You are on page 1of 37

1

@NSÌÁ Dxqs»R½¼½
1JLiNSLRi xqs¼½gRiVLRi úxmsryµj¶
ú{qs ˳ÏÁgRiD¼d½ ÒÁ xqs¥¦¦¦B
D»yLRi ÆØ}qs µR¶xqsÅÁ»R½ NS e Fy¼½ry{¤¦¦¦ 10e
@NSÌÁ xmsoLRiÅÁ NUP LRi¿³yèé x¤¦¦¦ª«sV\®©s e xqsLRiÊÁ ÍÜ[x¤¦¦¦ NUP LRiÀ³ÁA x¤¦¦¦ª«sV\®©s e
xqsLRiÊÁ NSÌÁ ÒÁ µk¶ LRiÀ³ÁA x¤¦¦¦ª«sV\®©s e xqsLRiÊÁ ÍÜ[x¤¦¦¦ ÒÁ µk¶ xqsµy LRiÀ³ÁA x¤¦¦¦ª«sV\®©s e

Algi[ ÖÁÆØLki ZNP[ µR¶xqsÅÁ»R½

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e ¿RÁDxmsC

úxmsß᮪s[ Aµj¶ GNRPLiNSLS e ÇÁÌÁ ´R¶ÌÁ ª«sV{¤¦¦¦@ÌÁ NUPJ xmsryLS e


Aµj¶ xmsoLRiVÅÁ @ÊÁgRi¼½ @ÕÁ©y{qs e ÍÜ[NRP ¿RÁú»R½ µR¶zqs ÇÜ[»R½ úxmsNS{qs e1e
x¤¦¦¦xqs¼½ NUPÈÁ ZNP[ ÕdÁ¿RÁ xqsª«sW©y e LSª«s LRiLiNRP ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ BNRPxqsLRi ÇØ©y e
@\®µ¶Q* @ÌÁÅÁ xmsoLRiÅÁ @ÕÁgS−dsV e xqs˳ÏÁ xmnsVÈÁ xmnsVÈÁ ZNP[ @Li»R½LRiÇØ−dsV e2e

@ÌÁÅÁ LRiWxms @\¿³Á @©«sÛ˳Á[ÆØ e LSgRi LRiLigRi ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ LRiWxms ©«s lLi[ÆØ e
ÊÁLRi©«s ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s xqs˳ÏÁx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¾»½[ ¬sALS e Aµj¶ xmsoLRiÅÁ @\®µ¶Q* @ÕÁNSLS e3e
ÊÁLRi©«s ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ Çؼ½ ©«s Fy»y e xqsú»R½ −sVú»R½ ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ »y»R½ ©«s ª«sW»y e
xqs˳ÏÁ ¾»½[ µR¶WLji xqs˳ÏÁ©«s ¾»½[ ®©s[LS e ÇÁÖÁ ´R¶ÖÁ ª«sV{¤¦¦¦@ÖÁ ÇØz¤¦¦¦ ÊÁ}qsLS e4e

@©«sx¤¦¦¦µR¶ LRiWxms @©yx¤¦¦¦µR¶ Ëجds e ¿RÁLRi©«s xqsLRi¬s ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÊÁxqs»R½ ˳ÏÁªy¬ds e


úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sW ÕÁxqs©«sV @Li»R½V ©«s{¤¦¦¦ FyBJ e ®©s[¼½ ®©s[¼½ ª«sVVÅÁ ¿yLRi ÊÁ»yBJ e5e
N][ÉÓÁ BLiúµR¶ DxmsBLiúµR¶ ÊÁ©yG e úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV LRiVúµR¶ DFyB ÅÁFyG e
ÍÜ[NRP ¿RÁú»R½ µR¶xqs ÛÆÁ[ÌÁ LRi¿yBJ e ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§Lji Axms {¤¦¦¦ ÕdÁ¿RÁ −sVÍØBJ e6e

µy©«sª«s ®µ¶[ª«s xmns¬sLiµR¶ @FyLS e gRiLiúµ³R¶ÊÁ ÇÁ¿³RÁèé LRi¿Á[ xqsV˳ÏÁ ¿yLS e


˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁ−sÅÁ ˳ÏÁªy©«s NRP¥¦¦¦¬ds e xmnsVÈÁ xmnsVÈÁ ZNP[ xmsÈÁ xmsÈÁ NUP Çجds e7e
2
»y»R½ ª«sW»R½ ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ Çؼ½ ©«s Fy»y e GNRP LRiLigRi NSx¤¦¦¦¨Li ©«sz¤¦¦¦ LS»y e
xqsLRiÊÁ ÇÜ[¼½ ZNP[ ÕdÁ¿RÁ xqsª«sW©y e xqs˳ÏÁx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsLRiÊÁ h_Lji xmsz¤¦¦¦¿y©y e8e
NSÌÁ LRiz¤¦¦¦»R½ @©«sNSÌÁ xqsLRiWFy e @ÌÁÅÁ xmsoLRiVÅÁ @−sgRi¼½ @ª«sµ³R¶W»y e
Çؼ½ Fy¼½ ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s ©«s ÊÁLRi©y e @ÕÁgRi¼½ ®µ¶[ª«s @\¿³Á @©«s˳ÏÁLRiª«sW e9e
xqs˳ÏÁ N][ NSÌÁ xqs˳ÏÁ©«s N][ NRPLRi»y e L][gRi r¡gRi µ][ÅÁ©«s N][ x¤¦¦¦LRi»y e
GNRP ÀÁ»R½ ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ BNRP À³Á©«s µ³j¶ABJ e NSÌÁ Fnyzqs ZNP[ ÕdÁ¿RÁ ©«s ABJ e10e

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e NRPÕÁ»R½
NRP»R½x¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsV¿Á[»R½ x¤¦¦¦§B \ZNP ¿Á[»R½©y N][ ¿yLRiV NUPJ
NRP»R½x¤¦¦¦¨Li @ÀÁLi»R½ x¤¦¦¦§B \ZNP r¡ª«s»R½ @¿Á[»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRP»R½x¤¦¦¦¨Li Õ³ÁÆØLki x¤¦¦¦§B \ZNP ª«sWLigRi»R½ zmnsLRi»R½ Õ³dÁÅÁ
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ª«sV¥¦¦¦ µy¬s x¤¦¦¦§B \ZNP ª«sWLigjiJ µ³R¶©«s ®µ¶[»R½ x¤¦Ü[e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ª«sV¥¦¦¦ LSÇÁ©«s N][ µk¶ÇÁ»R½ @©«sLi»R½ µy©«s
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ª«sV¥¦¦¦ LSÇÁ©«s ¾»½[ À³dÁ©«s À³Á»R½ ÛÍÁ[»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[µj¶ Lki¼½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li »y zqsD ÕÁxmsLki¼½

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ú¼½gRiV©«s @¼d½»R½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsLRigRiV©«s xqs®ªs[V»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e1e11e


NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÁ¿³RÁèé gRiLiúµ³R¶ÊÁ DLRigRi NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÕÁµj¶Aµ³R¶LRi
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ˳ÏÁG NTPLi©«sLRi zmsry¿RÁ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ú}ms»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li x¤¦Ü[B \ZNP z¤¦¦¦LiµR¶WA gSBú¼d½ N][ gRiVxms»R½ ÇÁzmsJ
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li x¤¦Ü[B ZNP[ »R½VLRiNS xmsoNSlLi[ ËØLigRi ®µ¶[»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li N][NRP NSÕÁ x¤¦¦¦§B \ZNP xmsoLS©«s N][ xms²R¶»R½ ª«sV¼½
NRP»R½x¤¦¦¦¨Li NRPVLS©«s N][ ¬sµy©«s ÇØ©«s ÛÍÁ[»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[µR¶ Lki»R½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li »y zqsD ÕÁxmsLki»R½
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ú¼½gRiV©«s @¼d½»R½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsLRigRiV©«s xqs®ªs[V»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e2e12e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®µ¶[ª«s»y©«s ZNP[ µj¶ªy©«s \®ªsV ÕÁLSÇÁª«sW©«s
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li µy©«sªy©«s N][ gRiVª«sW©«s ª«sV¼½ ®µ¶[»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li BLiúµR¶ LSÇØ N][ −sVÌÁ»R½ BLiúµR¶ xmsµR¶−ds {qs
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li BLiúµR¶ xmsµR¶−ds ¿³RÁFyB À³dÁ©«s ÛÍÁ[»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRP»R½x¤¦¦¦¨Li ÕÁ¿yLRi @ÕÁ¿yLRi N][ ÕÁ¿yLRi»R½ x¤¦Ü[
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¬sÇÁ ©yLji xmsLRi©yLji ZNP[ ¬sZNP[»R½ ¤x ¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[µR¶ Lki¼½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li »yLi zqsD ÕÁxmsLki»R½
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ú¼½gRiV©«s @¼d½»R½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsLRigRiV©«s xqs®ªs[V»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e3e13e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsxqsú»R½ µ³yLki NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÕÁµj¶A ZNP[ ÕdÁ¿yLki
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ª«sWLRiV»R½ @¥¦¦¦Lki NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ©yLRi ZNP[ ¬sZNP[»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
3
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®µ¶[ª«sËجds NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ryLRiµy ˳ÏÁªy¬ds
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ª«sVLigRiÍØ ú−sV²y¬ds NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li zqsAª«sV NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li }qs»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li µ³R¶LRiª«sV µ³y−dsV NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsLRiÊÁ hRiDLRi gS−dsV
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÁ¼d½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li NS−dsV NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®µ¶[»R½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛÍÁ[»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[µR¶ Lki¼½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li »y zqsD ÕÁxmsLki»R½
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ú¼½gRiV©«s @¼d½»R½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsLRigRiV©«s xqs®ªs[V»R½ x¤¦Ü[e4e14e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÁÉص³yLki NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li NRPLihki µ³R¶lLi[ úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV¿yLki
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÜ[gRi ryµ³k¶ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ryµ³R¶©y NRPLRi»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li NS©«s FnylLi[ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ²R¶Li²U¶ x¤¦¦¦§B xmsµ³ylLi[
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xmnsQpNTP xmnsQpNTP Fyª«s©«s N_ úzms´k¶ \|ms µ³R¶LRi»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRP»R½x¤¦¦¦¨Li zqsFy{¤¦¦¦ x¤¦¦¦§B \ZNP ryµ³R¶»R½ zqsÍØx¤¦¦¦©«s N_
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¿³RÁú¼d½ x¤¦¦¦§B \ZNP @Lji ª«sWLRi»R½ ª«sVLRi»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ˳ÏÁW−sV ˳ØLRi N_ D»yLRi»R½ x¤¦Ü[ ª«sV¥¦¦¦LSÇÁ
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ˳ÏÁª«s ˳ÏÁW»R½©«s NUP ˳ت«s©y ˳ÏÁLRi»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e5e15e

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li gki»R½ ©yµR¶ ZNP[ ¬sµy©«s N_ ÊÁ»yª«s»R½ x¤¦Ü[


NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ú¬s»R½NSLki ÀÁú»R½NSLki ZNP[ ¬sµ³y©«s ¤x ¦Ü[ e
NRP»R½x¤¦¦¦¨Li xms¸R¶VWÅÁ x¤¦¦¦§B \ZNP {msª«s»R½ zmsªyª«s»R½ x¤¦Ü[
NRP»R½x¤¦¦¦¨Li ª«sV¸R¶VWÅÁ EÅÁ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ª«sVµj¶ Fy¬s x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ª«sV¥¦¦¦ xqsWLRi x¤¦¦¦§B \ZNP ª«sWLRi»R½ ª«sVªyxqs©«s N_
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ª«sV¥¦¦¦®µ¶[ª«s ®µ¶[ª«s»y©«s ZNP[ xqsª«sW©«s x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ª«sV¥¦¦¦µk¶©«s NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li úµR¶ÊÁ ZNP[ @µ³k¶©«s
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÕÁµj¶A \®ªsV úxmsÕdÁ©«s NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ˳ÏÁW−sV NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ˳ة«sV x¤¦Ü[ e6e16e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li @NRPÌÁLiNRP NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ª«sWLRiV»R½ ª«sV¸R¶VLiNRP
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xmspLRi©«s úxmsÇÁLiNRP NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsVµ³R¶»y NUP ryLRi x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®µ¶[ª«s µ³R¶LRiª«sV NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ryµ³R¶©y ZNP[ x¤¦¦¦LRiª«sV
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li NRPV»R½xqs¼½ NRPVNRPLRiª«sV NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li µ³R¶LRiª«sV ZNP[ úxmsNSLRi x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xmsD©«s¥¦¦¦Lki NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÕÁµj¶A ZNP[ ÕdÁ¿yLki
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÜ[gki ÇÁ¼d½ úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV¿yLki ©«sLRi NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ©yLji x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¿³RÁú»R½µ³yLki NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¿³yÍØ µ³R¶lLi[ \¿³ÁÌÁ ˳ØLki
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¿³RÁNRPªyLki NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¿³RÁÌÁ ZNP[ úxmsNSLRi x¤¦Ü[ e7e17e

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li gki»R½ ZNP[ gRiª«s¸R¶Wù NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[©«sV ZNP[ ÊÁÇÁ¸R¶Wù


NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ú¬s»R½ ZNP[ ©«s¿RÁ¸R¶Wù NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ©«sLRi N][ @NSLRi x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[µR¶ Ëجds NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li N][NRP NUP NRP¥¦¦¦¬ds
4
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LSÇØ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LS¬ds NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ©yLji ZNP[ úxmsNSLRi x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[©«s ZNP[ ÊÁÇÁ¸R¶Wù NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®µ³¶[©«s ZNP[ ¿RÁLRi¸R¶Wù
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÍØÅÁ©«s ÌÁª«s¸R¶Wù NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsVLiµR¶LRi NRPVª«sWLRi x¤¦Ü[ e
xqsVµ³R¶»y NUP ry©«s x¤¦Ü[ NTP xqsLi»R½©«s ZNP[ úFy©«s x¤¦Ü[
NTP µy»y ª«sV¥¦¦¦ µy¬s x¤¦Ü[ NTP ú¬sµ][ÐdÁ ¬sLRiLiNSLRi x¤¦Ü[ e8e18e

¬sLRiÇÁÙLRi ¬sLRiWxms x¤¦Ü[ NTP xqsVLiµR¶LRi xqsLRiWxms x¤¦Ü[


NTP ˳ÏÁWxms©«s ZNP[ ˳ÏÁWxms x¤¦Ü[ NTP µy»y ª«sV¥¦¦¦ µy©«s x¤¦Ü[ e
úFy©«s ZNP[ ÊÁ¿RÁ¸R¶Wù µR¶Wµ³R¶ xmsp»R½ ZNP[ µj¶ª«s¸R¶Wù
L][gRi r¡gRi ZNP[ −sVÈÁ¸R¶Wù NTPµ³_ ª«sW¬ds ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ª«sW©«s x¤¦Ü[ e
ÕÁµj¶A ZNP[ ÕÁ¿yLRi x¤¦Ü[ NTP @\®µ¶Q* @ª«s»yLRi x¤¦Ü[
NTP zqsµ³R¶»y NUP xqsWLRi¼½ x¤¦Ü[ NTP xqsVµ³R¶»y NUP ry©«s x¤¦Ü[ e
ÇÜ[ÊÁ©«s ZNP[ ÇØÌÁ x¤¦Ü[ NTP NSÌÁ x¤¦¦¦¨Li ZNP[ NSÌÁ x¤¦Ü[
NTP xqsú»R½©«s ZNP[ xqsWÌÁ x¤¦Ü[ NTP −sVú»R½©«s ZNP[ úFy©«s x¤¦Ü[ e9e19e

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sVËصR¶ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÕÁµj¶A N][ ÕÁÆصR¶


NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ©yµR¶ ZNP[ ¬s©yµR¶ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xmspLRi©«s ˳ÏÁgRi»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[µR¶ Lki¼½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÕÁµj¶A NUP úxms¼d½¼½
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¬ds¼½ @D @¬ds¼½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇØ*ÍØ {qs ÇÁgRi»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
xmspLRi©«s úxms»yxms NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li BNS¼d½ N][ ÇØxms NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li
»yxms N][ @»yxms NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÜ[gRi ¾»½[ ²T¶gRi»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÊÁLRi ®µ¶[»R½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¿³RÁÌÁ r¡ À³Á©yB ÛÍÁ[»R½
xqsLRiÊÁ NSÖÁ xqsLRiÊÁ h_Lji GNRP }qs ÌÁgRi»R½ x¤¦Ü[ e10e20e

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e \|qs#*¹¸¶[V

úryª«sgRi xqsVµ³ôðR¶ xqsª«sVWx¤¦¦¦ zqsµ³y©«s ZNP[ ®µ¶[ÐÁ zmnsLjiJ xmnsVLji ÇÜ[gRi ÇÁ¼d½ ZNP[ e
xqsWLRi xqsVLSLRiµR¶©«s xqsVµ³ôðR¶ xqsVµ³yµj¶NRP xqsLi»R½ xqsª«sVWx¤¦¦¦ @®©s[NRP ª«sV¼d½ ZNP[ e
rylLi[ {¤¦¦¦ ®µ¶[xqs N][ ®µ¶[ÐÁ LRiz¤¦¦¦¹¸¶W ª«sV»R½ N][E ©«s ®µ¶[ÐdÁ@»R½ úFy©«s xms¼d½ ZNP[ e
ú{qs ˳ÏÁgRiªy©«s NUP ˳ØB úNTPFy x¤¦¦¦¨Li ¾»½[ GNRP LRi¼d½ ÕÁ©«sV GNRP LRi¼d½ ZNP[ e1e21e

ª«sW¾»½[ ª«sV»R½LigRi ÇÁlLi[ ÇÁLRi xqsLigji @©«sWxms D»R½LigRi xqsVLRiLigRi xqsªylLi[ e


N][ÉÓÁ »R½VLRiLigRi NRPVLRiLigRi }qs NRPWµR¶»R½ xmsD©«s ZNP[ gRiD©«s N][ ÇØ»R½ ¬sªylLi[ e
˳ØLki ˳ÏÁVÇØ©«s ZNP[ ˳ÏÁWxms ˳ÏÁÖdÁ ÕÁµ³j¶ ¬sAª«s»R½ {qsxqs ©«s ÇØ»R½ ÕÁ¿ylLi[ e
G¾»½[ ˳ÏÁG »][ NRP¥¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁG ˳ÏÁWxms¼½ @Li»R½ \ZNP ©yLilgi[ {¤¦¦¦ FyLiB xmsµ³ylLi[ e2e22e
5
ÒÁ»R½ zmnslLi[ xqs˳ÏÁ ®µ¶[xqs µj¶ry©«s N][ ËØÇÁ»R½ ²³][ÌÁ ú−sVµR¶LigRi ©«sgSlLi[ e
gRiVLiÇÁ»R½ gRiW²R¶ gRiÇØ©«s ZNP[ xqsVLiµR¶LRi z¤¦¦¦Li»R½xqs»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li x¤¦¦¦¸R¶V LSÇÁ x¤¦¦¦ÇØlLi[ e
˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁ−sÅåÁ ˳ÏÁªy©«s ZNP[ ˳ÏÁWxms»R½ NRPD©«s gRi\®©s ©«s{¤¦¦¦Li ÇØ»R½ ÕÁ¿ylLi[ e
ú{qs xms¼½ ú{qs ˳ÏÁgRiªy©«s ˳ÏÁ# ÛÇÁ[ ÕÁ©«sV @Li»R½ N][ @Li»R½ ZNP[ µ³yª«sV zqsµ³ylLi[ e3e23e

¼d½LRi´R¶ ©>y©«s µR¶BA µR¶ª«sV µy©«s xqsV xqsLiÇÁª«sV ®©s[ª«sV @®©s[NRP ÕÁ}qsÛÆÁ[ e
ÛËÁ[µR¶ xmsoLS©«s NRP¾»½[ÊÁ NRPVLS©«s ÇÁ−dsV©«s ÇÁª«sW©«s xqsËØ©«s ZNP[ }msÛÆÁ[ e
xmsD©«s @¥¦¦¦LRi ÇÁ¼d½ ÇÁ»R½ µ³yLji xqs\ÛËÁ xqsV ÕÁ¿yLRi x¤¦¦¦ÇØLRiNRP ®µ¶[ÛÆÁ[ e
ú{qs ˳ÏÁgRiªy©«s ˳ÏÁ# ÛÇÁ[ ÕÁ©«sV ˳ÏÁWxms¼½ GNRP LRi¼d½ ÕÁ©«sV GNRP ©«s ÛÍÁ[\ÛÆÁ e4e24e

xqsVµ³ôðR¶ zqsFy{¤¦¦¦ µR¶VLRiLi»R½ µR¶VËØx¤¦¦¦ xqsV ryÑÁ xqs©yx¤¦¦¦ µR¶VLRiÇØ©«s µR¶\ÛÍÁLilgi[ e


