Water Quality Management

WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT
Engr. Patrick Luis Z. Soriano
Chemical Engineering Department
Adamson University
Outline
• Water Pollutants and Sources
• Measures of Water Quality
• Water Quality Standards
• Water Supply
• Water Treatment
Water Pollutants and Their Sources
• Points Sources
– generally collected by a network of pipes and
channel and conveyed to single point of discharge
into the receiving water
• Domestic sewage
• Industrial waste
• Nonpoint Source
– multiple discharge points/flows over the surface
of the land channels to the to the nearest water
body.
• Urban runoff
• Agricultural runoff
• Oxygen-Demanding Materials
– Anything that can be oxidized in the receiving
water resulting in the consumption of dissolved
oxygen (DO)
• Nutrients
– Nutrient levels become excessive
– Nitrogen and phosphorus
• Pathogenic Organisms
– Includes bacteria, viruses and protozoa excreted
by diseased persons or animals
• Suspended Solids
– Organic and inorganic particles that are carried by
wastewater into a receiving water
• Salts, metals
• Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
• Heat
Measures Of Water Quality
• Dissolved Oxygen
• Oxygen Demand
• Solid Content
• Nitrogen Content
• Bacteriological Measurement
– is defined as the amount of oxygen dissolved in a
body of water as an indication of the degree of
health of the water and its ability to support a
balanced aquatic ecosystem
• Oxygen Demand
– Theoretical Oxygen Demand
– Biological Oxygen Demand
– Chemical Oxygen Demand
• Oxygen Demand
• the oxygen demand for the decomposition of pure
materials can be estimated from stoichiometry,
assuming that all the organic material completely
decomposes
𝑇ℎ𝑂𝐷 = 𝐶 𝑇ℎ𝑂𝐷 + 𝑁𝑇ℎ𝑂𝐷

• Oxygen Demand
Sample Problem 01:

• What is the theoretical demand in mg/L for 1.67 𝑥
10^−3 molar solution of glucose, 𝐶6𝐻12𝑂6, to
decompose completely?
• Oxygen Demand
Sample Problem 02:

• What is the theoretical oxygen demand (in litres) of
air for a 300 mg/L solution of methylamine, 𝐶𝐻3𝑁𝐻2,
to decompose completely?
• Oxygen Demand
Sample Problem 03:

• What is the theoretical oxygen demand in liters of air
for a 50 mg/L solution of acetone, CH3COCH3, to
decompose completely?
• Oxygen Demand
• Unfortunately, municipal wastewaters are seldom pure
materials, and it is not possible to calculate the demand
for oxygen from stoichiometry.
• Oxygen Demand
• a measure of the amount of oxygen required by aerobic
bacteria and other microorganisms to stabilize
decomposable organic matter.
• A very high rate of BOD indicates is harmful to a body
of water if the oxygen consumption is great enough
eventually to cause anaerobic conditions.
• Oxygen Demand
• A very low rate of BOD indicates:
1. contamination is absent
2. the available microorganisms are dead or dying
3. the available microorganisms are uninterested in
consuming the available organics
• Oxygen Demand
• FIVE-DAY BOD (BOD5) – the oxygen demand in the first
five days.
• ULTIMATE BOD (BODU) – the oxygen demand after a
very long time (when the microorganisms have oxidized
as much of the organics as they can). This is usually
done in 30 days.
• Oxygen Demand
– Biological Oxygen
Demand
• A BOD bottle, made of
a special nonreactive
glass and supplied
with a ground-glass
stopper.
• Oxygen Demand
𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑡 = 𝐼 − 𝐹
𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑡 = 𝐿𝑜 1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑘 𝑇 = 𝑘20 𝜃 𝑇−20
• Oxygen Demand
Sample Problem 04:

• Assuming a deoxygenation constant of 0.25 d−1,
calculate the expected BOD5 if the BOD3 is 148 mg/L.
• Oxygen Demand
– There are a number of techniques for calculating k and
1
L, one of the simplest being a method devised by

