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The database of MSC contains the information for the routing traffic channels
connections and handles the basic and supplementary services
Unlike the PSTN the mobile subscriber current location determines the MSC
responsible for it at that particular moment.
The HLR is a database where the mobile subscribers are created, barred or
deleted by the operator
The HLR contains all the permanent subscriber identities as well as the
services (and corresponding restrictions) a mobile subscriber is authorized to
use
Home Location Register and Visitor Location Register
In general there is one central HLR per mobile network operator and one
VLR per each Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC) but this can
vary according to the different vendor implementations
HLR contains entries for each and every subscriber (MSISDN Number)
within a mobile network. Mostly HLR contains static and permanent
information about a subscriber.
VLR is a database that contains part of the data available in the HLR and
other dynamic information about the mobile stations’ currently roaming
in the administrative areas of the associated VLR. Data in the VLR are
more dynamic than the other because of the mobility nature of the
mobile stations.
Home Location Register and Visitor Location Register
When a mobile station moves from one Location Area to another their
information is updated in the VLR, so as to locate the mobile stations.
When a subscriber moves out to new VLR area then HLR inform the old
VLR to remove the information related to the given subscriber.
Interface between HLR and VLR is called as D-Interface as per the GSM
standard which help to share information between nodes. Information
about location such as LAI (Location Area Information), attached status
and Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) are stored in the VLR.
Even though both HLR and VLR act as databases within the same mobile
network, in most designs VLRs are assigned limited geographical area to
handle all dynamic data about the subscribers within that area while HLR
act as more centralized node that provide more static information about the
subscribers within whole network.
Country Code (CC) of the country in which the mobile station is registered, f
National mobile number which consists of National Destination Code
(NDC)
Subscriber Number (SN)
Difference between MSISDN and IMSI
The MSc also verifies whether the mobile equipment is approved or not
therefore requests the (IMEI) from the MS and then sends it to the
Equipment identification register.
International Mobile Equipment identity
Represents an internationally uniquely defined code which is assigned to the
every mobile equipment by the manufacturer.
IMEI can be used to "ban" a stolen phone, making it hard to use by the thief
with a new SIM card.
Network Components of MSC
The EIR checks whether the IMEI fits into one of three list and passes the
results to MSC.
Network Components of Radio subsystem
Both sub-bands uplink and down link are divided into carriers or
radio frequency channels (RFC) with a bandwidth of 200khz
Depending upon the traffic volume every radio cell uses one or more RFC
As the network capacity is limited the RFC has to be used several times
To avoid the co-channel interference, it must be observed during the network
planning that adjacent cells use different RFC
Therefore a safe distance is required between the BTS using the same RFC,
called reuse distance
Radio frequency channels in GSM/DCS
The generic term for traffic and control channel respectively is logical
channel
Architecture of BTS
Architecture of BTS
Every TDMA system is responsible for transmitting the 8 physical channels in
TDMA frame of an RFC
Network and control information is transmitted from the TDMA system to the
antenna combiner and vice versa