˳ØLki gRiVª«sW©«s ˳ÏÁ# lLi[ ª«sV©«s \®ªsV NRPLRi xmsLRiÊÁ»R½ xmsLiÅÁ x¤¦¦¦\ÛÍÁ ©«s x¤¦¦¦\ÛÍÁLilgi[ e
»][Lji @Lki©«s ª«sVL][Lji ª«sVªyxqs©«s ª«sW¾»½[ ª«sV»R½LigRi©«s ª«sW©«s ª«sV\ÛÍÁLilgi[ e
ú{qs xms¼½ ú{qs ˳ÏÁgRiªy©«s úNTPFy ÕÁ©«sV ¼½Agji ÇÁ¥¦¦¦©«sV ¬sµy©«s ¿RÁ\ÛÍÁLilgi[ e5e25e

ÕdÁLRi @FyLRi ÊÁ®²¶[ ÊÁLjiALRi @ÕÁ¿yLRiz¤¦¦¦ ryLRi NUP µ³yLRi ˳ÏÁ¿³RÁ¸R¶Wù e


»][LRi»R½ ®µ¶[xqs ª«sVÖÁLiµR¶ ª«sVªyxqs©«s ª«sW¾»½[ gRiÇØ©«s ZNP[ ª«sW©«s ª«sVÌÁ¸R¶Wù e
gS®²¶[ gRi²y©«s ZNP[ »][²R¶©«s¥¦¦¦LRi xqsV ËØ»R½©«s {¤¦¦¦ ¿RÁNRP ¿yLRi ÌÁª«s¸R¶Wù e
ryz¤¦¦¦ÊÁV ú{qs xqs˳ÏÁ N][ zqsLRi©yBNRP ÇØ¿RÁNRP @®©s[NRP xqsV GNRP µj¶ª«s¸R¶Wù e6e26e

µy©«sª«s ®µ¶[ª«s xmns¬sLiµR¶ ¬sry¿RÁLRi ˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁ−sÅåÁ ˳ÏÁªy©«s ÇÁ\|msLilgi[ e


ÒÁª«s ÑÁ¾»½[ ÇÁÌÁ \®ªsV ´R¶ÌÁ \®ªsV xmsÌÁ {¤¦¦¦ xmsÌÁ \®ªsV xqs˳ÏÁ ´yxms ´R¶\|msLilgi[ e
xmsoLi©«s úxms»yxms©«s Ëز³T¶ \ÛÇÁ»R½ µ³R¶V¬s Fyxms©«s \ZNP ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§ xmsoLiÇÁ ÅÁ\|msLilgi[ e
ryµ³R¶ xqsª«sVWx¤¦¦¦ úxmsxqsLi©«s zmns\lLi ÇÁgji xqsú»R½ xqs\Û˳Á @−sÍÜ[NRP ¿RÁ\|msLilgi[ e7e27e

ª«sW©«sª«s BLiúµR¶ gRiÑÁLiúµR¶ ©«sLSµ³j¶xms ÇÝ©«s ú¼½ÍÜ[NRP N][ LSÇÁÙ NRP\lLiLilgi[ e


N][ÈÁ Bxqs©y©«s gRiÇصj¶NRP µy¬s @®©s[NRP xqsV@LiÊÁLRi ryÑÁ ÊÁ\lLiLilgi[ e
úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV ª«sV}¤¦¦¦xqsVLRi ÕÁxqs©«sV xqsÀdÁxms¼½ @Li»R½ xmns}qs ÇÁª«sV Fnyzqs xms\lLiLilgi[ e
ÛÇÁ[ ©«sLRi ú{qs xms¼½ ZNP[ úxmsxqs \|¤¦¦¦Li xmsgRi ¾»½[ ©«sLRi }mnsLji ©«s ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ µ³R¶\lLiLilgi[ e8e28e
6

NRP¥¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁ¹¸¶W µ][E ÍÜ[¿RÁ©«s ª«sVWLiµR¶ \ZNP \ÛËÁhji LRiz¤¦¦¦J ÊÁNRP µ³yù©«s ÌÁgSBJ e
©>y»R½ zmnsLjiJ ÖdÁG ry»R½ xqsª«sVVLiúµR¶©«s ÍÜ[NRP gRiBJ xmsLRiÍÜ[NRP gRiªyBJ e
ËØxqsV NUPJ ÕÁÐÁA©«s r¡ \ÛËÁhRi ZNP[ H}qs {¤¦¦¦ Hxqs xqsV \ÛËÁxqs ÕÁ»yBJ e
ry¿RÁV NRPx¤¦Ý xqsV©«s ÛÍÁ[x¤¦¦¦§ xqs\Û˳Á ÑÁ©«s ú}msª«sV NUPJ ¼½©«s {¤¦¦¦ úxms˳ÏÁV FyBJ e9e29e

NSx¤¦¦¦¨Li \ÛÍÁ Fyx¤¦¦¦©«s xmspÇÁ µ³R¶Lji¹¸¶W zqsLRi NSx¤¦¦¦¨Li \ÛÍÁ ÖÁLigRiV gRilLi[ ÌÁÈÁNSBJ e
NSx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÌÁÐÁJ x¤¦¦¦Lji @ªyÀdÁ µj¶ry ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ NSx¤¦¦¦¨Li xms¿³yx¤¦¦¦ N][ {qsxqsV ¬sªyBJ e
N][E ÊÁV»y©«s N][ xmspÇÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ xmsxqsV N][E ú−sV»y©«s N][ xmspÇÁ©«s µ³yBJ e
NRPWLRi úNTPA DLRiLji&VJ xqs˳ÏÁ {¤¦¦¦ ÇÁgRi ú{qs ˳ÏÁgRiªy©«s N][ Û˳Á[µR¶V ©«s FyBJ e10e30e

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e »][ª«sVLRi ¿³RÁLiµR¶

x¤¦¦¦Lji ÇÁ©«sª«sV ª«sVLRi©«s ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s e µR¶xqs ¿yLRi ¿yLRi úxmsÕdÁ©«s e


@NRPÌÁLiNRP LRiWxms @FyLRi e @©«sÀ³ÁÇÁ ¾»½[ÇÁ DµyLRi e1e31e
@©«sÕ³ÁÇÁ LRiWxms µR¶VLRiLi»R½ e xqs˳ÏÁ ÇÁgRi»R½ ˳ÏÁgRi»R½ ª«sVx¤¦¦¦Li»R½ e
ÇÁxqs ¼½ÌÁNRP ˳ÏÁW úÕ³Á»R½ ˳ة«sV e µR¶xqs ¿yLRi ¿yLRi ¬sµ³y©«s e2e32e

@NRPÌÁLiNRP LRiWxms @FyLRi e xqs˳ÏÁ ÍÜ[NRP r¡NRP ÕÁµyLRi e


NRPÌÁ NSÌÁ NRPLRiª«sV ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s e xqs˳ÏÁ NRPLRiª«sV µ³R¶LRiª«sV úxmsÕdÁ©«s e3e33e
@©«sÅÁLi²R¶ @»R½VÌÁ úxms»yxms e xqs˳ÏÁ ´yzmsJ ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ´yxms e
@©«sÛÆÁ[µR¶ Û˳Á[µR¶ @¿³Á[µR¶ e ª«sVVÅÁ¿yLRi gSª«s»R½ ÛËÁ[µR¶ e4e34e

ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ®©s[¼½ ¬sgRiª«sV NRPx¤¦¦¦Li»R½ e ª«sVVÅÁ¿yLRi ÊÁNRP»R½ ÕÁ@Li»R½ e


@©«sÕ³ÁÇÁ @»R½VÌÁ úxms»yxms e @©«sÅÁLi²R¶ @−sV»R½ @´yxms e5e35e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ NUP©«s ÇÁgRi»R½ xmsryLRi e LRiÀÁJ ÕÁ¿yLji ÕÁ¿yLji e
@©«sLi»R½ LRiWxms @ÅÁLi²R¶ e @»R½VÌÁ úxms»yxms úxms¿RÁLi²R¶ e6e36e

ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ @Li²R¶ ¾»½[ úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sVLi²R¶ e NUP®©s[ xqsV ¿_µR¶x¤¦¦¦ ÅÁLi²R¶ e


xqs˳ÏÁ NUP©«s ÇÁgRi»R½ xmsryLRi e @ÕÁ¸R¶VNRP»R½ LRiWxms DµyLRi e7e37e
NRPC N][ÉÓÁ BLiúµR¶ ú¬sFyLRi e NRPC úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV ÕÁxqs©«s ÕÁ¿yLRie
NRPC LSª«sV úNTPxqs©«s LRixqsWÌÁ e ÕÁ©«s ˳ÏÁgRi¼½ N][ ©«s NRPÊÁWÌÁ e8e38e
7
NRPC zqsLiµ³R¶ ÕÁLiµ³R¶ ©«sgjiLiúµR¶ e NRPC ª«sV¿³RÁèé NRP¿³RÁèé xmns¬sLiúµR¶ e
NRPC ®µ¶[−s Aµj¶ NRPVª«sWLji e NRPC úNTPxqs©«s ÕÁxqs©«s @ª«s»yLRi e9e39e
NRPC BLiúµR¶ ËØLRi ÊÁV¥¦¦¦LRi e NRPC ÛËÁ[µR¶ @D ª«sVVÅÁ¿yLRi e
NRPC LRiVúµR¶ ¿³RÁVúµR¶ xqsLRiWxms e NRPC LSª«sV úNTPxqs©«s @©«sWxms e10e40e

NRPC N][NRP NSÕÁ ˳ÏÁßáLi»R½ e NRPC ÛËÁ[µR¶ Û˳Á[µR¶ NRPx¤¦¦¦Li»R½ e


NRPC ryxqsú»R½ zqsLiú−sV¼½ ÊÁÆØ©«s e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li NRP´R¶»R½ z¤¦¦¦ xqsV xmsoLS©«s e11e41e
NRPC @gRi©«sx¤¦Ü[ú»R½ NRPLRiLi»R½ e NRPC DLRiµ³R¶ »yxms µR¶VLRiLi»R½ e
NRPC DLRiµ³R¶ ËØx¤¦¦¦§ xqsLi¬sAxqs e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÜ[gRi Û˳Á[xqs Dµyxqs e12e42e

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¬sª«sÖdÁ NRPLRiª«sV NRPLRiLi»R½ e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xmsD©«s @¥¦¦¦LRi µR¶VLRiLi»R½ e


NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¼d½LRi´R¶ µy©«s @FyLRi e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÁgRi NRPLRiª«sV DµyLRi e13e43e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li @gRi©«sx¤¦Ü[ú»R½ @©«sWxms e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¬sAB LSÇÁ ÕÁ˳ÏÁW»R½ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ryxqsú»R½ zqsLiú−sV»R½ Lki¼½ e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[µR¶ zqsD ÕÁú{ms¼½ e14e44e

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®µ¶[zqs ®µ¶[zqs zmnsLRiLi»R½ e NRPC GNRP h_LRi Bxqs´R¶Li»R½ e


NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li NRPLRi»R½ ÇÁÌÁ ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ ÇØxms e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsx¤¦¦¦»R½ »R½©«s xmsLRi »yxms e15e45e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ËØxqs ÊÁ©«sz¤¦¦¦ NRPLRiLi»R½ e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li »yxms »R½©«sz¤¦¦¦ xqsx¤¦¦¦Li»R½ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li úgjix¤¦¦¦xqs»R½ µ³R¶LRiª«sV @FyLRi e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LSÇÁ ¬ds¼½ DµyLRi e16e46e

NRPx¤¦¦¦§Li L][gRi LRix¤¦¦¦»R½ @˳ÏÁLRiª«sV e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li NRPLRiª«sV NRPLRi»R½ @NRPLRiª«sV e


NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li }qsÅÁ úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV xqsLRiWxms e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¬ds¼½ LSÇÁ @©«sWxms e17e47e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li L][gRi r¡gRi ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li GNRP ˳ÏÁgRi¼½ @µ³k¶©«s e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LRiLiNRP LSÇÁNRPVª«sWLRi e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[µR¶ ÕÁAxqs @ª«s»yLRi e18e48e
NRPC úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV ÛËÁ[µR¶ LRiÈÁLi»R½ e NRPC }qsÅÁ ©yª«sV D¿RÁLRiLi»R½ e
\ÛËÁLSgji NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqs¬sAzqs e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li zmnsLRi¼½ LRiWxms Dµyzqs e19e49e
xqs˳ÏÁ NRPLRiª«sV Fn¡NRPÈÁ ÇØ©«s e xqs˳ÏÁ µ³R¶LRiª«sV ¬sx¤¦¦¦xmnsÌÁ ª«sW©«s e
ÕÁ©«sV GNRP ©yª«sV @µ³yLRi e xqs˳ÏÁ NRPLRiª«sV ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV ÕÁ¿yLRi e20e50e

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e ÌÁxmnsVV©«sLSÇÁ ¿³RÁLiµR¶


ÇÁÛÍÁ[ x¤¦¦¦Lki e ´R¶ÛÍÁ[ x¤¦¦¦Lki e DlLi[ x¤¦¦¦Lki e ÊÁ®©s[ x¤¦¦¦Lki e1e51e
gjilLi[ x¤¦¦¦Lki e gRiV}mns x¤¦¦¦Lki e À³Á¾»½[ x¤¦¦¦Lki e ©«sÛ˳Á[ x¤¦¦¦Lki e2e52e
C¥¦¦¦ x¤¦¦¦Lki e E¥¦¦¦ x¤¦¦¦Lki e ÑÁ−dsV x¤¦¦¦Lki e ÇÁª«sW x¤¦¦¦Lki e3e53e
@ÛÍÁ[ÅÁ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @Û˳Á[ÅÁ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @µ][ÅÁ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @\®µ¶Q*ÅÁ x¤¦¦¦Lki e4e54e
8
@NSÌÁ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @FyÌÁ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @¿³Á[µR¶ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @Û˳Á[µR¶ x¤¦¦¦Lki e5e55ee
@ÇÁLiú»R½ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @ª«sVLiú»R½ x¤¦¦¦Lki e xqsV¾»½[ÇÁ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @»R½Liú»R½ x¤¦¦¦Lki e6e56e

@Çؼ½ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @Fy¼½ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @−sV»R½ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @ª«sW»R½ x¤¦¦¦Lki e7e57e


@L][gRi x¤¦¦¦Lki e @r¡gRi x¤¦¦¦Lki e @˳ÏÁLRiª«sV x¤¦¦¦Lki e @NRPLRiª«sV x¤¦¦¦Lki e8e58e

@\ÛÇÁ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @\Û˳Á x¤¦¦¦Lki e @Û˳Á[µR¶ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @¿³Á[µR¶ x¤¦¦¦Lki e9e59e


@ÅÁLi²R¶ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @˳ÏÁLi²R¶ x¤¦¦¦Lki e @²R¶Li²R¶ x¤¦¦¦Lki e úxms¿RÁLi²R¶ x¤¦¦¦Lki e10e60e

@¾»½[ª«s x¤¦¦¦Lkie @Û˳Á[ª«s x¤¦¦¦Lki e @ÛÇÁ[ª«s x¤¦¦¦Lki e @¿³Á[ª«s x¤¦¦¦Lki e11e61e


˳ÏÁÇÜ[ x¤¦¦¦Lki e ´R¶F¡ x¤¦¦¦Lki e »R½F¡ x¤¦¦¦Lki e ÇÁF¡ x¤¦¦¦Lki e12e62e

ÇÁÌÁxqs »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e ´R¶ÌÁxqs »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e ©«sµj¶xqs »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e ©«sµR¶xqs »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e13e63e


úÕÁxqs¿³RÁ »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e xms»R½xqs »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e À³Á»R½xqs »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e DLRiµ³R¶xqs »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e14e64e

˳ÏÁÇÁxqs »R½V@Li e ˳ÏÁÇÁxqs »R½V@Li e LRiÈÁxqs »R½V@Li e hRiÈÁxqs »R½V@Li e15e65e


ÑÁ−dsV »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e ÇÁª«sW »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e ª«sVNUP »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e ª«sVNS »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e16e66e

@˳ÏÁW »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e @\Û˳Á »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e @¿³RÁW »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e @\¿³Á »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e17e67e


ÇÁ»R½xqs »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e úÊÁ»R½xqs »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e gRi»R½xqs »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e ª«sV»R½xqs »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e18e68e

»R½V{¤¦¦¦ »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e »R½V{¤¦¦¦ »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e »R½V{¤¦¦¦ »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e »R½V{¤¦¦¦ »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e19e69e


»R½V{¤¦¦¦ »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e »R½V{¤¦¦¦ »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e »R½V{¤¦¦¦ »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e »R½V{¤¦¦¦ »R½V{¤¦¦¦ e20e70e

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e NRPÕÁ»R½V

ÅÁWNRP ª«sVÌÁ¥¦¦¦Lki gRiÇÁ gRiµy¥¦¦¦ ÕÁ˳ÏÁW»R½ µ³yLki


gjiµR¶WA ª«sVry©«s ËØxqs NRPLjiJC NRPLRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
xmnsVVxmnsVW ª«sVÈÁªy{qs ÌÁlgi[ ²][ÌÁ»R½ Dµy{qs ú−sVgRi
»R½LRiª«sLRi xqsµk¶ª«s ®ªsW©«s ry®µ³¶[ C ª«sVLRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
ÕÁLiµR¶ ZNP[ xqsµ³R¶¸R¶Wù »yz¤¦¦¦ {¤¦¦¦ÇÁ NUP ÊÁ²R¶¸R¶Wù ®µ¶[»R½
ÊÁLiµR¶LS xqsµk¶ª«s FyB ©ylgi[ {¤¦¦¦ zmnsLRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
@LigRi©y @µ³k¶©«s NSª«sV úN][µ³R¶ \®ªsV úxmsÕdÁ©«s
GNRP gjiA©«s ZNP[ ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s À³dÁ©«s \ZNP}qs \ZNP »R½LRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e1e71e
9

˳ÏÁW»R½ ÊÁ©«s¿yLki À³Á»R½ ¿³RÁD©y xqs\Û˳Á µR¶Vµ³yµ³yLki


xmsD©«s ZNP[ @¥¦¦¦Lki xqsV ˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi Çجds@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e
ú¼½ßá ZNP[ ˳ÏÁ¿³RÁ¸R¶Wù µ³R¶©«s ÍÜ[˳ÏÁ ZNP[ »R½ÇÁ¸R¶Wù
¾»½[ »][ gRiE@©«s ZNP[ ÇÁ¸R¶Wù úÕÁÅÁ˳ÏÁ¸R¶Wù ª«sW¬ds@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s˳ÏÁ ZNP[ D²R¶¸R¶Wù »yz¤¦¦¦ xmsLiÀ³dÁ NUP ÊÁ²R¶¸R¶Wù ®µ¶[»R½
ÊÁgRiVÍØ ÕÁ²yÌÁ úÕÁNRP µ³j¶A¬ds hS¬ds@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦e
ÛÇÁ[»][ ÊÁ®²¶[ gjiA¬ds ¼½©¯[ Çجds \|ms ÊÁÆجds ©yz¤¦¦¦
H}qs ©«s úxmsxmsLi¿RÁ ª«sV¬s ˳ÏÁWÖÁ A¬ds@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e2e 72e

˳ÏÁW−sV ZNP[ ÊÁxqs¸R¶Wù »yz¤¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁW¿RÁLki \ZNP ÇÁ¸R¶Wù NRP\|¤¦¦¦


