Coordinates: 40°57′17″N 15°12′35″E

Guardia Lombardi
Guardia Lombardi (/'gwardia lom'bardi/), known as La Uàrdia (/la'wardja/) in the
Guardiese dialect or Guardiae Longobardorum in Latin, is a small town and comune in the
Guardia Lombardi
Province of Avellino in Campania, Italy. At an elevation of 998 metres (3,274 ft), it is located Comune
in Alta Irpinia in the Apennine Mountains of Southern Italy. It has experienced a number of
Comune di Guardia Lombardi
major earthquakes throughout its history that have devastated the town, and is considered
within zone 1 of the Protezione Civile's seismic classification index, indicating very high
seismicity.[2]

The town was first settled by the Lombards in the late sixth century as a defensive outpost,
giving rise to its name. The people of Guardia are known as Guardiesi (sing. Guardiese). As
of 2017, it is home to 1,698 inhabitants.[3]

Contents View of the center of the town

Geography
Territory
Topography
Hydrology
Earthquakes
Climate
Etymology
Coat of arms
History
Guardia and the Romulea hypothesis Nickname(s): Guardia, La Uàrdia
First settlements (571–591)
Lombard rule (591–1076)
Norman rule (1076–1197)
Swabian rule (1197–1266)
Angevin and Aragonese rule (1266–1503)
Spanish rule (1503–1707)
Austrian rule (1707–1734)
Bourbon rule (1734–1861)
Unification of Italy (1861–present) Guardia
Demographics Lombardi

Culture
Traditions
Products
Attractions
Churches
Fountains
Museum
Governance
Feudal lords of Guardia Lombardi (1130–1607)
Dukes of Guardia Lombardi (1607–present)
Mayors of Guardia Lombardi (1811–present)
Transportation
Notable people
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Geography

Guardia
Territory Lombardi
Situated 998 metres (3,274 ft) above sea level, ranging from a low of 433 metres (1,421 ft) in
the Ufita Valley to a high of 1,024 metres (3,360 ft) in Monte Cerreto, Guardia Lombardi is
the second highest municipality in Campania, after Trevico. The territory spans an area of
55.77 km2 (21.53 sq mi) and, as of 1 January 2017, has a population of 1,698, giving it a
population density of 30 inhabitants per square kilometer.[1] The territory is part of the Alta
Irpina mountain community. Its neighboring municipalities are Andretta, Bisaccia, Carife,
Frigento, Morra De Sanctis, Rocca San Felice, Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, and Vallata.[4]

It is located 36 kilometres (22 mi) from Avellino, the capital of the province of the same
name, and 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Naples, the capital of the region of Campania.[5] The
town was one of many impacted by the violentIrpinia earthquake on 23 November 1980.[4]

Topography
Positioned between the Ufita Valley and the Ofanto Valley, north of Monte Cerreto, in eastern
Irpinia, Guardia Lombardi is surrounded by woods and countryside characterized by typical
Guardia
rural buildings.[4] Lombardi

From the bell tower of the town's mother church and from Monte Cerreto, a few meters from Location of Guardia Lombardi in Italy

the central Piazza Vittoria, it is possible to see four neighboring regions (Basilicata, Coordinates: 40°57′17″N 15°12′35″E
Campania, Molise, and Puglia) and ten provinces (Avellino, Benevento, Caserta, Salerno, Country Italy
Campobasso, Isernia, Bari, Barletta-Andria-Trani, Foggia, and Potenza), as well as the Region Campania
Adriatic Sea on clear days.[4] Province / Avellino (AV)
Metropolitan
city
Hydrology
Founded Between AD 571
The area is rich in natural fountains and springs. One of the most important gives rise to the and 591
Frédane stream, a tributary of theCalore Irpino.[4] Frazioni Borgo Le Taverne,
Guardia Lombardi,
Case Siconolfi,
Earthquakes Masseria Maiorano,
Pietri di Sopra, Rione
Throughout its history, Guardia Lombardi has experienced numerous earthquakes. Several of
Forche, Rione
the major earthquakes resulted in almost complete destruction of the town. For this reason,
Fornace, Rione
Guardia is classified as within zone 1 of the seismic classification index by the Protezione Montemarano, Santa
Civile, indicating very high seismicity.[2] Maria Manganelli

