Lecture Notes

ECE 381
I. Husain

TOPIC 1
Single & Three Phase Circuits

Reference: Chapter 1: Zia A.Yamayee and Juan L. Bala Jr.

Electromechanical Energy Devices and Power
Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994.

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Single-phase Circuits

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 Single Phase Circuit
Review

• Single phase circuit components: a I b

– Voltage or current sources L VL

V
– Impedances (resistance,
R VR
inductance, and capacitance)
– The components are connected g
in series or in parallel. 10
Vp
5
• The figure shows a simple circuit v (t) 0
where a voltage source (generator) 5
supplies a load (resistance and 10
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
inductance in series). deg

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Single Phase Circuit

Review

• The voltage source produces a sinusoidal voltage wave

v (t ) = 2 Vrms sin (ω t)
where: Vrms is the rms value of the voltage (volts)
ω is the angular frequency of the sinusoidal function (rad/sec)

2π 1
ω = 2π f = rad/sec f= Hz
T T
f is the frequency (60 Hz in USA, 50 Hz in Europe).
T is the time period (seconds).

• The peak value (max value) of the voltage is VP = 2 Vrms

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 Single Phase Circuit
Review

The rms value is calculated by

1 T
Vrms = ∫0 v(t) dt
2

T
• The voltage direction is indicated by an arrow from g to a. This means
during the positive half cycle the potential of point a is larger than g.
a I b

C Vc
V
R VR

g
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Single Phase Circuit

Review

• The current is also sinusoidal

i (t) = 2 I rms sin (ω t - φ)

where: I rms is the rms value of the current.
φ is the phase-shift between current and voltage.

The rms current is calculated by the Ohm’s Law:

Vrms
I rms =
Z
where: Z is the impedance.

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 Single Phase Circuit
Review

• The impedances (in Ohms) are :

– a) Resistance (R)
– b) Inductive reactance

XL = ω L

– c) Capacitive reactance
1
XC =
ωC

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Single Phase Circuit

Review

• The impedance of a • Impedance calculation

resistance and a reactance
connected in series is : a I b

Z= R 2 + X2 XL VXL
V

• The phase angle is : R VR

X g
φ = a tan
R

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 Single Phase Circuit
Review

• The generator current flows • The load current and

from g to a in the positive voltages are in opposite
half cycle. direction

a I b
• The generator current and
voltage are in the same
Ig L VL
direction.
V
ILoad R
• The load current in the VR

positive half cycle flows g

from b to g .

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Single Phase Circuit

Review

• Inductive circuit
– The φ phase-shift between the current and voltage is negative.
– The current is lagging with respect to the voltage.

a I b 10
V(t)
5
L VL V( t ) I(t)
V 0
I( t )
R VR 5 φ

g 10
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
t

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 Single Phase Circuit
Review

• Capacitive circuit
– The φ phase shift between the current and voltage is positive.
– The current is leading with respect to the voltage.

a I b 10
v(t)
C Vc 5
V V( t )
i(t)
0
R VR I( t )
5 φ
g
10
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
t
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Single Phase Circuit

Review

• Illustration of capacitive (leading) and inductive (lagging)

current.

v(t) IL(t) lagging IC(t) leading

-φ φ

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 Single Phase Circuit
Review

Complex Notation
• Engineering calculations need the amplitude (rms value) and
phase angle of voltage and current.
• The time function is used for transient analysis.
• The amplitude and phase angle can be calculated using complex
notation.
• The voltage, current, and impedance are expressed by complex
phasors.

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Single Phase Circuit

Review
Complex Notation
Impedance phasor: (resistance, capacitor, and inductance connected in
series)
Rectangular form:
1
Z = R + jω L + ( ) = R + j (X L - X C ) = R + j X T
jω C
Exponential form: Z = Z e jφ
Z
X
where: φ

X R
Z= R 2+ X2 φ = a tan ( )
R

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 Single Phase Circuit
Review
Complex Notation
Impedance phasor: (resistance, capacitor, and inductance connected in
series)
Polar form:

Z = Z ∠φ = Z [cos(φ ) + j sin(φ )]

X Z
Z= R 2+ X2 φ = a tan ( ) X
R φ
R
R = Z cos (φ ) X = Z sin (φ )