©«s˳ÏÁ ZNP[ D²R¶¸R¶Wù r¡ ÀÁLRi¸R¶Wù \ZNP ÊÁÆجdsH e
xmnsÌÁ ZNP[ ˳ÏÁ¿³RÁ¸R¶Wù »yz¤¦¦¦ ËØLiµR¶Lki ZNP[ ÇÁ¸R¶Wù NRP\|¤¦¦¦
Aµj¶xqs zmnsLRi¸R¶Wù ¾»½[»][ ˳ÏÁW»R½ ZNP[ xms¿³y¬dsH e
ÇÁÌÁ ZNP[ »R½LRi¸R¶Wù N_ gRiLilgi[Lki {qs NRPx¤¦¦¦»R½ ÇÁgRi
AgRi ZNP[ ˳ÏÁ¿³RÁ¸R¶Wù r¡ ¿RÁN][LRi xqsª«sV ª«sW¬dsH e
xqsWLRiÇÁ zqsª«s¸R¶Wù »yz¤¦¦¦ NRPDÌÁ NUP ÊÁ²R¶¸R¶Wù ®µ¶[»R½
¿RÁLiúµR¶ª«sW zqsª«s¸R¶Wù N_ NRP−ds \ZNP xmsz¤¦¦¦¿y¬dsH e3e73e

©yLSBßá NRP¿³RÁèé ª«sV¿³RÁèé ¾»½[LiµR¶WA NRPx¤¦¦¦»R½ xqs˳ÏÁ


NRPDÌÁ©yÕ³Á NRPDÌÁ ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ »yÌÁ \®ªsV LRix¤¦¦¦»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e
g][{ms©y´R¶ gRiWÇÁLRi g][FyÌÁ xqs\ÛËÁ ®µ³¶[©«s¿yLki
LjiÐdÁZNP[xqs ©yª«sV \ZNP ª«sVx¤¦¦¦Li»R½ ÌÁ{¤¦¦¦@»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
ª«sWµ³R¶ª«s ˳ÏÁª«sLRi K @ÛÉÁ[LRiW N_ NRP©«s¸R¶Wù ©yª«sV
NRPLixqs ZNP[ ÊÁµ³R¶¸R¶Wù ÇÁª«sVµR¶W»R½ NRP{¤¦¦¦@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e
ª«sVW²R¶ LRiW²T¶ {msÈÁ»R½ ©«s gRiW²R¶»y N_ Û˳Á[µR¶ Fy\®ªs
xmspÇÁ»R½ ©«s »yz¤¦¦¦ ÇØ ZNP[ LSÛÆÁ[ LRi{¤¦¦¦@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e4e74e

ÕÁxqs*FyÌÁ ÇÁgRi»R½ NSÌÁ µk¶©«s µj¶AÌÁ \ÛËÁLki ryÌÁ


xqsµy úxms¼½FyÌÁ ÇÁª«sV ÇØÌÁ ¾»½[ LRix¤¦¦¦»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e
ÇÜ[gki ÇÁÉص³yLki xqs¼d½ ry¿Á[ ÊÁ®²¶[ úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV¿yLki
µ³j¶A©«s NSÇÁ ˳ÏÁWÅÁ zmsAxqs ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ \|ms xqsx¤¦¦¦»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
10
¬sDÖdÁ NRPLRiª«sV ÇÁÌÁ x¤¦Ü[ª«sV Fyª«sNRP xmsª«s©«s x¤¦Ü[ª«sV
@µ³][ ª«sVVÅÁ GNRP FyB hS®²³¶[ ¬sÊÁx¤¦¦¦»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
ª«sW©«sª«s xmns¬sLiµR¶ ®µ¶[ª«s µy©«sª«s ©«s ˳Ø\®ªs Û˳Á[µR¶
ÛËÁ[µR¶ K NRP¾»½[ÊÁ ®©s[¼½ ®©s[¼½ \ZNP NRPx¤¦¦¦»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e5e75e

©y¿RÁ»R½ zmnsLRi»R½ ®ªsWLRi ËصR¶LRi NRPLRi»R½ |mnsWLRi


µy−sV¬ds @®©s[NRP ˳ØD NRPLjiJ C NRPLRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
¿RÁLiúµR¶ª«sW ¾»½[ {qs»R½ÌÁ ©«s xqsWLRiÇÁ ZNP[ »R½mx s»R½ ¾»½[ÇÁ
BLiúµR¶ r¢ ©«s LSÇØ Ë³ÏÁª«s ˳ÏÁW−sV N_ ˳ÏÁLRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
zqsª«s }qs »R½xms{qs Aµj¶ úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sW }qs ©«s ÛËÁ[µR¶¿yLki
xqs©«s»R½ NRPVª«sWLRi {qs »R½xmszqsA ©«s @©«s»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
gjiA©«s ZNP[ ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s NSÌÁ Fnyxqs ZNP[ @µ³k¶©«s qx sµy
ÇÁÙgRi©«s NUP ¿RÁDNRPLki zmnsLSG C zmnsLRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e6e76e

GNRP zqsª«s ˳ÏÁG GNRP gRiG GNRP }mnsLRi ˳ÏÁG


LSª«sV¿RÁLiúµR¶ úNTPxqs©«s ZNP[ @ª«s»yLRi Õ³dÁ @®©s[NRP \|¤¦¦¦ e
úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sW @LRiV ÕÁxqs©«sV ZNP[¾»½[ ÛËÁ[µR¶ K xmsoLS©«s ZNP[¾»½[
zqsLiú−sV¼½ xqsª«sVWx¤¦¦¦©«s ZNP[ x¤¦¦¦§B x¤¦¦¦§B ÕÁ»R½G \|¤¦¦¦ e
®ªsW©«sµk¶ ª«sVµyLRi ZNP[¾»½[ @xqsV¬ds NRPVª«sWLRi ZNP[¾»½[
@Liry @ª«s»yLRi ZNP[¾»½[ NSÌÁ ÊÁzqs ˳ÏÁG \|¤¦¦¦ e
{msLRi K zmsNSÊÁLRi ZNP[¾»½[ gRi®©s[ ©«s xmsLRi»R½ G¾»½[
˳ÏÁW−sV {¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[ x¤¦¦¦§B \ZNP }mnsLji ˳ÏÁW−sV {¤¦¦¦ −sVÌÁG \|¤¦¦¦ e7e77e

ÇÜ[gki ÇÁ¼d½ úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV¿yLki ÊÁ®²¶[ ÊÁ®²¶[ ¿³RÁú»R½µ³yLki


¿³RÁú»R½ {¤¦¦¦ NUP ¿³yBA NRPC N][xqs ÍÝ ¿RÁÌÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
ÊÁ®²¶[ ÊÁ®²¶[ LSÇÁ©«s ZNP[ µyÊÁ¼½ zmnsLRi¼½ ®µ¶[xqs
ÊÁ®²¶[ ÊÁ®²¶[ LSÇÁ©«s ZNP[ úµR¶xms N][ µR¶ÌÁ»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e
ª«sW©«s }qs ª«sV{¤¦¦¦xms @D µj¶ÖdÁxms \ZNP}qs ¿³RÁú»R½µ³yLki
ÊÁ²][ @Õ³Áª«sW©«s ˳ÏÁVÇÁ µR¶Li²R¶ N][ NRPLRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
µyLS }qs µR¶ÖdÁxqsLRi µR¶VLRiÇÜ[µ³R¶©«s }qs ª«sW©«sµ³yLki
˳Ü[gji ˳Ü[gji ˳ÏÁW−sV @Li¼½ ˳ÏÁW−sV \®ªsV −sVÌÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e8e78e

zqsÇÁ®µ¶[ NRPlLi[ @®©s[NRP »][xmsÀdÁ NRPxmsÈÁ Û˳Á[xqs


F¡xqs¼d½ @®©s[NRPµy ¬sªyª«s»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ {qsxqs N_ e
11
NRP¥¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁBJ ª«sVÌÁ ÇÝ \|ms NS²³R¶»R½ @®©s[NRP ²R¶Li²R¶
r¡ »f ©«s ²R¶Li²_»R½ @xqsÉØLigRi @´j¶¼d½xqs N_ e
NRP¥¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁBJ L][gki ÇÜ[ \|ms ²yL>ji¹¸¶W LRix¤>¦¦¦¹¸¶W DLRiµ³R¶V ª«sVVÐÁ
ª«sV©«s ¾»½[ ©«s ª«sVWLi²R¶ ¬sx¤¦¦¦§LS¹¸¶W Aµj¶ Cxqs N_ e
NSª«sV©y @µ³k¶©«s xqsµy µyª«sV©y úxmsÕdÁ©«s
GNRP ˳ت«s©y ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s \ZNP}qs Fy\®ªs ÇÁgRiµk¶xqs N_ e9e79e

{qsxqs xmsÈÁNRP»R½ ÇØ ZNP[ NS©«s \®ªsV ÅÁÇÁÚLS µ³R¶\|qs


ª«sVWLi²R¶ ¿³RÁÈÁNRP»R½ −sVú»R½ xmsoú»R½ x¤¦¦¦¨Li ZNP[ r¡NRP r¢ e
ANRP N][ ¿RÁLRi¸R¶Wù xmnsÌÁ xmnsQpÌÁ N][ ˳ÏÁ¿³RÁ¸R¶Wù
xqsµy ÊÁ©«s N][ ú˳ÏÁª«sV¸R¶Wù @DLRi µR¶WxqsL][ ©«s ËÜ[NRP r¢ e
NRP¥¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁ¹¸¶W Û˳Á[²R¶ ÇÁD xmnsVxqs»R½ {qsxqs úÕÁ¿³RÁ©«s r¢
ª«sWÉÔÁ N][ ˳ÏÁ¿³RÁ¸R¶Wù ËÜ[ÌÁ xmsp¿³RÁ ÖdÁ\ÛÇÁ ÇÜ[NRP r¢ e
NSª«sV©y @µ³k¶©«s NSª«sV úN][µ³R¶ \®ªsV úxmsÕdÁ©«s
GNRP ˳ت«s©y ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s \ZNP}qs Û˳Á[\ÛÉÁ xmsLRiÍÜ[NRP r¢ e10e80e

©yÀÁJ C NRPLRi»R½ ®ªsWLRi µyµR¶LRi NRPLRi»R½ r¡LRi


xqsµy xmnsV©«s|mnsWLRi xmnsV©«s NRPLjiJ C NRPLRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
GNRP FyB hS®²³¶[ xqsµy ÊÁ©«s \®ªsV LRix¤¦¦¦»R½ úÕÁ¿³RÁ
xmnsQpNTP xmnsQpNTP Fyª«s ˳ÏÁW−sV úryª«sgRi µ³R¶LRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
Fyx¤¦¦¦©«s @®©s[NRP ÇÁÙgRi GNRP hRiDLRi ËØxqsV NRPl\ Li
NSgRi @DLRi ÀdÁÌÁ ®µ¶[zqs ®µ¶[zqs ÕÁ¿RÁLRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
gjiA©«s ZNP[ ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦ µy©«s \®ªsV ©«s x¤¦¦¦¨\ÛÇÁ ÖdÁ©«s
˳ت«s©y ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s µk¶©«s \ZNP}qs \ZNP »R½LRi»R½ |\ ¤¦¦¦ e11e81e

\ÛÇÁ}qs GNRP ry*Ligki NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÜ[gkiA \ÛËÁLSgki ÊÁ\®©s


NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqs¬sAzqs Û˳Á[xqs ÊÁ©«s \ZNP µj¶Æت«sC e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xmsD©«s¥¦¦¦Lki NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li \ÛËÁlhi[ ÍØB »yLki
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÍÜ[˳ÏÁ NUP ÅÁVª«sWLki r¢ @®©s[NRP gRiV©«s gSª«sC e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV¿yLki NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¥¦¦¦´R¶ |\ ms ÌÁgS®ªs[ ËØLki
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ²R¶Li²R¶µ³yLki x¤¦¦¦§B \ZNP ÍÜ[gRi©«s ú˳ÏÁª«sWª«sC e
NSª«sV©y @µ³k¶©«s xmsLjiJ ©y¿RÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©y¿RÁ©«s r¡
gjiA©«s ZNP[ ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s \ZNP}qs úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV ÍÜ[NRP Fyª«sC e12e82e
12
xmsLi¿RÁ ËØLRi gkiµR¶LRi xmsoNSlLi[ xmslLi[ {qs»R½ NSÌÁ
NRPVLi¿RÁLRi @D gRiµR¶¥¦¦¦ @®©s[NRPµy úxmsNSLRi {¤¦¦¦ e
NRP¥¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁ¹¸¶W ÇÜ[ \|ms NRPÌÁª«sú»R½ ÖdÁJ NS{qs ÕdÁ¿RÁ
ÀdÁLji ÀdÁLji ¿][LRiÉØ NRPVhSLRi©«s r¡ ª«sWLRi{¤¦¦¦ e
NRP¥¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁBJ Fny{qs ²yLji ÊÁW²T¶J ÇÁ²R¶ gRiLigRiµ³yLji
²yLji ²yLji Fnyzqs hRigRi ª«sWLji ª«sWLji ²yLRi{¤¦¦¦ e
²R¶WÛËÁ[ ©«sLRiNRP µ³yLji ª«sVW²R¶ gjiA©«s ZNP[ ÕÁ©y ÕÁ¿yLRi
˳ت«s©y ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s \ZNP}qs gjiA©«s N][ ÕÁ¿yLRi{¤¦¦¦ e13e83e

»yxms ZNP[ xqs}¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[ ÇÜ[ \|ms FyCH @»yxms ©y´R¶


»yxms©y @®©s[NRP »R½©«s xmnsWBÌÁ xqsx¤¦¦¦»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
ÇØxms ZNP[ NUPG ¾»½[ ÇÜ[ \|ms Fy¸R¶V»R½ @ÇØxms ®µ¶[ª«s
xmspµR¶©y xqsµk¶ª«s »R½V{¤¦¦¦ »R½V{¤¦¦¦ D¿RÁLRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s˳ÏÁ ZNP[ D®²¶[ ¾»½[ ÇÜ[ \|ms ©yLSBßá FyC¸R¶V»R½
@©«sÌÁ @NSxqs xmsLiÀ³dÁ ²][ÌÁËÜ[ NRPLRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
AgRi \®ªsV ÇÁlLi[ ¾»½[ gRi¼½ LSLi²R¶ NUP xmsLRi»R½ NRPLji
xms»yÌÁ ZNP[ ËØ{qs NTPD ˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi ©«s »R½LRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e14e84e

N][E ˳ÏÁBJ ª«sVVLi²U¶A xqsLi¬sA{qs N][E ÇÜ[gki ˳ÏÁBJ


N][E úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV¿yLki N][E ÇÁ¼d½ @©«sVª«sV©yËÜ[ e
z¤¦¦¦LiµR¶W »R½VLRiNRP N][E LSzmnsÒÁ Bª«sWª«sV ry{mns
ª«sW©«sxqs NUP ÇØ»R½ xqs\ÛËÁ G\ZNP xmsz¤¦¦¦¿y©«sËÜ[ e
NRPLRi»y NRPLkiª«sV r¡C LSÑÁNRP LRi{¤¦¦¦ª«sV JC
µR¶WxqsL][ ©«s Û˳Á[µR¶ N][C ˳ÏÁWÖÁ ú˳ÏÁª«sV ª«sW©«sËÜ[ e
GNRP {¤¦¦¦ NUP }qsª«s xqs˳ÏÁ {¤¦¦¦ N][ gRiVLRi®µ¶[ª«s GNRP
GNRP {¤¦¦¦ xqsLRiWxms xqs\ÛËÁ G\ZNP ÇÜ[¼½ ÇØ©«sËÜ[ e15e85e

®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦§LS ª«sV{qs»R½ r¡C xmspÇØ K ¬sªyÇÁ JC


ª«sW©«sxqs xqs\ÛËÁ GNRP \|ms @®©s[NRP N][ ú˳ÏÁª«sWD \|¤¦¦¦ e
®µ¶[ª«s»y @®µ¶[ª«s ÇÁ¿³RÁèé gRiLiúµ³R¶ÊÁ »R½VLRiNRP z¤¦¦¦LiµR¶W
¬sAlLi[ ¬sAlLi[ ®µ¶[xqs©«s ZNP[ Û˳Á[xqs N][ úxms˳ØD \|¤¦¦¦ e
G\ZNP \®©s©«s G\ZNP NS©«s G\ZNP ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ G\ZNP ËØ©«s
ÆØNRP ËصR¶ A¼½xqs K AÊÁ N][ LRiÍØD \|¤¦¦¦ e
@ÌÁx¤¦¦¦ @Û˳Á[ÅÁ r¡C xmsoLS©«s @D NRPVLS©«s JC
GNRP {¤¦¦¦ xqsLRiWxms xqs\ÛËÁ GNRP {¤¦¦¦ ÊÁ©yD \|¤¦¦¦ e16e86e
13
\ÛÇÁ}qs GNRP AgRi ¾»½[ NRP©«sWNS N][ÉÓÁ Agji D\lhi
¬sAlLi[ ¬sAlLi[ x¤¦¦¦§B \ZNP }mnsLji AgRi \®ªsV −sVÍØz¤¦¦¦Lilgi[ e
\ÛÇÁ}qs GNRP µ³R¶WLji ¾»½[ @®©s[NRP µ³R¶WLji xmspLRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦
µ³R¶WLji ZNP[ NRP©«sWNS }mnsLRi µ³R¶WLji {¤¦¦¦ xqsª«sWz¤¦¦¦Lilgi[ e
\ÛÇÁ}qs GNRP ©«sµR¶ ¾»½[ »R½LRiLigRi N][ÉÓÁ DxmsÇÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦
Fy¬s ZNP[ »R½LRiLigRi xqs\ÛËÁ Fy¬s {¤¦¦¦ NRP¥¦¦¦z¤¦¦¦Lilgi[ e
\¾»½}qs ÕÁxqs* LRiWxms ¾»½[ @˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁW»R½ úxmsgRiÈÁ x¤¦Ü[B
»y{¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[ DxmsÑÁ xqs\ÛËÁ »y{¤¦¦¦ \®ªsV xqsª«sWz¤¦¦¦Lilgi[ e17e87e
ZNP[¾»½[ NRP¿³RÁèé ª«sV¿³RÁèé ZNP[¾»½[ D©«s NRPD NRPLRi»R½ ˳ÏÁ¿³RÁèé
ZNP[¾»½[ @¿³RÁèé ÊÁ¿³RÁèé x¤¦¦¦§B xqsxms¿³RÁèé D²R¶ ÇØz¤¦¦¦Lilgi[ e
ZNP[¾»½[ ©«s˳ÏÁ ÕdÁ¿RÁ @¿³RÁèé xms¿³RÁèé NRPD NRPl\ LiLilgi[ ˳ÏÁ¿³RÁèé
ZNP[»R½NRP úxms»R½¿³RÁèé x¤¦¦¦§B xms¿yB ÆØB ÇØz¤¦¦¦Lilgi[ e
ÇÁÌÁ NRP¥¦¦¦ ´R¶ÌÁ NRP¥¦¦¦ gRigRi©«s ZNP[ gRiD©«s NRP¥¦¦¦
NSÌÁ ZNP[ ÊÁ©yG xqs\ÛËÁ NSÌÁ {¤¦¦¦ ¿RÁËØz¤¦¦¦Lilgi[ e
¾»½[ÇÁ ÑÁD @¾»½[ÇÁ \®ªsV @¾»½[ÇÁ \ÛÇÁ}qs ¾»½[ÇÁ ÖdÁ©«s
»y{¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[ DxmsÑÁ xqs\ÛËÁ »y{¤¦¦¦ \®ªsV xqsª«sWz¤¦¦¦Lilgi[ e18e88e
NRPWNRP»R½ zmnsLRi»R½ ZNP[¾»½[ L][ª«s»R½ ª«sVLRi»R½ ZNP[¾»½[
ÇÁÌÁ \®ªsV ²R¶WÊÁ»R½ ZNP[¾»½[ AgRi \®ªsV ÇÁLRi»R½ |\ ¤¦¦¦ e
ZNP[¾»½[ gRiLigRiËØ{qs ZNP[¾»½[ ª«sVµk¶©y ª«sVNSä ¬sªy{qs
ZNP[»R½NRP Dµy{qs ZNP[ ú˳ÏÁª«sWG C zmnsLRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦e
NRPLRiª«s»R½ xqsx¤¦¦¦»R½ ZNP[¾»½[ ˳ÏÁW−sV \®ªsV gRi²R¶»R½ ZNP[¾»½[
xqsWA \|ms ¿RÁ²R¶»R½ ZNP[¾»½[ µR¶VÅÁ NRPD ˳ÏÁLRi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
\lgi©«s \®ªsV D²R¶»R½ ZNP[¾»½[ ÇÁÌÁ \®ªsV LRix¤¦¦¦»R½ ZNP[¾»½[
gjiA©«s ZNP[ ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s ÇÁNTP ÇØlLi[ C ª«sVLRi»R½ |\ ¤¦¦¦ e19e89e
r¡µ³j¶ ¥¦¦¦lLi[ ®µ¶[ª«s»y ÕÁL][µ³R¶ ¥¦¦¦lLi[ µy©¯[ ÊÁ®²¶[
ËÜ[µ³j¶ ¥¦¦¦lLi[ ËÜ[µ³R¶NRP úxmsËÜ[µ³j¶ ¥¦¦¦lLi[ ÇØxms{qs e
xmnsVzqs ¥¦¦¦lLi[ ¿RÁLiµR¶©«s ÌÁgSB ¥¦¦¦lLi[ ¿][A ¿yLRi
xmspÇÁ ¥¦¦¦lLi[ Fyx¤¦¦¦©«s ¿RÁ²³yB ¥¦¦¦lLi[ ÍØxms{qs e
gSz¤¦¦¦ ¥¦¦¦lLi[ g][LRi©«s ª«sV©yB ¥¦¦¦lLi[ ª«sV²U¶ ª«sVÈÁ
ÖdÁxms ¥¦¦¦lLi[ Õ³dÁ»R½©«s ÌÁgSB ¥¦¦¦lLi[ ¿³yxms{qs e
gSB ¥¦¦¦lLi[ gRiLiúµ³R¶ÊÁ ÊÁÇØG ¥¦¦¦lLi[ NTPLi©«sLRi xqs˳ÏÁ
xmsÀÁ ¥¦¦¦lLi[ xmsLi²T¶»R½ »R½xmsLi¼½ ¥¦¦¦lLi[ »yxms{qs e20e90e
»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e ˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi úxms¸R¶W»R½ ¿³RÁLiµR¶
©«s LSgRiLi ©«s LRiLigRiLi ©«s LRiWxmsLi ©«s lLi[ÅÁLi e ©«s ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦Li ©«s úN][x¤¦¦¦Li ©«s úµ][x¤¦¦¦Li ©«s \®µ¶Q*ÅÁª«sV e
©«s NRPLRiª«sVLi ©«s ˳ÏÁLRiª«sVLi ©«s ÇÁ©«sª«sVLi ©«s ÇØ»R½Li e ©«s −sVú»R½Li ©«s xqsú»R½Li ©«s zmsú»R½ ©«s ª«sW»R½Li e1e91e
14
©«s ®©s[x¤¦¦¦Li ©«s lgi[x¤¦¦¦Li ©«s NSª«sVLi ©«s µ³yª«sVLi e ©«s xmsoú»R½Li ©«s −sVú»R½Li ©«s xqsú»R½Li ©«s ˳ت«sVLi e
@ÛÍÁ[ÅÁLi @Û˳Á[ÅÁLi @ÇÜ[¬ds xqsLRiWxmsLi e xqsµy zqsµ³j¶µy ÊÁVµ³j¶µy úÕÁµ³j¶ LRiWxmsLi e2e92e