Among the most significant earthquakes that were particularly devastating for Guardia were Government
the 1694 Irpinia–Basilicata earthquake, which killed 280 Guardiesi,[6] the 1732 Irpinia
• Mayor Antonio Gentile
(since 2016)
earthquake,[7] the 1930 Irpinia earthquake,[8] and the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, in which more
than 50% of all buildings were destroyed.[9]
Area
• Total 55.77 km2
(21.53 sq mi)
Climate Elevation 998 m (3,274 ft)
According to the Köppen climate classification, Guardia belongs to the Csa range (warm Population (1 January 2017)[1]
temperate climate, steppe-type precipitation, hot summer).[10] It is within the temperate zone • Total 1,698
of the middle latitudes, but its climate is affected by its altitude and topography. In particular, • Density 30/km2 (79/sq mi)
the winter is characterized by frequent rains and heavy snowfall relative to its region. The Demonym(s) Guardiese (pl.
temperature often drops below freezing (in Celsius) between the months of November and Guardiesi)
April, with minimum temperatures hitting −10 °C (14 °F). During autumn, fog is quite Time zone CET (UTC+1)
common. Summer is dry, with maximum temperatures that rarely exceed 30 °C (86 °F). • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Data on the weather of Guardia and the Irpinia area is collected at the nearby Trevico Postal code 83040
Meteorological Station. Dialing code 0827
Patron saint Pope Saint Leo IX
Saint day 19 April
Website Official website

Location of Guardia Lombardi in the

Province of Avellino.

Center of town seen from Villa

Comunale during heavy snowfall in
2012

Climate data for Guardia Lombardi (1989–2017)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record
19 19 23 25 32 35 37 38 35 29 24 20 38
high °C
(66) (66) (73) (77) (90) (95) (99) (100) (95) (84) (75) (68) (100)
(°F)
Average
13 14 16 18 23 27 30 31 26 22 18 15 21.1
high °C
(55) (57) (61) (64) (73) (81) (86) (88) (79) (72) (64) (59) (69.9)
(°F)
Average
8 8 10 12 15 19 22 22 19 16 13 10 14.5
low °C
(46) (46) (50) (54) (59) (66) (72) (72) (66) (61) (55) (50) (58.1)
(°F)
Record
−3 −1 0 2 9 12 15 16 12 9 2 0 −3
low °C
(27) (30) (32) (36) (48) (54) (59) (61) (54) (48) (36) (32) (27)
(°F)
Average
rainfall 90 71 71 60 43 36 34 34 102 115 135 112 903
mm (3.54) (2.8) (2.8) (2.36) (1.69) (1.42) (1.34) (1.34) (4.02) (4.53) (5.31) (4.41) (35.56)
(inches)

Source: MSN [11]

Etymology
The name of the town is traced back to the term "guarda/garda," which is part of the names of many places in Italy. It alludes to the existence of a
guard post; it also can refer to the a place that is elevated compared to the surrounding land.[12] The word derives from the Germanic word "warda,"
which is of analogous meaning and is perhaps attributable to theLombards, although it is more likely ofGothic origin.[13][4]

[14]
The Lombards built a castle in the town as a lookout, which gives rise to the name of Guardia Lombardi.
One of the first known names of the town is the Latin name of Guardiae Longobardorum, which
later became Guardiae de Lombardis (AD 1100-1300).[15] The name was then changed to
Guardialombarda (AD 1400-1600),[16] then Guardia Lombarda (AD 1600-1800),[17] then Guardia
[13][4]
dei Lombardi (for the first half of 1900), and finally Guardia Lombardi.

History

Guardia and the Romulea hypothesis Sunset over the Guardiese

There is a hypothesis that the founding of Guardia Lombardi occurred much earlier than many landscape
documents indicate. Based on studies of the distances traveled in the Tabula Peutingeriana and the
Antonine Itinerary on the Via Appia Antica, Guardia could, in fact, be the ancient Samnite city of
Romulea, described by Titus Livius in Ab Urbe Condita (book 10, chapter 17). According to Livy's history, Romulea was an opulent city that was
conquered and sacked in 293 BC by the Roman consul Publius Decius Mus or, according to another academic source, by Volunnio, and was never
rebuilt.[18]

Despite this, the most likely theory is that the ancient city of Romulea coincided with the nearby town of Bisaccia,[19] but the existence in the
ancient texts of a mansio called Sub Romula, a small settlement outside Romulea on the edge of the Via Appia, suggests the existence of a
population in the Guardiese frazione of Taverne di Guardia. This hypothesis is reflected by the fact that Roman roads were conceived for purely
military purposes, favoring paths at high altitudes that allowed control of the surrounding territory to lower valley paths that were subject to floods
[20]
and landslides and whose travelers were more vulnerable to ambushes.

