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Abstract—Accurate admittance-transformer (Y-TF) feeds along open-wire-line equivalent models. The filters [9], [10] on the
with short-circuited stub-embedded resonators (SCSERs) are pro- foundation of anti-PCLs (both short and open ended) can be an-
posed in this study to design the improved parallel coupled-line alyzed based on similar concepts aforementioned. As a whole,
(PCL) filters with structure-inherent transmission zeros (TZs). The
proposed Y-TF feeds for flexible terminations are thoroughly an- PCLs play a profound role in history of bandpass filter (BPF)
alyzed and found more accurate than conventional approximate development [11]–[14].
tapped-line feedings. Specifically, two basic parallel-coupled band- When carefully investigating Cohn’s filter structure, there ex-
pass filters with conventional stepped-impedance resonators ists some inherent restrictions especially on the I/O feeding im-
are first successfully implemented to validate the proposed Y-TF plementation. Since the PCL section is modeled by an immit-
feedings. The ideal frequency responses of the two filters by a cir-
cuit simulator are compared with those transformed from the cou- tance inverter with two transmission lines (TLs) of character-
pling matrix. Furthermore, an SCSER-based filter with multiple istic impedance connected on each side, the sections adja-
TZs is designed to verify the feasibility of the described design cent to I/O ports necessarily possess the equal to the system
procedure. The adopted resonating components are composed of impedance (usually 50 ). It implies that we are not al-
two short-circuited stepped-impedance stubs and multiple open- lowed to choose the reference impedances of end PCL sections,
circuited ones all extended from a common joining point. The inter-
stage couplings of the filter are achieved by the short-ended PCLs, which bear the strongest coupling than others. Once the even/
while the input/output couplings are realized by the proposed Y-TF odd-mode impedances cannot be adjusted by selecting the ref-
feedings. Through the fabrication of the proposed filters, the mea- erence impedances, it may result in the PCL spacing too narrow
sured results along with the simulated ones validate the theoretical to be implemented in an economic printed circuit board (PCB)
derivations. process. Matthaei [7] took advantage of additional quarter-wave
Index Terms—Admittance transformer, coupled-resonator filter, transformers attached on I/O sides to realize the tight cou-
parallel-coupled line (PCL), tapped-line feed, transmission zero plings that are not practical for the PCLs, but those derived for-
(TZ).
mulas and design examples only applicable for coupled lines of
coupled lengths. Moreover, the tapped-line feeds [15]–[17]
I. INTRODUCTION provide an alternative solution for I/O feedings, but the ex-
traction method of external quality factors considers the singly
0018-9480 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
2912 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 62, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014
and
(2a)
(1a)
LIN: COUPLED-LINE FILTERS WITH STUB-EMBEDDED RESONATORS 2913
and
(2b)
III. SE-PCLs
Fig. 6. Equivalent-circuit model of the interstage coupling using the SE-PCL
The SE-PCL sections shown in Fig. 2 are good candidates of shown in Fig. 4(c) .
interstage immittance inverters for the filter targeting on narrow
to moderate bandwidth due to its flexible coupling amount.
Among the PCL filter, each th SE-PCL section of signed first. Then, extract the I/O external quality factors
even- and odd-mode characteristic admittances, and in and based on Fig. 4(b),
Fig. 3, used for interstage coupling can be modeled [1] by an ad-
mittance inverter attached with two shunt short-circuited stubs (5)
while the 1:1 transformer only affects the transmission phase,
and thus can be neglected in the filter design. By providing the where is the susceptance slope of the SIR adjacent to
coupled length , the preferable reference admittance , the input/output end with the port tapped at the position with
and the inverter value from filter parameters, the and respect to ground. Finally, the inverter value modeled
of the th PCL section, are available as in Fig. 6 can be calculated by (2). The slope parameter is
evaluated as
(3a)
(3b)
Fig. 10. Circuit schematic of the parallel-coupled resonator BPF ( , ) using the proposed admittance-transformer feeds (
, , , if the BPF is symmetric).
Fig. 12. Design graph for and with both and as parameters
Fig. 11. Equivalent circuit of the proposed admittance-transformer feed (Y-TF
( , , , , S;
feed) for arbitrary termination admittance .
, ).
Fig. 14. Design graph for and with both and as parameters
( , , , , S;
, ).
filter [13] while the design formulas are not readily available.
