Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations

General Certificate of Secondary Education

BIOLOGY
PAPER 4 1980/4
HIGHER TIER

Specimen Paper 2003

Candidates answer on the question paper.
Additional materials:
Pencil, Ruler (cm/mm)

TIME 45 minutes

Candidate
Candidate Name Centre Number
Number

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

• Write your name in the space above.

• Write your Centre number and Candidate number in the boxes above.
• Answer all the questions.
• Write your answers, in blue or black ink, in the spaces provided on the question paper.
• Read each question carefully and make sure you know what you have to do before starting
your answer.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES Question For examiner’s

number use only
• The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each 1
question or part question.
• The total number of marks for this paper is 50. 2
• You will be awarded marks for the quality of written
3
communication where an answer requires a piece of extended
writing. 4

TOTAL

 OCR 2000
Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
1 This question is about insect life cycles.

(a) The diagrams below show stages in the life cycle of a blowfly.

maggot adult egg pupa

The life cycle of the blowfly shows metamorphosis.

(i) Explain what metamorphosis means. Give an example from the life cycle of
the blowfly.

[2]

(ii) The different stages in the life cycle of the blowfly eat different foods. Explain
how this helps the blowfly survive.

[3]

Science: Biology 2 © OCR 2000

Specimen Question Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
 (b) Blowfly maggots feed on dead and decaying matter.

In 1500 it was found that placing live maggots of blowflies in infected wounds often
helped the healing process.

In 1917, during the First World War, soldiers had wounds which were naturally
infected with maggots. The maggots helped to heal their wounds more quickly.

In 1930 doctors used maggots to help heal the wounds of some children with bone
disease.

Suggest why the wounds healed more quickly when infected with maggots.

[2]

[Total: 7]

Science: Biology 3 © OCR 2000

Specimen Question Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
2 This is part of a poster telling people about head lice.

Claws

Use the information in the poster and your biological knowledge to answer the following
questions.

(a) Head lice are parasites but not pathogens.

Explain what is meant by these terms.

[3]

(b) Explain why it is quite difficult to get rid of head lice.

[2]

Science: Biology 4 © OCR 2000

Specimen Question Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
 (c) Head lice can spread diseases. Describe how.

[2]

[Total: 7]

Science: Biology 5 © OCR 2000

Specimen Question Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
3 This question is about micro-organisms.

The diagram shows the structure of an influenza virus.

(a) State two differences between viruses and bacteria.

2 [2]

(b) Describe how the influenza virus reproduces.

[2]

(c) Suggest why it is difficult to produce a single vaccine against the virus which
causes the common cold.

[2]

[Total: 6]

Science: Biology 6 © OCR 2000

Specimen Question Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
4 The diagram shows how milk can be used to make yoghurt.

raw milk at 70oC

milk cooled to 30oC

Bacteria added

(a) At the start of the process, raw milk is heated to 70°C. It is then cooled to 30°C
before the bacteria are added.

Explain why the milk is treated in this way.

You will be given marks for the correct use of technical terms and for the correct
use of spelling, punctuation and grammar.

[4]

(b) A company have used genetic engineering to develop a genetically modified (GM)
bacterium. Scientists say that this new bacterium will make yoghurt more quickly.

(i) Scientists need to test the new bacterium to see if it is safe.

Explain why.

[1]

(ii) Write down one other reason (apart from safety ) for testing the bacterium.

[1]

Science: Biology 7 © OCR 2000

Specimen Question Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
 (iii) Some people are unhappy that the new GM bacterium will be used, even though it
has been tested to see if it is safe.

Suggest why they are worried.

[2]

[Total: 8]

Science: Biology 8 © OCR 2000

Specimen Question Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
5 The diagram shows the regions of the kidney.

(a) (i) Label Fig 5.1 with the letters A and B to show where the following take place.

A filtration

B salt and water regulation [2]

Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.2

(ii) On the kidney diagram Fig. 5.2, draw a kidney tubule (nephron).

Label the filter unit. [3]

Science: Biology 9 © OCR 2000

Specimen Question Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
 (b) Explain how the processes of filtration and selective reabsorption lead to the
formation of urine in the kidney.

You will be given credit for correct use of technical terms and for correct use of
spelling, punctuation and grammar.

filtration:

selective re-absorption:

[3]

(c) The kidney reabsorbes water.

The water goes into the blood.

Explain how the brain and the kidneys maintain the body’s water balance in hot
environments.

[3]

[Total: 11]

Science: Biology 10 © OCR 2000

Specimen Question Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
6 This question is about antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

Some bacteria (type A bacteria) have type A protein in their cell membranes. This
protein can pump antibiotic out of the bacteria.

Other bacteria (type B bacteria) have type B protein in their cell membranes.

The two types of bacteria were grown together in different concentrations of three
types of antibiotic.

The graph shows the results of this experiment.

(a) Describe what this graph tells you about resistance to the three types of antibiotic in
type A and type B bacteria.