Recent studies, such as those by E.T. Salmon (based on archeological excavations) and Werner Johannowsky, suggest that Romulea was located in
present-day Carife.[21][22] In that case, it is possible that the mansio Sub Romula would have been located in the Guardiese frazione of Piano
ge Roman villa are located.[23]
d'Occhio, which is close to the river Ufita and geographically closer to Carife, where the ruins of a lar

First settlements (571–591)

Although the topography of Guardia Lombardi suggests that the Samnites had
thought of settleing it, especially during the Samnite Wars against the Roman
Republic from 343 to 290 BC, there are no physical remnants of a settlement from
that time, nor are there remnants from the later era of the Roman Empire. After the
fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, the period of time between Ancient
Times and the Middle Ages, known as Late Antiquity, all of Italy was devastated by
Germanic tribes from Northern Europe that ravaged the area of Irpinia during the
Barbarian Invasions.[24][4]
Route of the Via Appia and the Via Traiana.
The Lombards settled the area between Benevento and Taranto on the Ionian Sea;
the Duchy of Benevento was established and the eponymous city became the capital
of Southern Italy. It was during this period, between the arrival of the Lombards led by the Zotto in 571, and 591 in which the town of Guardia was
outpost.[24][4]
settled. The area was selected for its geographic features, which could be used as a defensive

Lombard rule (591–1076)

The Lombards, the first barbarian people to convert to Catholicism, formed strongholds that proved vital to repelling the Arab threats. Guardia
became a center of importance due to its strategic position, as the town both borders Saracen land and is on the Via Appia Antica that connects
Rome with Brindisi. In 591, the Lombards, having completed their conquest of Irpinia, created the Gastaldate of Conza, their administrative
division. Part of Langobardia Minor, the gastaldate included Guardia and was designed to protect Benevento by repelling any armies approaching
from the East.[25] For this reason, the Lombards built a defensive castle in Guardia, which was an elevated position.[4] It is believed that this castle
, which is now owned by the Forgione and Santoli families.[14]
was incorporated into a palazzo built in the seventeenth century

After AD 774, the year in which the last Lombard king Desiderius fell to Charlemagne, the Duchy of Spoleto immediately fell into Frankish hands,
while the Duchy of Benevento over which Arechis II ruled was raised by Desiderius to the Principality of Salerno. Therefore, Guardia remained
under Lombard control until the arrival of theNormans in 1076.
Norman rule (1076–1197)
The Normans, led by Robert Guiscard, conquered the entire Gastaldate of Conza between 1076 and
1079 as part of the larger conquest of Southern Italy. The last gastald of Conza, Guido, the uncle of
Gisulf II, unsuccessfully opposed the invasion. Under the Normans, Guardia became a fiefdom
governed by a feudal lord. Under the lords, the peasants were bound to the fiefdom and were sold
along with the land as serfs. There were two types of agrarian pacts between the feudal lords and
peasants:

1. Emphyteutic contracts, in which the peasant received a piece of land to be cultivated

in perpetuity or for a long time and in return had to pay an annual fee.[26]

2. Pastinato contracts, in which the peasant was granted an unproductive piece to

cultivate of land for a longer period of time. At the end of the contract, only if the land
was productive, the yield would be divided between the lord and the peasant farmer ,
the latter of which had the alternative option of continuing to reside on the productive Roger II of Sicily, who destroyed the
land. This was intended as a way of introducing new crops to an area. [27][28]
town.
Pastinato was practiced in Guardia. This meant that the castle of Guardia became the population
center around which houses were built, permitting the spread of small, peasant properties.

The Normans generally did not alter the pre-existing Lombard districts and allowed the feudal lords who pledged their allegiance to keep possession
of their fiefdoms. However, in many cases, they destroyed the castles and confiscated the lands of those who opposed their rule. This was the case
in Guardia.[4]

In 1133, the town was destroyed by Roger II, known as Roger the Norman. Once rebuilt, it became the fiefdom of the Balvano family, after which
the town of Balvano is named.[29] Following the marriage ofConstance, Queen of the Normans and the daughter of Roger II, to Henry VI, the Holy
Roman Emperor, the crowns of Sicily and the Holy Roman Empire were unified under the rule ofFrederick II.[4]

Swabian rule (1197–1266)

Frederick II of Swabia, a cultured and energetic man known for his spreading of art and culture, was the founder
of the Sicilian School. In 1250, the year of his death, he resided in the castle of Bisaccia, which he used for
falconry trips on Monte Formicoso, on the border of Guardia, which he renamed Montesano.[30] He was
succeeded by his son, Manfred, who became Prince of Taranto and Lieutenant of the Kingdom of Sicily, until
the legitimate heir, Manfred's half-brother Conrad IV, who was occupied in Germany, ascended to the throne.
Conrad inherited a difficult state of affairs; the papacy continued to disapprove of the settlement of the imperial
house of Swabia in the Kingdom of Sicily and occupied the kingdom with an army, considering the territory its
own vassal.[31]

Manfred, not wishing to engage in a direct confrontation with the pope, fled to Lucera in Puglia, where a
Saracen colony was established by Frederick II. Once assured of their loyalty, Manfred was able to enlist a large
army and wage war against the papal army, which he defeated near Foggia. On 30 October 1254, he fought with
the support of thousands of Saracen archers, in the Battle of Guardia Lombardi,[31] a part of the County of
Andria, theretofore owned by the MarquisBertoldo of Hohenburg.[32] Manfred, depicted with a
falcon, who fought in the
In AD 1263, the pope succeeded in convincingCharles I of Anjou, brother of King Louis IX of France, who was Battle of Guardia
landless to seize Sicily and Piedmont. Thus began the decline of the Swabian rule, which came to an end on 26 Lombardi.
February 1266 in the decisiveBattle of Benevento, during which Manfred was killed.

