THEORY

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION & ALTERNATING CURRENT

SYLLABUS :

Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's law, induced emf and current; Lenz's law, Eddy currents. Self
and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ Voltage;
reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit, resonance; Quality factor, power in AC circuits,
wattless current. AC generator and transformer.

MAGNETIC FLUX:
(a) The number of lines of flux passing through an area held perpendicular to the field is equal to the
magnetic flux linked with that plane.
(b) Mathematically, magnetic flux is the product of the field and the area of the plane. i.e.
 
 = B . A = BA cos 
 is the angle between Magnetic induction and area vector (area vector is perpendicular to the
plane of the area).

 B

A
(c) This is a scalar quantity.
(d) Unit : MKS - weber or Tesla-m2
or N-m /amp.
CGS - Maxwell or Gauss-cm2
1 weber (wb) = 1 Tesla-m2
= 1 ◊ 108 Maxwell
= 108 Gauss-cm2
newton 2 newton . m
Note: (i) weber = amp.m  m = amp

joule volt  coul

= amp = amp

volt  amp . sec

= amp
= volt.sec.

volt  coul
(ii) webre = amp
= ohm-coul.

(iii) weber = volt-sec

volt
= amp / sec x amp = henry-amp.
(e) Dimension : [ ML2 Tñ2 Añ1 ]
 
(f) Net flux leaving a surface =  =  B .d s

(g) If  = 0 i.e. area is held perpendicular to the Magnetic lines of force, then flux from the surface
is maximum.
max = BA

area
 = BA A

(h) If  = 90∫ i.e. area is held parallel to lines of force, then flux from the surface is zero. i.e.
 = BA cos90∫ = 0
(i) Net flux linked with a closed surface is zero. i.e.
 
 =  B .d s =0

WHY ? This is because

Magnetic lines of force are closed curves. So the number of lines entering a closed
surface is equal to the number of lines leaving the surface. Hence net flux = 0.
(j) Flux linked with a surface depends on the following quantities :
(i) Intensity of magnetic field B.
(ii) Area of the surface A.
(iii) Orientation of surface relative to magnetic field.

FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION :

(a) Whenever the number of magnetic lines of force or magnetic flux passing through a circuit changes
an emf is produced in the circuit called induced emf.
(b) If the circuit is closed a current flows through it called induced current.
(c) The induced emf is given by rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit i.e.
d
e =
dt

d(N)
or e =
dt

where e = induced emf

N = Total number of turns.
(d) emf is induced in the circuit only till there is a change in the flux linked with it.
d 1wb
(e) From e = , we can say that 1 Volt =
dt sec
LENZ'S LAW :
(a) This gives the direction of induced emf.
(b) According to this law, the direction of induced emf or current in such as to oppose the change that
produces it.
d
(c) From Lenz's law and Faraday's Law, induced emf is given by e = ñ , Where minus sign is to
dt
show that emf opposes the change of flux linked with it.
(d) This law is based upon Law of conservation of energy.
(e) Mechanical energy and Magnetic energy get converted into Electrical of energy in this Phenomenon
called electromagnetic induction.

SOME GENERAL POINTS :

d
(a) Induced emf is given by e = ñ
dt
 Sign is given by Lentz's Law.
(b) If magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes from to in time 't' then induced emf
(  2  1)
E is given by E = ñ
t
(c) If circuit is a closed one, then induced current is given by

E ( 2  1)
i= =ñ t R amp
R

1 d
or i=ñ (N)
R dt
(d) Value of induced emf does not depend on the resistance of the circuit.
1
(e) Value of induced current depends on resistance. i.e. I 
R
(f) If circuit is open or R = , then there will be an induced emf but no current flowing.
(g) Induced current depends on the following-
d
(a) i 
dt
(b) i  N
1
(c) i 
R
(h) If dq charge flows due to induction in time 'dt' then
dq 1 d d
i= =  dq =
dt R dt dt
1 d (  2  1 )
 q=
R dt
R
(Imp)
(i) This flow of charge is called induced charge.
(j) The charge induced does not depend on the time interval in which flux through the circuit changes.
It simply depends on the net change in flux and resistance of the circuit.
FLEMINGíS RIGHT HAND RULE :
This law is used for finding the direction of the induced e.m.f. or current. Motion of
conductor
According to this law, if we stretch the right hand thumb and two nearby Magnetic Field
fingers perpendicular to one another and first finger points in the direction

r re d
of magnetic field and the thumb in the direction of motion of the conductor

c u u ce
nt
I nd
then the central finger will point in the direction of the induced current.
GENERATION OF EMF AND CURRENT IN VARIOUS OBJECTS :
Induced Emf due to Uniform Motion of a Conducting Rod in a Uniform Magnetic Field:

(a) If a conducting rod of length  is in the plane of paper, magnetic field B is pointing into the plane
of paper and velocity v of the rod is pointing towards + x-axis, then the force
   
F = q ( v  B ) acts downwards (  j ) on the free electrons present in the conductor due to the
magnetic field. As a result electrons are concentrated at the Q end of the conductor due to which
Q end of the conductor becomes negatively charged and P end positively charged.

