EE1205LabManualV1 2

EE 1205
Introduction to
Electrical Engineering
Lab Manual
Howard T. Russell, Jr., PhD
V 1.2 August 25, 2011
© 2010 OPALtx
Electrical Engineering Department University of Texas at Arlington

EE 1205
Introduction to
Electrical Engineering
Lab Manual
V 1.2 August 25, 2011
© 2010 OPALtx
Table of Contents
Lab Meeting No. 1 Introduction to EE Labs …………………………………………..2
Lab Experiment No. 1 Resistors and Resistor Color Bands .............................................30
Lab Experiment No. 2 Resistor Connections …..………………………………………..32
Lab Experiment No. 3 Ohm’s Law ……………………………………………………...42
Lab Experiment No. 4 Kirchhoff’s Laws ……………………………………………….49
Lab Experiment No. 5 Voltage and Current Maps .……………………………………..59
Lab Experiment No. 6 Network Theorems – Part 1 ……………………………………..68
Lab Experiment No. 7 Cooling Fan Control Circuit ……………………………………..79
Lab Experiment No. 8 Audio Amplifier Networks .……………………………………..84
Appendix 1 Breadboard Layout Examples ………….………………………..86
Appendix 2 Lab Measurement Example …………….………………………..90
Appendix 3 Bills of Material …………….………….………………………..96
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Lab Meeting No. 1 Introduction to EE labs
I. Introduction
The objective of this first lab meeting is to introduce beginning EE students to a professional laboratory environment
where electronic circuits are built and electrical engineering experiments performed. The following topics will be
addressed in this introductory meeting –
• an orientation regarding proper behavior and safety while in the lab,
• tools and tool box requirements,
• lab instruments,
• cables, connectors, probes, and wires,
• electronic components, parts, and the parts request form,
• lab report format, and
• useful web sites.
II. Lab Orientation

All EE 1205 students are required to attend an orientation regarding proper behavior and safety while in the lab. This
orientation is presented by the resident lab technicians who are responsible for the maintenance and up-keep of the EE
labs in Nedderman Hall.
III. Tools and Tool Box (Attachment A)

Basic items such as pliers, cutters, and wire strippers are integral components in any electrical engineer’s tool box.
These tools are necessary to build circuits and perform experiments in the EE lab. Therefore, it is a mandatory
requirement that all EE 1205 students obtain and maintain a tool box containing a set of electrical engineering
specific tools. The tool box requirement is not an option and all students must bring their tool box fully loaded to
every lab meeting beginning with the second meeting. Students without a tool box on the second and subsequent lab
meetings will not be allowed in the lab and will receive a zero for the lab. A list of these tools along with their
photographs is included in Attachment A at the end of this document.
IV. Lab Instruments (Attachment B)

The electrical engineering labs located in rooms NH129, NH129A, NH148, and NH148A are equipped with the
most current industry standard test and measurement equipment found in professional electrical engineering
companies. Each lab is divided into a series of lab benches with each bench containing the following instruments –
• Agilent 34401A 6½ digit multimeter (DMM),
• Agilent E3620A dual dc power supply (25V, 1A),
• Agilent 54621A 60MHz dual channel oscilloscope, and
• Agilent 33120A 15MHz function generator.
Most of the experiments performed in EE 1205 will involve the above mentioned instruments to some degree. Data
sheets for these instruments are included in Attachment B.
V. Cables, Connectors, Probes, and Wires

Each lab is equipped with one or more wall-mounted racks containing a variety of cables, connectors, oscilloscope
probes, and wires. These connectors provide the necessary electrical connections among the bench instruments and
your circuits.
VI. Electronic Components, Parts, and the Parts Request Form (Attachment C)
A wide assortment of electronic components and parts are available in the EE lab. An extensive list of components
and parts can be found on the lab web site www-ee.uta.edu/eelabs2/. Click on ‘parts available’ for a view of the list.
The experiments performed in EE 1205 labs involve the use of parts supplied by the lab GTA. In more advanced
courses, students will have to order their own parts through the lab by submitting an online parts request form. A
copy of this form is shown in Attachment C. Most of the parts listed on the lab web site are considered disposable.
This means that once parts are given to the student, the student is allowed to keep and accumulate them. For parts
not on the list, a formal written request for these parts may be submitted along with instructor approval to lab
personnel.
VII. Lab Report Format (Attachment D)

Formal lab reports are due typically within one week after each lab experiment. Exceptions are made for more
complex and/or extensive lab experiments. The format for lab reports is outlined below.
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• Title Page. Every lab report begins with a title page. This page includes the course and section number,
experiment number, experiment title, date the experiment was performed, date the report submitted, and student
name and ID number. A sample of the EE 1205 lab report cover page is included in Attachment D.
• Introduction. A brief description of the purpose of the lab and a discussion of key information the reader will
need to understand the experiment. Give a brief description of the theory the experiment is based upon.
• Procedure. Describe how the experiment was performed. List equipment, instruments, and components used
in the experiment. Include the theory, equations, and detailed schematics of circuits involved.
• Results. Present the results of the experiment with data collected from measurements performed. Data should
be professionally and neatly presented in the form of tables, graphs, and plots.
• Discussions. Discuss any new ideas and/or questions produced in the experimental process. Comment on the
validity, accuracy, and usefulness of the procedure.
• Conclusion. A description of what the experiment revealed. Generate a comparison between the expected
results based on theory and the actual results. An attempt should be made here to explain any discrepancies between
these results.
• Appendix. The appendix should contain actual compiled data, notes and comments, equations, sketches, and
schematics made during the experiment.
• References. List any material contributed from other sources.
VIII. Useful Web Sites

Mouser Electronics www.mouser.com
Jameco Electronics www.jameco.com
Marlin P. Jones & Associates, Inc. www.mpja.com
Electronics Express/RSR www.elexp.com
Nuts and Volts (magazine) www.nutsvolts.com
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Attachment A
Tools and the Tool Box

August 2, 2009
Component Example Brand Example Source Price ($)

Suitable container (all-purpose plastic Keter (13” all-purpose
Wal-Mart 3.64
tool box; fishing tackle box) box)
12.88
Needle nose pliers (4” to 5”) (Figure 1) Stanley (mini plier set) Wal-Mart
(set of 6)
Diagonal cutters (4” to 5”) (Figure 2) Stanley (mini plier set) Wal-Mart
H-Tools (cutter and

Wire strippers (5”) (Figure 3) Fry’s 3.49
stripper, 34-899C)
Prototype breadboard (6.5” x 2” to 6.5” x Elenco (Model 9425,
4” with 3 to 5 binding posts) (Figures 4 6.5” x 2”, 830 test Fry’s 9.99
and 5) points)
Precision screwdriver set (6 to 11 piece
Stanley (6 piece; 4
set with slotted and Phillips screwdrivers) Wal-Mart 4.88
slotted, 2 Phillips)
(Figure 6)
Fry’s product number:
22 gauge solid hook-up wire (Figure 7) Fry’s 2.99
PLU#1615281
Tax: 3.09
Total: 40.96
Photos
Figure 1
5” needle-nose pliers
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Figure 2
5” diagonal cutters
Figure 3
Wire strippers
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Figure 4
Three binding post breadboard
Figure 5
Three binding post breadboard
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Figure 6
Screwdriver set
Figure 7
22 gauge wire
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Attachment B
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Attachment C
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Attachment D
EE 1205.002
Lab Experiment 2
Resistors and Resistor Color Bands
Date experiment performed: June 7, 2010
Date Lab Report submitted: June 14, 2010
Student name: Howard T. Russell, Jr.
Student ID: 1000xxxxxxxxx
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Lab Experiment No. 1 Resistors and Resistor Color Bands
I. Introduction
Resistors are the most common of electronic components found in many circuits and systems. This lab experiment is
designed
• to sharpen your skill at reading specified values and tolerances from resistor color bands, and
• to introduce you into taking resistor measurements using the DMM.
II. Experiment Procedure

The lab GTA will give you a numbered plastic bag containing 8 quarter-watt axial-lead (through-hole) metal film
resistors of various values and tolerances. Your task is to record the number of your bag at the top of Table 1 shown in
Section IV on the following page, and complete the entries in this Table using the resistor color guide and the DMM on
the work bench. The procedure for this job is as follows –
(a) using only the resistor color guide, fill out columns 2 through 9 for each resistor’s specified value and tolerance;
show your results to the lab GTA before turning on the DMM,
(b) power up the DMM and measure the actual resistance of each corresponding resistor; record these values in column
10 of the Table,
(c) compute the error in percent (%) between the color band value and the measured value for each corresponding
resistor; record these errors in column 11; use the color band or specified value as the basis for the percent, that is
Measured value  Color band value