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Single Phase Circuit

Review

Complex Notation

• Voltage phasor:
V= V e j δ or

V= V ∠δ = V cos δ + j V sin δ

where : V is the rms value, and δ is the phase angle

Note: The supply voltage phase angle is often selected as the reference
with δ=0

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 Single Phase Circuit
Review often

Complex Notation

• Current phasor

jδ
V Ve V j (δ −φ ) V
I= = jφ
= e = [cos (δ − φ) + j sin (δ − φ)]
Z Ze Z Z

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Single Phase Circuit

Review

Kirchhoff ’s laws:
•Voltages:
– The sum of the voltages around any loop is zero.
• Other formulation is:
– The sum of generator voltages is equal to the
sum of load voltages.
•Currents:
– The sum of the currents entering any node point
is zero
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 Single Phase Circuit
Review

Kirchhoff ’s laws:
Example.
– If a generator supplies a resistance, an inductance, and a
capacitance connected in series we have:
1
Vg = VR + VX L + VX C = I R + I j ωL ind + I
j ωC
– If a generator supplies a resistance, an inductance, and a
capacitance connected in parallel we have:
V V V
I g = I R + I X L + I XC = + +
R jωL 1
jωC
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Single Phase Circuit

Review

Power calculation.
Instantaneous power is the product of the instantaneous
voltage and current.
p (t) = v(t)i(t)= 2 V sin (ω t ) 2 I sin (ω t −φ )
Where:

v (t) = 2 V sin (ω t ) i (t) = 2 I sin (ω t −φ )

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 Single Phase Circuit
Review

Power calculation. Instantaneous Power

Using the sin (α+β) relation we have :

[ ]
p (t) = V I cos (φ ) 2 sin 2 (ω t) - V I sin (φ ) [2 sin(ω t) cos (ω t) ]

Using the sin2 (α) and sin (2α) relations the expression for
power is:

p (t) = V I cos (φ ) [1− cos (2ω t) ] - V I sin(φ ) [sin ( 2ω t) ]

(1) (2)

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Single Phase Circuit

Review

The power equation is re-arranged as:

p (t) = P [1− cos (2ω t) ] - Q [sin ( 2ω t) ]
(1) (2)
Where:
• P = VI cos (φ ) is the real power or average power (in watts)
• Q = VI sin (φ ) is the reactive power (in VAR)

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 Single Phase Circuit
Review

• Part 1 Real Power P = VI cos (φ )

The average value of p(t) is the real power. This is the power
transferred from the generator to the load.

• Part (2) is the reactive power. Q = VI sin (φ )

The reactive power average value is zero because it oscillates:
- a) In the positive half cycle the reactive power flows from the
generator to the load.
- b) In the negative half cycle the reactive power flows from the load
to the generator.

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Single Phase Circuit

Review

Instantaneous Power Time Function

• Oscillates with double frequency
• Curve shifted, positive area is larger than the negative one.
1 T
• The average transmitted power is : P = ∫ p ( t ) dt
T 0

Voltage Average power Instantaneous Power

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12
 Single Phase Circuit
Reactive and real power waveforms for different phase angle values.
p(t) p(t)
Φ = -5o Φ = -30o
P P

P [1-cos(2ωt)] P [1-cos(2ωt)]
Q sin (2ωt) Q sin (2ωt)

t t

p(t) p(t)
Φ = -60o Φ= -85o

P
P

P [1-cos(2ωt)] P [1-cos(2ωt)]
Q sin (2ωt)
Q sin (2ωt)
t t
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Single Phase Circuit

Review
Complex Power
• The complex notation can be used for power calculation.
• The complex power is defined as : Voltage times the conjugate of the
current.

S = V I = V I e ± j φ = V I [cos (φ ) ± j sin (φ )] = P ± j Q

• The power factor magnitude is defined as: the ratio of the real power and
the absolute value of the apparent power. The power factor may be
lagging or leading.
P
pf =cos(φ )= = cos(arg( S ))
S

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 Three-phase Circuits

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Three-phase Circuits
Wye-Connected System
• The neutral point is grounded Va n

• The three-phase voltages have a

equal magnitude. Vb n
Va b Vc a
• The phase-shift between the b
n
voltages is 120 degrees. Vc n
Van = V ∠0 ° = V Vb c
c
Vbn = V ∠ − 120 ° = V e − j 120 deg

Vcn = V ∠ − 240 ° = V e − j 240 deg

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 Three-phase Circuits
Ia

Wye-Connected System
• Line-to-line voltages are the Va n
difference of the phase voltages Va b
Vb n
n
Ib Vc a
Vab = Van - Vbn = 3 V e j 30 deg