(b) The emf induced between the ends of the rod is

  
E = ñ ( v  B) . (  )
 
If v and B are perpendicular to each other, then induced e.m.f. will be E = ñ Blv
(c) If the direction of motion of the conductor makes an angle  with the magnetic field, then induced
e.m.f. (potential difference) between the both ends of the conductor will be E = ñ Bv sin 
(d) If the direction of motion of the conductor is in the direction of magnetic field, that is,
 = 0 then no e.m.f. will be induced between the ends of the moving conductor i.e. E = 0
(e) If a galvanometer is connected between the ends of the conductor, then the current will be
E Bv
i= 
R R
(f) Force acting on the conductor

    Bv  B 2 2 v 
F = i (   B ) =ñ B x = ( x)
R R

(g) Power dissipated in moving the conductor

B2 2v B 2 2 v 2
P = Fv = v=
R R
(h) When a train moves on rails, then a potential difference between the ends of the axle of
the wheels is induced because the axle of the wheels of the train cuts the vertical component Bv
of earthís magnetic field and so the magnetic flux linked with it changes and the potential difference
or emf is induced.
E = Bv
Where  is the length of the axle and v is the speed of the train.
(i) A potential difference or e.m.f. acrosss the wings of an aeroplane flying horizontally at a definite
height is also induced because aeroplane cuts the vertical component Bv of earthís magnetic field.
Thus induced emf
E = Bvv volt
Where  is the length of the wings of an aeroplane and v is the speed of the aeroplane.
(j) Keeping a conducting wire in the east-west direction, if it is allowed to fall freely, then emf will be
induced across the wire. If the conducting wire is kept in the north-south and then it is allowed
to fall freely, no emf will be induced in the wire.
(k) If the orbital plane of an artificial satellite of metallic surface is coincident with the equatorial plane
of the earth, then no emf will be induced. If orbital plane makes an angle with the equatorial plane,
then emf will be induced on it.

Induced EMF due to Rotation of a Conducting Rod in a Uniform Magnetic Field :

A conducting rod of length , whose one end is fixed, is rotated in the anticlockwise direction about
an

axis passing through the fixed end and perpendicular to the direction of uniform magnetic field
B (pointing inward normal to the plane of paper) with an angular velocity then

  
(a) a force F = q ( v  B ) acts on the free electrons radially outwards due to which electrons are
displaced towards the free end. Thus fixed end of the rod becomes positively charged and free
end negatively charged.
(b) The emf induced across the ends of the conductor
1
E = B2
2
(c) If the angular frequency of the conducting rod is n, then
 = 2n
 induced emf E = Bn2
(d) If the area covered by the moving rod is A, then
A = 2
 E = ABn
(e) Emf induced in the conducting rod depends upon E  B, E  n and E  2 or A
Induced EMF due to Rotation of a Metallic Disc in a Uniform Magnetic Field :
If a metallic disc of radius R is rotating in the anticlockwise direction about its own axis perpendicular

to a uniform magnetic field B (pointing inward normal to the plane of paper) with an angular
velocity , then

(a) The force acts on the free electrons due to magnetic field due to which these electrons are
displaced and are concentrated at its circumference. In this way the rim of the disc becomes
negative charged and its centre positively charged.
(b) The emf induced between the centre and the circumference
1
E= BR 2
2
If n is the rotational frequency
 = 2n
1
 E= (2n)R 2  BR 2n
2
(c) If A is the area of the disc, then
E = ABn
Induced EMF, Current and Energy Conservation in a Rectangular Loop Moving in a Non uniform
Magnetic Field with a Constant Velocity :
(a) A rectangular coil abcd is placed in a non-unifrom magnetic field perpendicular to it such that the
magnetic field at the arm ab is B1 and at arm cd is B2(B1 > B2). The lengths of the ab and cd
arms are l. If coil is moved normal to the magnetic field with a velocity v, then

b c

 v

B2
a d
vt

(i) Net increase in flux crossing through the coil in time t

 = (B2 ñ B1) l v t
(ii) Emf induced in the coil
E = (B1 ñ B2)l v
(b) If the resistance of the coil is R, then the current induced in the coil

E (B1  B 2 )
I=  v
R R

(c) Resultant force acting on the coil

F = I l (B1 ñ B2) (towards left)

(d) The work done against the resultant force

2v 2
W = (B1 ñ B2)2 t joule
R

Energy supplied in this work appears in the form of electrical energy in the circuit.

(e) Energy supplied due to flow of current I in time t

H = I2R t

2v 2
or H = (B1 ñ B2 ) 2 t joule
R

or H=W
(f) In electromagnetic induction electrical energy is produced by the mechanical energy which is then
transformed into heat energy by current flow. As these energies are equal in magnitude it is proved
that energy is conserved, i.e., in electromagnetic induction law of conservation of energy is obeyed.

(g) When magnetic field is uniform

If a coil is moved in a uniform magnetic field with constant velocity, then the magnetic flux crossing
this coil does not change with time. Hence emf induced in it is zero, i.e., in this case

B1 = B2

 E = (B1 ñ B2)v = 0

(h) When magnetic field is uniform and in limited region : In this case as long as the moving coil remains

completely in the magnetic field B, induced emf remains zero. But as soon as one arm of the coil
enters a region of zero magnetic field, that is, B2 = 0, B1 = B, induced emf becomes
E = (B1 ñ B2)v = Bv

As soon as the coil is totally out of the magnetic field region, induced emf becomes zero again.
 