Error  %   100% (1)
Color band value
(d) when you have finished reading color bands and taking measurements, return the bag of resistors to the GTA.
The first two rows in Table 1 illustrate an example of the procedure on two resistors Ra and Rb. Resistor Ra in the first
row has 4 color bands with colors green (5), brown (1), orange (3), and gold (±5%). The specified value of this resistor
is determined from
Ra  5 1    51K 
000 (2)
green brown orange
with a tolerance of ±5%. However, its value measured with the DMM is 50.5KΩ as is recorded in column 10. The error
between its measured and specified values is computed from equation (1) where
50.5 K   51K 
Error  %   100%  0.98% (3)
51K 
This error is recorded in last column as indicated. The procedure is repeated on resistor Rb which has 5 color bands. The
second row of Table 1 contains values for this resistor. Clearly, the differences between the specified and measured
values for both resistors are well within specified tolerances.
III. Lab Report

The report for this lab experiment must be word-processed and contain the following items –
• Title Page.
• Introduction.
• Procedure.
• Results.
Table 1 neatly and completely filled out with the results of your readings, measurements, and calculations.
• Discussions.
Provide detailed answers and discussions to the following questions –
(a) Are the calculated errors between specified and measured values within specified tolerances? If not,
explain why not.
(b) How many resistors had measured values larger than their specified values?
(c) How many resistors had measured values smaller than their specified values?
(d) Explain reasons for the discrepancies in (b) and (c).
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• Conclusion.
Provide detailed answers and discussions to the following questions –
(a) In your opinion, is the color band coding of resistors an efficient means of labeling values on quarter-watt
axial-lead resistors?
(b) Is this coding method suitable for ⅛ watt or smaller axial-lead resistors? Explain why or why not.
(c) What other methods can be used? Explain in detail advantages and disadvantages.
• Appendix.
• References.
IV. Resistor Data
Table 1
Axial-lead resistor values
Bag No.________
Color band Color Color

band band Measured
value tolerance value Error
1 2 3 4 5
R Bands (Ω) (%) (Ω) (%)
Ra* 4 green brown orange gold N/A 51K ±5 50.5K -0.98
Rb* 5 red orange violet red brown 23.7K ±1 23.8K +0.42
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
*Resistor examples
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Lab Experiment No. 2 Resistor Connections
I. Introduction
In this lab exercise, you will learn –
• how to read schematic diagrams of electronic networks,
• how to transform schematics into actual element connections,
• correct ways to layout a breadboard connection of a network,
• how to connect the DMM for measuring resistance, and
• how to combine resistors to establish terminal equivalence.

A collection of resistive networks are given in Figures 1 through 6. The schematic diagram of the network is shown
in (a) while the resistor connection is shown in (b) in each Figure. Obtain from the lab GTA all of the resistors
required for these experiments. Use these resistors to correctly layout each of these networks on your breadboard.
Apply the bench DMM to take measurements and make calculations required to fill out the tables provided with
each network. Use specified and calculated values as the basis for percentage variations.
(a) Series connection. A series connection of resistors is shown in Figure 1. The schematic diagram of this
connection is shown in Figure 1(a) while the actual resistor connection is shown in Figure 1(b). Fill out Table 1
with data obtained below.
i. Measure the resistance of each resistor in the series connection.
ii. With the specified resistor value as the basis, calculate resistor variations in per-cent (%).
iii. Calculate the value of the resistance at the terminals A-B. This is the terminal resistance RAB.
iv. Apply the DMM to measure RAB.
v. Calculate the variation in RAB in (%).
(b) Parallel connection. A parallel connection of resistors is shown in Figure 2. The schematic diagram of this
connection is shown in Figure 2(a) while actual resistor connection is shown in Figure 2(b). Fill out Table 2 with
data obtained below.
i. Measure the resistance of each resistor in the parallel connection.
(c) Series/parallel combination. A series connection of parallel resistors is shown in Figure 3. The schematic
diagram of this connection is shown in Figure 3(a) while the actual resistor connection is shown in Figure 3(b). Fill
out Table 3 with data obtained below.
i. Measure the resistance of each resistor in the connection.
iii. Calculate the value of the resistor Rx that will produce a terminal resistance RAB of 84Ω.
iv. Obtain this resistor from the lab GTA and connect it into the network.
v. Apply the DMM to measure RAB.
vi. Calculate the variation in RAB from 84Ω in (%).
(d) Parallel/series combination. A parallel connection of series resistors is shown in Figure 4. The schematic
diagram of this connection is shown in Figure 4(a) while the actual resistor connection is shown in Figure 4(b). Fill
out Table 4 with data obtained below.
iii. Calculate the value of the resistor Rx that will produce a terminal resistance RAB of 1.83KΩ.
iv. Obtain this resistor from the lab GTA and connect it into the network.
v. Apply the DMM to measure RAB.
vi. Calculate the variation in RAB from 1.42KΩ in (%).
(e) Combination 1 (Combo 1) connection. A combination connection of resistors in series and parallel is shown in
Figure 5. The schematic diagram of this connection is shown in Figure 5(a) while the actual resistor connection is
shown in Figures 5(b). Fill out Table 5 with data obtained below.
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ii. With the specified resistor value as the basis, calculate the resistor variation in per-cent (%).
(f) Combination 2 (Combo 2) connection. Yet another combination connection of resistors in series and parallel is
shown in Figure 6. The schematic diagram of this connection is shown in Figure 6(a) while the actual resistor
connection is shown in Figures 6(b). Fill out Table 6 with data obtained below.
ii. With the specified resistor value as the basis, calculate the resistor variation in per-cent (%).
III. Lab Report

• Title Page.
• Introduction.
• Procedure.
• Results.
• Discussions.
(a) Suggest useful applications for the connections studied in this experiment.
• Conclusion. Provide detailed comments and discussions on the items listed below for each resistor network.
(a) Are all resistors within tolerance? List those that are not.
(b) Account for the difference between measured RAB and calculated RAB (that is, the calculated variation or
tolerance of RAB).
(c) Explain how the variation in RAB corresponds to resistor tolerance.
(d) Explain how close the calculated values of Rx in the series/parallel and parallel/series connections are to
standard resistor values. Consider resistor tolerance.
• Appendix.
• References.
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Series Connection
1 2
R1 R2 A R1 R2
1 2
A
3.9K 2K
RAB R3 5.1K RAB R3
8.2K 1.2K
B
4 3 B R5 R4
R5 R4
4 3
(a) (b)
Figure 1
(a) Schematic for the series connection
(b) Component connection diagram
Table 1
Series connection
Resistor Specified value Measured value Variation

(Ri) (Ω) (Ω) (%)
R1 3.9K
R2 2K
R3 5.1K
R4 1.2K
R5 8.2K
Terminal Calculated value Measured value Variation

resistance (Ω) (Ω) (%)
RAB
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Parallel Connection
A
A
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
RAB RAB R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
10K 7.5K 15K 3.3K 2.2K
B
B
(a) (b)
Figure 2
(a) Schematic for the parallel connection
Table 2
Parallel connection

(Ri) (Ω) (Ω) (%)
R1 10K
R2 7.5K
R3 15K
R4 3.3K
R5 2.2K

RAB
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Series/Parallel Connection
R6
R3 75 R6
30 R3
R1 62
R1 R7
Rx 15 R7
2 R4 3
A 1 A Rx 1 2 R4 3
12 27 82
R2 R8
R2 56 R8
R5
RAB RAB
R5 R9
91
R9
B B
(a) (b)

Figure 3
(a) Schematic for the series/parallel connection
Table 3
Series/parallel connection

(Ri) (Ω) (Ω) (%)
R1 15
R2 12
R3 30
R4 27
R5 56
R6 75
R7 62
R8 82
R9 91
Rx
Terminal Specified value Measured value Variation

RAB 84
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Parallel/Series Connection
R6
R6 7.5K 4
R3
A
R3 3.0K 4
R1 2 R7
A
R1 1.5K 2 R7 6.2K
RAB Rx 1 R4 2.7K 5 RAB Rx 1 R4 5
R2 1.2K 3 R8 8.2K
B
R2 3 R8
R5 5.6K 6
B
R9 9.1K R5 6
R9
(a) (b)
Figure 4
(a) Schematic for the parallel/series connection
Table 4
Parallel/series connection