©«s{¤¦¦¦ ÇØ©«s ÇØC NRP¿³RÁW LRiWxms lLi[ÅÁLi e NRP¥¦¦¦ ËØxqs »yN][ zmns\lLi NRPD©«s Û˳Á[ÅÁLi e
NRP¥¦¦¦ ©yª«sV »y N][ NRP¥¦¦¦ \ZNP NRP¥¦¦¦\®ªs e NRP¥¦¦¦ \ZNP ÊÁÆØ©¯[ NRP\|¤¦¦¦ ®ªsW ©«s A\®ªs e3e93e

©«s L][gRiLi ©«s r¡gRiLi ©«s ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦Li ©«s ª«sW»R½Li e ©«s NRPLRiª«sVLi ©«s ˳ÏÁLRiª«sVLi ©«s ÇÁ©«sª«sVLi ©«s ÇØ»R½Li e
@\®µ¶Q*ÅÁLi @Û˳Á[ÅÁLi @ÇÜ[¬ds xqsLRiW}ms e ©«s®ªsW GNRP LRiW}ms ©«s®ªsW GNRP LRiW}ms e4e94e

mx slLi[@Li xmsLS xmsLRiª«sV úxmsgjiA úxmsNS{qs e @¿³Á[µR¶Li @\¿³Á Aµj¶ @\®µ¶Q* @ÕÁ©y{qs e
©«s ÇØ»R½Li ©«s Fy»R½Li ©«s LRiWxmsLi ©«s LRiLilgi[ e ©«s®ªsW Aµj¶ @˳ÏÁLilgi[ ©«s®ªsW Aµj¶ @˳ÏÁLilgi[ e5e95e

NTP¾»½[ úNTPxqs©«s }qs NUPÈÁ N][\ÛÉÁ DFyG e DrylLi[ gRi®²¶[ }mnsLji ®ªs[VÛÉÁ[ ÊÁ©yG e
@gS®µ³¶[ @\Û˳Á Aµj¶ @\®µ¶Q* @ÕÁ©y{qs e xmslLi[@Li xmsLS xmsLRiª«sV xmspLRi©«s úxmsNS{qs e6e96e

©«s Aµ³R¶Li ©«s ÕÁAµ³R¶Li @gSµ³R¶Li xqsLRiW}ms e @ÅÁLi²T¶»R½ úxms»yxms Aµj¶ @¿³Á[ ÕÁ˳ÏÁW¾»½[ e
©«s ÇÁ©«sª«sVLi ©«s ª«sVLRi©«sLi ©«s ÊÁLRi©«sLi ©«s ÕÁA®µ³¶[ e @ÅÁLi®²¶[ úxms¿RÁLi®²¶[ @µR¶Li®²¶[ @ry®µ³¶[ e7e97e

©«s ®©s[x¤¦¦¦Li ©«s lgi[x¤¦¦¦Li xqs®©s[x¤¦¦¦Li ©«s ry®´¶[ e DµR¶Li®²¶[ @ª«sVLi®²¶[ úxms¿RÁLi®²¶[ úxmsª«sW®´¶[ e
©«s Çؾ»½[ ©«s Fy¾»½[ ©«s xqsú¾»½[ ©«s −sVú¾»½[ e qx sV ˳ÏÁW¾»½[ ˳ÏÁ−sÛÆÁ[ ˳ÏÁªy®©s[ @ÀÁú¾»½[ e8e98e

©«s LS¸R¶VLi ©«s LRiLiNRPLi ©«s LRiWxmsLi ©«s lLi[ÅÁLi e ©«s ÍÜ[˳ÏÁLi ©«s @¿³][˳ÏÁLi @˳ÏÁW»R½Li @Û˳Á[ÅÁLi e
©«s xqsú»R½Li ©«s −sVú»R½Li ©«s ®©s[x¤¦¦¦Li ©«s lgi[x¤¦¦¦Li e xqs\®µ¶ª«sLi xqsµy xqsLRiÊÁ xqsLRiÊÁú»R½ xqs®©s[x¤¦¦¦Li e9e99e

©«s NSª«sVLi ©«s úN][µ³R¶Li ©«s ÍÜ[˳ÏÁLi ©«s ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦Li e @ÇÜ[¬ds @\¿³Á Aµj¶ @\®µ¶Q* @ÇÜ[x¤¦¦¦Li e
©«s ÇÁ©«sª«sVLi ©«s ª«sVLRi©«sLi ©«s ÊÁLRi©«sLi ©«s ÕÁAµ³R¶Li e ©«s L][gRiLi ©«s r¡gRiLi @\Û˳Á ¬sLRiÕÁÆص³R¶Li e10e100e
15
@¿³Á[µR¶Li @Û˳Á[µR¶Li @NRPLRiª«sVLi @NSÌÁLi e
@ÅÁ²R¶Li @˳ÏÁLi²R¶Li úxms¿RÁLi²R¶Li @FyÌÁLi e
©«s »y»R½Li ©«s ª«sW»R½Li ©«s ÇØ»R½Li ©«s NS¸R¶VLi e
©«s ®©s[x¤¦¦¦Li ©«s lgi[x¤¦¦¦Li ©«s ˳ÏÁLRiª«sVLi ©«s ˳ظR¶VLi e11e101e
©«s LRiWxmsLi ©«s ˳ÏÁWxmsLi ©«s NS¸R¶VLi ©«s NRPLRiª«sVLi e
©«s ú»yxqsLi ©«s úFyxqsLi ©«s Û˳Á[µR¶Li ©«s ˳ÏÁLRiª«sVLi e
xqs\®µ¶ª«sLi xqsµy zqsµ³j¶ úÕÁµ³R¶Li xqsLRiW}ms e
©«s®ªsW GNRP LRiW}ms ©«s®ªsW GNRP LRiW}ms e12e102e

ú¬sDNRP»R½Li úxmsË³Ø Aµj¶ @©«sVNRP»R½Li úxms»y}ms e


@ÇÁÙgRi»R½Li @\¿³Á Aµj¶ @−sNRP»R½Li @´y}ms e
ÕÁ˳ÏÁVgRi»R½Li @\¿³Á Aµj¶ @\¿³Á xqsLRiW}ms e
©«s®ªsW GNRP LRiW}ms ©«s®ªsW GNRP LRiW}ms e13e103e
©«s ®©s[x¤¦¦¦Li ©«s lgi[x¤¦¦¦Li ©«s r¡NRPLi ©«s ryNRPLi e
xmslLi[@Li xms−sú»R½Li xmso¬ds»R½Li @»yNRPLi e
©«s ÇØ»R½Li ©«s Fy»R½Li ©«s −sVú»R½Li ©«s ª«sVLiú¾»½[ e
©«s®ªsW GNRP »R½Liú¾»½[ ©«s®ªsW GNRP »R½Liú¾»½[ e14e104e
©«s µ³R¶LRiª«sVLi ©«s ˳ÏÁLRiª«sVLi ©«s xqsLRiª«sVLi ©«s ryZNP[ e
©«s ÊÁLRiª«sVLi ©«s ¿RÁLRiª«sVLi ©«s NRPLRiª«sVLi ©«s ËØZNP[ e

©«s xqsú»R½Li ©«s −sVú»R½Li ©«s xmsoú»R½Li xqsLRiW}ms e


©«s®ªsW Aµj¶ LRiW}ms ©«s®ªsW Aµj¶ LRiW}ms e15e105e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li NRPLiÇÁ ZNP[ ª«sVLiÇÁ ZNP[ ˳ÏÁLRi−sV ˳ÏÁWÛÍÁ[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LRiLiNRP ZNP[ LSÇÁ ZNP[ µ³R¶LRiª«sV @ÌÁWÛÍÁ[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®µ¶[xqs ZNP[ Û˳Á[xqs ZNP[ µ³R¶LRiª«sV µ³y®ªs[V e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LSÇÁ ZNP[ ryÇÁ ZNP[ ËØÇÁ »y®ªs[V e16e106e

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li @ú¿³RÁ ZNP[ xmsú¿³RÁ ZNP[ zqsµ³R¶ ry®µ³¶[ e


NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li zqsµ³R¶ ZNP[ ÊÁVµ³j¶ ZNP[ úÕÁµ³R¶ ÍØ®µ³¶[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li @LigRi ZNP[ LRiLigRi ZNP[ xqsLigji ®µ¶[ÛÆÁ[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÁLigRi ZNP[ LRiLigRi ZNP[ LRiLigRi }msÛÆÁ[ e17e107e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li µ³R¶LRiª«sV ZNP[ NRPLRiª«sV ZNP[ x¤¦¦¦LRiª«sV ÇØ®©s[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li µ³R¶LRiª«sV ZNP[ NRPLRiª«sV ZNP[ ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV ª«sW®©s[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¿yLRiV ¿Á[xqsÉØ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÀÁú»R½ LRiWxmsLi e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xmsLRiª«sV úxmsgSù NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsLRiÊÁ ˳ÏÁWxmsLi e18e108e
16

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®©s[x¤¦¦¦ úlgi[x¤¦¦¦Li NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ µ][ÅÁLi e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li @DÅÁµk¶ L][gRi ZNP[ r¡NRP r¡ÅÁLi e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®µ¶[ª«s ÕÁµyù NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li \®µ¶»R½ Ëجds e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÁ¿³RÁèé gRiLiúµ³R¶ÊÁ NTPLi©«sLRi NRP¥¦¦¦¬ds e19e109e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LSÇÁ{qs ry»R½NUP »yª«sV{qs x¤¦Ü[ e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÜ[gRi ÕÁµyù µ³R¶lLi[ »yxms{qs x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li L][gRi x¤¦¦¦LRi»y NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÜ[gRi ÇÁÙgRi»R½Li e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ˳ÏÁW−sV NUP ˳ÏÁVgRi»R½ \®ªsV ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV ˳ÏÁVgRi»R½Li e20e110e

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®µ¶[ª«s NRPLi¬sA NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li µy©«s−ds x¤¦Ü[ e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÁ¿³RÁèé ÕÁµj¶A µ³R¶lLi[ ª«sW©«s−ds x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LSÇÁ{qs x¤¦Ü[ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LSÇÁ NRPLi¬sA eNRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li úzqsxqsÉÓÁ NUP úzmsxqsÈÁ NUP LjixqsÈÁ xmsLi¬sA e21e111e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[µR¶ ÕÁµyù NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÕÁJª«sV Ëجds e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li N][NRP NUP NSÕÁ NRP\®´¶ NRP¥¦¦¦¬ds e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li @úµR¶ ryLRiLi NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ˳ÏÁúµR¶ LRiWxmsLi e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ª«sVúµR¶ Ëجds NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¿³RÁVúµR¶ xqsLRiWxmsLi e22e112e

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[µR¶ ÕÁµj¶A NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li NSÕÁ LRiWxmsLi e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¿Á[xqsÉØ ¿yLRi ÀÁú»R½Li xqsLRiWxmsLi e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xmsLRiª«sV xmsoLS©«s N][ FyLRi Fy\®ªs e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li \ÛËÁhji NRPVLS©«s ZNP[ gki»R½ gS\®ªs e23e113e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsVµ³R¶ }qsÅÁLi NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV µ³R¶LRiª«sVLi e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li úÕÁµ³R¶ @ª«sxqs´y NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ËØÌÁ NRPLRiª«sVLi e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÁÙA xqsLRiWxmsLi ÇÁLS LRix¤¦¦¦»R½ ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦Li e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®©s[x¤¦¦¦ ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦Li NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¼½AgRi úlgi[x¤¦¦¦Li e24e114e

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÜ[gRi ˳Ü[gRiLi NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li L][gRi LSgRiLi e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li L][gRi x¤¦¦¦LRi»y NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ˳Ü[gRi ¼½AgRiLi e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LSÇÁ ryÇÁLi NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LSÇÁ Lki»R½Li e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xmspLRißá úxmsgjiA NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xmsLRiª«sV ú{ms»R½Li e25e115e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ALRiÕdÁ »][LRiNUP FyLRi{qs x¤¦Ü[ e NRP¤x ¦¦¦¨Li xmsx¤¦¦¦ÌÁ−ds xmsxqs»R½−ds xqsLixqsúNTP¼d½ x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®µ¶[xqs ˳ØÐÁA NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®µ¶[ª«s Ëجds e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LSÇÁ ÕÁµj¶A NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LSÇÁµ³y¬ds e26e116e

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ª«sVLiú»R½ ÕÁµj¶A NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li »R½Liú»R½ ryLRiLi e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÁLiú»R½ Lki»R½Li NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li xqsxqsú»R½ µ³yLRiLi e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li x¤¦Ü[ª«sV xmspÇØ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ®µ¶[ª«s @LRi¿y e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li zmsLigRiVÍØ ¿yLRißÔá gki»R½ ¿RÁLRi¿y e27e117e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÕdÁ©«s ÕÁµj¶A NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li gS©«s gki»R½Li e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ª«sVÛÍÁ[¿³RÁ ˳ØÐÁA NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[µR¶ Lki»R½Li e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ú¬s»R½ ÕÁµj¶A NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ©ygRi Ëجds e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li gSLRi²R¶W gRiW²R¶ NRP®´¶[ NRP¥¦¦¦¬ds e28e118e
17
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li @¿³RÁèéLS xms¿³RÁèéLS ª«sV¿³RÁèéLS x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÕdÁLRi ÕÁµj¶A @˳ÏÁW»R½Li úxmsË³Ø x¤¦Ü[ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li \¿³ÁÌÁ ¿³yÍØ µ³R¶lLi[ ¿³RÁú»R½µ³yLki e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LSÇÁ ryÇÁLi µ³j¶LSÇص³j¶NSLki e29e119e
©«s®ªsW ©y´R¶ xmsplLi[ xqsµy zqsµ³R¶ µy»y e
@¿³Á[µk¶ @\¿³Á Aµj¶ @\®µ¶Q* ÕÁµ³y»y e
©«s ú»R½xqs»R½Li ©«s úgRixqs»R½Li xqsª«sVxqs»R½Li qx sLRiW}ms e
©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li ©«sª«sVxqs»R½Li »R½V@xqs»R½Li @˳ÏÁW¾»½[ e30e120e

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e Fyxms²U¶ ¿³RÁLiµR¶

@ÊÁùNRP»R½ ¾»½[ÇÁ @©«s˳ÏÁD úxmsNSxqs e @\¿³Á xqsLRiWxms @\®µ¶Q* @©yxqs e


@©«s»R½VÈÁ ¾»½[ÇÁ @©«sÅÁVÈÁ ˳ÏÁLi²yLRi e µy»y µR¶VLRiLi»R½ xqsLRiÊÁLi úxmsNSLRi e1e121e
@©«s˳ÏÁW»R½ ¾»½[ÇÁ @©«sÀ³ÁÇÁ gS»R½ e NRPLRi»y xqsµk¶ª«s x¤¦¦¦LRi»y xqs©y»R½ e
Axqs©«s @²][ÌÁ @©«s˳ÏÁW»R½ NRPLRiª«sV e µy»y µR¶BAÌÁ @©«s˳ÏÁW»R½ µ³R¶LRiª«sV e2e122e

ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ xqsú»R½ −sVú»R½ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ ÇÁ©«sª«sV Çؼ½ e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ xmsoú»R½ ú˳ػR½ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ −sVú»R½ ª«sW»R½ e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ NRPLRiª«sV ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV ©«s{¤¦¦¦ µ³R¶LRiª«sV µ³j¶A©«s e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ®©s[x¤¦¦¦ lgi[©«s ©«s{¤¦¦¦ ÕÁJ»R½ËØ©«s e3e123e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ Çؼ½ Fy¼½ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ xqsú»R½ −sVú»R½ e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ®©s[x¤¦¦¦ lgi[x¤¦¦¦ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s ÀÁú»R½ e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ LRiLigRi LRiWxms ©«s{¤¦¦¦ LSgRi lLi[ÅÁ e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÇÁ©«sª«sV Çؼ½ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV Û˳Á[ÅÁ e4e124e

ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ NRPLRiª«sV ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV ©«s{¤¦¦¦ Çؼ½ Fy¼½ e ©«s{¤¦¦¦ ®©s[x¤¦¦¦ lgi[x¤¦¦¦ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ zmsú»R½ ª«sW»R½ e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ©yª«sV ´yª«sV ©«s{¤¦¦¦ ÊÁLRigRi ÕÁAµ³R¶ e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ L][gRi r¡gRi ©«s{¤¦¦¦ xqsú»R½ ryµ³R¶ e5e125e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ú»yxqs ªyxqs ©«s{¤¦¦¦ ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ ©yxqs e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ Aµj¶ @Li»R½ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ LRiWxms LSzqs e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ L][gRi r¡gRi ©«s{¤¦¦¦ ÇÜ[gRi ÇÁÙgRi¼½ e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ú»yxqs Axqs ©«s{¤¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁW−sV ˳ÏÁVgRi»R½ e6e126e

ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ NSÌÁ ÕÁAÌÁ NRPÉÓÁJ ©«s @LigRi e @\¿³Á xqsLRiWxms @\ÛÆÁ @˳ÏÁLigRi e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ®©s[¼½ ®©s[¼½ D¿RÁLRiLi»R½ ÛËÁ[µR¶ e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ @ÌÁÅÁ LRiWxms NRP´R¶»R½ NRP¾»½[ÊÁ e7e127e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ @ÌÁÅÁ LRiWxms Axqs©«s @²][ÌÁ e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ @−sV»R½ ¾»½[ÇÁ @\¿³Á @»][ÌÁ e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ µ³j¶A©«s NSÇÁ ª«sVV¬s ÇÁ©«s @©«sLi»R½ e NRPC NRPÌÁxms ÇÜ[gRi ryµ³R¶»R½ µR¶VLRiLi»R½ e8e128e
18
»R½©«s {qs»R½ xmnsWª«sV ÊÁLRiÆØ xqsx¤¦¦¦Li»R½ e NRPC NRPÌÁxms GNRP Axqs©«s ÕÁ»R½Li»R½ e
NRPC ÇÁ»R½©«s ÇÜ[gRi ÕÁµj¶A ÕÁ¿yLji e ryµ³R¶Li»R½ »R½µR¶zms Fyª«s»R½ ©«s FyLRi e9e129e

NRPC DLRiµ³R¶ ËØx¤¦¦¦ ®µ¶[xqs©«s ú˳ÏÁª«sVLi»R½ e NRPC DLRiµ³R¶ ª«sVµ³R¶ FyNRP LRi&VVÌÁLi»R½ e
NRPC zqsú−sV»R½ ryxqsú»R½ D¿RÁLRiLi»R½ ÛËÁ[µR¶ e NRPC N][NRP NSÕÁ NRP´R¶»R½ NRP¾»½[ÊÁ e10e130e

NRPC @gRi¬sx¤¦Ü[ú»R½ NRPC xmsD©«s @¥¦¦¦LRi e NRPC NRPLRi»R½ N][ÈÁ ú−sV»R½ N][ @¥¦¦¦LRi e
NRPC NRPLRi»R½ ryNRP \|ms xmsú»R½ ˳ÏÁ¿³RÁèé e ©«s{¤¦¦¦ »R½µR¶zms ®µ¶[ª«s x¤¦Ü[ª«s»R½ úxms»R½¿³RÁèé e11e131e

NRPC gki»R½ gS©«s gRiLiúµ³R¶ÊÁ Lki¼½ e NRPC ÛËÁ[µR¶ ryxqsú»R½ ÕÁµj¶A úxms¼d½¼½ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[µR¶ Lki¼½ ÇÁgRi Aµj¶ NRPLRiª«sV e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li @gRi¬sx¤¦Ü[ú»R½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ¼d½LRi´R¶ µ³R¶LRiª«sV e12e132e

NRPC ®µ¶[zqs ®µ¶[zqs ˳ØÆØ LRiÈÁLigRi e NRPC ®µ¶[zqs ®µ¶[zqs ÕÁµj¶A xms²R¶Li»R½ e
NRPC NRPLRi»R½ ˳ؼ½ ˳ػR½©«s ÕÁ¿yLRi e ©«s{¤¦¦¦ ®©s[NRPV »yxqsV Fy¸R¶V»R½ ©«s FyLRi e13e133e

NRPC ¼d½LRi´R¶ ¼d½LRi´R¶ ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV»R½ xqsV ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV e NRPC @gRi¬sx¤¦Ü[ú»R½ NRPC ®µ¶[ª«s NRPLRiª«sV e
NRPC NRPLRi»R½ ÕdÁLRi ÕÁµj¶A ÕÁ¿yLRi e ©«s{¤¦¦¦ »R½µR¶zms »yxqsV Fy¸R¶V»R½ ©«s FyLRi e14e134e

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li LSÇÁLki¼½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÜ[gRi µ³R¶LRiª«sV e NRPC zqsLiú−sV»R½ ryxqsú»R½ D¿RÁLRi»R½ xqsVNRPLRiª«sV e
¬sDÖdÁ Aµj¶ NRPLRiª«sV NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li x¤¦¦¦xqs¼½ µy©«s e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li @xqs*®ªs[Vµ³R¶ ª«sVÅÁ N][ ÊÁÆØ©«s e15e135e

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li NRPLRi»R½ úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV ÕÁµj¶A ÕÁ¿yLRi e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÇÜ[gRi Lki¼½ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÕÁLRiµ³j¶ ¿yLji e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li NRPLRi»R½ ÇÁ¿³RÁèé gRiLiµ³R¶LRiÊÁ gS©«s e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li µ³R¶Wxms µk¶xms NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li @LRixmnsV µy©«s e16e136e

NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li zmsú»R½ NRPLRiª«sV NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ÛËÁ[µR¶ Lki¼½ e NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li ú¬s»R½ ©y¿RÁ NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li gS©«s gki»R½ e
NRPx¤¦¦¦¨Li NRPLRi»R½ ryxqsú»R½ zqsLiú−sV¼½ D¿yLRi e NRPC ˳ÏÁÇÁ»R½ GNRP xmsgRi ¬sLSµ³yLRi e17e137e

NRPC ®©s[x¤¦¦¦ ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ NRPC lgi[x¤¦¦¦ ªyxqs e NRPC ú˳ÏÁª«sV»R½ ®µ¶[xqs ®µ¶[xqs©«s Dµyxqs e
NRPC ÇÁÌÁ ¬sªyxqs NRPC @gRi¬s »yxms e NRPC ÇÁxms»R½ DLRiµ³R¶ ÌÁÈÁNRPLi»R½ ÇØxms e18e138e

NRPC ÇÁxms»R½ ÇÜ[gRi NRPÌÁxmsLi úxmsÇÁLi»R½ e ©«s{¤¦¦¦ »R½µR¶zms »yxqs Fy¸R¶V»R½ ©«s @Li»R½ e
NRPC NRPLRi»R½ N][ÈÁ ÕÁµj¶A ÕÁ¿yLRi e ©«s{¤¦¦¦ »R½µR¶zms µj¶xqsÉÓÁ ®µ¶[ÛÆÁ[ ª«sVVLSLji e19e139e
19

ÕÁ©«sV ˳ÏÁgRi¼½ xqsNRP¼½ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ xmsLRi»R½ Fy©«s e ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§ NRPLRi»R½ x¤¦Ü[ª«sV @LRiV ÇÁgRi µy©«s e
ÕÁ©«sV GNRP ©yª«sVV BNRP ÀÁ»R½ ÖdÁ©«s e Fn¡NRPÉÜ[ qx sLRiÊÁ µ³R¶LRiª«sW ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s e20e140e

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e »][ÈÁNRP ¿³RÁLiµR¶

Û\ ÇÁ ÇÁLixmsz¤¦¦¦ ÇÁÙgRißá ÇÁÚx¤¦¦¦ ÇÁÙ@Li e \Û˳Á NRPLixmsz¤¦¦¦ ®ªs[VLRiV xms¸R¶WÌÁ ˳ÏÁV@Li e


»R½xms »yxmsxqs xqsLRiÊÁ ÇÁÛÍÁ[LRiV ´R¶ÌÁLi e µ³R¶Li¬s D¿RÁLRi»R½ BLiúµR¶ NRPV®ªs[VLRi ÊÁÌÁLi e1e141e

@©«sÛÆÁ[µR¶ xqsLRiWxms @Û˳Á[µR¶ @Õ³Á@Li e @©«sÅÁLi²R¶ @˳ÏÁW»R½ @¿³Á[µR¶ @À³Á@Li e


@©«sNSÌÁ @FyÌÁ µj¶AÌÁ @xqsV@Li e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ hRiÉÔÁ@Li ®ªs[VLRi @NSxqs ˳ÏÁV@Li e2e142e

@©«sÅÁLi²R¶ @ª«sVLi²R¶ úxms¿RÁLi²R¶ ©«sLRiLi e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ LRiÀdÁ@Li ®µ¶[ª«s @®µ¶[ª«s ÊÁLRiLi e


xqs˳ÏÁ NUP¬ds µk¶©«s ÇÁ−dsV©«sV ÇÁª«sWLi e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ LRiÀdÁ@Li xqsLRiÊÁ ª«sVNUP©«sV ª«sVNSLi e3e143e

ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ LSgRi ©«s LRiWxms ©«s lLi[ÅÁ LRiVÅÁLi e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ »yxms ©«s ryxms ©«s r¡NRP xqsVÅÁLi e
©«s L][gRi ©«s r¡gRi ©«s ˳Ü[gRi ˳ÏÁV¸R¶VLi e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÛÆÁ[µR¶ ©«s Û˳Á[µR¶ ©«s ¿³Á[µR¶ ¿³RÁ¸R¶VLi e4e144e

ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ Çؼ½ ©«s Fy¼½ ©«s ª«sW»R½ zms»R½Li e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ LRiÀdÁ@Li ¿³RÁú¼d½ ¿³RÁú»R½ À³Á»R½Li e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ LSgRi ©«s lLi[ÅÁ ©«s L][gRi ˳ÏÁßáLi e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ \®µ¶Q*ÅÁ ©«s µygRi ©«s µ][ÅÁ gRißáLi e5e145e

ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ @Li²R¶x¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[ úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sVLi²R¶ LRiÀÁJ e µR¶xqs ¿yLRi NRPLki ©«sª«s ÅÁLi²R¶ xqsÀÁJ e
LRiÇÁ »yª«sVxqs ¾»½[ÇÁ @¾»½[ÇÁ NUPJ e @©«s˳ÏÁD xmsµR¶ Axms úxms¿RÁLi²R¶ ÖdÁJ e6e146e

úzqs@ zqsLiµ³R¶LRiV ÕÁLiµ³R¶ ©«sgjiLiµ³R¶ ©«sgRiLi e úzqs@ ÇÁ¿³RÁèé gRiLiúµ³R¶ÊÁ xmnsßÓáLiµR¶ ˳ÏÁVÇÁLi e
LRiÀÁ ®µ¶[ª«s @®µ¶[ª«s @Û˳Á[ª«s ©«sgRiLi e ©«sLRiFyÌÁ ú¬sFyÌÁ NRPLSÌÁ ú¼½gRiLi e7e147e

NRPC NUPÈÁ xms»R½LigRi ˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi ©«sLRiLi e LRiÀÁ @Li²R¶ÇÁ }qs»R½ÇÁ D»R½Ë³ÏÁVÇÁLi e


NUPG ®µ¶[ª«s @®µ¶[ª«s xqsLSµ³R¶ zms»R½Li e @©«sÅÁLi²R¶ úxms»yxms úxms¿RÁLi²R¶ gRi»R½Li e8e148e

úxms˳ÏÁ Çؼ½ ©«s Fy¼½ ©«s ÇÜ[¼½ ÇÁÙ»R½Li e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ »y»R½ ©«s ª«sW»R½ ©«s ú˳ػR½ xqsV»R½Li e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ L][gRi ©«s r¡gRi ©«s ˳Ü[gRi ˳ÏÁV@Li e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÇÁLixmsz¤¦¦¦ NTPLi©«sLRi ÇÁ¿³RÁèé ÇÁÙ@Li e9e149e
20

©«sLRi ©yLji ©«sxmsoLixqsNRP ÇØz¤¦¦¦ NUPG e gRißá NTPLi©«sLRi ÇÁ¿³RÁèé ˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi µk¶G e
gRiÇÁ ËØÇÁ LRi´yµj¶NRP Fy¼½ gRi©«sLi e ˳ÏÁ−s ˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁ−sÅÁ ˳ÏÁªy©«s »R½V@Li e10e150e

ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ @Li²R¶ÇÁ }qs»R½ÇÁ ÛÇÁ[LRi LRiÇÁLi e LRiÀÁ ˳ÏÁW−sV @NSxqs xms»yÌÁ ÇÁÌÁLi e
LRiÀÁ Fyª«sNRP xmsD©«s úxms¿RÁLi²R¶ ÊÁÖdÁ e ÊÁ¬s ÇØxqsV NUPJ xmnsÌÁ xmnsQpÌÁ NRPÖdÁ e11e151e

˳ÏÁW@ ®ªs[VLRiV @NSxqs ¬sªyxqs À³Á»R½Li e LRiÀÁ L][ÇÁ BNSµR¶xqs ¿RÁLiµR¶ úÕÁ»R½Li e
µR¶V¼½ ¿RÁLiµR¶ µj¶¬dsxqsLRi µk¶xms µR¶C e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ Fyª«sNRP xmsD©«s úxms¿RÁLi²R¶ ª«sVC e12e152e

ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÅÁLi²R¶ @ÅÁLi²R¶ úxms¿RÁLi²R¶ NUPG e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ¿³RÁú¼½ DFyB À³ÁFyB µk¶G e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÍÜ[NRP ¿RÁ»R½VLRiµyxqs ¿yLRiV LRi¿Á[ e ©«sLRi gRiLiúµ³R¶ÊÁ ®µ¶[ª«s @®µ¶[ª«s xqs¿Á[ e13e153e

@©«sµ³R¶W»R½ @˳ÏÁW»R½ @¿³RÁW»R½ ª«sV»R½Li e @©«sgSµ³j¶ @ËØùµ³j¶ @©yµj¶ gRi»R½Li e


@©«sÛÆÁ[µR¶ @Û˳Á[µR¶ @¿³Á[µR¶ ©«sLRiLi e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ¿yLRiV ¿RÁ»R½VLRiµj¶xqs ¿RÁúNRP zmnsLRiLi e14e154e

ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ LSgRi ©«s LRiLigRi ©«s lLi[ÅÁ LRiVgRiLi e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ r¡gRi ©«s ˳Ü[gRi ©«s ÇÜ[gRi ÇÁÙgRiLi e
˳ÏÁW@ ˳ÏÁLiÇÁ©«s gRiLiÇÁ©«s Aµj¶ zqsLRiLi e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÊÁLiµR¶»R½ ®µ¶[ª«s @®µ¶[ª«s ©«sLRiLi e15e155e

gRißá NTPLi©«sLRi ÇÁ¿³RÁèé ˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi LRi¿Á[ e ª«sVßÓá ª«sWßÓáNRP ®ªsW¼d½ ÍØÌÁ xqs¿Á[ e
@©«s˳ÏÁLiÇÁ úxmsË³Ø @©«sgRiLiÇÁ úÕÁ»R½Li e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ FyLRi ©«s Fyª«s»R½ xmspLRi ª«sV»R½Li e16e156e

@©«sÅÁLi²R¶ xqsLRiWxms @²R¶Li²R¶ úxmsË³Ø e \ÛÇÁ ÇÁLixms»R½ ÛËÁ[µR¶ xmsoLS©«s xqsË³Ø e


ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÛËÁ[µR¶ NRP¾»½[ÊÁ @©«sLi»R½ NRP\|¤¦¦¦ e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁW»R½ @˳ÏÁW»R½ ©«s Û˳Á[µR¶ ÌÁ\|¤¦¦¦ e17e157e

ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÛËÁ[µR¶ xmsoLS©«s NRP¾»½[ÊÁ ÇÁ\|ms e xqsV»R½ zqsLiµ³R¶V @µ³][ª«sVVÅÁ »yxms »R½\|ms e
NRPC NRPÌÁxms©«s ÍÝ »R½xms »yxms NRP\lLi e ©«s{¤¦¦¦ \®©sNRPV úNTPFy¬sµ³j¶ Fy¬s xms\lLi e18e158e

ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ Fn¡NRPÈÁ µ³R¶LRiª«sV xqs\Û˳Á »R½ÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦ e BNRP ÀÁ»R½ úNTPFy¬sµ³j¶ N][ ˳ÏÁÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦ e
¾»½[E ¸R¶W ˳ÏÁª«s rygRiLRi N][ »R½LRi \|¤¦¦¦ e ˳ÏÁ−s ˳ÏÁWÖÁ ©«s ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ xmso©«sLRi µ³R¶LRi \|¤¦¦¦ e19e159e

BNRP ©yª«sV ÕÁ©y ©«s{¤¦¦¦ N][ÉÓÁ úÕÁ¼d½ e Bª«sV ÛËÁ[µR¶ D¿yLRi»R½ ryLRixqsV¼d½ e
ÇÜ[E ªy LRixqs ZNP[ ¿RÁxqsZNP[ LRixqs \|¤¦¦¦ e ¾»½[E ˳ÏÁWÖÁ ©«s NSÌÁ xmnsLiµ³y xmnsxqs \|¤¦¦¦ e20e160e
21
»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e ©«sLSÇÁ ¿³RÁLiµR¶
@gRiLiÇÁ Aµj¶ ®µ¶[ª«s \|¤¦¦¦ @˳ÏÁLiÇÁ ˳ÏÁLiÇÁ ÇجdsH e
@˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁW»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ xqsµy @gRiLiÇÁ gRiLiÇÁ ª«sW¬dsH e
@®µ¶[ª«s ®µ¶[ª«s \|¤¦¦¦ xqsµy @Û˳Á[ª«s Û˳Á[ª«s ©y´R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ e
xqsª«sVxqs»R½ zqsµ³j¶ úÕÁµ³j¶µy xqsµk¶ª«s xqsLRiÊÁ ry´R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ e1e161e

@©y´R¶ ©y´R¶ ©y´R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ @˳ÏÁLiÇÁ ˳ÏÁLiÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦ xqsµy e


@gRiLiÇÁ gRiLiÇÁ gRiLiÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦ xqsµk¶ª«s zqsµ³j¶ úÕÁµ³j¶µy e
@©«sWxms LRiWxms xqsLRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦ @À³ÁÇÁ ¾»½[ÇÁ ª«sW¬dsH e
xqsµk¶ª«s zqsµ³j¶ xqsVµ³j¶ µy úxms»yxms xmsú»R½ ÇجdsH e2e162e

©«s LSgRi LRiLigRi LRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s L][gRi LSgRi lLi[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ e
@µ][ÅÁ @µygRi @µR¶gRi \|¤¦¦¦ @˳ÏÁW»R½ @ú˳ÏÁª«sV @Û˳Á[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s »y»R½ ª«sW»R½ Çؼ½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s Fy¼½ ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s ÊÁLRi©«s \|¤¦¦¦ e
@®µ¶[ÅÁ @}qsÅÁ @Û˳Á[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ xqsµk¶ª«s ÕÁxqsV ˳ÏÁLRi©«s \|¤¦¦¦ e3e163e

ÕÁxqs*Li˳ÏÁLRi ÕÁxqsV©y´R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ÕÁ}qsÅÁ ÕÁxqs* ˳ÏÁLRi©«s \|¤¦¦¦ e


ÑÁ−dsV ÇÁª«sW©«s ZNP[ ÕÁ\ÛÆÁ xqsµk¶ª«s NRPLRiª«sV ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ e
@\®µ¶Q*ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ @Û˳Á[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ @ÛÍÁ[ÅÁ ©y´R¶ ÇجdsH e
xqsµk¶ª«s xqsLRiÊÁ hRiDLRi \®ªsV ÕÁ}qsÅÁ A©«s ª«sW¬dsH e4e164e

©«s ÇÁLiú»R½ \®ªsV ©«s »R½Liú»R½ \®ªsV ©«s ª«sVLiú»R½ ÊÁzqs Aª«sC e
xmsoLS©«s K NRPVLS©«s ®©s[¼½ ®©s[¼½ \ZNP ÊÁ»yª«sC e
©«s NRPLRiª«sV \®ªsV ©«s µ³R¶LRiª«sV \®ªsV ©«s ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV \®ªsV ÊÁ»yCH e
@gRiLiÇÁ Aµj¶ ®µ¶[ª«s \|¤¦¦¦ NRPx¤¦Ü[ xqsV \ZNPzqs FyCH e5e165e

ÑÁLi−dsV ÇÁª«sW©«s ZNP[ ÕÁ\ÛÆÁ xqsª«sVxqs»R½ GNRP ÇÜ[¼½ \|¤¦¦¦ e


©«s xmnsWÈÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s Ëز³R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s xmnsWÈÁ Ëز³R¶ x¤¦Ü[»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s ¥¦¦¦©«s \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ËØ©«s \|¤¦¦¦ xqsª«sW©«s LRiWxms ÇجdsH e
ª«sVNUP©«s @D ª«sVNS¬s @úxmsª«sW©«s ¾»½[ÇÁ ª«sW¬dsH e6e166e

©«s ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s lgi[x¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s Çؼ½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s Fy¼½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s ª«sVLiú¼½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s −sVú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s »y»R½ |\ ¤¦¦¦ ©«s ª«sW»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s @LigRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s LRiLigRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s xqsLigRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ry´R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s µ][ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s µygRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s \®µ¶Q*ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦ e7e167e
22