(i) If a rectangular loop is moved in a uniform magnetic field B with a velocity v , then induced emf
and current will not be produced because the magnetic flux linked with the coil does not change.
But if loop is drawn out of the magnetic field, then emf and current will be induced in it.
Rotation of a Rectangular Coil in a Uniform Magnetic Field :
(a) In the figure a conducting rectangular coil of area A and turns N is shown. It is rotated in a uniform
magnetic field B about a horizontal axis perpendicular to the field with an angular velocity . The
magnetic flux linked with the coil is continuously changing due to rotation.

 is the angle between the perpendicular to the plane of the coil and the direction of magnetic
field.
(b) The magnetic flux passing through the rectangular coil depends upon the orientation of the plane
of the coil about is axis.
(c) Magnetic flux passing through the coil
 
 = B . A = BA cos  = BA cos t
If there are N turns in the coil, then the flux linked with the coil  = BAN cos t
(d) Since  depends upon the time t, the rate of change of magnetic flux
d
= ñ BAN sin t
dt
(e) According to Faradayës law, the emf induced in the coil
d
E=ñ
dt
or E = BAN sint
BAN is the maximum value of emf induced, Thus writing
BAN = E0
 E = E0 sin t
This equation represents the instantaneous value of emf induced at time t.
(f) If the total resistance of circuit along with the coil is R, then the induced current due to alternating
voltage
E E0
I= = sin t
R R
or I = I0 sin t
E0
where I0 =
R
is the maximum value of current.
(g) The magnetic flux linked with coil and the emf induced at different positions of the coil in one
rotational cycle are shown in the following table :

Time Position of coil Magnetic flux Induced emf

t=0 Plane of the  = NBA E=0
coil normal to = maximum

B ( = 0) flux
T
t = Plane of the = 0 E = NBA 
4
coil parallel = maximum

to B ( = 90∫)
T
t = Plane of the coil  = ñNBA E=0
2

normal to B
again ( = 180∫)
3T
t= Plane of the coil = 0 E = ñ NBA
4

parallel to B
again ( = 270∫)
t =T Plane of the coil  = NBA E=0

normal to B
( = 360∫)
(h) The variations of magnetic flux linked with the coil and induced e.m.f. at different times given in
the above table are shown in the following figure.

(i) The phase difference between the instantaneous magnetic flux and induced emf is /2.

(j) The ratio of Emax and max is equal to the angular velocity of the coil. Thus
Emax NBA
 
max NBA
 
(k) If = = 45∫, then
4
NBA NBA 
 and E 
2 2
In this case the ratio of the induced emf and the magnetic flux is equal to the angular velocity of
the coil. Thus
E NBA  NBA
 / 
 2 2
(l) The direction of induced emf in the coil changes during one cycle so it is called alternating emf and
current induced due to it is called alternating current. This is the principle of AC generator.
SELF ñ INDUCTANCE :
(a) Whenever there is a change in current flowing in a coil or circuit , the flux linked with itself changes.
Property of a coil or circuit by virtue of which it opposes this change in flux is called self
inductance.
(b) Self inductance is measured in terms of a coefficient called coefficient of self-induction.
(c) Self induction is also known as inertia of electricity, because it opposes the change in present state.
(d) If no magnetic materials are present near the coil, number of flux linkages with the coil is
proportional to the current i. iñe.
N   i
or N = L i
Where L = Coefficient of self induction.
N
L=
i
Induced Current

Main Current
increasing

Rheustat Key
Main current
increased

Induced Current

Main Current
decreasing

Rheustat Key
Main current
decreased

(e) If i = 1 amp, N = 1 then

L =  . i.e.
The coefficient of self induction of a coil is equal to the flux linked with the coil when the current
in it is 1 amp.
(f)  = Li
 d di di
=e=L if = 1, L = e
dt dt dt
i.e. coefficient of self induction of a coil is equal to the emf induced in the coil when the rate of
change of current in the coil is unity.
(g) Unit of L = wb/amp = Henry (H)
= Volt - sec / amp = Henry
(h) Dimension : [ ML2Tñ2Añ2]
(i) 'L' does not depend upon current flowing or change in current flowing but it depends upon number
of turns (N), Area of cross section (A) and permeability of medium (  ).
(j) 'L' does not play any role till there is a constant current flowing in the curcuit . 'L' comes in to the
picture only when there is a change in current.
1
(k) Energy stored in the magnetic field = LI2
2
Calculation of self inductance : (L):
(a) N  = LI
N
or L=
I
      = BA cos 
N(BA cos )
 L=
I
Examples :
(i) Circular Coil :
N : No. of turns.
I : Current through coil
µ0N I
 B=
2R

µ0N I
  = BA = .  R2
2R

N µ0N2 IR 2 µ0N2 R 2

 L= = =
I 2 RI 2

So, L N2, L  R, L r

Conclusion :

(A) LC

(B) L R i.e. if radius is doubled keeping number of turns (N) and medium (r) Constant, than, self
inductance will also be doubled.
(C) If area of cross section is doubled i.e.
 R2 = 2 R21

or R= 2 R1

i.e. radius is increased 2 times, then self inductance will also increase 2 times or 14.4%

(ii) Solenoid

B =  Ni

N
 = BA =  N i A L= =  N2 A
i

(Note that here 'N' is the number of turns per unit length).
A = Area of cross section.
(iii) Toroid :
R : Radius of toroid
A = r2 = Area of cross-section
L =  n2A (2 R)
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE :

(a) If we place two coils near each other and pass electric current in one of them or change the current
already passing through it or stop the current, then one emf is induced in the second coil. This
phenomenon is called 'mutual induction'. The first coil is called the 'primary coil' and the second
is called the 'secondary coil'.
(b) N2 2  i1
Lines of force
P S

key
Galvanometer
On pressing the key

N22 = M i1
P S

On leaving the key

Where M is called the coefficient of mutual induction.
(c) 'M' does not depend whether change is being brough in which coil. It only depends on-
(a) Number of turns
(b) Are of cross section
(c) Arrangement of coils relative to each other
(d) Permeability of medium.
dI1
(d) e2 = ñM
dt
dI1
If = 1amp / sec, e2 = M
dt
i.e. coefficient of mutual induction (M) is equal to the emf induced in secondary coil when rate of change
of current in primary coil is unity.
(e) Current induced in secondary will be so as to oppose the change in current in primary coil.
(f) Units of M : Henry = wb/amp = Volt sec/amp
(g) Dimension : [M L2 Tñ2 Añ2]
Note that dimensions of 'M' and 'L' are same.
(h) Transformer acts on the principle of mutual induction.
Mutual inductance of two coil (M) :
(a) In turns of number of turns :
µ0µr N1N2 A
M =