(Ri) (Ω) (Ω) (%)
R1 1.5K
R2 1.2K
R3 3K
R4 2.7K
R5 5.6K
R6 7.5K
R7 6.2K
R8 8.2K
R9 9.1K
Rx
Terminal Specified value Measured value Variation

RAB 1.83K
Combo 1 Connection
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R1 1 R9 5
A
200 1.2K
R3 R4 R5 R11 1K
3.6K 1.2K 1.8K
R15 2K
2 6
R12 R13
RAB R6 1.3K 9
1.5K 3K
3
R16 1K
7
R7 R8 R14 1K
2.2K 2.2K
1.3K 300
B
R2 4 R10 8
Figure 5
(a) Schematic for Combo 1 connection
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Table 5
Combo 1 connection

(Ri) (Ω) (Ω) (%)
R1 200
R2 1.3K
R3 3.6K
R4 1.2K
R5 1.8K
R6 1.3K
R7 2.2K
R8 2.2K
R9 1.2K
R10 300
R11 1K
R12 1.5K
R13 3K
R14 1K
R15 2K
R16 1K

RAB
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Combo 2 connection
R1 1
A
47K
R2 R3 120K R9 10K R13 R14 150K

30K 100K
2
4 7
RAB R4 R5 30K R10 R11 100K R15 15K
20K 300K
3 8
5
R6 R7 30K R12 15K R16 75K

15K
R8
B
22K 6
Figure 6
(a) Schematic for Combo 2 connection
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Table 6
Combo 2 connection

(Ri) (Ω) (Ω) (%)
R1 47K
R2 30K
R3 120K
R4 20K
R5 30K
R6 15K
R7 30K
R8 22K
R9 10K
R10 300K
R11 100K
R12 15K
R13 100K
R14 150K
R15 15K
R16 75K

RAB
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Lab Experiment No. 3 Ohm’s Law
I. Introduction
• how to connect the DMM to network elements,
• how to generate a VI plot,
• the verification of Ohm’s law, and
• the calculation of element power.

Schematic diagrams for resistive networks N1 through N5 are shown in Figures 1 through 5 on the following pages.
Current directions for each element are shown with line arrows. The actual element connections are also shown.
The correct way to connect the DMM as an ammeter (AM) and as a voltmeter (VM) is shown in Figure 1(c) for
reference.
(a) Resistor VI plot. In network N1, the 10KΩ resistor R1 is connected to the Agilent E3620A power supply. The
supply voltage V1 is to be varied from 0 volts to 20 volts with the voltage steps shown in Table 1.
i. Measure and record the value of R1. Place the value in Table 1 where indicated.
ii. Use the digital multi-meter (DMM) to measure the voltage across and the current through R1 for each value
of V1. Record these measurements in Table 1 where indicated.
iii. Use Excel to generate a graph of VR1 (linear scale vertical axis) plotted against IR1 (linear scale horizontal
axis). Calculate the value of the slope of this plot and compare to the measured value of R1. Calculate the
difference in percent (DiffR1) between these two values with the measured value as the base. Record these
values in Table 1 where indicated.
(b) Verification of Ohm’s law. Networks N2 through N5 contain various combinations of resistors and voltage
sources. Data tables are provided for each network.
i. For each network, use the digital multi-meter (DMM) to measure the voltage across and the current through
each element (dc voltage sources and resistors), and the value of each resistor. Record these measurements
in the tables where indicated. Again, the correct way to connect the DMM as an ammeter (AM) and as a
voltmeter (VM) is shown in Figure 1(c).
ii. Verify the validity of Ohm’s law by calculating each resistor current from its measured voltage and the
measured value of its resistance. That is, from Ohm’s law,
VRi  meas 
I Ri  calc   (1)
Ri  meas 
where VRi(meas) is the voltage measured across resistor Ri in volts (V), Ri(meas) is the measured value of
Ri’s resistance in ohms (Ω), and IRi(calc) is the calculated value in amps (A) of the current through Ri.
Record these calculated values in the tables where indicated.
iii. Verify the accuracy of Ohm’s law by calculating the percent difference (DiffI) between the measured
resistor current (IRi(meas)) and calculated current (IRi(calc)) with the measured value as the base. In other
words
I Ri  calc   I Ri  meas 
Diff I  %   100% (2)
I Ri  meas 
Record these differences in the tables where indicated.

iv. Calculate the power dissipated by each resistor and delivered to or from each voltage source. The power in
Watts (W) delivered to a network element e is computed from
Pe  Ve  I e (3)
where Ve is the voltage drop across e, Ie is the current through e, and Pe is the power delivered to the
element. If Pe is negative, power is delivered from the element to the network. Calculate Pe using
measured variables. Record these powers in the tables where indicated.
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III. Lab Report
• Title Page.
• Introduction.
• Procedure.
• Results.
• Discussions.
(a) Suggest useful applications for Ohm’s law as studied in this experiment.
• Conclusion.
(a) Are all measured and calculated currents within resistor tolerance? List those that are not.
(b) Explain how resistor variations produce differences between measured and calculated currents.
(c) Which method of determining resistor currents (measurement versus calculation) yields more accurate
results? Explain.
(d) Which method is more convenient? Explain.
(e) Explain how you would convince your boss (via a sales pitch) to use on method over the other. Strengthen
your sales pitch with solid engineering practice and mathematical reasoning.
• Appendix.
• References.
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IV. Resistive Networks
1. Network N1.
1
Agilent E3620A
V1 V2
V1 R1 10K
N1 2
R1
1 2
(a) (b)
DMM
(AM)
IV1 1
IR1 DMM
(AM)
DMM
(VM)
VV1 V1
R1
VR1 DMM
10K (VM)
2
(c)
Figure 1
(a) Network N1
(b) Component connections
(c) DMM connections
Table 1
Measured variables from N1
V1 (V) VR1 (V) IR1 (A)
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
R1(meas) Slope of VI plot DiffR1

(Ω) (Ω) (%)
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2. Network N2.
Agilent E3620A
1 R1 2 V1 V2
1K
V1 9V R2 2K 1 4
R3
R1 R3
4 3K 3
N2
2 3
R2
(a) (b)
Figure 2
(a) Network N2
Table 2
N2 measured and calculated variables
Specified Measure Ve(meas) Ie(meas) Ie(calc) DiffI Pe

Element
value value (V) (A) (A) (%) (W)
R1 1KΩ
R2 2KΩ
R3 3KΩ
V1 9V N/A N/A
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3. Network N3.
Agilent E3620A
V1 V2
1
R1 R2 R3
V1 5V
R1
300K 150K 120K
1 R2 2
N3 2
R3
(a) (b)
Figure 3
(a) Network N3
Table 3

Element
R1 300KΩ
R2 150KΩ
R3 120KΩ
V1 5V N/A N/A
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4. Network N4.
1
Agilent E3620A
V1 V2
V1 3V R1 47K
2 R3 100K
V2 5V R2 20K 1 R1 R2 3
2
3 R3
N4
(a) (b)
Figure 4
(a) Network N4
Table 4

Element
R1 47KΩ
R2 20KΩ
R3 100KΩ
V1 3V N/A N/A
V2 5V N/A N/A
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5. Network N5.
Agilent E3620A
V1 V2
1 R1 2 R2 3
10K 30K
V1 10V R3 3K 15V V2 2

1 R1 R2 3
N5 4 R3
(a) (b)
Figure 5
(a) Network N5
Table 5

Element
R1 10KΩ
R2 30KΩ
R3 3KΩ
V1 10V N/A N/A
V2 15V N/A N/A
- 48 -

Lab Experiment No. 4 Kirchhoff’s Laws
I. Introduction
• how to read schematic diagrams of electronic networks,
• how to draw and use network graphs,
• how to transform schematics into actual component connections,
• correct ways to layout a breadboard connection of a network,
• how to connect the DMM to network components, and
• the verification of KCL and KVL.