Thomas:
1 2
𝑡 3 1 𝑘1 3
= 1 + 1 𝑡
𝐵𝑂𝐷
𝑘1 𝐿 3 6𝐿3
Sample Problem 05:
• The BOD versus time
data for the first five
days of a BOD test are
obtained as follows:
• Calculate k1 and L.
• Plot used for the
calculation of k1 and
L.
• Idealized BOD Curve
• Oxygen Demand
• a laboratory method that essentially determines the
ThOD
• Oxygen Demand
• Solids
– Total solids
• residue on evaporation at 103 °C
𝑊𝑑𝑠 − 𝑊𝑑
𝑇𝑆 =
𝑉
𝑇𝑆 = 𝐷𝑆 + 𝑆𝑆
• Solids
– Total solids
• The Gooch crucible,
evaporating dish and
aluminum boats used
for measuring
suspended and total
solids.
• Solids
– Total solids - residue on evaporation at 103 °C
• Dissolved Solids
• Suspended Solids
𝑾𝒅𝒇 − 𝑾𝒅
𝑺𝑺 =
𝑽
• Solids
– Total solids - residue on evaporation at 103 °C
• Volatile Solids
• Fixed Solids
𝑾𝒅𝒖 − 𝑾𝒅
𝑭𝑺 =
𝑽
𝑭𝑺 = 𝑻𝑺 − 𝑭𝑺
• Problem 07:
– A laboratory runs a solid test. The weight of the
crucible is 48.6212 g. A 100-mL sample is placed in the
crucible and water is evaporated. The weight of the
crucible and dry solids = 48. 6432 g. The crucible is
placed in a 600°C furnace for 24hr and cooled in a
desiccator. The weight of the cooled crucible and
residue, or unburned solids = 48.6300g. Find the total,
volatile and fixed solids.
• Nitrogen
– Together with organic nitrogen, ammonia is
considered an indicator of recent pollution
– The color is measured photometrically.
• Nitrogen
– Together with organic nitrogen, ammonia is
considered an indicator of recent pollution
• Nitrogen
– Several known samples and an unknown sample
containing ammonia nitrogen and treated Nessler
reagent, and the resulting color is measured with
a photometer. Find the ammonia concentration of
the unknown sample.
• Nitrogen
– Problem 08
• Bacteriological Measurements
– From a public health standpoint, the
bacteriological quality of water is as important as
the chemical quality.
– Pathogens of importance include
• Salmonella
• Shigella
• the hepatitis virus
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Giardia lamblia
• Escherichia coli
• Cryptosporidium
– Many pathogenic organisms can be carried by
water and it is possible to measure for
bacteriological quality with the use of indicator
organisms. The indicator that is most often used is
a group of microbes called coliforms (which
includes the 150 strains of E. coli).
– The absence of coliforms does not prove that
there are no pathogens in the water. However, it is
taken as an indication that the water is safe to
drink.
– Principal Ways of Measuring Coliforms
• Membrane filtration
• Most Probable Number (MPN)
Water Quality Standard
• Water quality refers to the physical, chemical,

biological, bacteriological, radiological and
organoleptic properties of water.
• Water quality criteria is the measure of water
quality at which it is fit for its beneficial use.
• Beneficial use is defined as the use of the

environment or any element or segment thereof,
conducive to public or private welfare, safety and
health; and shall include but not limited to, the
use of water for domestic, municipal, irrigation,
power generation, fisheries, livestock raising,
industrial, recreational and other purposes
• Republic Act 9275 (Philippine Clean Water Act
of 2004)
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE

WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
• Philippine National Standards for Drinking
Water 1993 (PNSDW 1993)
– DENR Administrative Order No. 26-A Series of
1994, PHILIPPINE STANDARDS FOR DRINKING
WATER 1993 UNDER THE PROVISION OF
CHAPTER II, SECTION 9 OF PD 856, OTHERWISE
KNOWN AS THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE
PHILIPPINES
• Presidential Decree 856
– OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE CODE ON
SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
• Water Usage and Qualification
– DENR Administrative Order No. 34 Series
of 1990, Revised Water Usage and
Classification/Water Quality Criteria
Amending Section Nos. 68 and 69
• Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990
– REVISED EFFLUENT REGULATIONS OF 1990,
REVISING AND AMENDING THE EFFLUENT
REGULATIONS OF 1982
Water Supply
• Water supply is the provision of water by
public utilities commercial organisations,
community endeavors or by individuals,
usually via a system of pumps and pipes.
Irrigation is covered separately.
– Ground waters
– Surface water
Water Supply
• Groundwater
– is the water found underground in the cracks and
spaces in soil, sand and rock. It is stored in and moves
slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand and
rocks
• Surface water
– is water on the surface of the planet such as in a river,
lake, wetland, or ocean.
Water Supply
• Groundwater Supplies
– UNSATURATED ZONE (VADOSE ZONE) – soil pore
spaces near the surface of the earth containing both
air and water
– ZONE OF SATURATION – found below the zone of
aeration in which the pores are filled with water, often
called the groundwater
– AQUIFER – the layer containing a substantial amount
of groundwater
Water Supply
– UNCONFINED AQUIFER – aquifer underlain by
impervious stratum
– CONFINED AQUIFER – aquifer trapped between
two impervious layers
Water Supply
• Porosity
– The fraction of voids volume to total volume of
the soil
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒔
𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
Water Supply
• Specific Yield
– The amount of water that can be extracted
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒍𝒚 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒂 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍
=
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍
Water Supply
– Darcy’s Equation
• Flow from a porous
medium
𝒅𝒉
𝑸 = 𝑲𝑨
𝒅𝑳
Water Supply
Water Supply
– Flow from a porous medium
• A soil sample is placed in a permeameter. The length of the

sample is 0.1 m and it has a cross sectional area of 0.05 m2.
The water pressure on the upflow side is 2.5 m, and on the
downstream side the water pressure is 0.5 m. A flow rate of
2.0 m3/d is observed. What is the coefficient of permeability?
What is the aquifer material in the sample?
Water Supply
– Flow from a porous medium
• A well is 0.2 m in diameter and pumps from an unconfined

aquifer 30 m deep at an equilibrium (steady-state) rate of
1000 m3/day. Two observation wells are located at distances
50 m and 100 m from the well, and they have been drawn
down by 0.3 m and 0.2 m, respectively. What are the
coefficient of permeability and estimated drawdown at the
well?
Water Supply
• Surface Water
– Surface water supplies are not as reliable as
groundwater sources
– quality of surface water is easily degraded by
various sources of pollution.
Water Supply
• Surface Water
– Mass curve - In this analysis the total flow in a
stream at the point of a proposed reservoir is
summed and plotted against time.
Water Supply
• Surface Water
– A reservoir is needed to provide a constant flow of
15 cfs. The monthly stream flow records, in total
cubic feet of water for each month, are
Water Treatment
• Rapid Mixing, Flocculation and Coagulation
• Softening
• Sedimentation
• Filtration
• Disinfection
• Other Treatment processes
• Water Plant Residual Management
Water Treatment
Water Treatment
• Softening - the process of removing hardness
– Hardness
• used to characterized that does not lather well
• Leaves hard, white, crusty deposits or scales on teapots
etc.
Water Treatment
• Softening
– Hardness
• Total Hardness - is defined as the sum of the
multivalent cations in the water.
• Calcium (Ca ) and magnesium (Mg ) tend to be the
2+ 2+
largest components of hardness, so TH is typically

approximated as the sum of these two components
Water Treatment
• Softening
– Hardness
Water Treatment
• Softening
– Hardness
• Total Hardness
𝑻𝑯 = 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 ≅ 𝑪𝒂𝟐+ + 𝑴𝒈𝟐+

Water Treatment
• Softening
– Hardness
• Total Hardness
• The concentration of calcium in a water sample is

