REPRODUCTION

Reproduction is important for the survival of all species. There are two types:

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Involves one parent Involves two parents

Cells divide by mitosis Cells divide by meiosis

Offspring are genetically identical to each Offspring are different from each other and

other (no variety) parents (variety)

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

No time and energy wasted in seeking a mate

Many offsprings are produced

Offsprings are produced continuously and Overcrowding and competition may occur as a

quickly result of many offspring which may inhabit the

same area

If parent is of good quality, offspring will also If parent is of poor quality, offspring will also

be (clones) be

Offspring can make good use of favourable If environment is changing, offspring may find

conditions it hard to survive

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

The species can inhabit new areas successfully Time and energy spent on seeking a mate

Genetic variability is increased in species Few offsprings are produced e.g Man

Species are more likely to adapt to changing Offspring not produced continuously and

environment conditions therefore not quickly

If parents are both poor quality, offspring Even if parent is of good quality, offspring can

doesn’t necessarily have to be poor quality be of poor quality

 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Asexual rep. includes: Runners, Budding, Binary fission, Cuttings, Tissue culture, Cloning and Grafting

RUNNERS (VEG. PROPOGATION) BINARY FISSION

- Occurs in strawberries -Occurs in unicellular organisms e.g bacteria,

amoeba
- Stems grow from parent plant
-The chromosomes of the organisms replicates, the
-The runner(side branch) touches the ground and
nucleus divides into 2, followed by the cytoplasm.
grows adventitious roots
-The organism has now split into 2 and 2 identical
- The runner connected to the parent decays as a
organisms are formed
new plant is formed

BUDDING (VEG. PROPOGATION)

-Occurs in fungi, hydra

-A growth or bud emerges from the parent plant.
-It eventually detaches from the parent plant and
exists as an independent organism
CUTTINGS (ARTIFICIAL PROPOGATION)
-Occurs in plants e.g sugar cane
- A stem is cut slant near a node and placed in soil.

- Roots grow from the stem

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 GRAFTING (ARTIFICIAL PROPOGATION)
- Occurs in plants
-A cutting (scion) is inserted onto a slit on the stem
of another plant (stock) and sealed.
-The stock already has roots and the scion is bale to
grow into the stock plant
CLONING OF ANIMALS
A clone is an exact copy of an organism.
Identical twins are clones
TISSUE CULTURE/PLANT CLONING (VEG. PROP)
-Used to make a large no. of identical plants
- Small pieces are cut from a parent plant and placed
in a nutrient medium
-Cells divide to form a callus (ball of cells)
-The callus grows into a plantlet
-The plantlet is transplanted into soil and many
clones of the parent are grown
MENSTRUAL CYCLE

The typical menstrual cycle is 28 days. During each cycle, a series of changes occur in the woman’s uterus and
ovaries.

 Female gametes (eggs) start forming in the ovary of a female while she is a fetus
 In the fetus, the cells of the developing ovary starts to divide by mitosis to produce primary follicles
 Primary follicles surround the primary oocyte
(baby is born with millions of follicles/oocytes that only mature at puberty)
 At puberty, each month, a few primary follicles develop, but only ONE completes development
(the others die)
 Development occurs to form a graafian follicle surrounding a secondary oocyte.
 The mature graafian follicle rises to the surface of the ovary and releases the secondary oocyte into the
oviduct.
THIS IS CALLED OVULATION.
 The follicles left in the ovary form a structure called the corpus luteum (yellow body) which sinks back into
the ovary

SITUATION #1:

 If fertilisation of the egg doesn’t occur the corpus luteum degenerates. The egg also dies and is passed
out the body with menstrual bleeding.
 (this cycle of G.Follicle formation, ovulation and preparation for repeat of events is known as the
Menstrual Cycle. T approx. 45-50 years, a woman has no primary follicles left which has the ability to
develop. This stage is called menopause.)

Eggs  P. follicles surrounding prim. Oocyte  G. follicle surrounding sec. oocyte  corpus luteum.

SITUATION #2:

If fertilisation occurs,

1. The sperms encounter the secondary oocyte in the oviduct

2. Enzymes are released from the head of the sperms breaking down material around the egg, so the sperm
can enter

3. The membrane of the sperm head fuses with the oocyte and the sperm releases its chromosomes into
the oocyte

4. A membrane is formed around the egg, so no other can enter. The chromosomes of the egg and sperm
joins to form a zygote. (fertilisation has occurred)
IMPLANTATION

 The zygote begins to divide by mitosis and forms a ball of cells called an embryo (blastocyst) that reaches
the uterus approx.. 4 days later
 The blastocyst is embedded or implanted into the endometrium (walls of the uterus)
 The layer of cells around the blastocyst is called the trophoblast
 The trophoblast grows out villi which anchors the embryo and absorbs nutrients from the endometrium
until the placenta forms

corpus luteum remains to secrete hormones to maintain pregnancy

C.L- SECRETES PROGESTERONE (THICKENS ENDOMETRIUM OF THE UTERUS)

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

This can occur in plants and animals.

PLANTS

POLLINATION

Pollination is the transfer of the pollen grain from the anther to the stigma of the same or different lower.

TYPES:

1. INSECT POLLINATION