Four resistive networks N1 through N4 are shown on the following pages. Each network is accompanied with its
oriented graph, a simplified connection diagram, and a photo of its suggested breadboard layout. Your job in this
lab experiment is to fill out the three tables included with each network with the following data: (where ‘x’ denotes
the network number; eg, x = 1 for network 1, x = 2 for network 2, etc.)
(a) Table x.1 (variable map) – measure and record
i. the value of each network element,
ii. the voltage across each network element with node polarities, and
iii. the current through each voltage source with node polarities.
(b) Table x.1 (variable map) – calculate and record
i. the current through each resistor using Ohm’s law, and
ii. the power dissipated by each element.
(c) Table x.2 (KCL) – calculate and record
i. the total current into each node,
ii. the total current out of each node, and
iii. verification of KCL at each node.
(d) Table x.3 (KVL) – calculate and record
i. the total clockwise voltage drop around each circuit,
ii. the total counter clockwise voltage drop around each circuit, and
iii. verification of KVL for each circuit.
III. Lab Report

• Title Page.
• Introduction.
• Procedure.
• Results.
• Discussions.
(a) Comment with respect to accuracy versus convenience on the application of Ohm’s law to determine
element current.
• Conclusion. Provide detailed comments and discussions on the items listed below for each resistor network.
(a) Does the total power dissipated equal the total power supplied? Explain why or why not.
(b) Are the network laws KCL and KVL verified? Explain any discrepancies.
• Appendix.
• References.
- 49 -

IV. Resistor Networks
Network N1
1 v1 Agilent E3620A
V1 V2
V1 10V R1 1K eV1 eR1
G1 R1
2 v2 1K
N1
1 2
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1.1
(a) Network N1
(b) Graph G1 of N1
(c) Component connections
Figure 1.2
Breadboard layout of N1
- 50 -

Table 1.1
Voltage, current, and power map for N1
Element voltage Element current
Nodes Nodes
Specified Measured Measured Calculated Element
Element value value + − value (V) + − value (A) power (W)
R1 1KΩ
V1 10V 1 2
Table 1.2
Kirchhoff current law
Total current Total current KCL

Node
into (Iin) (A) out of (Iout) (A) (Iin – Iout) (A)
1
Table 1.3
Kirchhoff voltage law
Total cw voltage Total ccw voltage KVL

Circuit
drop (Vcw) (V) drop (Vccw) (V) (Vcw – Vccw) (V)
V1, R1
- 51 -

Network N2
1 R1 2 eR1 Agilent E3620A

v1 v2
V1 V2
1K
R2 2K eV1 eR2
V1 9V
R3 1 4
v4 eR3 v3
4 3K 3
N2 G2 R1 R3
(a) (b) 2 3
R2
(c)
Figure 2.1
(a) Network N2
(b) Graph G2 of N2
Figure 2.2
- 52 -

Table 2.1
Nodes Nodes
R1 1KΩ
R2 2KΩ
R3 3KΩ
V1 9V 1 4
Table 2.2

Node
1
Table 2.3

Circuit
V1, R1,
R2, R3
- 53 -

Network N3
1 R1 2 R2 3
v1 eR1 v2 eR2 v3
3.9K 1.2K
V1 15V R5 12K R3 9.1K eV1 eR5 eR3
R6 R4
v6 eR6 v eR4 v4
5
6 4.7K 5 2.2K 4 G3
N3
(a) (b)
Agilent E3620A
V1 V2
1 6
R1 R6
2 R5 5
R2 R4
R3
3 4
(c)
Figure 3.1
(a) Network N3
(b) Graph G3 of N3
Figure 3.2
- 54 -

Table 3.1
Nodes Nodes
R1 3.9KΩ
R2 1.2KΩ
R3 9.1KΩ
R4 2.2KΩ
R5 12KΩ
R6 4.7KΩ
V1 15V 1 6
Table 3.2

Node
1
Table 3.3

Circuit
V1, R1,
R5, R6
R5, R2,
R3, R4
V1, R1,
R2, R3,
R4, R6
- 55 -

Network N4
eV1
V1 5V
R2 2 R3
1 3 eR2 v2 eR3
v1 v3
82K 47K
R1 220K V2 10V R4 150K eV2 eR4

eR1
R6 R5 eR6 eR5
6 5
v6 v4
4 v5
3.3K 12K
R7
eR7
N4 4.7K G4
(a) (b)
Agilent E3620A
V1 V2
3
1 R3 2
R2
R1 R4
6 R7 R5
4 5
R6
(c)
Figure 4.1
(a) Network N4
(b) Graph G4 of N4
- 56 -

Figure 4.2
Table 4.1
Nodes Nodes
R1 220KΩ
R2 82KΩ
R3 47KΩ
R4 150KΩ
R5 12KΩ
R6 3.3KΩ
R7 4.7KΩ
V1 5V 1 3
V2 10V 2 5
- 57 -

Table 4.2

Node
1
Table 4.3

Circuit
R1, R2,
V2, R6
V2, R3,
R4, R5
R2, V1, R3
R6, R5, R7
- 58 -

Lab Experiment No. 5 Voltage and Current Maps
I. Introduction
The purpose of this lab is to gain additional familiarity with making measurements on electrical networks. The
experiments involved in this lab address the following topics –
(a) reading and understanding a schematic diagram,
(b) proper layout of a network on a breadboard,
(c) application of electronic test equipment to make voltage and current measurements,
(d) generation of a voltage, current, and power map of a network under test (NUT), and
(e) performing the least number of measurements necessary to generate the map.
The theory and equations associated with these experiments are covered in your class notes. Your job in this session is
to build and apply two measurement methods on each of the given networks in order to expand your hands-on
experience in working with networks and test equipment. For each network included, make use of the parts supplied by
the GTA, and the DMM and dc power supply located on the lab bench.
II. Breadboard construction and network measurements

The schematics for three resistive networks are shown in Figures 1 through 3. Node ‘0’ is the designated ground or
reference node for each network. Each network has three corresponding data tables that are to be filled out. You are to
perform the following tasks.
(a) Direct measurement method
i. Build the network on your breadboard with particular attention paid to strict layout procedures.
ii. Measure with the DMM the resistance of each resistor and record it in Table xx1(a) in the column where
indicated.
iii. Power the network with the dc power supply set to the specified voltage indicated on the schematic.
iv. Use the DMM to measure the voltage drop across each resistor and label on the schematic with a positive sign
(+) the resistor’s positive terminal. Record the voltage reading in Table xx(a) where indicated.
v. Complete Table xx(a) entries by computing with Ohm’s law the current through (use the measured resistor
values in Table xx(a)) and the power dissipated by each resistor. Use KCL to compute the current through and
the power dissipated by the power supply.
(b) Indirect (node) measurement method
i. Using the same network breadboard layout in (a), measure the voltage at each node (Vni) with respect to the
ground node (node ‘0’) and record in Table xx(b) where indicated. Label on the schematic the polarity of the
node voltage with a positive (+) or negative (–) sign.
ii. Apply KVL to the node voltages to calculate the voltage across each network resistor. Record the KVL
expression and resistor voltage in Table xx(c).
iii. Complete the entries in Table xx(c) by computing with Ohm’s law the current through (use the measured
resistor values in Table xx(a)) and the power dissipated by each resistor. Use KCL to compute the current
through and the power dissipated by the power supply.
III. An example
An example network is worked with the results presented in Tables at the end of this lab statement. Node ‘B’ is the
designated ground node for this network.
IV. Comparisons, comments and conclusions

Compare the voltages, currents and power dissipation in Tables xx(a) and xx(c) for each network. Make comments on
which measurement method is more efficient, practical and easier to perform.

1
‘xx’ refers to the Figure number; ‘1’ for Figure 1, ‘2’ for Figure 2, etc.
- 59 -

Network N1
R1 R2
1 2 3
33K 47K
R5 56K
R7 22K R3 12K
5
Eps 10V
R6 R4
0
6 4
N1 68K 18K
Figure 1
Resistive network N1
Table 1(a)
Variable map for network N1 from direct measurements
Spec Measured
Component VRi (V) IRi (A) PRi (W)
value value
R1 33KΩ
R2 47KΩ
R3 12KΩ
R4 18KΩ
R5 56KΩ
R6 68KΩ
R7 22KΩ
Eps 10V
Table 1(b)
Node-to-ground voltages
Node i Vni (V)
1
2
3
4
5
6
- 60 -

Table 1(c)
Variable map for N1 from node measurements
Component KVL VRi (V) IRi (A) PRi (W)
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
Eps
- 61 -

Network N2
R7
10K
R1 R2
1 2 3
47K 33K
Eps R8 R9
15V R5 20K R3 68K

82K 8.2K
R6 R4
0
5 4
13K 39K
N2
Figure 2
Table 2(a)
Spec Measured
value value
R1 47KΩ
R2 33KΩ
R3 68KΩ
R4 39KΩ
R5 20KΩ
R6 13KΩ
R7 10KΩ
R8 82KΩ
R9 8.2KΩ
Eps 15V
Table 2(b)
Node i Vni (V)
1
2
3
4
5
- 62 -