Angevin and Aragonese rule (1266–1503)

After the Swabian period, the Angevins came to power, who assigned the fiefdom of Guardia to the family member and advisor Milone di Galata.
Meanwhile, in AD 1282, Sicily had revolted and freed itself from Angevin rule, instead coming under the rule of the Crown of Aragon. The
Aragonese later seized theKingdom of Naples, including Guardia. The Guardiese fiefdom, thus, passed to the House ofOrsini del Balzo.

Spanish rule (1503–1707)

In 1503, Guardia came under Spanish rule. In this period, it moved from rule under the Folliero family to the House of Della Marra, when in 1611,
the system of rule transitioned from feudal lords to dukes. The head of the house, Ferrante Della Marra, a notably cultured man, took over in 1607
as Duke of Guardia.[4]

Austrian rule (1707–1734)

In 1700, the War of Spanish Succession broke out, with Spain, Austria, and others involved as belligerents. During the conflict, Spain's grip on its
Italian possessions was threatened. In 1707, the Austrian prince Eugene sent Count Leopold Joseph von Daun to conquer the Kingdom of Naples.
The Spanish viceroy Ascalona sought the aid of the nobles, but only secured the assistance of the Prince of Castiglione and the Duke of Bisaccia.
However, the aid proved insufficient and in a short period of time, the entire kingdom fell out of Spanish rule; only Gaeta resisted conquest. Count
Daun eventually conquered that town as well and plundered it.

With the Treaty of Utrecht, the Kingdom of Naples became subject to Austrian rule. Between 1731 and 1739, Austria was involved in the War of
Polish Succession. Meanwhile, Guardia was severely damaged by the Irpinia earthquake of 1732, whose epicenter was located in the nearby Ufita
Valley.[4]

In 1734, with the Battle of Bitonto, the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily once again became independent after more than two centuries of political
.[4]
domination under the Spanish and Austrians. TheBourbons then ascended to the throne in Naples and Sicily

Bourbon rule (1734–1861)

With the end of Austrian domination, Guardia became part of the Ultra Principality of the Kingdom of Naples. The dukes were from the Ruffo di
Calabria family, whose head, Guglielmo Antonio Ruffo I, had married Silvia Della Marra.[4]

Unification of Italy (1861–present)

In 1861, Guardia was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy and adjoined to the third district of Montefusco. The title and ownership of the castle
remained with the Ruffo di Calabria family and the 8th, current, Duke of Guardia Lombardi is Fulco Ruffo II di Calabria, nephew of the aviator and
politician Fulco Ruffo di Calabria.

In the twentieth century, Guardia was severely damaged by earthquakes, particularly the Irpinia earthquake of 1930 and the earthquake of 1980, in
which the town was almost completely ruined.[33]

In the first half of the twentieth century, there was heavy emigration to the United States due to poor economic conditions.[4] Lombard Street in
Baltimore, Maryland was named after the town, as the area was once predominantly inhabited by Italian immigrants.[34] Additionally, Scranton,
Pennsylvania and Guardia Lombardi declared each other sister cities in 2014 due to the number of Guardiese immigrants residing in Scranton.[35]
Likewise, many Guardiese immigrated to the New York metropolitan area, especially Westchester County. An organization called the Association
of Former Citizens of Guardia Lombardi was established as a benefit society for Italian American immigrants from Guardia and their descendants,
[36]
with its headquarters inMount Vernon, New York, where a street was named Guardia Lombardi Plaza.

Demographics
The population as of 1 January 2017 is estimated to be
Historical population[38] Census population
1,698 inhabitants.[39] With a geographical area of 55.77
Year Families Year Pop. ±%
square kilometres (21.53 sq mi), the population density
1861 3,504 —
is 30 people per square kilometer, or around 97 people
1532 151 1871 3,630 +3.6%
per square mile.[1] As of 2016, there were 736 families
1545 190 1881 4,084 +12.5%
in Guardia and the average number of members of a
1901 5,062 +23.9%
family was 2.31, compared to 2003, in which there were 1561 232 1911 4,804 −5.1%
785 families and the average number of family
1595 349 1921 5,508 +14.7%
members was 2.53.[40]
1931 4,961 −9.9%
1648 310 1936 5,336 +7.6%
As of 1 January 2017, there are 71 foreign citizens
1951 5,523 +3.5%
residing in Guardia, constituting 4.2% of the population. 1669 174
1961 4,732 −14.3%
Nationals of ten different countries reside in Guardia,
1971 3,439 −27.3%
1981 3,014 −12.4%
with 93% of foreign nationals originating from elsewhere in Europe. The country of origin of the 1991 2,361 −21.7%
largest number of people is Bulgaria, whose 37 citizens account for approximately half of all 2001 2,029 −14.1%
foreign citizens, followed byUkraine and Romania.[41] 2011 1,803 −11.1%
Source: ISTAT[37]
In 2017, there were 208 residents aged 18 years or fewer, 102 of whom are 10 years of age or
younger.[42] In the same year, there were 798 males living in the town, comprising 47% of the population, and 900 females, comprising 53% of the
population.[43]

