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4. How can the selectivity factor be manipulated in (a) gas chromatography and (b)
LC?
7. Define
(a) isocratic elution.
(b) gradient elution.
(c) stop-flow injection.
(d) reversed-phase packing.
(e) normal-phase packing.
(f) ion-pairing chromatography.
(g) ion chromatography.
(h) bulk property detector.
(i) solute property detector.
(j) sparging.
10. What is the order in which the following compounds would be eluted from an HPLC
column containing a reversed-phase packing?
(a) benzene, diethyl ether, n-hexane
(b) acetone, dichloroethane, acetamide
11. What is the order of elution of the following compounds from a normal-phase
packed HPLC column?
(a) ethyl acetate, acetic acid, dimethylamine
(b) propylene, hexane, benzene, dichlorobenzene
14. What types of species can be separated by HPLC but not by GC?
15. Describe the various kinds of pumps used in HPLC. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of each?
18. Which of the GC detectors in Table 27-1 are suitable for HPLC? Why are some of the
detectors listed unsuitable for HPLC?
19. Although temperature does not have nearly the effect on HPLC separations that it
has on GC separations, it nonetheless can play an important role. Discuss how and
why temperature might or might not influence the following separations:
(a) a reversed-phase chromatographic separation of a steroid mixture.
(b) an adsorption chromatographic separation of a mixture of closely related
isomers.
20. Two components in an HPLC separation have retention times that differ by 15 s. The
first peak elutes in 9.0 min and the peak widths are approximately equal.
The
dead time tM was 65 s. Use a spreadsheet to find the minimal number of theoretical
plates needed to achieve the following resolution R, values: 0.50, 0.75,
0.90,1.0,1.10,1.25,1.50,1.75,2.0,2.5. How would the results change if peak 2 were
twice as broad as peak 1?
21. An HPLC method was developed for the separation and determination of
ibuprofen in rat plasma samples as part of a study of the time course of the
drug in laboratory animals. Several standards were chromatographed and the
following results obtained:
22. In a normal-phase partition column, a solute was found to have a retention time of
29.1 min, and an unretained sample had a retention time of 1.05 min when
the
mobile phase was 50% by volume chloroform and 50% n-hexane. Calculate (il) k for
the solute and (b) a solvent composition that would bring k down to a value of
about 10.