©«s zqsLixmnsV \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ryùLRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s LSD \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s LRiLiNRP \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s ª«sW©«s \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ª«s°»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ryNRP \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s xqsLiNRP \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s ÇÁ¿³RÁèé \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s gRiLiúµ³R¶ÊÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ©«sLRiV \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ©yLji \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s ¿][LRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ryx¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ryx¤¦¦¦ N][ NRPVª«sWLRi \|¤¦¦¦ e8e168e
©«s ®©s[x¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s lgi[x¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ N][ ÊÁ©yD \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s ¿³RÁÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s À³ÁúµR¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ¿³RÁÌÁ N][ −sVÍØD \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s »R½Liú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ª«sVLiú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ÇÁLiú»R½ N][ xqsLRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s LSgRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s LRiLigRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s lLi[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s LRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦ e9e169e

©«s ÇÁLiú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ª«sVLiú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s »R½Liú»R½ N][ ÊÁ©yD \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s ¿³RÁÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s À³ÁúµR¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ¿³yBA N][ −sVÍØD \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s LSgRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s LRiLigRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s LRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s lLi[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s NRPLRiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s µ³R¶LRiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ @ÇÁ©«sª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ @Û˳Á[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ e10e170e
©«s »y»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ª«sW»R½ ª«s @ÆØùÌÁ @ÅÁLi²R¶ LRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦ e
@¿³Á[µR¶ \|¤¦¦¦ @Û˳Á[µR¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s LRiLiNRP \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ˳ÏÁWxms \|¤¦¦¦ e
xmslLi[ \|¤¦¦¦ xms−sú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ xmso¬ds»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ mx soLS©«s \|¤¦¦¦ e
@gRiLiÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦ @˳ÏÁLiÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦ NRPLkiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ NRPVLS©«s \|¤¦¦¦ e11e171e
@NSÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦ @FyÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ÐÁAÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦ @ÅÁLi²R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s L][gRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s r¡gRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s Û˳Á[µR¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ˳ÏÁLi²R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s @LigRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s LRiLigRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s xqsLigRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ry´R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ e
úzms¸R¶W \|¤¦¦¦ xms−sú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ xmso¬ds»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ úxmsª«sW´R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ e12e172e
©«s {qs»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s r¡NRP \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s úxmnsWª«sV |\ ¤¦¦¦ ©«s xmnsWª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s ÍÜ[˳ÏÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s úN][µ³R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s NSª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s ®µ¶[ª«s \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s \®µ¶»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ©«sLRi N][ xqsLRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s ¿³RÁÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s À³ÁúµR¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s À³ÁúµR¶ NUP ÕÁ˳ÏÁW»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e13e173e
©«s NSª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s úN][µ³R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ÍÜ[˳ÏÁ |\ ¤¦¦¦ ©«s ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s \®µ¶Q*ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s Û˳Á[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s µR¶VC \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s úµ][x¤¦¦¦ \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s NSÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ËØÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦ xqsµk¶ª«s µj¶AÌÁ LRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦ e
@gRiLiÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦ @˳ÏÁLiÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦ @˳ÏÁLRiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ @˳ÏÁW»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ e14e174e

@¿³Á[µR¶ ¿³Á[µR¶ \|¤¦¦¦ xqsµy @gRiLiÇÁ gRiLiÇÁ gRiLiÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦ e


@˳ÏÁW»R½ Û˳Á[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ÊÁÖdÁ @LRiWxms LSgRi LRiLigRi \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s \®µ¶Q*ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s Û˳Á[ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s NSª«sV úN][µ³R¶ NRPLRiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s Çؼ½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s Fy¼½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ÀÁú»R½ ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s ÊÁLRi©«s \|¤¦¦¦ e15e175e
23
ÕÁ@Li»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ @©«sLi»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ @©«sLi»R½ ¾»½[ÇÁ ÇجdsH e
@˳ÏÁW−sV @Õ³ÁÇÁ \|¤¦¦¦ xqsµy @À³ÁÇÁ ¾»½[ÇÁ ª«sW¬dsH e
©«s Aµ³j¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ÕÁAµ³j¶ \|¤¦¦¦ @gSµ³R¶ LRiWxms ÛÍÁ[ÐdÁH e
@µ][ÅÁ \|¤¦¦¦ @µygRi \|¤¦¦¦ @\¿³Á úxms»yxms }msÐdÁH e16e176e

©«s NRPLRiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s µ³R¶LRiª«sV N][ úxms˳ØD \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s ÇÁLiú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s »R½Liú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ª«sVLiú»R½ N][ LRiÍØD \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s ¿³RÁÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s À³ÁúµR¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s À³ÁúµR¶ ZNP[ xqsLRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦ e
@˳ÏÁLigRi \|¤¦¦¦ @©«sLigRi \|¤¦¦¦ @gRiLiÇÁ {qs ÕÁ˳ÏÁW¼½ \|¤¦¦¦ e17e177e

©«s NSª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s úN][µ³R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ÍÜ[˳ÏÁ ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ NSLRi \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s Aµ³j¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s gSµ³R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ÕÁAµ³R¶ N][ ÕÁ¿yLRi \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s LSgRi LRiLigRi LRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s LRiWxms lLi[ÅÁ LSLRi \|¤¦¦¦ e
©«s ¥¦¦¦D \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ˳ØD \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s µyD N][ úxmsNSLRi \|¤¦¦¦ e18e178e

gRiÇص³R¶{ms ©«sLSµ³R¶{ms NRPLRiLi»R½ }qsª«s \|¤¦¦¦ xqsµy e


zqs»R½xqsxms¼d½ »R½xmsxqsxms¼d½ ÊÁ©«sxqsxms¼d½ ÇÁxmsxqs xqsµy e
@gRixqs»R½ Aµj¶ ÛÇÁ[ ÊÁ®²¶[ »R½xmsxqsxms¼d½ ÕÁ}qsÐdÁH e
ÕÁ@Li»R½ ÕÁ@Li»R½ ÕÁ@Li»R½ N][ NRPLRiLi»R½ FyhRi }msÐdÁH e19e179e

@gSµ³R¶ Aµj¶ ®µ¶[ª«s NUP @©yµj¶ ËØ»R½ ª«sW¬dsH e


©«s Çؼ½ Fy¼½ ª«sVLiú¼½ −sVú»R½ xqsú»R½ xqs®©s[x¤¦¦¦ ÇجdsH e
xqsµk¶ª«s xqsLRiÊÁ ÍÜ[NRP N][ úNTPFyÌÁ ÐÁAÌÁ \®ªsV LRi\|¤¦¦¦ e
»R½VLRiLi»R½ úµ][x¤¦¦¦ ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ ZNP[ @©«sLi»R½ ˳ؼ½ r¡ µR¶\|¤¦¦¦ e 20e180e

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e LRiWAª«sVÌÁ ¿³RÁLiµR¶


LRiWxms LSgRi ©«s lLi[ÅÁ LRiLigRi ©«s ÇÁ©«sª«sV ª«sVLRi©«s ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s e
Aµj¶ ©y´R¶ @gSµ³R¶ xmsoLRiÅÁ xqsV µ³R¶LRiª«sV NRPLRiª«sV úxmsÕdÁ©«s e
ÇÁLiú»R½ ª«sVLiú»R½ ©«s »R½Liú»R½ ÇØ N][ Aµj¶ xmsoLRiVÅÁ @FyLRi e
x¤¦¦¦xqs¼½ NUPÈÁ ÕÁ\ÛÆÁ ÊÁ\|qs xqsÊÁ hRiDLRi \®ªsV ¬sLRiµ³yLRi e1e181e

Çؼ½ Fy¼½ ©«s »y»R½ ÇØ N][ ª«sVLiú»R½ ª«sW»R½ ©«s −sVú»R½ e


xqsLRiÊÁ hRiDLRi ÕÁ\ÛÆÁ LRi−sVJ ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ¿RÁúNRP ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s ©«s ÀÁú»R½ e
Aµj¶ ®µ¶[ª«s DµyLRi ª«sVWLRi¼½ @gSµ³R¶ ©y´R¶ @©«sLi»R½ e
Aµj¶ @Li¼½ ©«s ÇجdsH @ÕÁÆصR¶ ®µ¶[ª«s µR¶VLRiLi»R½ e2e182e
24
®µ¶[ª«s Û˳Á[ª«s ©«s ÇØ©«s{¤¦¦¦ ÑÁxqs ª«sVLRiª«sV ÛËÁ[µR¶ NRP¾»½[ÊÁ e
xqs©«sNRP @D xqs©«sZNP[xqsV ©«sLiµR¶©«s Fyª«s{¤¦¦¦ ©«s x¤¦¦¦}qsÊÁ e
ÇÁ¿³RÁèé NTPLi©«sLRi ª«sV¿³RÁèé ª«sW©«sxqs ª«sVVLRigRi DLRigRi @FyLRi e
®©s[¼½ ®©s[¼½ xmsoNSLRi{¤¦¦¦ zqsª«s xqsúNRP K ª«sVVÅÁ¿yLRi e3e183e

xqsLRiÊÁ xqsxms»R½ xms»yLRi ZNP[ »R½Lji ÇØxms{¤¦¦¦ ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÇØxms e


Aµj¶ ®µ¶[ª«s @gSµ³j¶ ¾»½[ÇÁ @©yµj¶ ª«sVWLRi¼½ @»yxms e
ÇÁLiú»R½ ª«sVLiú»R½ ©«s Aª«sC NRPLji »R½Liú»R½ ª«sVLiú»R½ ©«s NUP©«s e
xqsLRiÊÁ hRiDLRi LRiz¤¦¦¦J ÕÁLSÇÁ µ³j¶LSÇÁ LSÇÁ úxmsÕdÁ©«s e4e184e

ÇÁ¿³RÁ gRiLiúµ³R¶ÊÁ ®µ¶[ª«s µy©¯[ ©«s úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV ¿³RÁú¼d½@©«s ª«sWz¤¦¦¦ e


\ÛËÁxqs©«sLi ZNP[ ÕÁ\ÛÆÁ ÕÁLS\ÛÇÁ xqsWúµR¶ Õ³dÁ ª«sx¤¦¦¦ ©yz¤¦¦¦ e
gRiW²R¶ gRiD²R¶ ©«s Õ³dÁÌÁ Õ³dÁ NRPLRi úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sV }qsÅÁ xqsLRiWxms e
LS¼½ µj¶ª«sxqs ©«s ª«sVµ³R¶ DLRiµ³R¶ ©«s ˳ÏÁW−sV @NSxqs @©«sWxms e5e185e

Çؼ½ ÇÁ©«sª«sV ©«s NSÌÁ NRPLRiª«sV ©«s µ³R¶LRiª«sV NRPLRiª«sV ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s e


¼d½LRi´R¶ ÇØú»R½ ©«s ®µ¶[ª«s xmspÇØ g][LRi ZNP[ ©«s @µ³k¶©«s e
xqsLRiÊÁ xqsxms»R½ xms»yLRi ZNP[ »R½Lji ÇجdsH ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÇÜ[¼½ e
}qsxqs ©yª«sV xqsx¤¦¦¦Lixqsxmns¬s ©«sz¤¦¦¦ ®©s[»R½ xmspLRi©«s x¤¦Ü[»R½ e6e186e

r¡µ³j¶ r¡µ³j¶ x¤¦¦¦ÛÉÁ[ xqs\Û˳Á xqsVLRi ÕÁL][µ³R¶ µy©«sª«s xqsLRiÊÁ e


gSB gSB x¤¦¦¦ÛÉÁ[ gRiLiúµ³R¶ÊÁ gRiªyB NTPLi©«sLRi gRiLRiÊÁ e
xms²R¶»R½ xms²R¶»R½ ´R¶ZNP[ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ NRPÕÁ gRi²R¶»R½ gS²R¶ @©«sLi»R½ e
¥¦¦¦LRi ¥¦¦¦LRi NRPz¤¦¦¦J xqs˳ÏÁW −sVÖÁ ©yª«sV ©yª«sV µR¶VLRiLi»R½ e7e187e

ÛËÁ[µR¶ Û˳Á[µR¶ ©«s FyBJ ÌÁÐÁJ©«s }qsÊÁ NRP¾»½[ÊÁ e


®µ¶[ª«s µy©¯[ ª«sVW²R¶ ª«sW©¯[ ÇÁ¿³RÁèé ©«s ÇØ\®©s ÛÇÁ[ÊÁ e
˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁÊÁ ˳ÏÁªy©«s ˳ÏÁWxms¼½ Aµj¶ ©y´R¶ @©y´R¶ e
@gRi¬s ËØB ÇÁÛÍÁ[ ´R¶ÛÍÁ[ ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ xqsLRiÊÁ hRiDLRi ¬sªyxqs e8e188e

®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ lgi[x¤¦¦¦ ©«s ®©s[x¤¦¦¦ xqs®©s[z¤¦¦¦ @ÛËÁ[x¤¦¦¦ ©yNRP @ÒÁ»R½ e


xqsLRiÊÁ gRiLiÇÁ©«s xqsLRiÊÁ ˳ÏÁLiÇÁ©«s xqsLRiÊÁ ¾»½[ @©«sÕ³dÁ»R½ e
xqsLRiÊÁ NRPLRi»y xqsLRiÊÁ x¤¦¦¦LRi»y xqsLRiÊÁ µR¶¸R¶WÌÁ @\®µ¶Q*ÅÁ e
¿RÁúNRP ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s ©«s ÊÁLRi©«s ÇØ N][ Çؼ½ Fy¼½ ©«s Û˳Á[ÅÁ e9e189e
25
LRiWxms lLi[ÅÁ ©«s LRiLigRi ÇØ N][ LSgRi LRiWxms ©«s LRiLigRi e
xqsLRiÊÁ ÍØBNRP xqsLRiÊÁ xmnsWBNRP xqsLRiÊÁ ¾»½[ @©«s˳ÏÁLigRi e
xqsLRiÊÁ µy»y xqsLRiÊÁ gjiA»y xqsLRiÊÁ N][ úxms¼½FyÌÁ e
µk¶©«sÊÁLiµ³R¶V µR¶¸R¶WÌÁ xqsVA−dsV Aµj¶ ®µ¶[ª«s @FyÌÁ e10e190e

µk¶©«sÊÁLiµ³R¶V úxmsÕdÁ©«s ú{qsxms¼½ xqsLRiÊÁ N][ NRPLRi»yLRi e


ÊÁLRi©«s ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s ©«s ¿RÁúNRP ÇØN][ ¿RÁúNRP ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s @NSLRi e
Çؼ½ Fy¼½ ©«s g][ú»R½ gS´y LRiWxms lLi[ÅÁ ©«s ÊÁLRi©«s e
xqsLRiÊÁ µy»y xqsLRiÊÁ gSù»y xqsLRiÊÁ ˳ÏÁW@ N][ ˳ÏÁLRi©«s e11e191e

µR¶VxqsÈÁ gRiLiÇÁ©«s xqsú»R½ ˳ÏÁLiÇÁ©«s xmsLRiª«sV xmsoLRiVÅÁ úxmsª«sW´R¶ e


µR¶VxqsÈÁ x¤¦¦¦LRi»y úzqsxqsÈÁ NRPLRi»y ÇÁgRi»R½ \®ªsV ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ gS´R¶ e
˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁÊÁ ˳ÏÁ−sÅÁ ˳ÏÁªy©«s úxmsª«sW©«s ®µ¶[ª«s @gRiLiÇÁ e
Aµj¶ @Li»R½ @©yµj¶ ú{qsxms¼½ xmsLRiª«sV xmsoLRiVÅÁ @˳ÏÁLiÇÁ e12e192e

µ³R¶LRiª«sV ZNP[ @©«s úNRPª«sV ÛÇÁ[»R½NRP NUP©«s »R½D©«s xmsryLRi e


®µ¶[ª«s @®µ¶[ª«s gRiLiµ³R¶LRiÊÁ NTPLi©«sLRi ª«sV¿³RÁèé NRP¿³RÁèé @FyLRi e
˳ÏÁW−sV @NSxqs ÇÁÛÍÁ[ ´R¶ÛÍÁ[ ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ ª«sW¬dsH ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ©yª«sVV e
µR¶VxqsÈÁ x¤¦¦¦LRi»y xmsoxqsÈÁ NRPLRi»y úzqsxqsÉÓÁ x¤¦¦¦LRi»y NSª«sV e13e193e

µR¶VxqsÈÁ x¤¦¦¦LRi©y úzqsxqsÈÁ NRPLRi©y µR¶¸R¶WÌÁ ÍØÌÁ g][ÕÁLiµR¶ e


−sVú»R½ FyÌÁNRP xqsú»R½ xmnsWÌÁNRP µk¶©«s µR¶¸R¶WÌÁ ª«sVVNRPLiµR¶ e
@xmnsVD ²R¶Li²R¶ßá µR¶VxqsÈÁ ÅÁLi²R¶ßá NSÌÁ x¤¦¦¦¨Li ZNP[ NSÌÁ e
µR¶VxqsÈÁ x¤¦¦¦LRißáLi xmsoxqsÈÁ NRPLRißáLi xqsLRiÊÁ ZNP[ úxms¼½FyÌÁ e14e194e

qx sLRiÊÁ NRPLRi»y xqsLRiÊÁ x¤¦¦¦LRi»y xqsLRiÊÁ ZNP[ @©«sNSª«sV e


xqsLRiÊÁ ÅÁLi²R¶ßá xqsLRiÊÁ µR¶Li²R¶ßá xqsLRiÊÁ ZNP[ ¬sÇÁ ˳ت«sV e
xqsLRiÊÁ ˳ÏÁVgRi»y xqsLRiÊÁ ÇÁÙgRi»y xqsLRiÊÁ NRPLRiª«sV úxmsÕdÁ©«s e
xqsLRiÊÁ ÅÁLi²R¶ßá xqsLRiÊÁ µR¶Li²R¶ßá xqsLRiÊÁ NRPLRiª«sV @µ³k¶©«s e15e195e

xqsLRiÊÁ zqsLiú−sV»R½©«s xqsLRiÊÁ ryxqsú»R½©«s xqsLRiÊÁ ÛËÁ[µR¶ ÕÁ¿yLRi e


µR¶VxqsÈÁ x¤¦¦¦LRi»y ÕÁxqs* ˳ÏÁLRi»y Aµj¶ LRiWxms @FyLRi e
µR¶VxqsÈÁ µR¶Li²R¶ßá xmsoxqsÈÁ ÅÁLi²R¶ßá @µj¶ ®µ¶[ª«s @ÅÁLi²R¶ e
˳ÏÁW−sV @NSxqs ÇÁÛÍÁ[ ´R¶ÛÍÁ[ ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ ÇÁxms»R½ ÇØxms @ª«sVLi²R¶ e16e196e
26
úzqsxqsÈÁ¿yLRi ÕÁ¿yLRi ÛÇÁ[¾»½[ ÇجdsH xqsÕÁ¿yLRi e
Aµj¶ ®µ¶[ª«s @FyLRi ú{qs xms¼½ µR¶VxqsÈÁ xmsoxqsÈÁ úxms¥¦¦¦LRi e
@Li©«s µy»y gSù©«s gjiA»y úxqsÊÁ ª«sW©«s ª«sVz¤¦¦¦LiúµR¶ e
ÛËÁ[µR¶ ÕÁAxqs NRPlLi[ NRPC µj¶©«s N][ÉÓÁ BLiúµR¶ DzmsLiúµR¶ e17e197e

ÇÁ©«sª«sV ÇØ»y NRPLRiª«sV gSù»y µ³R¶LRiª«sV ¿yLRiV ÕÁ¿yLRi e


ÛËÁ[µR¶ Û˳Á[ª«s ©«s Fyª«sC zqsª«s LRiVúµR¶ @D ª«sVVÅÁ¿yLRi e
N][ÉÓÁ BLiúµR¶ DxmsBLiúµR¶ ÕÁAxqs xqs©«sNRP xqs©«s»R½ NRPVª«sWLRi e
gSB gSB ´R¶ZNP[ xqsÛ˳Á[ gRiV©«s ¿RÁúNRP»R½ Û˳Á[ ª«sVVÅÁ¿yLRi e18e198e