Guardia has been in constant population decline since the post-World War II period. The decade with the greatest population decrease was that of
1961 to 1971, during which the population shrunk by more than one quarter.[37] Since 2002, the rate of population decline in Guardia has been
markedly higher than the rate of decline of the Province of Avellino and the region of Campania. In each year between 2002 and 2016, the mortality
[40]
rate was higher than the birth rate; in 2016, this resulted in 19 fewer births than deaths.

Culture
Guardia Lombardi is home to a municipal library (Italian: Biblioteca Comunale Associata UNLA),
which was founded in 1982 by Guardiese historian Salvatore Boniello. It hosts cultural events,
such as Le strade della poesia(English: The streets of poetry) and Paese Mio.[44]

Traditions
On the feast day of Saint Joseph, 19 March, it is a tradition in Guardia to light bonfires.[45] The
patron saint of Guardia Lombardi is Pope Saint Leo IX, whose feast day is celebrated on 19
April.[46]
Church of Santa Maria Delle Grazie
In August, there is a historical re-enactment of the arrival of Prince Manfred of Swabia in Guardia during a summer event
Lombardi.[47][48]

Products
Guardia is known for producing certain food products. One of these isPecorino di Carmasciano. This cheese is made from the milk of the Laticauda
breed of sheep, which graze on alfalfa and sainfoin in the mountains of Guardia and Rocca San Felice. Carmasciano is traditionally made by hand
and aged for up to 24 months. It has a strong, sapid taste.[49] Due to endangerment of Laticauda sheep, Carmasciano is produced in small quantities
by small, family-run farms and is expensive. A 2015 survey indicated that there were only five farms producing Carmasciano, with 2000 wheels of
cheese produced annually. Pecorino di Carmasciano was presented atExpo 2015 in Milan.[50][51]

[52][51]
The beekeeping company Beveri is located in Guardia and produces local honey and syrups.

Attractions

Churches
The mother church of Guardia Lombardi is the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie (Italian: Chiesa
S. Maria delle Grazie), which was established in the year 1315. Its first architectural design was
cruciform, specifically in the shape of aGreek cross. This building was destroyed by an earthquake
on 5 December 1456 and was rebuilt upon the initiative of the feudal lord of Guardia, Maria
Donata Del Balzo.[4] In 1665, a bell tower was added to the edifice. With the Irpinia earthquake of
1980, the church was once again destroyed. It was later rebuilt and restored. It was reopened in
1999 as it now stands today, within the territorial jurisdiction of theArchdiocese of Sant'Angelo dei
Lombardi-Conza-Nusco-Bisaccia.[53][54]

Bell tower of the mother church as

While there were once several churches in the center of town, the only other church that remains
seen from Monte Cerreto.
there besides the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie is the Church of the Miracle (Italian: Chiesa
del Miracolo). It was built around the year 1600 at the behest of Beatrice Della Marra, Duchess of
Guardia Lombardi, along with a monastery of Augustinian priests but was seriously damaged by an earthquake on 8 September 1694, which also
killed around 300 Guardiesi. It was rebuilt in 1754 and took the name Church of Purgatory (Italian: Chiesa del Purgatorio), being dedicated to the
Blessed Virgin Mary and the souls in purgatory. It was later named the Church of San Vito, in honor of a statue of St. Vitus inside the church. By
decree of the government on 17 July 1890, the church then became known as the Congregation of Charity (Italian: Congrega della Carità). The
[55]
church building had deteriorated over the years and was restored in 1980 with funds contributed by locals and Guardiesi in the United States.