(b) In turns of self inductance :
M= L1L 2 (Ideal)
M = K L1L 2
Where K = coupling coefficient (0 K  1)
K = 0, No coupling, M = 0
K = 1, Complete coupling, M = Maximum.
(c) 'K' the coupling coefficient is determined on the basic of coupling between coils :
P S

'M' is
less

P S
0 <K<1

P
'M' is
least

P
S S
 K = 0

P S

'M' is
maximum

P S

K =1
General Points :

(a) Equivalent self inductance of a series Combination is

L = L1 + L2 + L3
(b) Equivalent self inductance of a parallel combination is
L1

L2
1 1 1 1
=  
L L1 L 2 L 3
L3

(c) When 'M' is also considered :

Case (A) : When 'M' favours 'L' in series
L = L1 + L2 + 2M

Case (B) : When 'M' opposes 'L' in series L = L1 + L2 ñ 2M

Case (C) : When 'M' favours 'L' in parallel

L L  M2
L = L 1 L1  2M
1 2

Case (D) : When 'M' opposes 'L' in parallel

L1L1  M2
L= L1  L 2  2M
GROWTH AND DECAY OF CURRENT IN LR CIRCUIT :

Growth of current :
(a) When an inductive circuit is closed then main current in it rises from zero to maximum value
and consequently value of magnetic flux increases from zero to maximum value.

(b) The value of current at any instant of time t after closing the circuit is given by
  t
R
1  e L 
I= I0  
 

R - Total resistance of whole circuit.

T0 - The maximum final value of current.

L
(c) If t= =  = time constant
R

   
R L
1  e L R 
I= I0  
 

 1  1 
or I = I0 1  e  = I0 1  2.718 
   

= 0.63 I0 = 63% of I0.

I
I0

I = 0.63 I0

t = L/R =  t

(d) The time interval, during which the current in an inductive circuit rises to 63% of its maximum value
at make, is defined as time constant.

L
(e) The dimensions of are same as those of
R

time i.e. M0 L0 T1.

R
(f) The dimensions of are same as those of
L

frequency i.e. M0 L0 Tñ1.

Decay of current :
(a) When an inductive D.C. circuit is opened then current in it and consequently the magnetic flux
decreases from its maximum to zero value.

Induced
Current
Main + ñ
current B K

(b) The value of current at any instant of time t after opening the circuit is given by
R
 t
I = I0 e L

L
(c) If t = =  = time constant then
R

R L
  I0
= I0 e L R =
e
= 0.37 I0 = 37% of I0

I = 0.37 I0

t = L/R t

(d) The time interval, during which the current after opening an inductive circuit falls to 37% of its
maximum value in it, is defined as time constant.

TRANSFORMER :
(a) This is based on the principle of mutual induction.
(b) This can be used only for AC input and not for DC.
(c) These are used for converting large AC at low voltages in to small currents at high voltages, and
vice-versa. Accordingly, these are of two types :
(i) Step-up VInput < VOutput
(ii) Step-down VInput > VOutput
(d) Energy is transferred without altering the frequency using transformers.
(e) A simple transformer consists of two coils :
(i) Primary coil : a.c. mains is connected this (input)
(ii) Secondary coil : output voltage is taken form this.
(f) These two coils are insulated from each other and wound on a common soft iron laminated core.
This is to reduce the Eddy currents.
(g) Resistance between the coil is infinite.
(h) Let NP : Number of turns in primary coil.
NS : Number of turns in secondary coil.
 EP : Input voltage
ES : Output voltage.
E S NS
Now, 
EP NP

(i) For a step down transformer-

(i) EP > ES
(ii) NP > NS
(iii) IS > IP.
(j) For a step-up transformer-
(i) ES > EP
(ii) NS > NP
(iii) IP > IS.
(k) Comparision between ideal and real transformer :

Ideal Real
(i) No power loss Power loss due to eddy current etc.
(ii) Input Power Output power

= Output power = Input power where  = efficiency
100
VS  IP
(iii) VPIP = VSIS VP = ◊ I
100 S

VS IP NS VS I S
(iv) VP = I = N  = V I ◊ 100
S P P P

(v) M = L1 L 2
(v) M = K L1 L 2
(l) Phase difference between input and output voltage is zero.
Note :
Transformer is not a generater of electricity.
Energy losses in a transformer :
(a) Copper losses : Due to resistance of coils.
(b) Eddy current losses : Eddy current are set up in the iron core of the transformer. To minimize these.
The iron core is laminated by making it of a number of thin sheets of iron insulated from each other.
(c) Flux losses : The coupling of primary and secondary coils is never perfect. K should be high.
USES :
(a) Power stations
(b) Radio, Television, Telegraph etc.
ELECTRIC MOTOR :
(a) It convert electric energy into mechanical energy.
(b) Working principle :
Electric energy  Current  Current
Carrying coil in a magnetic field  Torque on the coil  Rotation of coil.
(c) This does not work on principle of electromagnetic induction (EMI)
(d) The D.C. battery continues to flow a current through the armature coil and this emf also keep a
control on back emf (due to EMI)
(e) Current is maximum when Motor is just started. Later on motor read justs its speed appropriate
to any load.
Steady State :
E ñ eb = Ia Ra
R|e  back emf
b