Table 2(c)
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
Eps
- 63 -

Network N3
R1
1 4
100
R4
Eps1 12V
1.2K R8
2.4K
R2 R7
0 3
6 R5 1.8K
120 2.7K
2.4K
1.2K R9
Eps2 12V
R6
R3
2 100 5
Figure 3
Table 3(a)
Spec Measured
value value
R1 100Ω
R2 120Ω
R3 100Ω
R4 1.2KΩ
R5 1.8KΩ
R6 1.2KΩ
R7 2.7KΩ
R8 2.4KΩ
R9 2.4KΩ
Eps1 12V
Eps2 12V
Table 3(b)
Node i Vni (V)
1
2
3
4
5
6
- 64 -

Table 3(c)
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
Eps
- 65 -

Example Network
R1 R2
A 1 4
10K 3.3K
Vps
56K R5 680 R3
10V
R6 R4
B
2 3
56K 51K
Figure 4
Example resistive network
Table 4(a)
Variable map for the example network from direct measurements
Spec Measured
value value
R1 10KΩ 9.832KΩ 1.07043 108.87µ 116.53µ
R2 47KΩ 3.2473KΩ 0.17961 55.31µ 9.934µ
R3 12KΩ 674.49Ω 37.316m 55.32µ 2.064µ
R4 18KΩ 49.938KΩ 2.7577 55.22µ 152.29µ
R5 56KΩ 55.538KΩ 2.9745 53.56µ 159.3µ
R6 68KΩ 55.405kΩ 6.0255 108.75µ 655.29µ
Vps 10V 10.09V 10.09 -108.75µ -1.0972m
Table 4(b)
Node i Vni (V)
1 9.0
2 6.0255
3 8.7832
4 8.8205
A 10.09
- 66 -

Table 4(c)
Variable map for example network from node measurements
R1 V A – V1 1.09 110.86µ 120.84µ

R2 V 1 – V4 0.17948 55.27µ 9.919µ
R3 V 4 – V3 37.316m 55.32µ 2.064µ
R4 V 3 – V2 2.7577 55.22µ 152.29µ
R5 V 1 – V2 2.9745 53.55µ 159.3µ
R6 V2 6.0255 108.75µ 655.29µ
Eps VA 10.09 (-IR1) -108.97µ -1.0985m
- 67 -

Lab Experiment No. 6 Network Theorems – Part 1
I. Introduction
The purpose of this lab is to gain familiarity with several important Electrical Engineering theorems. The experiments
performed in this lab involve the following concepts –
• voltage and current division,
• superposition theorem, and
• Thevenin’s theorem.
The theory and equations associated with these experiments are covered in your class notes. Your job in this session is
to investigate and apply the above theorems on resistive networks to provide a hands-on experience to the theory covered
in the lectures on these topics. For each of the networks given below, use the parts supplied by the GTA, and the DMM
and dc power supply located on the lab bench.
II. Experiment Procedures

Procedures for performing experiments on a collection of resistive networks are attached. These experiments involve the
theory and applications covered in the lecture on voltage and current division, superposition, and Thevenin’s equivalent.
In your lab report, provide detailed answers and discussions to the following –
• Discussion.
(a) With respect to resistor tolerance, are the results of the measurements within tolerance to calculated values
using specified component values?
(b) Explain reasons for any discrepancies between calculated and measured results.
(c) How useful are these theorems and operations? Can you think of any specific applications?
- 68 -

III. Voltage Division
Part A. Voltage divider network N1.
1. Build network N1 shown in Figure 1 on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA.
2. Measure the values of the voltage source Eg1 and each resistor with the DMM and record in Table 1(a) where
indicated.
3. Use the voltage divider operation to do the following:
a. calculate voltages V1 through V3 using the specified values for the components and record in Table 1(b),
b. calculate the voltages using the measured values for the components and record values in Table 1(b),
c. measure with the DMM the voltages on the N1 and record in Table 1(b), and
d. calculate the difference in percent (%) between the voltages measured from the network (3c) and those
calculated with specified component values (3a) as the basis, and record in Table 1(b).
4. Provide comments on the accuracy of the voltage divider network N1 for generating precise voltage values with
respect to resistor tolerance.
R1 R3
R2 15K V1
30K 10K
R4 R5
Eg1 12V V2
30K 15K
R6 15K V3
N1
Figure 1
Network N1
Table 1(a)
N1 component values
Component Specified value Measured value
Eg1 12V
R1 30KΩ
R2 15KΩ
R3 10KΩ
R4 30KΩ
R5 15KΩ
R6 15KΩ
- 69 -

Table 1(b)
N1 voltage values
Calculated from Calculated from
specified R values measured R values Measured from N1 Difference
Voltage (V) (V) (V) (%)
V1
V2
V3
- 70 -

Part B. Application of voltage division.
1. Build network N2 shown in Figure 2(a) on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA.
2. Measure the values of each resistor with the DMM and record in Table 2(a) where indicated.
3. Use resistor combination operations to do the following:
a. calculate the value of the resistance at terminals A-B of N2 (RAB) using specified component values and
record in Table 2(b),
b. calculate the value of RAB using measured component values and record in Table 2(b), and,
c. use the DMM to measure the value of RAB and record in Table 2(b).
4. Connect terminals A-B of N2 to the 10V source and RG as shown in Figure 2(b) and do the following:
a. select a specified value of RG to be as close as possible to that of the calculated value of RAB; record this
value in Table 2(c),
b. obtain this resistor from the GTA, measure its value, measure the value of EG, and record in Table 2(c),
c. measure the voltage VAB across terminals A-B of N2 and record in Table 2(c),
d. apply the voltage divider operation to calculate the value of RAB using the measured values of EG, RG,
and VAB; record in Table 2(c), and
e. calculate the difference in percent between RAB’s DMM measured value (3c) and RAB’s value
calculated from the voltage divider operation (4d), use the DMM value as the basis; record in Table
2(c).
5. Provide comments on the accuracy of voltage division for calculating network input resistance with respect to
resistor tolerance.
R1 1 R3 2
A
15K 2K
R2 30K R5 10K
RAB 30K R4 24K R6
R9 R8 R7
B 3
10K 5 7.5K 4 2K
N2
(a)
RG
A
EG 10V VAB N2
(b)
Figure 2
(a) Network N2
(b) Voltage divider with N2
- 71 -

Table 2(a)
N2 component values
R1 15KΩ
R2 30KΩ
R3 2KΩ
R4 30KΩ
R5 24KΩ
R6 10KΩ
R7 2KΩ
R8 7.5KΩ
R9 10KΩ
Table 2(b)
RAB from N2 (Figure 2(a))
Condition RAB (Ω)
Calculated from specified R values
Calculated from measured R values
RAB measured with DMM
Table 2(c)
RAB from voltage division (Figure 2(b))
RG specified RG measured EG measured VAB measured RAB calculated Difference

(Ω) (Ω) (V) (V) (Ω) (%)
- 72 -

IV. Current Division
R-2R current divider network N3.
1. Build R-2R network N3 shown in Figure 3 on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA.
2. Apply the current division operation to calculate values for the currents listed on the schematic and record in
Table 3. Use specified resistor and voltage source values in these calculations.
3. Measure with the DMM these currents and record their values in Table 3.
4. Calculate the difference in percent (%) between the currents measured from the network (3) and those
calculated with specified component values (2) as the basis, and record in Table 3 where indicated.
5. Provide comments on the accuracy of the current divider network N1 for providing precise binary-weighted
currents resistor scaling and tolerance.
RG1 1K
IG R2 R4 R6
RG2 1K I1 1K I3 1K I5 1K I7 I8
EG 24V R1 2K R3 2K R5 2K R7 2K R8

2K
N3
Figure 3
R-2R network N3
Table 3
N3 currents
Calculated from current Measured from N3 Difference