Fountains
There are numerous public fountains in the area. One of the most significant is Fontana Beveri,
which is located at the southwestern foot of the mountain Mundi. It is constructed out of large slabs
of white, hard-carved stone.[56]

Another fountain is Fontana Manganelli, which includes an amphitheater and picnic area. Other
fountains are Fontana di Tolla, San Leone, Matrone, Righiera, San Leonardo, Frassino, Volacchio,
Della Calce, Lavagnili, Pietri di Sotto, Dell'Agata, Fontanili, and onsone.
T [56]

The Fontana Tonsone is the source of the Frédane stream, a tributary of theCalore Irpino.[57]
Fontana Beveri

Museum
The Museum of Technology, Farming, and Culture of Rural Life in Alta Irpinia (Italian: Museo delle Tecnologie, della Cultura e della Civiltà
Contadina dell'Alta Irpinia) is located in Guardia Lombardi. It was founded in 1981 by Guardiese historian Salvatore Boniello, and contains around
one thousand objects and tools of the farming culture of Alta Irpinia from the Middle Ages to the 20th cenetury, in addition to common tools, such
.[58]
as a plow and the first typewriter purchased by the municipality

The museum houses reconstructions of the rural and municipal environments, which depict the different lifestyles. Within its collection is also a
photographic exhibit on typical dress, a collection of noble coats of arms, and exhibits on embroidery, weaving, blacksmithing, carpentry, and
medicine.[59]

Governance

Feudal lords of Guardia Lombardi (1130–1607)

During the latter half of the High Middle Ages, the Late Middle Ages, and the Renaissance, Guardia Lombardi was ruled by feudal lords. The lords
descended from several dynasties, as lordship over Guardia was determined by the Medieval politics and wars of Southern Italy. The following is a
list of lords of Guardia Lombardi.[60]

Norman (1130–1239)

Balvano family (Gilbert, ...Raone) (25 December 1130) – upon establishment of the
Kingdom of Sicily and the spread of
fuedalism[61]
Hohenstaufen (1239–1266)

[62]
Frederick II of Swabia (1239) – upon the death of Raone, the last heir of the Balvano
Manfred of Swabia (13 December 1250) – upon the death of his father , Frederick II
Angevin (1266–1392)[63]

Milone di Galata (26 February 1266) – upon the end of Swabian rule with the death of Manfred in the Battle of Benevento
Royal Court of Anjou (5 June 1273) – upon donation of the fiefdom by Milone di Galata
Pietro de Campania (1284) upon bestowal byCharles I of Anjou
Adam de Bruyeres (21 March 1284) – upon the death of Pietro de Campania [64]

Charles II of Naples (10 May 1284) – upon the death of Adam de Bruyeres; fiefdom declared a royal propertyItalian:
( Region
Demanio)
[65]
Mattia Gesualdo (1291) – upon assignment by Charles II, who had just become King of Naples
...

Robert of Anjou (8 May 1309) – upon the death of his father

, Charles II
Joanna I of Naples (16 January 1343) – upon the death of her grandfather
, Robert of Anjou, whose son,Charles, Duke of
Calabria, was orphaned
Otto of Brunswick-Grubenhagen(12 May 1382) – upon the death of his wife, Joanna I
Orsini del Balzo (1392–1497)[63]

Raimondo Del Balzo Orsini(June 1392) – upon purchasing the fiefdom from Otto of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
Mary of Enghien (17 January 1406) – upon the death of her husban, Raimondo
Ladislaus of Naples (23 April 1407) – upon assuming the property of his wife, Mary of Enghien
Giovanni Zurlo (28 September 1413) – upon purchasing the fiefdom from the Royal Chamber of Sommaria
Mary of Enghien and Giovanni Antonio Del Balzo Orsini(23 August 1419) – upon purchasing the fiefdom from Giovanni Zurlo, the
Count of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi
Giovanni Antonio Orsini Del Balzo (4 May 1421) – upon being electedPrince of Taranto and becoming the sole feudal lord
Gabriele Orsini Del Balzo (28 November 1431) – upon donation of the fiefdom by his brother, Giovanni Antonio
Maria Donata Orsini Del Balzo (1454) – upon the death of her father
, Gabriele
Isabella del Balzo (1482) – upon the death of her parents, Maria Donata andPirro Del Balzo
Saraceno (1497–1528)

Sigismondo Saraceno (1497) – upon purchasing the fiefdom fromFrederick of Aragon, King of Naples, who was given the fief by
his wife Isabella del Balzo
Giovan Camillo Saraceno (28 July 1525) – upon the death of his father
, Sigismondo
Angevin

Royal Court of Anjou (1528) – upon expropriation of the fief due to Saracen support of
Francis I of France in the war against
Charles V[66]
De Rosa (1533–1542)

Alfonso De Rosa (5 December 1533) – upon donation of the fiefdom by

Philibert of Chalon, Viceroy of Naples
Antonio de Ioanne – Luogotenente of Alfonso De Rosa
Caracciolo (1542–1549)

Tiberio Caracciolo (28 June 1542) – upon purchasing the fiefdom from the De Rosa family for 10,000ducats
Folliero (1549–1607)

