Introduction To Criminology Anomie - is a condition in which society provides

Definition of Terms little moral

guidance to individuals.
Abrahamsen - In his crime and human mind,
1945, explained the causes Anthropology - is the study of humans, past and
of crime by his formula "Criminal Behavior equals present.
criminalistic
tendencies plus crime inducing situation divided Atavism - The return of a trait or recurrence of
by the persons previous behavior
mental or emotional resistance to temptation. after a period of absence.

Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874) - was a Belgian Atavistic Anomaly - physically their throwbacks
mathematician, astronomer on the evolutionary
and statistician, he helped to establish the scale to more primitive times, where people were
cartographic school and savages.
positivist schools of criminology which made
extensive use of statistical August Aichhorn - is considered to be one of
techniques. Through statistical analysis, Quetelet the founders of psychoanalytic
gained insight into education. He is remembered for his work with
the relationships between crime and other social juvenile delinquent and
factors. Among his disadvantaged youth. He believed that imposed
findings were strong relationships between age discipline and suppression
and crime, as well which were practiced in traditional reformatories
as gender and crime. yielded few
positive results.
Alienist - a doctor specializing in the treatment of
mental illness. Autophobia - is the specific phobia of isolation; a
An expert witness in a sanity trial. morbid fear of
being egotistical, or a dread of being alone or
Andrew Von Hirsch - developed the notion of isolated.
just desert.
Monophobia - is an acute fear of being
Just desert - has five guidelines; 1. treat alone and having to
legal cope without a specific person, or perhaps
punishment as a desert; 2. avoid doing any person, in
harm; 3. sentence close proximity.
delinquency, not the delinquent; 4.
interfere parsimoniously; Biometrics - is a technique for identification of
5. restrain efforts to prevent crime; people that uses
modern day body characteristics or behavioural traits and is
utilitarianism. increasingly being
used instead of or in conjunction with other forms
Anger - is an emotion characterized by of identification
antagonism toward someone or based on something you have (e.g. ID card) or
something you feel has deliberately done you something you know
wrong. (e.g. password or PIN).
Bromberg - (crime and mind 1948) criminality is
the result of
emotional immaturity. A person is emotionally
matured when he has
learned to control his emotion effectively and who
live at peace
with himself and in harmony with the standard of
conduct which are
acceptable to society. Am emotionally immature
person rebels against
rules and regulations, tends to engage in unusual
activities and
experience a feeling of guilt due to inferkiority
complex.
Brotherhood - an association, society, or
community of people linked
by a common interest, religion, or trade.
Cesare Beccaria - founders of the classical
school of thought within
criminology.
Cesare Lombroso - an Italian criminologist,
founder of the Italian
school of criminology, formulated the theory of
anthropological
criminology, essentially stated that criminality
was inherited, and
that someone "born criminal" could be identified
by physical defects,
which confirmed a criminal as savage, or
atavistic.
Charles Darwin - wrote Origin of Species in
1859, kicked off the
scientific revolution, father of evolution.
Charles Goring - author of the influential work
The English convict:
a statistical study.
The English convict: a statistical study -
It was first
published in 1913, and set out to establish
whether there
were any significant physical or mental
abormalities among
the criminal classes that set them apart
from ordinary men,
as suggested by Cesare Lombroso. He
ultimately concluded
that "the physical and mental constitution
of both criminal
and law-abiding persons, of the same age,
stature, class,
and intelligence, are identical. There is no
such thing as
an anthropological criminal type."
Classical School - based on free will; able to
make decisions in a
logical way; assumes people are hedonistic.
Conflict Of Culture Theory - by Thorstein Sellin.
It was emphasized
in this theory that the multiplicity of conflicting
cultures is the
principal source of social disorganization. The
high crime and
delinquency rates of certain ethnic or racial group
is explained by
their exposure to diverse and incongruent
standards and codes of
larger society.
Containment Theory - criminality is brought
about by the inability of
the group to contain behavior of its member and
that of effective
containment of the individual into the value
system and structure of
society will minimize crime.
Copycat Crime - A copycat crime is a criminal
act that is modelled or
inspired by a previous crime that has been
reported in the media or
described in fiction.
Criminaloid - (from the word "criminal" and suffix
-oid, meaning
criminal-like) is a person who projects a
respectable, upright facade,
in an attempt to conceal a criminal personality.
This type, first
defined by Cesare Lombroso in the later editions
of his 1876 work
"the Criminal man".
Criminal Personality - 1. the roots of criminality
lie in the way in
which people think and make decisions; 2.
criminals think and act
differently from others, even at a very young age;
3. criminals are
irresponsible, 4. deterministic explanations of
crime result from
believing the criminal who is seeking sympathy.
Anti-Social Personality - characterized by
patterns of
irresponsible and antisocial behavior, as
well as
aggressive tendencies.
Cyril Burt - gave the theory of general
emotionality. An excess of the
submissive instinct account for tendency of many
criminals to be
weak-willed or easily led. Fear and absconding
may be due to the
impulse of fear.
Determinism - belief that individual behavior is
beyond the control
of the individual; opposite of free will.
Differential Association Theory - Criminal
behavior is learnable and
learned in interaction with other deviant persons.
Through this
association, they learn not only techniques of
certain crimes, but
also specific rationale, motives and so on.
Edwin Sutherland - Differential
association theory was
Sutherland's major sociological
contribution to criminology;
similar in importance to strain theory and
social control
theory. These theories all explain deviance
in terms of the
individual's social relationships.
Imitation-Suggestion Theory - by
Gabriel Tarde, Delinquency
and crime pattern are learned and
adopted. The learning
process either be conscious type copying
or unconscious
copying of confronting pattern of behavior.
Differential-Social Disorganization Theory -
This is sometimes called
Social Disorganization. There is social
disorganization when there is
breakdown, changes, conflict of values between
the new and the old,
when there is reduced influence of the social
institution over behavior
and when there is declining influence of the solid
moral and ethical
front.
Electroencephalogram - recording of electrical
activity of the brain;
measures it.
Emile Durkheim - father of sociology. He is a
Frenchman, Chief among
his claims is that society is a sui generis reality,
or a reality
unique to itself and irreducible to its composing
parts. It is
created when individual consciences interact and
fuse together to
create a synthetic reality that is completely new
and greater than
the sum of its parts.
E. O. Wilson - put forth a theory that differed
from earlier theories,
believed that biological factors affect the
perception and learning
of social behaviors.