Current division (A) (A) (%)
IG
I1
I3
I5
I7
I8
- 73 -

V. Superposition
Part A. Network N4.
2. Measure the values of each resistor with the DMM and record in Table 4(a) where indicated.
3. Perform the following operations.
a. With EG1 turned on and operating, measure its value and record in Table 4(a) then turn off voltage source
EG2 by removing it from the connection and replacing it with a short circuit,
i. calculate voltage VAB using the specified component values and record in Table 4(b),
ii. calculate voltage VAB using the measured component values and record in Table 4(b),
iii. measure with the DMM voltage VAB from the breadboard and record in Table 4(b), and
iv. calculate the difference in percent (%) between VAB measured and VAB calculated with specified
component values as the basis, and record in Table 4(b).
b. With EG2 turned on and operating, measure its value and record in Table 4(a) then turn off voltage source
EG1 by removing it from the connection and replacing it with a short circuit,
i. calculate voltage VAB using the specified component values and record in Table 4(b),
ii. calculate voltage VAB using the measured component values and record in Table 4(b),
iii. measure with the DMM voltage VAB from the breadboard and record in Table 4(b), and
iv. calculate the difference in percent (%) between VAB measured and VAB calculated with specified
component values as the basis, and record in Table 4(b).
c. Apply the superposition theorem to
i. calculate the total voltage for VAB by adding the values calculated from specified component values,
record in Table 4(b), and
ii. calculate the total voltage for VAB by adding the values calculated from measured component values,
record in Table 4(b).
d. With EG1 and EG2 turned on and operating,
i. measure the total voltage VAB directly from N4, and
ii. calculate the difference in percent (%) between the total VAB measured from N4 (3di) and the total
VAB calculated with specified component values (3ci) as the basis, and record in Table 4(b).
4. Provide comments on the accuracy of superposition for providing precise voltage measurements and on the
ease of making these measurements.
R1 R2
A
30K 15K
R3
EG1 14V VAB EG2 14V
7.5K
N4
Figure 4
Network N4
- 74 -

Table 4(a)
N4 component values
EG1 14V
EG2 14V
R1 30KΩ
R2 15KΩ
Table 4(b)
N4 voltages
Calculated from Calculated from
specified R values measured R values Measured from N4 Difference
Voltage (V) (V) (V) (%)
VAB (EG2 = 0)
VAB (EG1 = 0)
VAB (total)
- 75 -

Part B. Network N5.
2. Perform the operations similar to those performed in Part A.
a. With EG1 turned on and operating, turn off voltage source EG2 by removing it from the connection and
replacing it with a short circuit, measure voltages VAB and VCD, and record in the first column of Table 5.
b. With EG2 turned on and operating, turn off voltage source EG1 by removing it from the connection and
replacing it with a short circuit, measure voltages VAB and VCD, and record in the second column of Table
5.
c. Apply the superposition theorem to calculate total measured values for VAB and VCD, and record in the
third column of Table 5.
d. With EG1 and EG2 turned on and operating, measure VAB and VCD directly from N5, and record in the fourth
column of Table 5.
e. Calculate the difference in percent (%) between VAB and VCD measured directly from N5 (fourth column)
and VAB and VCD calculated from superposition (third column) with the measured values as the basis.
Record in the last column of Table 5.
3. Provide comments on the accuracy of superposition for providing precise voltage measurements and on the
ease of making these measurements.
R1
1K
EG1
R2
A
D
N5 8.2K
15V
R3 5.1K R4 6.8K R5 4.7K
EG2
R6
C
3.9K B
12V
R7
2.7K
Figure 5
Network N5
Table 5
N5 voltages
Measured with Measured with Total from Total
EG2 = 0 EG1 = 0 superposition measurement Difference
Voltage (V) (V) (V) (V) (%)
VAB
VCD
- 76 -

VI. Thevenin’s Equivalent
Network N6.
2. Measure the values of the voltage sources and resistors with the DMM, and record in Table 6(a).
3. Apply basic network operations to do the following:
a. calculate values for the Thevenin’s voltage source ETH, Thevenin’s resistance RTH, and the current IL
through RL using the specified values of the components and record in Table 6(b),
b. calculate values for ETH, RTH, and IL using the measured values of the components and record in Table
6(b),
c. apply the DMM on N6 to measure values for ETH, RTH, and IL and record in Table 6(b), and
d. calculate the difference in percent (%) between ETH, RTH, and IL measured from the network (c) and those
calculated with specified resistor values (a) as the basis, and record in Table 6b where indicated.
4. Provide comments on the accuracy and convenience of Thevenin’s equivalent for providing precise resistor
currents connected as loads to the network.
R1 R2
30K A 15K
RL
EG1 20V 10V EG2
7.5K
N6 15K B 30K
R3 R4
(a)
RTH
RL
ETH
7.5K
B
N6TH
(b)
Figure 6
(a) Network N6
(b) Thevenin’s equivalent network
- 77 -

Table 6(a)
N6 component values
EG1 20V
EG2 10V
R1 30KΩ
R2 15KΩ
R3 15KΩ
R4 30KΩ
RL 7.5KΩ
Table 6(b)
N6 Thevenin’s equivalent
Calculated from Calculated from Difference

Component specified R values measured R values Measured from N6 (%)
ETH
RTH
IL
- 78 -

Lab Experiment No. 7 Cooling Fan Control Circuit
I. Introduction
This lab experience involves a project rather than an experiment. The project is to build and test circuits that use a
thermistor to control temperature by activating a cooling fan.
II. The Thermistor: Theory of Operation

A thermistor is a resistor constructed from special material having a resistivity significantly sensitive to temperature
[1,2]. This material allows the resistance of the thermistor to exhibit a predictable variation over a wide range of
temperature. These devices are used as temperature sensors, current limiters, bias current compensators, and circuit
protectors. The resistance-temperature (RT) characteristics of thermistors are very non-linear. For example, the RT
characteristics of one class of thermistors is modeled with an exponential equation derived from the Steinhart-Hart
equation for [2]
1 1 
B   
Rt T   Rt To  e  T To 
(1)
In this equation, T is the ambient temperature in °K, To is the reference or nominal temperature (usually 300.15°K or
27°C), Rt(To) is thermistor resistance at the nominal temperature, and B is a model parameter in °K. The plot of a RT
curve for a typical thermistor with a nominal temperature resistance of 6KΩ for two values of B is shown in Figure 1.
Over small ranges of temperature, the RT curve exhibits a near straight-line behavior. In these ranges, the resistance of a
thermistor can be approximated with a first-order relationship to temperature modeled by
 TCR
Rt T   Rt To  1  T  To  (2)
 100 
where TCR is the temperature coefficient in %/°C. If the TCR is positive, the thermistor is referred to as a positive
temperature coefficient (PTC) device and Rt increases as temperature increases. Conversely, if TCR is negative, then Rt
decreases with an increase in temperature and the thermistor is a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) device. The
TCR for a typical PTC thermistor is on the order of 0.2%/°C to 0.5%/°C while that for a NTC device is between –5%/°C
to –3%/°C.
III. Fan Control Circuits

There are two versions for the fan control circuit used in this project. The schematic of the first version (Ckt. 1) is
shown in Figure 2 where a 5KΩ NTC thermistor RT is connected to a 10KΩ trim pot (R1) to form a voltage divider.
The thermistor is placed next to an object (target) whose ambient temperature is to be regulated by the cooling fan.
The voltage from the divider provides the excitation (Vin) to the 555 timer which is configured as a Schmitt trigger
[3]. Assuming the currents into pins 2 and 6 of the 555 are very small, Vin is expressed as
Rt T 
Vin  VCC (3)
Rt T   R1
where Rt(T) is the temperature dependent resistance of RT. The output of the 555 (Vo) drives a pair of 2N3904 NPN
bipolar junction transistors (BJT) Q1 and Q2 to control a cooling fan and the light-emitting diode (LED) D1. The
LED provides visual indication of the fan’s condition. The voltage transfer curve (VTC) of the control circuit is
shown in Figure 3. At the target’s nominal operating temperature (To), Rt(To) is about 5KΩ such that Vin is slightly
larger than 8V which is the ‘high’ threshold voltage (VTH) of the Schmitt trigger. The value for Vin at To can be
adjusted by trimming R1. At this point, Vo is approximately equal to zero volts causing Q1 and Q2 to be turned off
such that the fan and LED are also turned off. As the target’s temperature begins to increase, Rt(T) begins to
decrease causing Vin to decrease as well. When Vin reaches the ‘low’ threshold voltage (VTL), the Schmitt trigger
changes state causing Vo to immediately increase to the supply voltage 12V. This voltage is large enough to cause
Q1 and Q2 to conduct, and to turn on the fan and the LED. By positioning the fan to direct a flow of cool air toward
the target, its temperature will begin to decrease such that Rt(T) and, consequently, Vin will start to increase. When
Vin reaches VTH, Vo immediately drops to zero volts which turns Q1 and Q2 off. As a result, the fan and LED are
also turned off to complete the operating cycle.
- 79 -