S|R  armature resistance

a

aTI  current in the armature coil

E = eb + Ia Ra
E Ia = eIa + Ia2 Ra
electric power mechanical power Joul's heat
 Input power = Output power + Power losses

F Shaft
B C

N S
A D
P QF
R S
() ñ +
K External Electric
Force

(f) Back emf 

 = frequency of rotation.
(g) Efficiency of Motor
eb
= ◊ 100
E
if eb = E, = 100%
(h) Current in motor
E  eb
Ia = Ra

(i) There is a possibility of damage to the insulation of windings due to a large current flow in the
beginning (when back emf is zero). This is prevented by introducing a large variable resistance R
called starter resistance or starter.
(j) Losses :
(i) Copper losses
(ii) Flux leakage
(iii) mechanical losses
(iv) Eddy currents.
GENERATOR :
(a) This coverts mechanical energy in to electrical energy.
(b) This is based on principle of electromagnetic induction.
(c) It consists of following parts :
(i) Armature
(ii) Field magnet
(iii) Convertor system :
(A) Brushes (A.C.)
(B) Commutator (D.C.)
(iv) Slip Rings.
(v) Load resistance.
(vi) Indicator
(vii) Driver
(d) Efficiency of generator :
eq = Ia (Ra + RL)
Where RL = Load resistance
Ra = Armature resistance
Ia = Armature current
eq = emf of generator
eq = VL + Ia Ra output
VL
 = e x 100
q

(e) Maximum power transfer will take place when,

Load resistance = Armature resistances.
(f) Losses :
(i) Mechanical loss
(ii) Copper losses
(iii) Flux leakage
(iv) Eddy current losses.
 ALTERNATING CURRENT

ALTERNATING CURRENT :
(a) V = V0 sint
and I = I0sin(t + )
where V0 and I0 are peak voltage and peak current respectively.
(b) Average value for half cycle,
2I 0
Iav   0.637 I0 (positive half)

2I 0
and I av   0.637 I0 (negative half)

(c) Average value of long time or one time period,
(d) Electric charge transferred,
q = Iav ◊ time
I0 V0
(e) Irms = and Vrms 
2 2
(f) H = I 2rms Rt
(g) A.C. can be converted into D.C. by rectifier.
(h) D.C. can be converted into A.C. by inverter.
(i) electrolysis does not take place by A.C.
(j) A.C. is measured by hot wire instrument.
(k) Transformer works for A.C. only
I rms 
(i) Form factor  I 
av 2 2
(m) RMS value is also known as virtual value or effective value.
(n) The angular frequency of D.C. voltage is taken as zero.
Current and potential relations :
(a) Resistor in an A.C. Circuit :
(i) A.C. current and voltage equations are
i = i0 sint and VR = V0 sin t
(ii) A resistance opposes the current but does not oppose a change in current. Hence, current is in phase
with emf.
(b) Capacitor in an A.C. circuit :
(i) A.C. current and voltage equations are
 
i  i 0  t  
 2
and VC = V0 sin t
(ii) Capacitive reactance
XC = 1/C
(iii) The current leads the voltage by /2
(c) Inductor in an A.C. circuit :
(i) A.C. current and voltage equations are
i = i0 sint
and VL = V0 sin (t + /2)
(ii) Inductive reactance
XL = 1/L
(iii) The current lags behind the voltage by /2
(d) Series L-R circuit :
2
 1 
(i) Impedance Z  R 2

 C 
(ii) The voltage lags behind the current by an angle
 = tanñ1 (1/CR)
(f) Series L-C-R circuit :
2
 1 
(i) Modulus of impedance is | Z | R   L 
2

 C 

  L  1 / C 
(ii) Phase angle  = tanñ1  
 R 

1
(iii) Resonant frequency of series L-C-R circuit f
2 LC
3. Power : P = Vrms Irms cos
R
Here, cos is power factor equal to .
| Z|
(a) For pure resistaive, circuit, cos = 1
(b) For L-R circuit,
R R
cos   
| Z| R 2  2 L2
(c) For R-C circuit,

R
cos  
2
 1 
R 
2

 C 
 EXERCISE-I
Q.1 A flux of 1m Wb passes through a strip having an area A = 0.02 m2. The plane of the strip is at
an angle of 60∫ to the direction of a uniform field B. The value of B is-
(A) 0.1 T (B) 0.058 T (C) 4.0 mT (D) none of the above
Q.2 A copper ring having a cut such as not to form a complete loop is held horizontally and a bar magnet is
dropped through the ring with its length along the axis of the ring. Then acceleration of the falling magnet
is- (neglect air friction)
(A) g
(B) less than g
(C) more than g
(D) 0
Q.3 The instantaneous flux associated with a closed circuit of 10 resistance is indicated by the
following reaction  = 6t2 ñ 5t + 1, then the value in amperes of the induced current at
t = 0.25 sec will be:
(A) 1.2 (B) 0.8 (C) 6 (D) 0.2
Q.4 A coil of N turns and area A is rotated at the rate of n rotations per second in a magnetic field
of intensity B, the magnitude of the maximum magnetic flux will be :
(A) NAB (B) nAB (C) NnAB (D) 2nNAB
Q.5 A rectangular loop of resistance R, and sides I and x, is pulled out
of a uniform magnetic field B with a steady velocity v. The
necessary force F required for maintaining uniform velocity of
withdrawal is-

Bl 2 v B2 l 2 v
(A) (B)
R R

B2 l 2v 2
(C) (D) 0
R
Q.6 A circular coil of radius r is placed in a uniform magnetic field B. The
magnetic field is normal to the plane of the coil, as shown in fig. Now if
the coil is rotated at an angular speed of , about its own axis, then the
induced emf in the coil is-

