Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2 Noise
1
Outline
2
Thermal noise, noise power, noise temp
2 definitions of Tn
Tn T of resistor for given pn
pn
T n≡
k
3 definitions of noise power density, pn
[ ]
hf
Planck, kT
pn Planck =kT hf
kT
e −1
R− J
Rayleigh-Jeans (from Planck), pn =kT
[ ]
hf
kT hf
Callen-Welton p nC −W = p n Planck p n vac =kT
hf
kT
2
e −1
3
Difference between Tn and T for a resistor
T n R− J =T
[ ]
hf
kT
T n Planck =T hf
kT
e −1
[ ]
hf
C −W kT hf
Tn =T
hf
kT
2k
e −1
4
Lossy Single-Port Noise: Resistor
1
2
v n =4 k T f R R=
G
−2 3 −1
k =1.38×1 0 JK
2
i n =4 k T f G v n f =
R
1k
×4.06
nV
Hz
5
Lossy Single-Port Resistor + Inductor
v n2 =4k T f R 1
R=
G
2 v n2 4k T f G
i =
n 2 2 2
= 2 2 2
R L 1 L G
6
Lossy Single-Port Noise: Resistor || Capacitor
i n2=4k Tf G 1
R=
G
2
2 in 4k T f R
v = 2 2 2=
n
G C 12 C2 R2
7
Example: series L-R series + shunt C-R
8
Diode Noise v2n s v ns 2 =4 k T f Rs
RS
Intrinsic noise
sources inj, vns
CJ i2n j
RJ
2 I d
inj =2 q f I d K 1 f
f
Equivalent input
thermal noise
sources: vn or in
v2n
Equivalent noise RS RS
conductance
CJ CJ i2n
i 2
n q Id 1 RJ RJ
Ge ≝ ≈ =
4 kT f 2 k T 2 R j
9
Photodetectors
2
i n , p h=2 q I f =2 q f RM PM I dark MF M
White noise Te
No Re No Re
source
Re
11
Multi-port noise representations: Y-params
One noise current source exiting each port
Y correlation matrix I1 I1
V1 V1
[][ ][ ] [ ]
Noiseless i 2n1
I1 Y 11 Y 12 . . Y 1n V 1 i n1 Noisy n-port
n-port
I2 Y 21 Y 22 . . Y 2n V 2 i n2 network
network
I2 I2
. = . . . . . . . [Y] [Y]
V2
. . . . . . . . V2 i 2n2
In Y n1 Y n2 . . Y nn V n . i nn
[ ]
〈 i n1 , i *n1 〉 〈i n1 , i *n2 〉 . . 〈 i n1 , i *nn 〉
* * * In In
〈i n2 , i n1 〉 〈 i n2 , i n2 〉 . . 〈i n2 , i nn 〉
Vn
[ C y ]= . . . . . Vn i 2nn
. . . . .
* * *
〈 i nn , i n1 〉 〈i nn , i n2 〉 . . 〈 i nn , i nn 〉
[ ][ ][ ] [ ]
Noisy n-port
V1 Z 11 Z 12 . . Z 1n I 1 v n1 n-port
network network
V2 Z 21 Z 22 . . Z 2n I 2 v n2 I2 I2
[Z] [Z]
. = . . . . . . . V2 V2
v 2n2
. . . . . . . .
Vn Z n1 Z n2 . . Z nn I n . v nn
[ ]
〈v n1 , v *n1 〉 〈v n1 , v *n2 〉 . . 〈v n1 , v *nn 〉 In In
* * *
〈v n2 , v n1 〉 〈v n2 , v n2 〉 . . 〈v n2 , v nn 〉 Vn Vn
v 2nn
[ C z ]= . . . . .
. . . . .
* * *
〈v nn , v n1 〉 〈v nn , v n2 〉 . . 〈v nn , v nn 〉
[ ][ ][ ] [ ]
b1 S1 1 S1 2 . . S1 n a 1 bn1 a1 Noiseless a1
b1 b1Te 1
b2 S2 1 S2 2 . . S2 n a 2 bn2 Noisy n-port n-port
network network b 2n2
. = . . . . . . . [S] [S]
. . . . . . . . a2 a2 T
bn Sn 1 Sn 2 . . Sn n a n . bnn Z0 b2 Z0 b2 e 2
[ ]
〈b n 1 , b *n 1 〉 〈 b n 1 , b *n 2 〉 . . 〈b n 1 , b *n n 〉
〈b n 2 , b *n 1 〉 〈 b n 2 , b *n 2 〉 . . 〈b n 2 , b *n n 〉 2
b nn
[ C S ]= . . . . . an an T
. . . . . bn bn e n
〈b n n , b *n 1 〉 〈 b n n , b *n 2 〉 . . 〈b n n , b *n n 〉
+
For passive network: [C S ]=k T f [U ]−[ S ][ S ]
14
Other Noisy 2-Port (only) Correlation Matrices
2
I1 I2 v n1
Noiseless
V1 Noisy 2-port V2 H-matrix i2n2
H-matrix 2-port
[ ]
* *
[ ][
V1
I2
=
H 11 H 12 I 1
H 21 H 22 V 2 ][ ] [ ]
v n1
i n2
[ C h ]=
〈v n1 , v n1 〉 〈v n1 , i n2 〉
〈 i n2 , v *n1 〉 〈 i n2 , i *n2 〉
15
Two-port Correlation Matrices: G
I1
2
I2 Noiseless v n2
[ ][ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
* *
I1 G G 12 V 1 i 〈 i n1 i n1 〉 〈 i n1 v n2 〉
= 11 n1 [ C g ]=
V 2 G 21 G 22 I 2 v n2 *
〈v n2 i n1 〉 〈v n2 v n2 〉
*
16
Correlation Matrices: ABCD
I1 I2 v 2n
Noiseless
V1 Noisy 2-port V2 ABCD-mat
i2n
ABCD-matrix 2-port
[ ]
* *
[ ] [ ][ ] [ ]
V1
I1
= A B V2
C D −I 2
vn
in
[ C A ]=
〈 v n v n 〉 〈v n i n 〉
*
〈 in vn〉 〈 in in〉
*
17
Noise Correlation Matrix Transformations
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
* *
1 −Z 11 1 0 −Y 11 1 −Y 11 −Y 22
[ C z ]= 0 −Z [ C A ] −Z * −Z * ; [ C y ] = −Y 0 [ C A ] 1 0
22 11 22 22
+ +
[ z]
C = [ Z ] [ y]
C [ Z ] ; [C z ]=[U ][ Z ][C S ][U ][ Z ]
+ +
[C y ]=[ Y ] [ C z ] [ Y ] ; [C y ]=[U ][Y ][C S ][U ][Y ]
1 + 1 +
[C S ]= [U ][S ][C y ][U ][ S ] ; [C S ]= [U ]−[S ][C Z ][U ]−[S ]
4 4
*
2 2
Im c nn =Im v = Im i = Im b =0
2 c ki =c ik
nn nn nn
18
Method to form the noise admittance
correlation matrix of an n-port
19
Example:
C2
C2
R2
P1 R2 P2 P2
P1
2
C3 i n1 i 2n2 C3
R1 R1
[
[C Y ]=
i 2n1i 2n2 −i 2n2
−i 2n2 i 2n2 ]
=4kT f
−G 2 [
G 1G 2 −G 2
G2 ]
20
Noise Factor of a 2-port driven by a signal
source
Yin, gm
22
Two-Port Noise Parameters (1)
v n =v n ; i n =i u i c =i u Ycor v n i n =i n ; v n =v u v c =v u Z cor i n
2 2 2
vn iu vu i n2
Rn = Gu = Ru = Gn =
4kT f 4kT f 4kT f 4kT f
in v x v n i nx
Ycor=
n
=Gcor j Bcor Z cor = 2
=Rcor j X cor
v n2 in
23
Two-Port Noise Parameters (2)
2 2 2
v n ∣Ycor Ys∣ iu 2
i n ∣Z ' 2
Z s∣ vu
2
F=1 2
2 F=1
cor
i sn i sn v sn
2
v sn
2
Rn 2 Gu Gn 2 Ru
F=1 ∣Ycor Ys∣ F=1 ∣Z cor Z s∣
Gs Gs Rs Rs
Rn 2 Gn 2
F=FMIN ∣Ys −Ysopt∣ F=FMIN ∣Z s −Z sopt∣
Gs Rs
2Gu
Gsopt = G ;Bsopt =−Bcor
cor
Rn Ru
2
Rsopt = R ; Xsopt =−Xcor
cor
Gn
1 x Zcor 2 Ru
Ysop= Y =
cor 2 Rn=Gn∣Zsopt∣ Gu= 2
Zsopt ∣Zsopt∣ ∣Zsopt∣
25
Two-Port Noise Circles
2
Rn ∣ s− sopt∣
F s =Fmin 4
Z0 1−∣ ∣2 ∣1 2
S sopt∣
r=
i
2
N N 1−∣
i i ∣
sopt
2
1Ni
sopt
Ci=
1N i
F i −F min 2
Ni = ∣1 sopt∣
4 rn
Constant Noise Circles
on Smith Chart
26
Correlation Matrix and 2-Port Noise Parameters
[ ]
FMIN −1
Rn −R n Y *opt
[ ][
* *
[ CA ]=
〈 v n1 vn1
*
〈in1 vn1 〉
〉 〈 v n1 in1
*
〈in1 in1 〉
〉
=
Cuu * C ui *
C iu * Cii *]=
FMIN −1
2
−R n Y opt
2
R n∣Yopt∣
2
[ ]
2
Y opt =
Cii
Cuu
−ℑ
Cui
*
Cuu *
*
*
j ℑ
Cui
Cuu
*
FMIN =1
kT
Cuu *
R n=
kT From Stephen Maas’ “Noise”
27
Correlation Matrix and 2-Port Noise Parameters
[ ][ ]
* * 2 *
〈in1 i 〉 〈in1 i 〉 GuRn∣Y11−Ycor∣
n1 n2 Rn Y21 Y 11−Ycor
[ C y ]= * *
= * * 2
〈in2 i 〉 〈in2 i 〉
n1 n2 R n Y 21 Y 11−Y cor Rn∣Y 21∣
Cy22 C y12
R n= 2
Y cor =Y11− Y 21
∣Y21∣ C y22
2
Gu=C y11−Rn∣Y 11−Y cor∣
29
Two-Port Noise Temperature Measurements
R, T1 (hot)
Ta N1
G, ∆f N2
R, T2 (cold)
N1=GkT 1 f GkT a f ; N2=GkT 2 f GkTa f
N1 T1T a T 1−YT 2
Y= = ; T a=
N2 T 2 T a Y−1
Also know as the Y-factor measurement
30
Two-Port Noise Parameter Measurements
Rn 2
Fk =FMIN ∣Y sk −Y sopt∣
Gsk
mismatch
31
Two-Port Noise Parameter Measurements (2)
k = 1..4..
Choice of Ysk is critical to meas. accuracy
32
Summary
33