Vc n
Vbc = Vbn - Vcn = 3 V e- j 90 deg
Vb c
Vca = Vcn - Van = 3 V e j 150 deg
Ic

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Three-phase Circuits
Wye-Connected Loaded System
• The load is Za, Zb, Zc
Van
• Each phase voltage drives current through a
Za
the load. Ia
• The phase current expressions are: Vbn Vab
Zb
b
n
Van Vbn Vcn Vca Ib
Ia = Ib = Ic = Vcn Vbc
Za Zb Zc Zc
c
Ic
• The system has ground current defined as:
I0 = Ia + Ib + Ic Io

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 Three-phase Circuits
Wye-Connected System
• Phasor diagram is used to visualize
the system voltages Vc n
Vca Va b
• Wye system has two type of
voltages: Line-to-neutral, and -Vbn
o
30
line-to-line.
• The line-to-neutral voltages are 120
o Va n
shifted with 120o
• The line-to-line voltage leads the Vb n
line to neutral voltage with 30o
• The line-to-line voltage is 3 times Vb c
the line-to-neutral voltage

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Three-phase Circuits
Wye-Connected Loaded System
• If the load is balanced (Za = Zb = Zc) Van
then: a
Za

Ia
I0 = Ia + Ib + Ic = 0

• This case single phase equivalent

circuit can be used (phase a, for
instance, only)
• Phase b and c are eliminated n
Io

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 Three-phase Circuits
Wye-Connected System with balanced load

• A single-phase equivalent circuit is used

• Only phase a is drawn, because the magnitude of currents and voltages

are the same in each phase. Only the phase angles are different (-120o
phase shift)

• The supply voltage is the line to neutral voltage.

• The single phase loads are connected to neutral or ground.

V
ln Load

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Three-phase Circuits
Balanced Delta-Connected System
• The system has only one voltage :
the line-to-line voltage ( VLL )
Ia Za
• The system has two currents : a a

Iab
– line current Vab
Zb
Ib b
– phase current Vca
b
I bc
Vbc
• The phase currents are: Ic c Zc

Vab V bc V bc c
I ab = I bc = I bc = Ica
Z ab Z bc Z bc

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 Three-phase Circuits
Delta-Connected System
The line currents are:
Ia= Iab − Ica Ia
a
a
Ib= Ibc − Iab
Ic = Ica − Ibc Vab Zab
Iab Zca
b
• In a balanced case the line
Ib Ibc Ica
currents are: Vca
Vbc
I a = 3 I ab e − i 30 deg Ic
b Zbc c

or c

Iline = 3 Iphase e− i 30deg

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Three-phase Circuit
Delta-Connected System
Vca
• The phasor diagram is used to
visualize the system currents Ica Ic
• The system has two type of
currents: line and phase currents.
Ib Vab
• The delta system has only line-to-
φ
line voltages, that are shifted by 120° Iab
Ibc 30o
• The phase currents lead the line -Ica
currents by 30 °
Ia
• The line current is 3 times the
Vbc
phase current and shifted by 30
degree.

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 Three-phase Circuit
Power Calculation
• The three phase power is equal the sum of the phase powers
P = Pa + Pb + Pc
• If the load is balanced:

P = 3 Pphase = 3 Vphase I phase cos (φ )

• Wye system: Vphase = VLN I phase = I L VLL = 3 VLN

P = 3 Vphase I phase cos (φ ) = 3 VLL I L cos (φ )

• Delta system: I Line = 3 I phase VLL = Vphase

P = 3 Vphase I phase cos (φ ) = 3 VLL I L cos (φ )

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Three-phase Circuit

• Circuit conversions
– A delta circuit can be converted to an equivalent wye
circuit. The equation for phase a is:
Z ab Z ca
Za =
Z ab + Z bc + Z ca
– Conversion equation for a balanced system is:
Z ab
Za =
3

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 Three-phase Circuit
Power measurement

• In a four-wire system (3 phases •- The total power is the algebraic

and a neutral) the real power is sum of the two watt-meters
measured using three single-phase reading.
watt-meters.
Load Watt meter 1
• In a three-wire system (three
phases without neutral) the power
is measured using only two single-
phase watt-meters.
- The watt-meters are supplied by
the line current and the line-to-line Wattmeter 2
voltage.

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