The feeding structure of the PCL filter in [14] is obtained based
on Kuroda transformation, which may lead to unreasonable
high line impedance impractical in fabrication.
VI. SCSERs
When adopting SE-PCLs as interstage couplings among the
BPF, the short-circuited resonator will naturally become the
inner resonator created between ( )th and th SE-PCL sec-
tions, as depicted in Fig. 6. As shown in Fig. 19(a), the open-
ended stubs can be inserted at some midpoint of the res-
onator to achieve TZ generation. Note that the short-ended stub
of admittance is contributed by the th
PCL section on the LHS while the one of admittance
is from the th PCL section on the RHS. To enhance the
design flexibility, the reference admittances of PCL sections can
be selected different. For example, the sections adjacent to I/O
ends can be chosen with lower reference admittances to enhance
the coupling under the fabrication restriction. The resultant res-
onator is called the SCSER and can be asymmetric in this study.
As for the end resonators 1 and adjacent to input/output ports,
which are resonators of the same type, only a single stub is em-
Fig. 17. Measured and EM simulated -parameters of filters. (a) A1. (b) A2. bedded in each resonator for design convenience.
(16)
As long as one may place the stubs along the main transmis-
sion path of a filter, the filter may possess additional TZs, which
can enhance the attenuation at specific frequencies. Therefore,
an th SCSER with open-ended stubs attached at the common
“mid” point at least produces the multiple TZs of number at
, where . As for the input and
output end resonators, a single open-ended stub shunt with an
additional susceptance block is attached on the open end of outer
resonators. The two open-ended stubs can contribute two more
Fig. 18. Wideband measured and EM simulated transmission coefficients TZs in the filter response.
of filters A1 and A2 (red line (in online version): filter A1, blue line (in online
version): filter A2). B. Resonator Characteristics
For the utilized resonators, by assigning the demanded
Fig. 14) of input feed and . and of each resonator, the LHS and
The simulated results show good frequency response as well RHS admittance ratios are defined as
and are omitted here.
Comparatively speaking, the Y-TF feed with systematic and (17)
derivations owns the flexibility of choosing and for
arbitrary terminal impedance. In [12], the coupled line for Note that every resonator may adopt different admittance ratios.
I/O coupling is treated as a TL and a series inductor. The Hence, the input susceptances seen from the LHS and RHS
quasi-lumped equivalence may not be suitable for higher fre- of resonators in Fig. 19 ( and of resonator ; and
quency. The modified PCLs are used for feedings of tunable of resonator 1; and of resonator ) may be
2918 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 62, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014
Fig. 19. SCSER. (a) Inner SCSER served as the th resonator (resonators 2 to ). The resonator number of each inner SCSER can be different. (All the
resonators are designed with resonant frequency and .) (b) Input-end SCSER with additional shunt susceptance from input feed.
(c) Output-end SCSER with additional shunt susceptance from output feed.
Fig. 20. Proposed fourth-order PCL BPF with multiple, i.e., (5 1), TZs using the proposed Y-TF feeds based on the SCSERs. Resonators 1, 2, and 4 totally
provide three TZs, while resonator 3 contribute the other three TZs. (The four resonator possess identical and TL segments for design
simplicity).
evaluated with the aid of the Appendix and their related slope TABLE III
parameters can be obtained as well. Note that the reason why TZ PLANNING OF THE PROPOSED PCL FILTER IN FIG. 20
we should carefully distinguish the input admittances from LHS
and RHS of any resonators is that those resonators in Fig. 19
can in general be made asymmetric, thus releasing the design
flexibility. Eventually, all the design parameters required for the
proposed PCL filter are well prepared.
Fig. 21. Inverter-based equivalent circuit of the proposed PCL BPF with (5 1) TZs shown in Fig. 20 ( S and S).