Aµj¶ @Li¼½ ©«s ª«sVµ³R¶ ÇØ N][ ˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁÊÁ ˳ÏÁªy©«s e


xqs¼½ µR¶VAxmsLRi ú¼½¼d½A NRPÖÁÇÁÙgRi ¿RÁú»R½ NSÌÁ úxmsµ³y©«s e
µ³j¶AB µ³j¶AB ´R¶ZNP[ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ª«sVV©«s gSB gRiLiúµ³R¶ÊÁ @FyLRi e
¥¦¦¦Lji ¥¦¦¦Lji ´R¶ZNP[ xqs\Û˳Á ©«s{¤¦¦¦ FyCH ¼½x¤¦¦¦ FyLRi e19e199e

©yLRiµR¶ Aµj¶NRP ÛËÁ[µR¶ ÕÁAxqsNRP ª«sVV¬s ª«sV¥¦¦¦©«s @©«sLi»R½ e


µ³j¶AB µ³j¶AB ´R¶ZNP[ xqs\Û˳Á NRPLji N][ÉÓÁ NRPxqsÈÁ µR¶VLRiLi»R½ e
gSB gSB ´R¶ZNP[ gRiLiúµ³R¶ÊÁ ©yLji @xmsú¿³RÁ @FyLRi e
r¡µ³j¶ r¡µ³j¶ ´R¶ZNP[ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ xqsVLRi FyBJ ©«sz¤¦¦¦ FyLRi e20e200e

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e µ][x¤¦¦¦LS

GNRP xqs®ªs[V ú{qs A»R½ª«sW D¿RÁLjiJ ª«sV¼½ zqsD \ÛËÁ©«s e


xqs˳ÏÁ úxms»yxms ÇÁgRiµk¶xqs N][ NRPx¤¦¦¦x¤¦¦¦§ xqsNRPÌÁ ÕÁµ³j¶ \¾»½©«s e1e201e
N][ A»R½ª«sW xqsLRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦ NRP¥¦¦¦ úzqsxqsÉÓÁ N][ ÕÁ¿yLRi e
NRPD©«s µ³R¶LRiª«sV N][ NRPLRiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ NRPx¤¦¦¦x¤¦¦¦§ xqsNRPÌÁ ÕÁxqs´yLRi e2e202e
NRP¥¦¦¦ ÒÁ»R½ÊÁ NRP¥¦¦¦ ª«sVLRi©«s \|¤¦¦¦ NRPª«s©«s xqsVLRigRi NRP¥¦¦¦ ©«sLRiNRP e
N][ xqsVxmnsV²y N][ ª«sVW²R¶»y NRP¥¦¦¦ »R½LRiNRP @ª«s»R½LRiNRP e3e203e

N][ ¬sLiµy ÇÁxqs \|¤¦¦¦ NRPª«s©«s NRPª«s©«s Fyxms NRP¥¦¦¦ µ³R¶LRiª«sV e


NRPª«s©«s ÇÜ[gRi N][ ˳Ü[gRi \|¤¦¦¦ NRPª«s©«s NRPLRiª«sV @xmsNRPLRiª«sV e4e204e
NRPx¤¦¦¦x¤¦¦¦§ xqsVúxqsª«sV NS r¡ NRPx¤¦¦¦z¤¦¦¦ µR¶ª«sV N][ NRP¥¦¦¦ NRPx¤¦¦¦Li»R½ e
N][ xqsWLRi µy»y NRPª«s©«s NRPx¤¦¦¦x¤¦¦¦§ »R½Li»R½ N][ ª«sVLi»R½ e5e205e
NRP¥¦¦¦ LRiLiNRP LSÇØ NRPª«s©«s x¤¦¦¦LRiÅÁ r¡gRi \|¤¦¦¦ NRPª«s©«s e
N][ L][gki LSgki NRPª«s©«s NRPx¤¦¦¦x¤¦¦¦§ »R½»R½V ª«sVVz¤¦¦¦ »R½ª«s©«s e6e206e
27

NRPª«s©«s LjixqsÈÁ N][ xmsoxqsÈÁ \|¤¦¦¦ NRP¥¦¦¦ úzqsxqsÈÁ N][ ÕÁ¿yLRi e


NRPª«s©«s úµ³j¶xqsÈÁ N][ úÕ³ÁxqsÈÁ \|¤¦¦¦ NRPx¤¦Ü[ xqsNRPÌÁ ÕÁxqs´yLRi e7e207e
NRP¥¦¦¦ NRPLRiª«sV N][ NRPLRiª«sV \|¤¦¦¦ NRP¥¦¦¦ ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV N][ ©yxqs e
NRP¥¦¦¦ ÀÁ»R½©«s NUP ¿Á[xqsÉØ NRP¥¦¦¦ @¿Á[»R½ úxmsNSxqs e8e208e

NRP¥¦¦¦ ®©s[ª«sV xqsLiÇÁª«sV NRP¥¦¦¦ NRP¥¦¦¦ gjiA©«s @gjiA©«s e


N][ L][gki r¡gki NRPª«s©«s NRP¥¦¦¦ µ³R¶LRiª«sV NUP ¥¦¦¦¬s e9e209e

N][ xqsWLRi xqsVLiµR¶LRi NRPª«s©«s NRPx¤¦Ü[ ÇÜ[gRi N][ ryLRi e


N][ µy»y gjiA¬ds NRPª«s©«s NRPx¤¦Ü[ ÕÁ¿yLRi ÕÁ¿yLji e10e210e

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e µk¶xmnsVLRi ú¼½Ë³ÏÁLigki ¿³RÁLiµR¶

µR¶VLRiÇÁ©«s µR¶ÌÁ µR¶Li²R¶ßá @xqsVLRi ÕÁx¤¦¦¦Li²R¶ßá µR¶VxqsÈÁ ¬sNRPLiµR¶ßá Aµj¶ úÕÁ¾»½[ e


¿RÁ¿³RÁLSxqsVLRi ª«sWLRißá xms¼½»R½ Dµ³yLRißá ©«sLRiNRP ¬sªyLRißá gRiW²R¶ gRi¾»½[ e
@¿³Á[ @ÅÁLi®²¶[ ¾»½[ÇÁ úxms¿RÁLi®²¶[ ÅÁLi²R¶ DµR¶Li®²¶[ @ÌÁÅÁ ª«sV¾»½[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLji ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s LRiLiª«sV NRPxmsLRiµR¶©«s ¿³RÁú»R½ À³Á¾»½[ e1e211e

AxqsVLki ÕÁx¤¦¦¦Li²R¶ßá µR¶VxqsÈÁ ¬sNRPLiµR¶ßá xmsoxqsÈÁ DµR¶Li²R¶ßá LRiWxms @¾»½[ e


¿RÁLi²yxqsVLRi ¿RÁLi²R¶ßá ª«sVVLi²R¶ ÕÁx¤¦¦¦Li²R¶ßá µ³R¶Wúª«sV ÕÁµ³R¶VLixqsßá ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÅÁ ª«sV¾»½[ e
µy©«sª«s úxms¥¦¦¦LRi©«s ©«sLRiNRP ¬sªyLRi©«s @µ³R¶ª«sV Dµ³yLRi©«s DLRiµ³R¶ @®µ³¶[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s LRiLiª«sV NRPxmsLRiµR¶©«s Aµj¶ úÕÁ¾»½[ e2e212e

²yª«sLRiW ²R¶ª«sLi\ZNP ÊÁÊÁLRi ÊÁª«sLi\ZNP ˳ÏÁVÇØ xmnsLRiLi\ZNP ¾»½[ÇÁ ÊÁLRiLi e


ÌÁLiNRPV²U¶A Fny\®µ³¶ A¸R¶VVµ³R¶ ËØ\®µ³¶ \|qs©«s ÕÁª«sVLRiµR¶©«s NSÌÁ @xqsVLRiLi e
@xqsÉظR¶VVµ³R¶ ¿RÁª«sV\ZNP ˳ÏÁWÅÁ©«s µR¶ª«sV\ZNP @¼½ zqs»R½ LRi&Vª«sV\ZNP xmnsLiNRP xmnsLißáLi e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s LRiLiª«sV NRPxmsLRiµR¶©«s \®µ¶»R½ ÑÁßáLi e3e213e

¿RÁLi²yxqsVLRi ¿RÁLi²R¶ßá ª«sVVLi²R¶ ÕÁª«sVVLi²R¶ßá ÅÁLi²R¶ @ÅÁLi²R¶ßá ÅÁW©«s ÐÁ¾»½[ e


µy−sV¬ds µR¶ª«sVLiNRPßá µ³R¶VÇØ xmnsLRiLiNRPßá xmnsßÔá xmnsQoLiNSLRißá ÇÜ[µ³R¶ ÑÁ¾»½[ e
xqsLRi µ³yLRi ÕÁÊÁLRiÅÁßá µR¶VxqsÈÁ úxmsNRPLRiÅÁßá xmsoxqsÈÁ úxmsx¤¦¦¦LRiÅÁßá µR¶VxqsÈÁ ª«sV®´¶[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s ˳ÏÁW−sV ANSxqs »R½ÌÁ DLRiµ³R¶ @®µ³¶[ e4e214e
28

µy−sV¬ds úxms¥¦¦¦xqs©«s xqsV¿³RÁÕÁ ¬sªyxqs©«s úzqsxqsÉÓÁ úxmsNSxqs©«s gRiW²R¶ gRi¾»½[ e


LRiNRP»yxqsVLRi A¿RÁ©«s ÇÁÙµ³R¶ úxmsª«sW¿RÁ©«s ú¬s\®µ¶ ©«sLS¿RÁ©«s µ³R¶LRiª«sV úÕÁ¾»½[ e
úr¡ßáLi»R½ @ÀÁLi¼d½ @©«sÌÁ ÕÁª«sLi¼d½ ÇÜ[gRi ÇÁ¸R¶VLi¼d½ ÅÁ²R¶gRi µ³R¶lLi[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s Fyxms ÕÁ©yxqs©«s µ³R¶LRiª«sV NRPlLi[ e5e215e

@xmnsV JxmnsV ¬sªyLRi©«s µR¶VxqsÈÁ úxmsÇØLRi©«s úzqsxqsÉÓÁ DËØLRi©«s xqsVµ³R¶ ª«sV¾»½[ e


xmnsßÔá@LRi xmnsQoLiNSLRi©«s ËØxmnsV ÊÁVNSLRißá xqsxqsú»R½ úxms¥¦¦¦LRißá ryµ³R¶ ª«sV¾»½[ e
\|qsx¤¦¦¦´k¶ xqs©yx¤¦¦¦¬s @xqsÈÁ úxmsËØx¤¦¦¦©«s ËÜ[ÌÁ ¬sËØx¤¦¦¦©«s ¾»½[ÇÁ @»R½VÌÁLi e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s ˳ÏÁW−sV @NSxqs xms»yÌÁ ÇÁÌÁLi e6e216e

¿y¿RÁLji ¿RÁª«sVNSLRi©«s À³Á¿³RÁVLRi ¥¦¦¦LRi©«s µ³R¶Wª«sV µ³R¶VNSLRi©«s úµR¶xms ª«sV®´¶[ e


µy²R¶−ds úxmsµR¶Li¾»½[ ÇÜ[gRi ÇÁ¸R¶VLi¾»½[ ª«sV©«sVÇÁ ª«sV´R¶Li¾»½[ gRiW²R¶ NRP®´¶[ e
NRPLRiª«sV úxmsßØxqs©«s ¿RÁLiµR¶ úxmsNSxqs©«s xqsWLRiÇÁ úxms¾»½[ÇÁ©«s @xqsÈÁ˳ÏÁVÛÇÁ[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV ÕÁ©yxqs©«s µ³R¶LRiª«sV µ³R¶VÛÇÁ[ e7e217e

xmnsVVLixmnsVLRiW xmnsVª«sVLiNRPßá xqsxqsú»R½ LRi&Vª«sVLiNRPßá xmnsßÔá@LRi xmnsQoLiNSLRißá µ³R¶LRiª«sV µ³R¶VÛÇÁ[ e


@xqsÉØÈÁ úxms¥¦¦¦xqs©«s úzqsxqsÉÓÁ ¬sªyxqs©«s µR¶VxqsÈÁ úxmsßØxqs©«s ¿RÁúNRP gRi¾»½[ e
ZNP[xqsLki úxmsªy}¤¦¦¦ xqsVµ³R¶ xqs©y}¤¦¦¦ @gRiª«sV @´y}¤¦¦¦ GNRP úÕÁ¾»½[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s Aµj¶ NRPVª«sWLji @gSµ³R¶ úÕÁ¾»½[ e8e218e

xqsVLRi ©«sLRi ª«sVV¬s ÊÁLiµR¶©«s µR¶VxqsÈÁ ¬sNRPLiµR¶©«s úÕ³ÁxqsÈÁ ÕÁ©yxqs©«s ú−sV»R½ ª«sV®´¶[ e
NSª«sLRiW NRPVª«sWlLi[ @µ³R¶ª«sV Dµ³ylLi[ NRPLRi©«s ¬sªylLi[ Aµj¶ NRP®´¶[ e
NTPLiNRPßÔá úxmsr¡x¤¦¦¦ßÓá xqsVLRi ©«sLRi ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ßÓá zqsLixmnsWL][x¤¦¦¦ßÓá ÕÁ»R½ÌÁ »R½ÛÍÁ[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs xqs˳ÏÁ hRiDLji ¬sªyxqs©«s ËØB xms»yÌÁ @NSxqs @©«sÛÍÁ[ e9e219e
29

qx sLiNRPÉÔÁ ¬sªyLRißá @µ³R¶ª«sV Dµ³yLRißá ¾»½[ÇÁ úxmsNRPLRiÅÁßá »R½VLiµR¶ »R½ÛËÁ[ e


µR¶VÅÁ µ][ÅÁ µR¶x¤¦¦¦Li¼d½ ÇÁÙAÌÁ ÇÁ¸R¶VLi¼d½ Aµj¶ @©«sµj¶ @gSµ³R¶ @¿³Á[ e
xqsVµ³R¶»y xqsª«sVLRixmsßá »R½LRiNRP ÕÁ»R½LRiNRPßá »R½xms»R½ úxms»yxmsßá ÇÁxms»R½ ÑÁ\®ªs e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs xqsxqsú»R½ úxmsNRPLRiÅÁßá Aµj¶ @¬dsÌÁ @gSµ³j¶ @\Û˳Á e10e220e

¿RÁLi¿RÁÍØ ¿RÁÅÁLigki @ÌÁNRP ˳ÏÁVÇÁLigki »R½VLiµR¶ »R½VLRiLigRißá ¼½¿³RÁ xqslLi[ e


NRPLRiNRPry NRPVhSlLi[ ©«sLRiNRP ¬sªylLi[ @µ³R¶ª«sV Dµ³ylLi[ »R½WLRi ˳ÏÁ# ÛÇÁ[ e
µy−sV¬ds µR¶ª«sVLiZNP[ ZNP[x¤¦¦¦Lji ÌÁLiZNP[ Aµj¶ @»R½LiZNP[ NRPWLRi NRP®´¶[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs LRiNRP»yxqsVLRi ÅÁLi²R¶ßá xqsVLi˳ÏÁ ¿RÁúNRP»R½©«s ¬sxqsVLi˳ÏÁ ª«sV®´¶[ e11e221e

ËØLjiÇÁ ÕÁÍÜ[¿RÁ©«s úÕÁ»R½©«s ÕÁ®ªsW¿RÁ©«s r¡¿RÁ ÕÁr¡¿RÁ©«s NRPD¿RÁ NRP}qs e


µy−sV¬ds úxms¥¦¦¦}qs xqsVNRP xqsLRi ©y}qs xqsVúÕÁ»R½ xqsVËØ}qs µR¶VxqsÈÁ úgRi}qs e
¿RÁLi¿RÁÍØ úzms@Ligki ÛËÁ[µR¶ úxmsxqsLigki ¾»½[ÇÁ »R½VLRiLigki ÅÁLi²R¶ @xqsVLRiLi e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s Aµj¶ @©yµj¶ @gSµ³j¶ DLRiµ³R¶Li e12e222e

xmnsVLiÈÁNS ÕÁLS\ÛÇÁ LRiVßáLRi&VVßá ËØ\ÛÇÁ ú˳ÏÁª«sV \Û˳Á ˳Ø\ÛÇÁ xqsV©«s»R½ xqsVLRiLi e


N][NTPÌÁ xqsV¬s ÍØ\ÛÇÁ NTPÌÁÕÁÅÁ ˳Ø\ÛÇÁ xqsVÅÁ DxmsLS\ÛÇÁ ª«sVµ³j¶ DLRiLi e
µR¶VLRiÇÁ©«s µR¶ÌÁ µR¶\lLi&V ª«sV©«s »R½©«s Lji\lLi&V xqs\Û˳Á ©«s ˳ÏÁ# \ÛÇÁ L][x¤¦¦¦LRißáLi e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s ¿RÁLi²R¶ ¿RÁúNRP»R½©«s Aµj¶ gRiVLRiLi e13e223e

¿y¿RÁLki úxmsÇÜ[µ³R¶©«s µR¶VxqsÈÁ ÕÁL][µ³R¶©«s L][xqs @L][µ³R¶©«s NRPWLRi úÕÁ¾»½[ e


µ³R¶Wúª«sW¿³RÁ ÕÁµ³R¶VLixqs©«s úxms\ÛÍÁ úxmsÇÁÙLixqs©«s ÇÁgji ÕÁµ³R¶VLixqs©«s xqsVµ³R¶ ª«sV¾»½[ e
ÇØÌÁFy ÇÁ¸R¶VLi¼d½ xqsú»R½ ª«sV´R¶Li¼d½ µR¶VxqsÈÁ úxmsµyx¤¦¦¦©«s gS²R¶ ª«sV¾»½[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s Aµj¶ ÇÁÙgSµj¶ @gSµ³j¶ gRi¾»½[ e14e224e

ÅÁú¼½AßÓá ÅÁ»R½Ligki @\Û˳Á @˳ÏÁLigki Aµj¶ @©«sLigki @gSµ³j¶ gRi¾»½[ e


úÕÁ²R¶ÍØ¿³RÁ ÕÁx¤¦¦¦Li²R¶ßá ¿RÁ¿³RÁèéLRi µR¶Li²R¶ßá ¾»½[ÇÁ úxms¿RÁLi²R¶ßá Aµj¶ úÕÁ¾»½[ e
xqsVLRi ©«sLRi úxms¼½FyLRißá xms¼½»R½ Dµ³yLRißá µR¶VxqsÈÁ ¬sªyLRißá µ][ÅÁ x¤¦¦¦lLi[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s ÕÁxqs ÕÁµ³R¶VLixqs©«s úzqsxqsÉÓÁ NRPlLi[ e15e225e
30

µy−sV¬ds úxmsNS}qs D©«s»R½ ©y}qs ÇÜ[¼½ úxmsNS}qs @»R½VÌÁ ÊÁÛÍÁ[ e


µy©«s−ds úxmsNRPLRiÅÁßá xqsLRi ª«sLRi ª«sLRiÅÁßá µR¶VxqsÈÁ úxmsµ³R¶LRiÅÁßá ÕÁ»R½ÌÁ »R½ÛÍÁ[ e
@xqsÉظR¶VVµ³R¶ ËØx¤¦¦¦ßá ËÜ[ÌÁ ¬sËØx¤¦¦¦ßá xqsLi»R½ xms©yx¤¦¦¦ßá gRiW²R¶ gRi¾»½[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s Aµj¶ @©yµj¶ @gSµ³j¶ úÕÁ¾»½[ e16e226e

µR¶VÅÁ µ][ÅÁ úxms˳ÏÁ¿³RÁèéßá }qsª«sNRP LRi¿³RÁèéßá xqsLi»R½ úxms»R½¿³RÁèéßá xqsVµ³R¶ xqslLi[ e


ryLRiLigRi xqs©y}¤¦¦¦ µR¶VxqsÈÁ úxmsµy}¤¦¦¦ @Lji µR¶ÌÁ gS}¤¦¦¦ µ][ÅÁ x¤¦¦¦lLi[ e
gRiLiÇÁ©«s gRiVª«sW®©s[ @»R½VÌÁ úxmsªy®©s[ xqsLi¼½ ÇÁª«sW®©s[ Aµj¶ @Li¾»½[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s ryµ³R¶ úxmsµR¶¿³RÁèé©«s µR¶VxqsÈÁ x¤¦¦¦Li¾»½[ e17e227e