BA
(A) (B) B (2r) 
2

(C) 0 (D) None of the above

Q.7 A square conducting loop of side L and resistance R is moving with a uniform velocity at right angles to
one of the sides in its own plane. On applying a uniform magnetic field at right angles to its plane as
shown in the figure the induced current in the loop will be ñ

BLV
(A) Zero (B) in anticlockwise direction
R
BLV 2BLV
(C) in clockwise direction (D) in clockwise direction
R R
Q.8 Two coils of self inductances L1 and L2 are tightly wrapped one over the other. The maximum mutual
inductance of the combination will be-
L1 L 2
(A) L1 + L2 (B) L1 L2 (C) L1 L 2 (D) L  L
1 2

Q.9 A coil of resistance R and inductance L is connected to a battery of E volt e.m.f. This final current in the
coil is-

(A) E/R (B) E/L (C) E / R 2

 L2  (D) E L / R 2
 L2 
Q.10 A dynamo-
(A) creates electrical energy
(B) converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
(C) converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
(D) creates mechanical energy.
Q.11 RMS value of ac i = i1 cos t + i2 sin t will be ñ
1 1 1 1
(A) (i1 + i2) (B) (i1 + i2)2 (C) (i 2 + i22)Ω (D) (i 2 + i22)Ω
2 2 2 1 2 1

Q.12 n an L-C-R series circuit R = 10, XL = 8and XC = 6the total impedance of the circuit
is ñ
(A) 10.2 (B) 17.2 (C) 10 (D) None of the above
Q.13 The vector diagram of the current and voltage in a given circuit is shown in the figure. The
components of the circuit will be ñ

(A) LñCñR (B) LñR (C) LñCñR or LñR (D) CñR

Q.14 If E0 = 200 volt, R = 25 ohm. L = 0.1 H and C = 10ñ5 F and the frequency is variable, then
the current at f = 0 and f =  will be respecitvely ñ

(A) 0 A, 8 A (B) 8 A, 0 A (C) 8 A, 8 A (D) 0 A. 0 A

Q.15 A choke coil of 100 ohm and 1 H is connected to a generator of E = 200 sin (100t) volt. The
average power dissipated will be ñ
(A) Zero (B) 200 W (C) 141 W (D) 100 W

EXERCISE-II

Q.1 A bicycle wheel of radius 0.5 m has 32 spokes. It is rotating at the rate of 120 revolutions per minute,
perpendicular to the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field B H = 4 x 10-5 tesla. The emf induced
between the rim and the centre of the wheel will be-
◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊
◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊Rim
◊
◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊
◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊
◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊
◊ ◊ ◊ ◊O ◊ ◊ Spoke
◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊
◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊ ◊

(A) 6.28 ◊ 10ñ5 V (B) 4.8 ◊ 10-5 V (C) 6.0 ◊ 10ñ5 V (D) 1.6 ◊ 10ñ5 V
Q.2 A coil of area A = 0.5m2 is situated in a uniform magnetic field B = 4.0 wb/m2 and makes an angle of 60∞
with respect to the magnetic field as shown in figure. The value of magnetic flux through the area A would
be equal to -

3
(A) 2 wb (B) 1 wb (C) 3 wb (D) 2 wb

Q.3 A coil when connected to a dc source of 12 V, carries a current of 4 A. If this coil is connected
to an ac source of 12 V and 50 rad/s, then it carries a current of 2.4 A. The inductance of the
coil is ñ
(A) 48 H (B) 4 H (C) 12.5 H (D) 8 ◊ 10ñ2 H
Q.4 An LñCñR series circuit with a resistance of 100 ohm is connected to an ac source of 200 V (rms)
and angular frequecncy 300 rad/s. When only the capacitor is removed. the current lags behind the
voltage by 60∫. When only the inductor is removed , the current leads with the voltage by 60∫. The
average power dissipated is ñ
(A) 50W (B) 100 W (C) 200 W (D) 400 W
Q.5 n the adjoining A.C. circuit the voltmeter whose reading will be zero at resonance is ñ

(A) V1 (B) V2 (C) V3 (D) V4

Q.6 An ac circuit contains a resistance R and a reactance X. If the impedace of the circuit is given by
Z = 50  / 6
Then the resistance and the reactance are, respectively (in ohms) ñ
(A) Zero ; 50 (B) 25 3 ; 25 (C) 25 ; 25 3 (D) 25 ; 25
Q.7 A 10 ohm resistance, 5 mH coil and 10 F capacitor are joined in series. When a suitable frequency
alternating current source is joined to the combination the circuit resonates. If the resistance is
halved, the resonance frequency-
(A) is halved (B) is doubled
(C) remains unchanged (D) is quadrupled
Q.8 A vertical bar magnet is dropped from position on the axis of a fixed metallic
coil as shown in fig - I. In fig - II the magnet is fixed and horizontal coil is
dropped. The acceleration of the magnet and coil are a1 and a2 respectively
then
(A) a1 > g , a2 > g (B) a1 > g , a2 < g
(C) a1 < g , a2 < g (D) a1 < g , a2 > g fig - I fig-II
Q.9 The figure shows an isosceles triangle wire frame with apex angle equal to /2. The
frame starts entering into the region of uniform magnetic field B with constant velocity
v at t= 0. The longest side of the frame is perpendicular to the direction of velocity.
If i is the instantaneous current through the frame then choose the alternative showing
the correct variation of i with time.