Etiology of Crime - causes of crime.
Eugenics - the science of improving a human
population by controlled
breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable
heritable characteristics.
Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method
of improving the human race.
Free Will - the idea that human beings are free
to choose one behavior
or action over another.
Frustration - the feeling of being upset or
annoyed, especially because
of inability to change or achieve something.
General Deterrence - involves the effects of
legal punishment on
those persons who have not suffered.
Specific Deterrence - involves the effects
of legal punishment
on those who have suffered it.
Genetics - the branch in biology that deals with
heredity.
Healy - (individual delinquency) crime is the
expression of the mental
content of the individual. Frustration of the
individual causes
emotional discomfort, personality demands
removal of pain and the
pain is eliminated by substitute behavior, that is
the start of the
crime delinquency of an individual.
Gianelt Index of Criminality - this crimino-
synthesis explains the
reason why a person may commit a crime or
inhibit himself from doing so.
Hedonism - pleasure or the absence of pain is
the soul good in life.
Henry Maudsley - mental illness and criminal
behavior went hand in
hand, crime prone traits were inherited.
Incapacitation - when they are locked up behind
bars, they can't commit
anymore crimes.
Italian School Of Criminology - Founded in the
end of the 19th century
by Cesare lombroso and 2 of his disciples, Enrico
Ferri and Rafael
Garofalo.
Enrico Ferri - an italian criminologist,
student of Lombroso,
His work served as the basis for
Argentina’s penal code of 1921.
His research led to him postulating
theories calling for crime
prevention methods to be the mainstay of
law enforcement, as
opposed to punishment of criminals after
their crimes had
taken place.
Rafael Garofalo - often regarded as the
father of Criminology.
He is a student of Cesare Lombroso.
James Q. Wilson - advocate for special
deterrence; ultilitarian.
Jeremy Bentham - founders of the classical
school of thought within
criminology. He is a lawyer.
Jukes Family - family of criminals. Descendants
are criminally minded
and committed crimes.
Jonathan Edwards Family - opposite of
jukes Family,
descendants are good people and attained
prominence in
various fields.
Kallikak Family - A Study in the Heredity of
Feeble-Mindedness was a
1912 book by the American psychologist and
eugenicist Henry H. Goddard.
The work was an extended case study of
Goddard's for the inheritance of
"feeble-mindedness," a general category
referring to a variety of mental
disabilities including mental retardation, learning
disabilities, and
mental illness. Goddard concluded that a variety
of mental traits were
hereditary and society should limit reproduction
by people possessing
these traits.
Karyotype Studies - examination and
comparison of chromosomes.
Kleptomania - a recurrent urge to steal, typically
without regard
for need or profit.
Lawrence Kohlberg - pathological jealousy,
quick anger reactions, and
the bearing of grudges.
Limbic System - a set of areas in the human
brain that integrate a
wide variety of messages from the senses and
control goal-oriented
response to environmental and internal stimuli.
Megalomania - is a psychopathological condition
characterized by
delusional fantasies of power, relevance,
omnipotence, and by inflated
self-esteem.
Mens Rea - The state of mind indicating
culpability which is required
by statute as an element of a crime.(Latin) guilty
mind.
Miller Lower-Class Culture Conflict Theory -
citizens who obey the
street rules of lower class life find themselves in
conflict with
the dominant culture.
Moral/Intellectual Stages - deals with how
adults morally represent a
reason about the world that they live in.
Morphology - deals with the form and structure
of an organism or any
of its parts; measuring different parts of the
human head; there is
a meaningful relationship between certain types
of physical features
and personality.
Neo-Classical Perspective - stressed that the
legal system should
focus exclusively on doing justice; respond to the
crime; the
criminal made the rational decision.
Neurosis - condition characterized by anxiety,
impulses may
breakthrough and take control.
Amnesia - a partial or total loss of
memory. Origin late 18th
century: from Greek amnēsia
‘forgetfulness.’
Delusion - a belief that is not true : a false
idea. : a
false idea or belief that is caused by
mental illness.
Dementia praecox (a "premature
dementia" or "precocious madness")
refers to a chronic, deteriorating psychotic
disorder
characterized by rapid cognitive
disintegration, usually
beginning in the late teens or early
adulthood. It is a term
first used in 1891 in this Latin form by
Arnold Pick (1851–1924),
a professor of psychiatry at the German
branch of Charles
 University in Prague. and other people.