Leone Folliero (1 April 1549) – upon purchasing the fiefdom from Caracciolo
Scipio Folliero (5 February 1560) – upon the death of his father
, Leone
Beatrice Folliero (3 May 1563) – upon the death of her father Scipio
Francesca de Lannoy (15 November 1607) – upon donation of the fiefdom for a day by her mother
, Beatrice, wife of Carlo di
Lannoy

Dukes of Guardia Lombardi (1607–present)

Titles of nobility in Italy were complex during the Early Modern period, with different and sometimes overlapping noble lineages granted by the
numerous kingdoms existing on the Italian Peninsula, in addition to ecclesiastic titles of nobility granted by the Pope.[67] With the unification of
Italy in the 19th century, the nobility was mostly condensed into a national nobility under the Kingdom of Italy.[68] Upon the adoption of the Italian
Constitution in the Republic of Italy in 1946, titles of nobility were no longer legally valid, but certain territorial designations are still permitted to
be attached to surnames.[69] The following is a list ofDukes of Guardia Lombardi.[60]

Della Marra (1607–1765)

Ferrante Della Marra (16 November 1607) – upon purchasing the fief from Francesca de Lannoy for 49,000 ducats, becoming the
1st Duke of Guardia Lombardi on 6 August 1611
Luigi Della Marra (17 November 1629) – upon donation of the fief by his father , Ferrante
Beatrice Della Marra (18 October 1635) – upon the death of his father, Luigi
Giuseppe Della Marra (21 July 1649) – upon the death of his mother , Beatrice
Giovanni Della Marra (16 September 1656) – upon the death of his brother , Giuseppe, who had no son
Silvia Della Marra (9 November 1696) – upon the death of his father
, Giovanni; married Guglielmo Antonio Ruffo I di Calabria
Ruffo di Calabria (1765–present)[70]

Fulco Antonio Ruffo I di Calabria (8 November 1765) – upon the death of his mother, Silvia Della Marra
Guglielmo Antonio Ruffo II di Calabria (9 July 1770) – upon donation of the fiefdom by his father
, Fulco Antonio
Fulco Antonio Ruffo II di Calabria (1782)
Fulco Antonio Giordano Ruffo di Calabria (1803)
Fulco Beniamino Tristano Ruffo I di Calabria (1852)[71]
Fulco Ruffo di Calabria (28 April 1901) – upon the death of his father
, Fulco Beniamino Tristano
 Fabrizio Beniamino Ruffo di Calabria (23 August 1946) – upon the death of his father, Fulco
Fulco Ruffo II di Calabria (11 October 2005) –upon the death of his father, Fabrizio Beniamino; the current, 8th Duke of Guardia
Lombardi

Mayors of Guardia Lombardi (1811–present)

Today, the comune of Guardia Lombardi is governed by a mayor and a town council.[72] The following is the list of mayors of Guardia
Lombardi.[73]

Giuseppe Siconolfi (1811–1812) Giuseppe Fischetti (1888–1891)

Francesco Frascione (1813–1814) Ildefonso Lazzazzera (1892) – extraordinary commissioner
Luigi Siconolfi (1815–1816) Angelo Ciampo (1893)
Nicola Bianco (1817–1819) Cav. avv. Ernesto Di Pietro (1894)
Filippo Grassi (1820–1821) Giuseppe Fischetti (1896)
Giuseppe Siconolfi (1822) Cav. avv. Ernesto Di Pietro (1897–1904)
Vito Di Pietro (1823–1824) Cav. Claudio Rugardi (1905) – royal commissioner
Domenico Di Pietro (1825–1828) Cav. Raffaele Migliarola (1906) – royal commissioner
Pietro Pichiarallo (1829–1831) Dott. Luigi De Simone (1907–1912)
Giuseppe Siconolfi (1832–1835) Avv. Giovanni Grassi (1913–1925)
Filippo Grassi (1836–1838) Dott. Rocco Pagliara (1926) – prefectural commissioner
Feliciano Di Santo (1839–1841) Alfonso Gialanella (1926) –prosindaco
Giulio De Simone (1842–1843) Avv. Adolfo Compierchio (1927–1928) –podestà
Giuseppantonio Cipriano (1843–1844) Rag. Antonio Pizzella (1929–1930) – prefectural
Pasquale De Simone (1845–1847) commissioner
Filippo Siconolfi (1848–1849) Ing. Guido Cardillo (1931) –podestà
Celestino Di Pietro (1850–1856) Cav. Ulderico Isernia (1932) – prefectural commissioner
Vincenzo Cipriano (1857–1859) Cav. Francesco Raffaele (1933) – prefectural commissioner
Nicola Pugliese (1860) Vincenzo Tarantino (1934–1937) –podestà
Nicola Grassi (1861–1862) Geom. Antonio De Simone (1938–1943) –podestà
Celestino Di Pietro (1863–1865) Dr. Nicola Di Biasi (1944–1955)
Vincenzo Popoli (1866) Antonio Di Leo (1956–1979)
Giacinto Grassi (1865–1869) Avv. Pietro Damiano (1980–1984)
Michelangelo Fischetti (1870–1872) Ing. Rocco Di Pietro (1985–1987)
Salvatore Cipriano (1873) Avv. Pietro Damiano (1988–1991)
Nicola Grassi (1874–1877) Dr. Giandonato Giordano (1991–2001)
Michelangelo Fischetti (1878–1879) P.A. Raffaele Di Matteo (2001–2006)
Francesco Fischetti (1880–1881) Dott. Vito Iuni (2006–2011)
Gaetano Di Santo (1882–1883) Michele Di Biasi (2011–2015)
Giuseppe Cipriano (1884–1887) Dott.ssa Caterina Boniello (2015–2016) – acting mayor
Antonio Gentile (2016–present)