The schematic for the second version (Ckt. 2) of the control circuit is shown in Figure 4. In this circuit, the p-
channel junction field-effect transistor (PJFET) J1 and the 10KΩ trim pot R1 make a current source that forces
current into the thermistor RT. The operation of this circuit to control the cooling fan is basically identical to that of
the first version.
IV. Components and Instruments

The components and instruments required for this lab are listed below.
Components:
Resistors:
100Ω 1KΩ (2) 10KΩ trim pot NTC thermistor
Capacitors:
0.01µF (2) 10µF
Active devices:
IC: 555 timer NPN BJT: 2N3904 (2)
Red LED PJFET: J271
Instruments:
Power supply Multimeter
Agilent E3620A Agilent 34401A
Additional:
12V cooling fan Breadboard
Tool box Hook-up wire
V. Project Procedure
Both circuit versions described above are to be built and tested in the lab. The following tasks are to be performed.
(a) Download, store, and print data sheets for the components listed below
NTC502-RC thermistor (Xicon)
555 timer (Fairchild Semiconductor Corp. or National Semiconductor Corp.)
NPN BJT 2N3904 (Fairchild Semiconductor Corp.)
PJFET J271 (Fairchild Semiconductor Corp.)
(b) Obtain a fan from the GTA. Confirm the operation of the fan by connecting it to the Agilent E3620A power
supply. Connect the red lead to positive (+) and the black lead to negative (−). Adjust the voltage to 12V and
verify that the fan is operational. If the fan does not operate, obtain another from the GTA. (Note: Be sure to
return all fans to the GTA after the project is completed.)
(c) Build Ckt. 1 shown in Figure 2 on your breadboard. Follow the breadboard layout shown in the photo in Figure
5. Place the fan and thermistor connections at the far end of the breadboard for convenient access.
(d) With the power supply voltage Vps of 12V, adjust R1 such that Vin is slightly larger than 8V. Measure and
record Vin, and indicate that the fan and LED are off.
(e) Use a heat source (hair dryer) to blow hot air onto the thermistor. Measure and record Vin when the fan and
LED turn on. This voltage should be slightly less than 4V.
(f) Remove the heat source and direct the air flow from the fan onto the thermistor. Measure and record Vin as the
temperature of the thermistor decreases to nominal. As Vin exceeds 8V, the fan and LED should turn off.
(g) Repeat (c) through (f) for Ckt. 2 shown in Figure 4.
- 80 -

VI. References
[1] M. Sapoff and R.M. Oppenheim, “Theory and application of self-heated themistors,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 51, pp.
1292-1305, Oct. 1963.
[2] E.A. Boucher, “Theory and applications of thermistors,” Chemical Instrumentation, vol. 44, no. 11, pp.
A935-A966, Nov. 1967.
[3] S. Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 3rd Edition, The McGraw-
Hill Companies, Inc., New York, NY, 2002. (ISBN 0-07-232084-2)
3
1 10
100
Resistance (Kohms)
10
0.1
50 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
Temperature (C)
B = 3900K
B = 4100K
Figure 1
RT curve for a typical thermistor
Agilent
power supply
+VCC
red D1
fan red
10F
C1 LED
25V
black R4 100
R1 10K
trimpot 8 C2 0.01F C3 0.01F
Vps 2
555 Vo
Vin timer 3 Q1 Q2
R2 1K R3 1K
12V 6
RT 1
5K NTC
Rt(T) thermistor
Q1, Q2 - 2N3904
Figure 2
Fan control circuit Ckt. 1 with a
thermistor in a voltage divider
- 81 -

Vo
12V
fan on
hysteresis band
fan off
0V
0V VTL VTH 12V Vin

4V 8V
increasing <---- T ----> decreasing
Figure 3
Control circuit VTC
Agilent
power supply
+VCC
red D1
R1 10K
C1 fan red
trimpot
LED
10F black R4 100
25V
J1 8 C2 0.01F C3 0.01F
Vps 2
555 Vo
Vin 3 Q1 Q2
timer
R2 1K R3 1K
12V 6
1
RT
5K NTC
Rt(T) thermistor
J1 - J271 Q1, Q2 - 2N3904
Figure 4
Fan control circuit Ckt. 2with a
thermistor driven by a current source
- 82 -

Figure 5
Breadboard layout Ckt. 1
- 83 -

Lab Experiment No. 8 Audio Amplifier Networks
I. Introduction
The purpose of this lab session is to gain familiarity with several well-known audio amplifier circuits built with standard
operational amplifiers (op-amp). Your job in this session is to design (where necessary), build, test, and evaluate each of
these circuits in order to expand your hands-on experience in working with the devices. For each network listed below,
use TLC274 quad op-amps, standard 5% resistors, a ±5 volt dc power supply, and an ac signal generator. For
measurements, use ac voltmeters, DVMs, and oscilloscopes.
II. Components and Instruments

The components and instruments required for this lab are listed below.
Components:
Op-amp:
TLC274
Resistors
510Ω 5.1KΩ 10KΩ 18KΩ 20KΩ
30KΩ 39KΩ 51KΩ
10KΩ single-turn potentiometer
Instruments:
Function generator Oscilloscope
Agilent 33120A 15MHz Agilent 54621A 60MHz dual-channel
Power supply Multimeter
Agilent E3620A Agilent 34401A
Additional:
Breadboard
Tool box
Hook-up wire
Oscilloscope probes
III. Lab Assignment

Download from the internet the data sheet for the Texas Instrument’s TLC274 quad op-amp. You will need this
document for the device pin configuration. Use this op-amp to build and perform measurements on the following
amplifier networks.
A. Amplifier No. 1. The dual-output audio panpot amplifier (see problem 1.25 Ref .1) shown in Figure 1. Determine
the 1KHz voltage gain at each output as the pot RP is varied over its full range.
B. Amplifier No. 2. The bridge amplifier (see problem 1.74 Ref. 1, Ref. 2) shown in Figure 2. Design this amplifier
for a differential output voltage gain of 8. Determine the maximum undistorted peak-to-peak voltage swing across
the load resistor RL at 1KHz.
IV. References
1. S. Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 3rd Ed., The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., New York, NY, 2002, (ISBN 0-07-232084-2).
2. NSC data sheet, “LM4991, 3W Audio Power Amplifier with Shutdown Mode”, Audio Power Amplifier Series,
National Semiconductor Corporation, 2003.
- 84 -

R1L R3L R2L 20K
5K 10K
+5V
OAL VoL
left channel
-5V
RP
10K
Vin +5V
right channel
OAR VoR
-5V
5K 10K
R1R R3R R2R 20K

Figure 1
Audio panpot amplifier
R1a R2a
10K
+5V
Vo1
OA1
RL
-5V
Vin Vo
510
R1b R2b
Vo2
10K
+5V
OA2
-5V

Figure 2
Bridge amplifier
(aka Boomer Amplifier)
- 85 -

Appendix 1 Breadboard Layout Examples
EE 1205
Bread board layout techniques
September 13, 2008
HTR, Jr.
binding post binding post

(black) (red)
R3 1K R1 200K
R2
33K
Figure 1
Resistor network schematic
Figu re 2
Wrong way – off the board with loops
- 86 -

Figure 3
Right way - low to the board and tight
Figure 4
Right way – low to the board and even tighter
- 87 -

Breadboard layout examples
HTR, Jr.
February, 25, 2009
- 88 -

- 89 -

Appendix 2 Lab Measurement Example
Lab Measurement Example 1
R1 R2
A 1 4
10K 3.3K
Vps
56K R5 680 R3
10V
R6 R4
B 2 3
56K 51K
Figure 1
Network schematic
Figure 2
Breadboard layout
- 90 -

Table 1
Voltage, current, and power map
Nodes Nodes
R1 10KΩ 9.8251KΩ
R2 3.3KΩ 3.2624KΩ
R3 680Ω 684.22Ω
R4 51KΩ 50.294KΩ
R5 56KΩ 55.175KΩ
R6 56KΩ 55.158KΩ
Vps 10V A B
Table 2

Node
1
- 91 -

Table 3

Circuit
Vps, R1,
R5, R6
R5, R2, R3,

R4
Vps, R1,
R2, R3, R4,
R6
- 92 -

Lab Measurement Example 1
Solutions
R1 R2
A 1 4
10K 3.3K
Vps
56K R5 680 R3
10V
R6 R4
B 2 3
56K 51K
Figure 1
Network schematic
Figure 2
Breadboard layout
- 93 -