TABLE IV
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE PROPOSED PCL FILTER IN FIG. 20
APPENDIX
The two types of resonators with embedded open-ended stubs
constituting the filter are shown in Fig. 19. Resonators 1 and
can be classified as the same configuration. The lengths of
the embedded stubs among the filter, i.e., , , and
will be decided in the beginning of the filter design in accor-
dance with the desired TZ frequencies. In Fig. 19(a), the res-
Fig. 24. Measured and full-wave EM simulated results of the proposed PCL
filter with (5 1) TZs in Fig. 23. (a) Scattering parameters. (b) Group delays.
onators ( to ), i.e., inner SCSER, consists of
two short-circuited stepped-impedance stubs and possesses em-
bedded open-ended stubs of number . As for the end SCSERs
represents the free-space wavelength at 1.5 GHz. The pho- 1 and depicted in Fig. 19(b) and (c), they can be considered
tograph of the fabricated PCL filter with multiple TZs is shown as the shunt combination of the short-circuited two-section stub
as the inset in Fig. 24(a). The measured/simulated scattering pa- and an additional susceptance block. The corresponding reso-
rameters and group delays are illustrated in Fig. 24(a) and (b), nance conditions and input susceptance slope parameters are
respectively. This filter possesses a measured center frequency discussed as follow.
at 1.48 GHz, fractional bandwidth about 10.8%, and a min- A. Inner SCSER
imum insertion loss of 1.813 dB. The unsuppressed resonance at
0.67 GHz becomes not significant because of its finite- prop- Considering resonator exhibited in Fig. 19(a), the input sus-
erty. The reason the TZs become unobvious from 2 to 3 GHz ceptance seen from the LHS is given by
both in the EM simulation and measurement may be majorly
attributed to the inevitably unwanted cross/stray couplings and
minorly attributed to the optimization processes. As a whole,
the capability of enhancing the attenuation level (up to 80 dB) (A1)
by means of TZs is still observable in the measurement, and with
thus validates the functions of SCSERs. Referring to those filters
using cross couplings [18]–[21] or source–load couplings [23]
(A2)
for TZ creation, their measurements usually show that the rejec-
tions at TZs approximate 40–60 dB. From the practical view-
point, the proposed PCL filter achieves relatively high attenua- and
tion at plural designated TZ frequencies.
Note that, in comparison with the conventional SIRs, the (A3)
adopted SCSER possesses more rapid changing resonance
characteristic, equivalently a steeper susceptance response, Due to the structure similarity of the th resonator seen from the
due to the embedded stubs. This causes the eager necessity of LHS and RHS, the slope parameter seen from the RHS of
the proposed accuracy-improved Y-TF feeds in designing the the th resonator can be evaluated in a similar way.
proposed BPF with enhanced stopband performance. To more conveniently calculate the resonant frequency of the
th SCSER exhibited in Fig. 14(a), the total susceptances at node
IX. CONCLUSION “mid” are further summed as given by
All the input susceptances , , and must equal admittance of the open-ended stub in resonator can
zero at to fulfill the resonant condition of inner resonators also be solved with given .
( to ). The strategy for guaranteeing the resonance According to (A7), (A9), (A10), and (A12), the susceptance
of each th resonator is first determining , , and slope parameters , , , and are now completely
, to , and then solving the final un- available by differentiating the four expressions. Note that the
known using a chosen . As a result, the susceptance end SCSER degenerates to the SIR shunt with an additional
slope parameters and can be evaluated by differentiating susceptance block (see Section V) when no open-ended stub
and with respect to frequency variable . is embedded. Thus, the resonances of end resonators 1 and
With regard to the special case (resonators with no embedded without embedded stubs are ruled by (A6) and (A5), respec-
open-ended stubs), the SCSER degenerates to a typical SIR. tively, since have been ensured
The fundamental resonance of the inner SIR utilized by the fil- during the design process of I/O Y-TF feedings.
ters in Figs. 6 and 10 is governed by simultaneous fulfillment of
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pp. 321–327, Feb. 2001. University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, in 2003, and the
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with source-load coupling,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 2007.
53, no. 7, pp. 2302–2308, Jul. 2005. In 2007, he joined the Taiwan Semiconductor
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using a 0 feed structure,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn., vol. RF-Modeling Engineer. In 2008, he joined Sunplus
50, no. 10, pp. 2362–2367, Oct. 2002. Technology Company Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan, as an
[26] W. Tang and J. S. Hong, “Quasi-elliptic function doublet filters Advanced Engineer involved with RF integrated-cir-
without cross coupling,” in Proc. 39th Eur. Microw. Conf., Oct. 2009, cuit design. Since August 2009, he has been with the Department of Electrical
pp. 452–455. Engineering, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan, where he is currently
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