[3]

Science: Biology 11 © OCR 2000

Specimen Question Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
 The experiment was repeated.

This time a substance which stops type A proteins working was added to the bacteria as
well as the antibiotics.

Key
Type A bacteria type B bacteria

(b) Explain why these charts tell you that type B bacteria do not have type A protein in
their cell membranes.

[2]

(c) Explain how populations of antibiotic resistant bacteria develop.

[3]

Science: Biology 12 © OCR 2000

Specimen Question Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
 (d) To limit the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, antibiotics must be used
carefully.

Suggest three ways in which this is done.

[3]

[Total: 11]

Science: Biology 13 © OCR 2000

Specimen Question Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations
General Certificate of Secondary Education

BIOLOGY
PAPER 4 1980/4
HIGHER TIER

MARK SCHEME

Specimen Paper 2003

 Qn. Expected answers Marks Additional guidance

1 (a) (i) change of form /shape/structure/physical R. state unqualified

appearance (1) 2
pupa to adult (1)

(ii) Two from:

they (can) survive in different environments (1)
less competition/more food for each (1) 2
different stages have different mouthparts/
digestive tracts (1)
season for each /provide different nutrients. (1)

Example given. 1

(b) They eat the dead tissue/cells/bacteria (1)

reducing possibility of infection (1) 2
or some idea of how it helps healing (1)

Any two.
(7)

2 (a) Lives on or in another (living) organism/ host (1) R. lives off.

feeding on it/ causing harm (1) 3
Causes disease (1)

(b) Hooks/ claws (for attachment) (1) 2

eggs cemented to hairs (1)
immunity to insecticide (shampoo) (1)

Any two.

(c) Feed on blood (1) 2

pass disease whilst feeding (1)
(7)

3 (a) 2 clear structured differences 2

(b) virus reproduces by infecting or using a cell (1) 2

idea of taking over the cell metabolism (1)

(c) cold virus mutates (rapidly)/ continually evolving/ 2 R. in a cell on its own
many different cold viruses (1) R. changes on its own
vaccines are specific (to one type only) (1)

(6)

Biology 2 © OCR 2000

Specimen Mark Scheme Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
 Qn. Expected answers Marks Additional guidance

4 (a) kill (harmful/some)bacteria in milk/ pasteurised (1) R. all/any bacteria

stop disease / other products formed (1)
so that the added bacteria are not killed (1) 3
(cooled) suitable temperature for reproduction or
activity/ growth (1)

Any three.

QWC=1.
This mark should only be awarded if appropriate 1
scientific terminology is used with correct spelling,
punctuation and grammar

(b) (i) prevent disease 1

(ii) taste/efficiency 1

(iii) genes exchanged with humans/ other organisms (1)

science never certain/ never 100% safe (1) 2
long term effects (1)
ethical reasons (1)

Any two.
(8)

Biology 3 © OCR 2000

Specimen Mark Scheme Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
 Qn. Expected answers Marks Additional guidance

5 (a) (i) A, B correctly labelled 2

(ii) 1 mark for drawing 3

1 mark for location of drawing
1 mark for label - filter unit/filtration /bowman's
capsule/ malpighian corpuscle/renal corpuscle

(b) size of molecules (1)

named particles( One which is filtered and one
which is not) (1)
pressure (filtration) (1)
2
all glucose/ amino acids reabsorbed (1)
some salts reabsorbed /most(=or> than 70% water
reabsorbed (1)

(max two from each list)

QWC = 1
This mark should only be awarded if appropriate 1
scientific terminology is used with correct spelling,
punctuation and grammar.

(c) when decrease of water in blood/blood more 1

concentrated/higher osmotic pressure/lower water
potential/higher solute potential, is detected by the
brain

ADH produced by the brain (1)

causes increased permeability of distal convoluted
tubule/collecting duct/kidney tubule (1)

OR 2

ADH causes more water to be absorbed (1)

less urine produced/more concentrated urine. (1)
(11)

Biology 4 © OCR 2000

Specimen Mark Scheme Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
 Qn. Expected answers Marks Additional guidance

6 (a) type A more resistant than type B (1)

higher concentration needed to kill A than B (1) 3
Aclacin more effective than Cerubidin than
Zavedos (on A) (1)
For B, all antibiotics equally effective (1)

Any three.

(b) (when substance added) much lower

concentrations of antibiotics are needed for A (1) 2
(when substance added) no change to type B (1)

(c) resistant bacteria survive (1) 3

reproduce (1)
pass on characteristics to offspring (1)

(d) do not feed to farm animals (1)

they are prescription only (1)
complete the course (1) 3
correct antibiotic for the correct bacterium (1) A. do not use
correct dose/obey dosage instruction (1) someone else's
do not use for virus infection/minor infections (1)
multi-antibiotic use / cyclic use (1)

Any three.
(11)

Biology 5 © OCR 2000

Specimen Mark Scheme Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
Biology 6 © OCR 2000
Specimen Mark Scheme Paper 4 (Higher) Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations