Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FUELS”
by
Dr. S. S. Thipse
Deputy Director
The Automotive Research Association of India
Post Box No. 832, Pune 411 004
1
* Source: www.awma.org/ACE2002/Forum/Topic3/walsh.ppt
2
Indian Automotive Industry Today . . .
2nd Largest Two-Wheeler Manufacturer in
the World
Blending Formulation ?
Gasoline
Oxygenates
Olefins
Paraff./Napht.
Aromatics
Ö
L HC
+ Air Different Combustion NOx CO2
CO
C6H6 PAH
SO2 PM
Olefins
Aromatics
Different Naphtens
Crude Oils Paraffins Formulation ?
and Refineries
Diesel
4
* Source: www.awma.org/ACE2002/Forum/Topic3/walsh.ppt
Why Gaseous Fuels ?
5
Gaseous Fuels In India
Biogas or Biomethane
Hydrogen (H2)
6
Comparison of Gaseous Fuel Emissions Vs Gasoline
Emissions CNG LPG Biogas HCNG H2
CO Lower by Lower by Lower by Lower by X
30 % 20 % 30 % 40 %
HC Lower by Lower by Lower by Lower by X
40 % 30 % 40 % 50 %
NOx Higher Similar Higher by Lower by Lower by
by 10 % 10 % 30 % 50 %
7
Comparison of Gaseous Fuels Vs Gasoline
8
Roadmap for Gaseous Fuels In India
Source : IOC
9
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicle
ADVANTAGES ISSUES
Less volumetric efficiency leading to
Octane > 120
power loss
Good lean combustion
On board storage
‘ characteristics, clean burning
Abundant availability
Infrastructure.
Negligible sulfur / toxic HC content
Engine Valve seat wear
Less CO2 / unit of energy than ‘ Fast filling causes heating of cylinder,
‘ gasoline or diesel hence under filling
Failure of Bust Disk of Cylinder valve
Fuel Composition 10
Fuel Storage Ratio of CNG
200 bar
200 bar
200 bar
Diesel
Diesel
200 bar
200 bar
1 5
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) VEHICLE
ADVANTAGES ISSUES
9 bar
Diesel
Diesel
9 bar
1 2
TYPICAL VEHICLE FUEL STORAGE CAPACITIES AND RANGE
FOR INDIAN CNG/LPG VEHICLES
14
14
ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES (AFV)
TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
Bi-fuel
Either alternative fuel or conventional fuel, 2 separate
fuel tanks & fuel delivery systems.
Dedicated fuel
Alternative fuel only
Dual Fuel
Both alternative and conventional fuels, different
fuel tanks and fuel delivery systems
Flexible fuel
Mix of alcohol and gasoline
15
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND ARAI
ARAI developed BS-III compliant Bi-fuel LPG Car
HIGHLIGHTS
CNG emission
+
Petrol Performance
+
Diesel running cost
=
Developed
LPG Vehicle
Packaging of LPG system
16
ARAI DEVELOPED BS-IV COMPLIANT CNG ENGINE
FOR LCV APPLICATION
17
DEVELOPED INDIGENOUS LPG KIT FOR
2 & 3 WHEELER APPLICATION
Won
International
award for the
year 2005 at
Barcelona
Reduces
smoke &
particulate
Matter by 90%
Commercially
Introduced
19
ARAI PUBLICATIONS
20
20
NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND REGULATIONS
IN ALTERNATIVE FUELS
REGULATORY FLOW FOR NOTIFICATION
AISC Test
Panel AISC Agencies
SCOE
MORTH
GSR
NEW NOTIFICATIONS
1. Bio-CNG / Bio-Methane – GSR 498 (E)
Steam Sugar
Crushing Fermentation CO2
Extraction
Rectification
29
29
Biodiesel Technology
Vegetable Oil
Methanol
+ Transesterification
NaOH/KOH
Crude Biodiesel
Crude Glycerin Biodiesel
Methanol
Recovery Refining
Glycerin
Refining
Glycerin
NEED OF BIO-DIESEL
It is cleaner than conventional diesel; bio diesel produces
significantly less harmful emissions than regular
petroleum diesel when burned in a combustion engine.
Bio diesel can be used in almost any normal internal
combustion diesel engine with few special modifications,
and it can be stored and transported using existing
infrastructure and equipment already used for regular
petroleum diesel.
It can be burned in neat form (100% bio diesel) or it can
be blended with regular petroleum diesel in any
concentrations, such as 2% (B2), 5% (B5) and 20% (B20)
WHY JATROPHA SEEDS…?
High Oil Content (35-40%).
Grows under sub tropical conditions and low
fertility land.
High potential as a energy plant.
No need of intensive water supply.
Non-Edible.
The Majority of oil is present in Kernels.
BIODIESEL BLEND
38
Worldwide Scenario of Dual Fuel Technology
DEVELOPMENT OF BS-IV DUAL FUEL ENGINE
Powertrai
Powertrain
40
Your Partner
Your Partner in Engine
in Engine Design,
n
Engineering Design,
Development & Testing . . .
What is HCNG ?
HCNG is a general term used to denote varying blends of Hydrogen and
CNG.
Adding higher flame speed Hydrogen to a lower flame speed fuel like
CNG, improves the combustion efficiency of the HCNG blend.
HCNG has advantage of low minimum ignition energy and wide range of
flammability limits
HCNG is thus the first step for introducing Hydrogen and is considered as the
transition automotive fuel
18 % HCNG blend is under notification as an automotive fuel in CMVR
HCNG R&D PROJECT at ARAI
6-cyl Heavy duty HCNG engine development
Injection system
Lean-burn & Stoichiometric
combustion
engine optimization on
5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20% and 30%
(Hydrogen + CNG) blends
Emission Targets :
Euro 5 with 40 % margin
Hydrogen: The fuel of the future
Hydrogen-gasoline admixture
• MNRE is the nodal agency driving the hydrogen program in India and has published a
hydrogen roadmap.
•Vehicular Trials by OEMs like Mahindra and Tata Motors for Hydrogen
•Institutes like IIT Delhi, BHU and IIT Madras at the forefront for developing Hydrogen
Engine technology
•BIS is framing national standards on Hydrogen and HCNG fuels inline with
corresponding ISO TC 197 and ISO TC 22 standards.
•ARAI is participating in UNECE and ISO Forums for development of international
regulations on Hydrogen.
•PESO has amended Gas Cylinder rules for Hydrogen-CNG storage. Type –III
composite cylinders granted permission for trials.
•IOC is taking active steps to establish distribution infrastructure of H2 & HCNG in
India.
Di-Methyl Ether (DME)
•Dimethyl Ether (DME) is a clean burning alternative fuel for
transportation sector and its chemical formula is CH3OCH3
•Cetane number of DME is more than 55, so it is a suitable fuel for
Compression Ignition Engine
•Large scale production of DME can be possible from Natural Gas
Synthesis
Anode
H+ Ions Cathode
Waste
Heat
Waste Electrolyte
Heat
Water
Platinum
Catalyst
Types of Fuel Cells
• Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)
66
67