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q.10 A metallic rod of length L and mass M is moving under the action of two unequal forces F1 and F2
(directed opposite to each other) acting at its ends along its length. Ignore gravity and any external
magnetic field. If specific charge of electrons is (e/m), then the potential difference between the ends of
the rod is steady state must be
(A) F1  F2 mL eM (B) (F1  F2 ) mL eM
(C) [ mL eM ] ln [F1/F2] (D) None
Q.11 The current in the given circuit is increasing with a rate a = 4 amp/s.
The charge on the capacitor at an instant when the current in the
circuit is 2 amp will be :
(A) 4C (B) 5C
(C) 6C (D) none of these
Q.12 Two resistors of 10  and 20  and an ideal inductor of 10 H are connected to
a 2 V battery as shown. The key K is inserted at time t = 0. The initial (t = 0) and
final (t ) currents through battery are
1 1 1 1
(A) A, A (B) A, A
15 10 10 15
2 1 1 2
(C) A, A (D) A, A
15 10 15 25
Q.13 In the circuit, as shown in the figure, if the value of R.M.S current is
2.2 ampere, the power factor of the box is
1
(A) (B) 1
2
3 1
(C) (D)
2 2
Q.14 The current I, potential difference VL across the inductor and potential
difference VC across the capacitor in circuit as shown in the figure are
best represented vectorially as

(A) (B) (C) (D)

EXERCISE-III

Q.1 When a rectangular loop pulled out from uniform magnetic field. The induced current is proportional to
[AIEEE-2002]
(A) B
(B) ñ1
(C) R
(D) v2
Q.2 Resultant inductance of the circuit will be - [AIEEE-2002]
(A) 3 H
(B) 9 H
(C) 1 H
(D) 7.5 H
Q.3 Two coils are placed close to each other. The mutual inductance of the pair of coils depends upon ñ
[AIEEE-2003]
(A) Relative position and orientation of the two coils
(B) The materials of the wires of the coils
(C) The currents in the two coils
(D) The rates at which currents are changing in the two coils
Q.4 When the current changes from +2A to ñ2A in 0.05 second, an e.m.f. of 8 V is induced in a coil. The
coefficient of self-induction of the coil is & [AIEEE-2003]
(A) 0.4 H (B) 0.8 H (C) 0.1 H (D) 0.2 H
Q.5 A coil having n turns and resistance R is connected with a galvanometer of resistance 4R. This
combination is moved in time t seconds from a magnetic field W1 weber to W2 weber. The induced
current in the circuit is [AIEEE-2004]
( W2  W1 ) n ( W2  W1 ) ( W2  W1 ) n ( W2  W1 )
(A) ñ (B) ñ (C) ñ (D) ñ
5 Rn t 5 Rt Rnt Rt

Q.6 In a uniform magnetic field of induction B a wire in the form of a semicircle of radius r rotates about the
diameter of the circle with an angular frequency . The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the field. If the
total resistance of the circuit is R the mean power generated per period of rotation is ñ
[AIEEE-2004]

B r 2  (B r 2 )2 (B  r 2 )2
(C) (B r)
2
(A) (B) (D)
2R 8R 2R 8R

Q.7 A metal conductor of length 1 m rotates vertically about one of its ends at angular velocity 5 radians per
second. If the horizontal component of earthís magnetic field is 0.2 ◊ 10ñ4T, then the e.m.f. developed
between the two ends of the conductor is ñ [AIEEE-2004]
(A) 5 µV (B) 50 µV (C) 5 mV (D) 50 mV
Q.8 A coil of inductance 300 mH and resistance 2 is connected to a source of voltage 2 V. The current
reaches half of its steady state value in [AIEEE-2005]
(A) 0.05 s (B) 0.1 s (C) 0.15 s (D) 0.3 s
Q.9 The self inductance of the motor of an electric fan is 10 H. In order to impart maximum power at 50 Hz,
it should be connected to a capacitance of ñ [AIEEE-2005]
(A) 4µF (B) 8µF (C) 1µF (D) 2µF
Q.10 One conducting U tube can slide inside another as shown in figure, maintaining electrical contacts between
the tubes. The magnetic field B is perpendicular to the plane of the figure. If each tube moves towards
the other at a constant speed V, then the emf induced in the circuit in terms of B, l and V where  is the
width of each tube, will be ñ [AIEEE-2005]
(A) BlV
(B) ñBlV
(C) zero
(D) 2BlV
Q.11 The flux linked with a coil at any instant 't' is given by  = 10t2 ñ 50t + 250. The induced emf at t = 3 s
is ñ [AIEEE 2006]
(A) 10 V (B) 190 V (C) ñ 190 V (D) ñ 10 V
Q.12 In an AC generator, a coil with N turns, all of the same area A and total resistance R, rotates with
frequency  in a magnetic field B. The maximum value of emf generated in the coil is ñ
[AIEEE 2006]
(A) N.A.B.R. (B) N.A.B. (C) N.A.B.R. (D) N.A.B.
Q.13 An inductor (L = 100 mH), a resistor (R = 100 ) and a battery (E = 100 V) are initially connected in
series as shown in the figure. After a long time the battery is disconnected after short circuiting the points
A and B. The current in the circuit 1 ms after the short circuit is ñ [AIEEE 2006]