Psychosis - severe form of mental Physiognomy - to judge, interpret, or assess a

disturbance, behavior person's character or
impairs or gets in the way of everyday personality from his or her outer appearance,
focus, Id takes especially the face.
control. This study and science was used by Beccaria
(1764) and lavater (1175)
Schizophrenia - often linked to criminal to discover the character of a person.
behavior,
incoherent thought process, thinking is Positivist School - based on determinism;
scrambled and may human behavior is controlled
have split personalities. by science.

Paranoia - pathological jealousy, quick Positivism - the belief that the classical
anger reactions, school of
and the bearing of grudges. thought is wrong in explaining what causes
crime because
Penal Couple - is defined as the relationship they failed to explain adequately the why
between perpetrator and portion.
victim of a crime. That is, both are involved in the
event. Cesare Lombroso - father of positivism;
medical doctor who
Penitentiary - repent of wrongdoing and the will wanted to see whether criminals were
to atone for it. physically different,
believed in atavistic anomaly.
Phobia - an extreme or irrational fear of or
aversion to something. Psychiatry - the study and treatment of mental
illness, emotional
Phrenology - study of the shape of the skull and disturbance, and abnormal behavior.
bumps of
facial features. The study of facial features. Psychoanalytic - the analysis of human
behavior. First laid out by
Craniology - the scientific study of the Sigmund Freud in the 19th century.
shape and size of
the skulls of different human races. Recidivism - elapse into criminal behavior;
Another term for where you return back into
Phrenology. the criminal system.