100 mg/L. What is the concentration in (a) meq/L
and (b) mg/L as CaCO3?
Water Treatment
• Softening
– Hardness
• Total Hardness
• A water sample contains 60 mg/L of calcium, 60

mg/L of magnesium, and 25 mg/L of sodium.
What is the total hardness in (a) meq/L and (b)
mg/L as CaCO3?
Water Treatment
• Softening
– Total Hardness
• Carbonate Hardness (temporary)
• Noncarbonate Hardness (permanent)
Water Treatment
• Softening
– Alkanity - Alkalinity is a measure of the buffering
capacity of water (or the capacity of the water to
neutralize acid, or H ).
+
𝑨𝑳𝑲 = 𝑯𝑪𝑶−
𝟑 + 𝟐 𝑪𝑶 −𝟐
𝟑 + 𝑶𝑯 −
− [𝑯+
]
Water Treatment
• From the following water
analysis, determine the
total hardness, carbonate
hardness, and
noncarbonate hardness
in (a) milliequivalents per
liter (meq/L) and (b)
milligrams per liter
(mg/L) as CaCO3.
Water Treatment
• Softening
– Ion exchange and
precipitation are the
typical methods used,
but reverse osmosis
(RO) is also used.
Water Treatment
• Softening
– Lime Soda Sofetning
• The pH of the water is increased, often through the
addition of lime.
• Either quicklime (CaO, unslaked lime) or hydrated lime
(Ca(OH)2), slaked lime) is used.
Water Treatment
• Softening
– Lime Soda Sofetning
– The precipitates are removed through settling.
– Recarbonation (adding carbon dioxide to the water)
is used to lower the pH to ensure that any fine
particles not removed in the settling tank resolubilize
and that the distributed water has a pH near neutral.
Water Treatment
– Coagulation - is the chemical alteration of the
colloidal particles to make them stick together to
form larger particles
• Coagulants – chemical added to the water to cause
particles to coagulate
Water Treatment
– Mixing and Flocculation
• Rapid Mixing – the process whereby the chemicals are
quickly and uniformly dispersed in water
• Flocculation – contacting process (slow mixing)
Water Treatment
• Sedimentation
– Surface water containing high turbidity may
require sedimentation prior to subsequent
treatment
• Sedimentation - where gravity causes the flocs to
settle to the bottom
Water Treatment
Water Treatment
• Filtration
– The process by which water flows slowly through
a bed of granular media (usually sand, anthracite
coal, or garnet)
Water Treatment
• Disinfection
– This is done to kill pathogens (disease producing
bacteria) present in water
– Disinfection is not the same as sterilization
• Sterilization – implies destruction of all organisms
• Drinking need not to be sterile 
Water Treatment
• Disinfection
– Pathogens
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Protozoa
• Amebic cysts
Water Treatment
• Disinfection
– Chlorine – most commonly used disinfectants
– Ozonation – sweet-smelling unstable gas; a
powerful oxidant
– Ultraviolet Radiation – has the potential to
inactivate pathogens
Announcement
• Long Exam 2
–January 8, 2018

Water Quality Management

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Water Quality Management

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WATER QUALITY

𝑇ℎ𝑂𝐷 = 𝐶 𝑇ℎ𝑂𝐷 + 𝑁𝑇ℎ𝑂𝐷

Sample Problem 01:

Sample Problem 02:

Sample Problem 03:

Sample Problem 04:

L, one of the simplest being a method devised by

• Water quality refers to the physical, chemical,

• Beneficial use is defined as the use of the

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE

• A soil sample is placed in a permeameter. The length of the

• A well is 0.2 m in diameter and pumps from an unconfined

largest components of hardness, so TH is typically

𝑻𝑯 = 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 ≅ 𝑪𝒂𝟐+ + 𝑴𝒈𝟐+

• The concentration of calcium in a water sample is

• A water sample contains 60 mg/L of calcium, 60

You might also like