520 CHAPTER 8 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

Surprisingly, two of the most commonly overlooked integration rules are the Log
Rule and the Power Rule. Notice in the next two examples how these two integration
rules can be disguised.

EXAMPLE 4 A Disguised Form of the Log Rule

Find % 1
1 ! ex
dx.

Solution The integral does not appear to fit any of the basic rules. However, the
quotient form suggests the Log Rule. If you let u " 1 ! e x, then du " e x dx. You can
Review of Basic Integration obtain the required du by adding and subtracting e x in the numerator, as follows.

% %
Rules ,a > 0-
1 1 ! ex # e x
dx " dx Add and subtract e x in numerator.
1. % %
kf "u# du " k f "u# du 1 ! ex 1 ! ex

2. % ! f "u# ± g"u#$ du "

" %(
1 ! ex
#
1 ! ex 1 ! ex
ex
dx ) Rewrite as two fractions.

.
% f "u# du ± %g"u# du " dx # % % e x dx
1 ! ex
Rewrite as two integrals.

3. % du " u ! C " x # ln"1 ! e x# ! C Integrate.

4. % u du"
n!1
u Exploration A
n ! C, n $ #1 Try It
n!1

5. % " ln+u+ ! C
du
u NOTE There is usually more than one way to solve an integration problem. For instance, in
Example 4, try integrating by multiplying the numerator and denominator by e#x to obtain an
6. % e du " e ! C
u u
integral of the form #& du'u. See if you can get the same answer by this procedure. (Be
careful: the answer will appear in a different form.)
7. % a du " (
ln a )
u
1 u
a !C

8. % sin u du " #cos u ! C

EXAMPLE 5 A Disguised Form of the Power Rule

9. % cos u du " sin u ! C %

Find "cot x#!ln"sin x#$ dx.

10. % tan u du " #ln+cos u+ ! C

Solution Again, the integral does not appear to fit any of the basic rules. However,
11. % cot u du " ln+sin u+ ! C
considering the two primary choices for u !u " cot x and u " ln"sin x#$, you can see
that the second choice is the appropriate one because
12. %sec udu " cos x
u " ln"sin x# and du " dx " cot x dx.
sin x
+ +
ln sec u ! tan u ! C

13. % csc udu " So,

14.
+
#ln csc u ! cot u ! C
% sec u du " tan u ! C
2
+ % "cot x#!ln"sin x#$ dx " % u du Substitution: u " ln"sin x#

u2
" !C
15. % csc u du " #cot u ! C
Integrate.
2 2
1
.16. % sec u tan u du " sec u ! C
" !ln"sin x#$ 2 ! C. Rewrite as a function of x.
2

17. % csc u cot u du " #csc u! C

% Try It Exploration A Technology

du u
18. " arcsin ! C
*a 2 # u2 a

19. % du
a 2 ! u2
1 u
" arctan ! C
a a
NOTE In Example 5, try checking that the derivative of

%
1
20.
du 1
" arcsec
u
!C ++ 2
!ln"sin x#$ 2 ! C
*
u u #a2 2 a a
is the integrand of the original integral.