ 1, ∞ )
Q 16. (– ∞, – 2] ∪ [ 0, 1) ∪ (2, 4) ∪ (5, ∞) Q18. a = 1 – 2 or 5 + 10
Q.19 P (1) = 4 ( )
Q 20. 2 2 − 1 where x = 2
EXERCISE–3
1 1
x ∈ , ∪ (8 ,16 )
1
SUHAAG
Q.5 x − (x1 + x2) x + x1 x2 = 0 where x1 = (b2 − 2c) (b3 − 3cb) ; x2 = c3 (b2 − 4c)
THS BY SUHAA
2
Q.6 (i) x3 + q x − r = 0, (ii) α = β = π/3, Q.7 (i) A, (ii) A, Q.8 (a, b) Q.9 (a) C, (b) B, (c) D
Q.10 A Q.11 γ = α2β and δ = αβ2 or γ = αβ2 and δ = α2β Q.12 B Q.13 a > 1
π π 3π π
Q.14 (a) D ; (b) A Q.15 − , − ∪ , Q.16 (a) A, (b) 1210
2 10 10 2 MATHS
CLASSES,, MA
O CLASSES
EXERCISE–5
1 3
1. D 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. D 7. C 4. x ∈ (– ∞, – 2) ∪ , 1 ∪ (4, ∞) 5. 4 , 3
4
8. B 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. B 13. C 14. A
TEKO
TEK
28. BC 29. AD 30. AD 31. AC 32. BD 13. x2 − p(p4 − 5p2q + 5q2) x + p2q2(p2 − 4q) (p2 − q) = 0
EXERCISE–6
14. k ∈ (0, 4)
1. {2, − 5}
15. (– ∞, – 2) ∪ (– 1, 1) ∪ (2, 3) ∪ (4, 6) ∪ (7, ∞)
2. (a) x = 1 (b) x = (− 7 − 17 )/2