Transportation
The most important roadway to Guardia Lombardi is Strada statale 303 del Formicoso (SS 303), which connects Mirabella Eclano to Puglia and
Basilicata. Strada statale 425 di Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi (SS 425) can be used to reach Lioni and Strada statale 7 Via Appia (SS 7), known locally
as Ofantina Bis, from Guardia. Strada provinciale 281 della Valle Ufita (SP 281) connects Guardia to the Grottaminarda exit, from which one can
reach Naples and Autostrada A1.[74]

Notable people
Gerardo Bianco (b. 1931), Italian politician[75]
Lucio Bianco (b.1941), engineer[76]
Salvatore Boniello (1928–2010), historian and dialectologist[77]
Giovannantonio Cipriani(1824–1906), proponent of Italian unification[78]

See also
Rocca San Felice
Irpinia
 1980 Irpinia earthquake
1930 Irpinia earthquake
Pecorino di Carmasciano

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Further reading
Cipriano, Domenico (2000).In paese [In the village] (in Italian).
DeAngelis, Caterina. Guardia:"ng" vulimmu tantu bene(in Italian).
Di Biasi, M. (1999). La nuova chiesa Maria Santissima Incoronata e S.Pietro Apostolo, Guardia dei Lombardi
[The new church of
Maria Santissima Incoronata and St. Peter the Apostle, Guardia dei Lombardi] (in Italian).
Boniello, Salvatore (1994).Dizionario dialettale della terra di Guardia dei Lombardi con appendice cartografica
[Dialectal dictionary of
the land of Guardia dei Lombardi with cartographic appendix ] (in Italian).
Boniello, Salvatore (1999).Milleuno detti e proverbi dialettali di Guardia dei Lombardi e dell'alta Irpinia
[A Thousand sayings and
proverbs in dialect of Guardia dei Lombardi and Alta Irpinia ] (in Italian).
Boniello, Salvatore (2001).Sulle orme del passato[In the footsteps of the past] (in Italian).
Boniello, Salvatore (1995).Viaggio nella memoria Aneddoti dell'antica comunità di Guardia dei Lombardi[Journey into Memory:
Anecdotes of the elderly community of Guardia dei Lombardi ] (in Italian).
Giordano, Stefania. Antica funzione storica, sociale e legale dei soprannomi dialettali di Guardia dei Lombardi
[Ancient historical,
social, and legal function of dialect nicknames of Guardia dei Lombardi] (in Italian).
I sapori della memoria: Guardia Lombardi[The flavors of memory: Guardia Lombardi] (in Italian). Elementary school of Guardia
Lombardi.
"Libri" [Books]. Comune of Guardi Lombardi(in Italian). Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December
2017.
Magnotta, Federico. Guardia dei Lombardi: frammenti di storia con introduzione del Prof. Federico Magnotta
[Guardia dei Lombardi:
Fragments of history with an introduction by Prof. Federico Magnotta
] (in Italian).
Parziale, Antonio. Guardia dei Lombardi: Notizie di storia civile e religiosa[Guardia dei Lombardi: News on civil and religious history
]
(in Italian).
Parziale, A. La chiesa madre di Guardia dei Lombardi[The mother church of Guardia dei Lombardi] (in Italian).
Parziale, A. Cappella "Madonna dei Manganelli", Guardia dei Lombardi[Chapel of "Madonna dei Manganelli", Guardia dei Lombardi
]
(in Italian).
Parziale, A.; Mannetti, C.San Rocco [Saint Roch] (in Italian).
Popoli, Auerlio (1969).Guardia dei Lombardi: Echi di storia[Guardia Lombardi: Echoes of History] (in Italian).
S.Leone IX 1049-1054[St. Leo IX 1049-1054] (in Italian).
External links
Media related to Guardia Lombardi at Wikimedia Commons

Official website of the comune of Guardi Lombardi

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guardia_Lombardi&oldid=820806290

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