Table 1
Voltage, current, and power map
Nodes Nodes
R1 10KΩ 9.8251KΩ A 1 1.09245 A 1 111.1897µ 121.4692µ
R2 3.3KΩ 3.2624KΩ 1 4 0.18271 1 4 56.00478µ 10.23263µ
R3 680Ω 684.22Ω 4 3 38.073m 4 3 55.64438µ 2.118549µ
R4 51KΩ 50.294KΩ 3 2 2.8199 3 2 56.06832µ 158.1071µ
R5 56KΩ 55.175KΩ 1 2 3.0406 1 2 55.10829µ 167.5623µ
R6 56KΩ 55.158KΩ 2 B 6.1287 2 B 111.1117µ 680.9704µ
Vps 10V 10.0147V A B 10.2831 A B -111.4µ −1.145537m
Table 2

Node
(IR1) (IR2 + IR5) 76.63n

1
111.1897µ 111.1131µ (0.069%)
(IR4 + IR5) (IR6) 64.91n

2
111.1766µ 111.1117µ (0.058%)
(IR3) (IR4) −423.9366n

3
55.64438µ 56.06832µ (0.762%)
(IR2) (IR3) 360.4n

4
56.00478µ 55.64438µ (0.648%)
(IR1 + Ips) 210.3n

A 0
−210.3n (0.189%)
(Ips + IR6) −288.3nA

B 0
-288.3n (0.259%)
- 94 -

Table 3

Circuit
(VR1 + VR5 + VR6) (Vps) −21.35m

Vps, R1, R5, R6
10.26175 10.2831 (0.208%)
(VR2 + VR3 + VR4) (VR5) 83µ

R5, R2, R3, R4
3.040683 3.0406 (0.0027%)
Vps, R1, R2, R3, (VR1 + VR2 + VR3 + VR4 + VR6) (Vps) −21.267m
R4, R6 10.26183 10.2831 (0.207%)
R1 R2
A 1 4
10K 3.3K
Vps
56K R5 680 R3
10V
R6 R4
B 2 3
56K 51K
Figure 3
Oriented network schematic
Total power dissipated by resistors (delivered to resistors) = 1.14046mW

Total power delivered by the power supply = 1.145537mW
Absolute difference (%) = 5.076µW (0.445%)
- 95 -

Appendix 3 Bills of Material
Lab 2 BOM
Lab 2 bill of materials (BOM) – resistor values
12Ω 200Ω 1KΩ (3) 10KΩ (2) 100KΩ (2)

15Ω 300Ω 1.2KΩ (4) 15KΩ (4) 120KΩ
27Ω 1.3KΩ (2) 20KΩ 150KΩ
30Ω 1.5KΩ (2) 22KΩ 300KΩ
56Ω 1.8KΩ 30KΩ (3)
62Ω 2KΩ (2) 47KΩ
75Ω 2.2KΩ (3) 75KΩ
82Ω 2.7KΩ
91Ω 3KΩ (2)
3.3KΩ
3.6KΩ
3.9KΩ
5.1KΩ
5.6KΩ
6.2KΩ
7.5KΩ (2)
8.2KΩ (2)
9.1KΩ
Other –
47Ω
4.7KΩ
- 96 -

Lab 3 BOM
Network N1:
1KΩ
Network N2:
1KΩ 2KΩ 3KΩ
Network N3:
120KΩ 150KΩ 300KΩ
Network N4:
20KΩ 47KΩ 100KΩ
Network N5:
3KΩ 10KΩ 30KΩ
- 97 -

Lab 4 BOM
Lab experiment No. 4

resistor list
Network N1 Network N2 Network N3 Network N4

1K 1K 1.2K 3.3K
2K 2.2K 4.7K
3K 3.9K 12K
4.7K 47K
9.1K 82K
12K 150K
220K
- 98 -

Lab 5 BOM

resistor list
Network N1 Network N2 Network N3

12K 8.2K 100 (2)
18K 10K 120
22K 13K 1.2K (2)
33K 20K 1.8K
47K 33K 2.4K (2)
56K 39K 2.7K
68K 47K
68K
82K
- 99 -

Lab 6 BOM

resistor list
Voltage divider networks:

Network N1 Network N2
10K 2K (2)
15K (3) 7.5K
30K (2) 10K (2)
15K
24K
30K (2)
Current divider network:

Network N3
1K (5)
2K (5)
Superposition networks:
Network N4 Network N5
7.5K 1K
15K 2.7K
30K 3.9K
4.7K
5.1K
6.8K
8.2K
Thevenin’s equivalent networks:

(Same as N4 and N5)
- 100 -

Lab 7 BOM
Lab 7 bill of materials (BOM) – component and resistor values
Resistors:
100Ω 1KΩ (2) 10KΩ trim pot NTC thermistor
Capacitors:
0.01µF (2) 10µF
Active devices:
IC: 555 timer NPN BJT: 2N3904 (2)
Red LED PJFET: J271
Additional:
12V cooling fan
- 101 -

Lab 8 BOM
Lab 8 bill of materials (BOM) – component and resistor values
Lab 8 Bill of Materials
Part Description Count

TLC274, quad CMOS op-amp, plastic
Op-amp 1
encapsulated
Resistor 510Ω, 1/4W, 5%, carbon film resistor 1
Resistor 5.1KΩ, 1/4W, 5%, carbon film resistor 2
Resistor 10KΩ, 1/4W, 5%, carbon film resistor 10
Pot 10KΩ, 1/4W, single turn potentiometer 1
Misc. Wire
- 102 -

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EE 1205

Electrical Engineering Department University of Texas at Arlington

Lab Meeting No. 1 Introduction to EE Labs …………………………………………..2

Lab Experiment No. 1 Resistors and Resistor Color Bands .............................................30

Lab Experiment No. 2 Resistor Connections …..………………………………………..32

Lab Experiment No. 3 Ohm’s Law ……………………………………………………...42

Lab Experiment No. 4 Kirchhoff’s Laws ……………………………………………….49

Lab Experiment No. 5 Voltage and Current Maps .……………………………………..59

Lab Experiment No. 6 Network Theorems – Part 1 ……………………………………..68

Lab Experiment No. 7 Cooling Fan Control Circuit ……………………………………..79

Lab Experiment No. 8 Audio Amplifier Networks .……………………………………..84

Appendix 1 Breadboard Layout Examples ………….………………………..86

Appendix 2 Lab Measurement Example …………….………………………..90

Appendix 3 Bills of Material …………….………….………………………..96

II. Lab Orientation

III. Tools and Tool Box (Attachment A)

IV. Lab Instruments (Attachment B)

V. Cables, Connectors, Probes, and Wires

VII. Lab Report Format (Attachment D)

VIII. Useful Web Sites

Tools and the Tool Box

Component Example Brand Example Source Price ($)

H-Tools (cutter and

Date experiment performed: June 7, 2010

Date Lab Report submitted: June 14, 2010

Student name: Howard T. Russell, Jr.

Student ID: 1000xxxxxxxxx

II. Experiment Procedure

Measured value  Color band value

III. Lab Report

IV. Resistor Data

Color band Color Color

Rb* 5 red orange violet red brown 23.7K ±1 23.8K +0.42

II. Experiment Procedure

III. Lab Report

RAB R3 5.1K RAB R3

Resistor Specified value Measured value Variation

Terminal Calculated value Measured value Variation

Resistor Specified value Measured value Variation

Terminal Calculated value Measured value Variation

Resistor Specified value Measured value Variation

Terminal Specified value Measured value Variation

RAB Rx 1 R4 2.7K 5 RAB Rx 1 R4 5

Resistor Specified value Measured value Variation

Terminal Specified value Measured value Variation

Resistor Specified value Measured value Variation

Terminal Calculated value Measured value Variation

R2 R3 120K R9 10K R13 R14 150K

R6 R7 30K R12 15K R16 75K

Resistor Specified value Measured value Variation

Terminal Calculated value Measured value Variation

II. Experiment Procedure

Record these differences in the tables where indicated.

V1 (V) VR1 (V) IR1 (A)

R1(meas) Slope of VI plot DiffR1

Specified Measure Ve(meas) Ie(meas) Ie(calc) DiffI Pe

Specified Measure Ve(meas) Ie(meas) Ie(calc) DiffI Pe

Specified Measure Ve(meas) Ie(meas) Ie(calc) DiffI Pe

V1 10V R3 3K 15V V2 2

Specified Measure Ve(meas) Ie(meas) Ie(calc) DiffI Pe

V1 10V N/A N/A

V2 15V N/A N/A

II. Experiment Procedure