(A) 0.1 A (B) 1 A (C) 1/e A (D) e A

Q.14 An ideal coil of 10H is connected in series with a resistance of 5 and a battery of 5V. 2 seconds
after the connection is made, the current flowing in amperes in the circuit is - [AIEEE 2007]
(A) (1 ñ e) (B) e (C) eñ1 (D) (1 ñ eñ1)
Q.15 Two coaxial solenoids are made by winding thin insulated wire over a pipe of cross-sectional area
A = 10 cm2 and length = 20 cm. If one of the solenoids has 300 turns and the other 400 turns, their mutual
inductance is ( = 4 ◊ 10ñ7 T m Añ1) [AIEEE 2008]
(A) 4.8  ◊ 10ñ4 H (B) 4.8  ◊ 10ñ5 H (C) 2.4 ◊ 10ñ4 H (D) 2.4  ◊ 10ñ5 H
Q.16 An inductor of inductance L = 400 mH and resistors of resistances R1 = 2 and R2 = 2 are
connected to a0 battery of emf 12V as shown in the figure. The internal resistance of the
battery is negligible.The switch S is closed att = 0. The potential drop across L as a function of time is ñ
[AIEEE 2009]
12 ñ3t
(A) 6 eñ5tV (B) e V (C) 6 [1 ñ eñt/0.2) V (D) 12 eñ5tV
t
Q.17 A fully charged capacitor C with initial charge q0 is connected to a coil of self inductance L at
t = 0. The time at which the energy is stored equally between the electric and magnetic fields is :
[AIEEE 2011]

(A)  LC (B) LC (C) 2 LC (D) LC
4
Q.18 A boat is moving due east in a region where the earthís magnetic field is 5.0 ◊ 10ñ5 NAñ1 mñ1 due north
and horizontal. The boat carries a vertical aerial 2m long. If the speed of the boat is 1.50 msñ1, the magnitude
of the induced emf in the wire of aerial is : [AIEEE 2011]
(A) 1 mV (B) 0.75 mV (C) 0.50 mV (D) 0.15 mV
Q.19 The power factor of an A.C. circuit having resistance (R) and inductance (L) connected in series and an
angular velocity  is ñ [AIEEE-2002]
R R L R
(A)  L (B) (R 2   2 L2 )1/ 2 (C) (D) (R 2   2 L2 )1/ 2
R

Q.20 In a transformer, number of turns in the primary are 140 and that in the secondary are 280. If current in
primary is 4 A, then that in the secondary is ñ [AIEEE-2002]
(A) 4 A (B) 2 A (C) 6 A (D) 10 A
Q.21 Power factor of the circuit is ñ [AIEEE-2003]

R R R
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
L R  L
2 2 2
R   2L2
2
Q.22 The core of any transformer is laminated so as to ñ [AIEEE-2003]
(A) Make it light weight
(B) Make it robust and strong
(C) Increase the secondary voltage
(D) Reduce the energy loss due to eddy current
Q.23 Alternating current can not be measured by D.C. ammeter because ñ [AIEEE-2004]
(A) A.C. can not pass through D.C. Ammeter
(B) A.C. changes direction
(C) Average value of current for complete cycle is zero
(D) D.C. Ammeter will get damaged
Q.24 In an LCR series a.c. circuit, the voltage across each of the components, L, C and R is 50 V. The voltage
across the LC combination will be ñ [AIEEE-2004]
(A) 50 V (B) 50 2 (C) 100 V (D) 0 V (zero)
Q.25 In a LCR circuit capacitance is changed from C to 2C. For the resonant frequency to remain unchanged,
the inductance should be changed from L to ñ [AIEEE-2004]
(A) 4 L (B) 2 L (C) L/2 (D) L/4
Q.26 A circuit has a resistance of 12 ohm and an impedance of 15 ohm. The power factor of the circuit will
be ñ [AIEEE-2005]
(A) 0.8 (B) 0.4 (C) 1.25 (D) 0.125
Q.27 The phase difference between the alternating current and emf is /2. Which of the following cannot be
the constituent of the circuit ? [AIEEE-2005]
(A) C alone (B) R L (C) L C (D) L alone
Q.28 In a series resonant LCR circuit, the voltage across R is 100 volts and R = 1 k with C = 2 F. The
resonant frequency  is 200 rad/s. At resonance the voltage across L is ñ [AIEEE 2006]
(A) 250 V (B) 4 ◊ 10ñ3 V (C) 2.5 ◊ 10ñ2 V (D) 40 V
Q.29 In an a.c. circuit the voltage applied is E = E0 sint. The resulting current in the circuit is
 
I = I0 sin  t   . The power consumption in the circuit is given by - [AIEEE 2007]
 2

E 0I0 E 0 I0
(A) P = (B) P = zero (C) P = (D) P = 2 E0I0
2 2
Q.30 A rectangular loop has a sliding connector PQ of length l and resistance R and it is moving with a speed
v as shown. The set-up is placed in a uniform magnetic field going into the plane of the paper. The three
currents I1, I2 and I are [AIEEE 2010]

Bv P l
(A) I1 = I2 = I =
R

Bv Bv 
(B) I1 = I2 = ,I= R R R
6R 3R
I I2
Bv 2Bv
(C) I1 = ñI2 = ,I= I1 Q
R 3R

Bv 2Bv
(D) I1 = I2 = ,I=
3R 3R

Q.31 In the circuit shown below, the key K is closed at t = 0. The current through the battery is

[AIEEE 2010]

V K

L R1

R2

V VR1R 2 V(R 1  R 2 ) V
(A) at t = 0 and at t =  (B) at t = 0 and at t = 
R2 R12  R 22 R 1R 2 R2

VR1R 2 V V V(R 1  R 2 )
(C) at t = 0 and at t =  (D) at t = 0 and at t = 
R12  R 22 R2 R2 R 1R 2

Q.32 A resistor 'R' and 2µF capacitor in series is connected through a switch to 200V direct supply. Across
the capacitor is a neon bulb that lights up at 120 V. Calculate the value of R to make the bulb light up 5s
after the switch has been closed. (log10 2.5 = 0.4) [AIEEE 2011]

(A) 1.3 ◊ 104  (B) 1.7 ◊ 105  (C) 2.7 ◊ 106  (D) 3.3 ◊ 107 