Psychopatic Personality – This is the most Regression - a return to an earlier stage of life or
important cause of a supposed previous
criminality among youthful offenders and habitual life, especially through hypnosis or mental illness,
criminals. It is or as a means of
characterized by infantile level or rescind, lack of escaping present anxieties.
conscience,
deficient feeling of affection to others and Samuel Yochelson - convinced that there is
aggression to environment such thing as a criminal
personality. associated with another gender.

Schools of Thought - devices for organizing Masochism - the tendency to derive

fundamentally differing pleasure, especially
views of human nature and relating them to sexual gratification, from one's own pain or
issues surrounding crime humiliation.
and its control.
Voyeurism - Watching others while naked
Sexual Deviation - a type of mental disorder or having sex,
characterized by a generally without their knowledge; also
preference for or obsession with unusual sexual known as scopophilia
practices. or scoptophilia.

Exhibitionism - a mental condition Zoophilia - is a paraphilia involving cross-

characterized by the species sexual
compulsion to display one's genitals in activity between human and non-human
public. animals or a fixation
on such practice.
Fetishism - is sexual attraction to objects,
situations, or Shaw and Mckay's Ecological Theory - crime
body parts not traditionally viewed as is a product of transitional
sexual. neighborhoods that manifest social
disorganization and value conflict.
Paraphilia - a condition characterized by
abnormal sexual Sigmund Freud - austrian psychiatrist; his
desires, typically involving extreme or approach: crime is but
dangerous activities. one form of deviance.

Pedophilia - sexual feelings directed ID - contains the inner world of the

toward children. individual's inborn
instincts and reflexes.
Sadomasochism - is the giving or
receiving of pleasure, Ego - represents the real world of the
sometimes sexual, from acts involving the individual's
infliction or conscious reason and common sense.
reception of pain or humiliation.
Superego - inner world of the individual's
Sadism - the tendency to derive pleasure, ideal
especially sexual expectations and conscience; the
gratification, from inflicting pain, suffering, conceptions of what the
or humiliation individual considers to be morally good.
on others.
Social Bond Theory - relation between social
Transvestism (also called transvestitism) - factors and individual
is the practice activities; individuals become free to commit
of dressing and acting in a style or manner crimes when their ties
traditionally to society are broken.
 serve two vital
Spiritual School - based on determinism; functions: 1. deterring persons from committing
human behavior is determined the crimes and
by God or demons or Satan. 2. protecting society from those wholes acts
threaten the social order;
Stanton Samenow - convinced that there is the greatest good for the greatest number.
such thing as a
criminal personality. William Sheldon - an American psychologist
who created the field of
Thomas Hobbes - he believed that man is somatotype and constitutional psychology that
egotistical and self-centered; tried to correlate body
if he thought he could get away with it, then he types with behavior,intelligence, and social
would commit the crime. hierarchy through his
Ivy league nude posture photos.
Type of Physique
Temperament
Ectomorph - a person with a lean and Viscerotonic - Coined by WH Sheldon,
delicate body build. Are from viscera + -o- +
tall and thin and less social and more tonic. Designating a personality type
intellectual. characterised as
sociable, easy-going, and comfort-seeking.
Mesomorph - a person with a compact
and muscular body build. Somatonic - active, dynamic; walks, talks,
Have well-developed muscles and an gestures
athletic appearance. They assertively and behaves aggressively.
are active, aggressive, sometimes violent,
and more likely Cerebrotonic - Introvert and full of
to become criminals. functional complaints
to allergies, skin troubles, chronic fatigue,
Endomorph - a person with a soft round insomia,
body build and a insensitive skin, and to noise, shrinks from
high proportion of fat tissue. Have heavy crowds.
builds and are
slow moving. They arte known for lethargic XYY Syndrome - these people are very tall and
behavior disproportionate;
rendering them unlikely to commit violent more inclined to commit crimes.
crime and more
willing to engage in less strenuous criminal
activities such
as fencing stolen property.

Typology of Crime - involve classifying offenses

or offenders according
to some criteria of relatedness or similarity.

Utilitarianism - the belief that legal punishments