NSLRißá NRPLkiÖdÁ gRiLRiÊÁ gRi{¤¦¦¦ÖdÁ ÇÜ[¼½ ÑÁ¼d½ÖdÁ »R½VLiµR¶ ª«sV¾»½[ e


@xqsÉØBµ³R¶ ¿RÁª«sVNRPßá xqsxqsú»R½ LRi&Vª«sVNRPßá µy−sV¬ds µR¶ª«sVNRPßá Aµj¶ úÕÁ¾»½[ e
²R¶VNRP²R¶VNUP ²R¶ª«sVLi\ZNP ËØxmnsV ÊÁÊÁLi\ZNP ˳ÏÁVÇØ xmnsLRiLi\ZNP xqsVµ³R¶ gRi¾»½[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s Aµj¶ ÇÁÙgSµ³j¶ @©yµj¶ ª«sV¾»½[ e 18e228e

¿RÁ¿³RÁLSxqsVLRi ª«sWLRißá ©«sLRiNRP ¬sªyLRißá xms¼½»R½ Dµ³yLRißá GNRP ˳ÏÁ# ÛÉÁ[ e


FyFy©«s ÕÁx¤¦¦¦Li²R¶©«s µR¶VxqsÈÁ úxms¿RÁLi²R¶ßá ÅÁLi²R¶ @ÅÁLi²R¶ßá NSÌÁ NRPÛÉÁ[ e
¿RÁLiúµy©«s©«s ¿y\lLi ©«sLRiNRP ¬sªy\lLi xms¼½»R½ Dµ³y\lLi ª«sVVLi²R¶ ª«sV®´¶[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s µ³R¶Vúª«sV ÕÁµ³R¶VLixqs©«s Aµj¶ NRP®´¶[ e19e229e

LRiNRP»yxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s ¿RÁLi²R¶ ¿RÁúNRPµR¶©«s µy©«sª«s @LRiµR¶©«s ÕÁ²yÌÁ ÊÁ®µ³¶[ e


xqsLRi µ³yLRi ÕÁÊÁLRiÅÁßá µR¶VLRiÇÁ©«s µ³R¶LRiÅÁßá @»R½VÌÁ @ª«sVLRiÅÁßá µ³R¶LRiª«sV µ³R¶VÛÇÁ[ e
µ³R¶Wúª«sW¿³RÁ ÕÁµ³R¶VLixqs©«s úr¡ßá»R½ ¿RÁVLixqs©«s xqsVLi˳ÏÁ ¬sFy»R½ ¬sxqsVLi˳ÏÁ ª«sV®´¶[ e
\ÛÇÁ \ÛÇÁ x¤¦Ü[{qs ª«sVz¤¦¦¦ÆØxqsVLRi ª«sVLRiµR¶©«s Aµj¶ @¬dsÌÁ @gSµ³j¶ NRP®´¶[ e20e230e
31

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e Fyµ³R¶²U¶ ¿³RÁLiµR¶

»R½Vª«sV NRPx¤¦Ü[ ®µ¶[ª«s xqsLRiÊÁLi ÕÁ¿yLRi e ÑÁª«sV NUPJ Azms NRPLRi¾»½[ xmsryLRi e
ÇÁµR¶zms @˳ÏÁW»R½ @©«s\Û˳Á @©«sLi»R½ e »R½D NRPx¤¦Ü[ ÇÁ´y ª«sV¼½ \¾»½Qûßá »R½Li»R½ e1e231e

NRPLRi»y NRPLkiª«sV NSµj¶LRi úNTPFyÌÁ e @\®µ¶Q* @˳ÏÁW»R½ @©«s\Û˳Á µj¶AÌÁ e


µy»y µR¶VLRiLi»R½ µR¶VÅÁ µ][ÅÁ LRix¤¦¦¦»R½ e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ®©s[¼½ ®©s[¼½ xqs˳ÏÁ ÛËÁ[µR¶ NRPx¤¦¦¦»R½ e2e232e

NRPC E¿RÁ ¬ds¿RÁ NUP©¯[ ÊÁ©yD e xqs˳ÏÁ ªyLRi FyLRi ÇØ N][ úxms˳ØD e
xqs˳ÏÁ ÒÁª«s ÇÁLi»R½ ÇØ©«sLi»R½ ÇØz¤¦¦¦ e ª«sV©«s ª«sVW²R¶ NTPD ©«s }qsª«sLi»R½ »yz¤¦¦¦ e3e233e

NRPC ª«sVW²R¶ xmsú»R½ xmspÇØ NRPLRiLi»R½ e NRPC zqsµ³R¶ ryµ³R¶V xqsWLRiÇÁ zqsª«sLi»R½ e
NRPC xmsÌÁÉÓÁ xqsWLRiÇÁ zqsÇÁµy NRPLSB e úxms˳ÏÁ GNRP LRiWxms \®µ¶Q* \ZNP ÌÁÆØB e4e234e

@©«sÀ³ÁÇÁ ¾»½[ÇÁ @©«s\Û˳Á úxmsNSxqs e µy»y µR¶VLRiLi»R½ @\®µ¶Q* @©yxqs e


xqs˳ÏÁ L][gRi r¡gRi ¾»½[ LRix¤¦¦¦»R½ LRiWxms e @©«s\Û˳Á @NSÌÁ @\¿³Á xqsLRiWxms e5e235e

NRPLRiVßØ ¬sµ³y©«s NS−sVÌÁ úNTPFyÌÁ e µR¶WÅÁ µ][ÅÁ x¤¦¦¦LRi»R½ µy»y µj¶AÌÁ e


@LiÇÁ©«s ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s @©«s˳ÏÁLiÇÁ ©y´R¶ e ÇÁÌÁ ´R¶ÌÁ úxms˳ØD xqsLRiÊÁú»R½ ry´R¶ e6e236e

ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ Çؼ½ Fy¼½ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ Û˳Á[µR¶ ˳ÏÁLRiª«sV e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ LRiLigRi LRiWxms ©«s{¤¦¦¦ GNRP µ³R¶LRiª«sV e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ xqsú»R½ −sVú»R½ µ][E GNRP ryLRi e @\¿³Á xqsLRiWxms @ÕÁ¿RÁÌÁ @FyLRi e 7e237e

Çجds ©«s ÇØB ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ LRiWxms lLi[ÅÁ e NRPz¤¦¦¦ ËØxqsV »yxqsV NRPz¤¦¦¦ NRPD©«sV Û˳Á[ÅÁ e
NRPz¤¦¦¦ ©yª«sV »yxqsV \|¤¦¦¦ NRPª«s©«s Çؼ½ e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ xqsú»R½ −sVú»R½ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ xmsoú»R½ ú˳ػR½ e8e238e

NRPLRiVßØ ¬sµ³y©«s NSLRißá xqsLRiWxms e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ¿RÁúNRP ÀÁx¤¦¦¦©«s ©«s{¤¦¦¦ LRiLigRi LRiWxms e
ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÛÆÁ[µR¶ Û˳Á[µR¶ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ NRPLRiª«sV NSÌÁ e xqs˳ÏÁ ÒÁª«s ÇÁLi»R½ NUP NRPLRi»R½ FyÌÁ e9e239e

DLRiµ³R¶Li ÕÁLRix¤¦¦¦»R½ zqsµ³R¶ xqsLRiWxms e ÊÁVµ³R¶Li @FyÌÁ ÇÁÙµ³R¶Li @©«sWxms e


ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ LRiWxms lLi[ÅÁ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ LRiLigRi LSgRi e @©«sÀ³ÁÇÁ ¾»½[ÇÁ @©«sÕ³ÁÇÁ @µygRi e10e240e
32

ÇÁÌÁ ´R¶ÌÁ ª«sV{¤¦¦¦xms ÊÁ©«s »R½©«s µR¶VLRiLi»R½ e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ®©s[¼½ ®©s[¼½ ¬szqs µj¶©«s D¿RÁLRiLi»R½ e
FyBJ ©«s ÇØB ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ \|msLji FyLRi e µk¶©y©«s µ][ÅÁ µR¶z¤¦¦¦»y DµyLRi e11e241e

NRPC N][ÉÓÁ BLiúµR¶ ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ Fy¬s¥¦¦¦LRi e NRPC N][ÉÓÁ LRiVúµR¶ ÇÁÙgkiA µR¶VALRi e
NRPC ÛËÁ[µR¶ ÕÁAxqs úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sW @©«sLi»R½ e ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ®©s[¼½ ®©s[¼½ ¬szqs µj¶©«s D¿RÁLRiLi»R½ e12e242e

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e \|qs#*¹¸¶[V

µk¶¬s©«s NUP úxms¼½FyÌÁ NRP\lLi ¬s»R½ xqsLi»R½ DËØLji gRi¬dsª«sV©«s gS\lLi e


xms¿³RÁèé xmsxqsW ©«sgRi ©ygRi ©«sLSµ³j¶xms xqsLRiÊÁ xqs\®ªsV xqs˳ÏÁ N][ úxms¼½Fy\lLi e
F¡ÅÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ÇÁÌÁ \®ªsV ´R¶ÌÁ \®ªsV xmsÌÁ \®ªsV NRPÖÁ ZNP[ ©«s{¤¦¦¦ NRPLRiª«sV ÕÁ¿y\lLie
µk¶©«s µR¶BAÌÁ µR¶BA¬sµ³j¶ µ][ÅÁ©«s ®µ¶[ÅÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ xmsLRiV ®µ¶[»R½ ©«s ¥¦¦¦\lLi e1e243e

µyx¤¦¦¦»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ µR¶VÅÁ µ][ÅÁ©«s N_ µR¶ÌÁ µR¶VÇÁ©«s ZNP[ xmsÌÁ \®ªsV µR¶ÌÁ ²y\lLi e
ÅÁLi²R¶ @ÅÁLi²R¶ úxms¿RÁLi²R¶ úxms¥¦¦¦LRi©«s xmspLRi©«s ú}msª«sV NUP ú{ms¼½ xqsLi˳Ø\lLi e
FyLRiV ©«s FyB xqs\ZNP xmsµR¶ª«sWxms¼½ ÛËÁ[µR¶ NRP¾»½[ÊÁ @Û˳Á[µR¶ D¿y\lLi e
L][ÇÁ {¤¦¦¦ LSÇÁ ÕÁÍÜ[NRP»R½ LSÑÁNRP L][ÐÁ LRiW¥¦¦¦©«s NUP L][ÒÁ ©«s ÉØ\lLi e2e244e

NUPÈÁ xms»R½LigRi NRPVLRiLigRi ˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRiª«sV ˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁ−sÅåÁ ˳ÏÁªy©«s ÊÁ©yG e


®µ¶[ª«s @®µ¶[ª«s ÅÁ}ms @x¤¦¦¦Li®ªs[Vª«s ©«s Û˳Á[ª«s ÌÁÐÁJ ú˳ÏÁª«sV zqsD ˳ÏÁLRiª«sWG e
ÛËÁ[µR¶ xmsoLS©«s NRP¾»½[ÊÁ NRPVLS©«s x¤¦¦¦}qsÊÁ ´R¶ZNP[ NRPLRi ¥¦¦¦´j¶ ©«s AG e
xmspLRi©«s ú}msª«sV úxms˳ØD ÕÁ©y xms¼½ zqsD NTP©«s ú{qs xmsµR¶ª«sWxms¼½ FyG e3e245e

Aµj¶ @©«sLi»R½ @gSµ³j¶ @\®µ¶Q*ÅÁ xqsV ˳ÏÁW»R½ ˳ÏÁ−sÅåÁ ˳ÏÁªy©«s @\Û˳Á \|¤¦¦¦ e
@Li¼½ ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s @©y»R½ª«sV Axms @µygRi @µ][ÅÁ @À³ÁúµR¶ @\¿³Á \|¤¦¦¦ e
ÍÜ[gRi©«s ZNP[ NRPLRi»y x¤¦¦¦LRi»y ÇÁÌÁ \®ªsV ´R¶ÌÁ \®ªsV ˳ÏÁLRi»y úxms˳ÏÁ \®ªs \|¤¦¦¦ e
µk¶©«s µR¶BAÌÁ µR¶BA NRPLRi ú{qsxms¼½ xqsVLiµR¶LRi ú{qs xmsµR¶ª«sWxms¼½ G \|¤¦¦¦ e4e246e

NSª«sV ©«s úN][µ³R¶ ©«s ÍÜ[˳ÏÁ ©«s ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ ©«s L][gRi ©«s r¡gRi ©«s ˳Ü[gRi ©«s \Û˳Á \|¤¦¦¦ e
®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s xqs®©s[x¤¦¦¦ xqs˳Ü[ »R½©«s ®©s[x¤¦¦¦ ÕÁLRiNRP»R½ @lgi[x¤¦¦¦ @\¿³Á \|¤¦¦¦ e
ÇØ©«s N][ ®µ¶[»R½ @ÇØ©«s N][ ®µ¶[»R½ ÇÁ−dsV©«s N][ ®µ¶[»R½ ÇÁª«sW©«s N][ \®µ¶ \|¤¦¦¦ e
NS}¤¦¦¦ N][ ²][ÌÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ »R½Vª«sVLki xqsVµ³j¶ xqsVLiµR¶LRi ú{qs xmsµR¶ª«sWxms¼½ \ÛÍÁ \|¤¦¦¦ e5e247e
33
L][gRi©«s ¾»½[ @LRiV r¡gRi©«s ¾»½[ ÇÁÌÁ ÇÜ[gRi©«s ¾»½[ ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§ ˳ؼ½ ÊÁ¿y\®ªs e
xqsú»R½ @®©s[NRP ¿RÁÍت«s»R½ xmnsWª«s »R½E »R½¬s GNRPV ©«s ÍØgRi©«s Fy\®ªs e
àØÅÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ @xms©¯[ NRPLRiV \®µ¶ NRPLji Fyxms xqsÊÁWx¤¦¦¦ ©«s Û˳Á[ÈÁ©«s Fy\®ªs e
KLRi NUP ËØ»R½ NRP¥¦¦¦ NRPx¤¦¦¦ »][ r¢ xqsV }msÈÁ {¤¦¦¦ ZNP[ xmsÈÁ ÕdÁ¿RÁ ÊÁ¿y\®ªs e6e248e

ÇÁ¿³RÁèé ˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi xqsV µy©«sª«s ®µ¶[ª«s @Û˳Á[ª«s »R½V\®ªsV xqs˳ÏÁ {¤¦¦¦ NRPLji µ³j¶A\®ªs e
˳ÏÁW−sV @NSxqs xms»yÌÁ LRiry»R½ÌÁ ÇÁ¿³RÁèé ˳ÏÁVÇÁLigRi xqs\Û˳Á zqsLRi ¬sA\®ªs e
FyB xqs\ZNP ©«s{¤¦¦¦ FyLRi úxmsË³Ø x¤¦¦¦¨Li N][ ®©s[¼½ {¤¦¦¦ ®©s[»R½x¤¦¦¦ ÛËÁ[µR¶ ÊÁ»y\®ªs e
ÆÜ[ÇÁ ´R¶\ZNP xqs˳ÏÁ {¤¦¦¦ ÅÁVÒÁA xqsVLRi ¥¦¦¦LRi xmslLi[ x¤¦¦¦Lji ¥¦¦¦´j¶ ©«s A\®ªs e7e249e

©yLRiµR¶ }qs ¿RÁ»R½VLS©«s©«s }qs LRiVª«sV©yLjiÅÁ }qs xqs˳ÏÁx¤¦¦¦¨Li −sVÖÁ gSBJ e


ÛËÁ[µR¶ NRP¾»½[ÊÁ ©«s Û˳Á[µR¶ ÌÁÐÁJ xqs˳ÏÁ ¥¦¦¦Lji xmslLi[ x¤¦¦¦Lji ¥¦¦¦´j¶ ©«s ABJ e
FyB xqs\ZNP ©«s{¤¦¦¦ FyLRi Dª«sWxms¼½ zqsµ³R¶ xqs©y´R¶ xqs©«sLi»R½©«s µ³j¶ABJ e
µ³j¶A©«s µ³R¶L][ ¼½x¤¦¦¦ N][ ª«sV©«s \®ªsV ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ N][ @−sV»][ÇÁ xqs\Û˳Á ÇÁgji ¿³yBJ e8e250e

ÛËÁ[µR¶ xmsoLS©«s NRP¾»½[ÊÁ NRPVLS©«s @Û˳Á[µR¶ ú¬sFy©«s xqs\Û˳Á xmsÀÁ¥¦¦¦lLi[ e


Û˳Á[µR¶ ©«s FyB xqsNTPJ @©«sÛ˳Á[µR¶ N][ ÛÆÁ[µR¶»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ @©«s¿³Á[µR¶ xmsoNSlLi[ e
LSgRi ©«s LRiWxms ©«s lLi[ÅÁ ©«s LRiLigRi ©«s ryNRP ©«s r¡gRi ©«s xqsLigRi ¼½¥¦¦¦lLi[ e
Aµj¶ @©yµj¶ @gSµ³j¶ @Û˳Á[ÅÁ @\®µ¶Q*ÅÁ ÇÁzmsJ ¼½©«s {¤¦¦¦ NRPVÌÁ »ylLi[ e9e251e

¼d½LRi´R¶ N][ÈÁ NUPG Bxqs©y©«s µk¶G ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§ µy©«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦ úÊÁ»R½ µ³ylLi[ e
®µ¶[xqs zmnsLjiJ NRPLRi Û˳Á[xqs »R½F¡µ³R¶©«s ZNP[qx s µ³R¶lLi[ ©«s −sVÛÍÁ[ x¤¦¦¦Lji zmsAlLi[ e
Axqs©«s N][ÉÓÁ NRPlLi[ @xqsÉØLigRi µ³R¶lLi[ ÊÁx¤¦¦¦§ ¬sAxqs NRPlLi[ ª«sVVÅÁ NSlLi[ e
µk¶©«s µR¶BAÌÁ @NSÌÁ ˳ÏÁ# ÛÇÁ[ ÕÁ©«sV @Li»R½ N][ @Li»R½ ZNP[ µ³yª«sV zqsµ³ylLi[ e10e252e

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e NRPÕÁ»R½V

@ú»R½ ZNP[ ¿RÁÌÁ¸R¶Wù À³Áú»R½ ¿³RÁú»R½ ZNP[ µ³R¶LRi¸R¶Wù


¿³RÁú»R½µ³yLkiJ ZNP[ ¿³RÁÌÁ¸R¶Wù ª«sV¥¦¦¦ xqsú»R½©«s ZNP[ ryÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li e
µy©«s ZNP[ µj¶ª«s¸R¶Wù ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ª«sW©«s ZNP[ ÊÁ²³R¶¸R¶Wù
@ª«sry©«s ZNP[ µj¶ª«s¸R¶Wù \|¤¦¦¦Li NRPÈÁ¸R¶Wù ÇÁª«sV ÇØÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦Lie
ÇÁÙµ³R¶ ZNP[ ÑÁ»R½¸R¶Wù @D ÕÁLRiVµ³R¶ ZNP[ −sVÈÁ¸R¶Wù
34
ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ÊÁVµ³j¶ ZNP[ µj¶ª«s¸R¶Wù ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ª«sW©«s x¤¦¦¦¨Li ZNP[ ª«sW©«s \|¤¦¦¦Li e
gjiA©«s x¤¦¦¦¨Li ZNP[ gjiA»y ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ÊÁVµ³j¶»y ZNP[ µy»y ®µ¶[ª«s
NSÌÁ x¤¦¦¦¨Li ZNP[ NSÌÁ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ NSÌÁ x¤¦¦¦¨Li ZNP[ NSÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦Li e1e253e
xmspLRiÕdÁ ©«s FyLRi Fy\®ªs z¤¦¦¦LigRiVÍØ z¤¦¦¦ª«sWÛÍÁ[ µ³j¶A\®ªs
g][Lji gRiLRi®µ¶[ÒÁ gRiV©«s gS\®ªs ¾»½[lLi[ ©yª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li e
ÇÜ[gki ÇÜ[gRi ry\®µ³¶ xmsD©«s ryµ³R¶©y NTP¾»½[NRP ËØ\®µ³¶
ALRiÊÁ ZNP[ ALRiÕdÁ @LS®µ³¶[ ¾»½[lLi[ ©yª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li e
xmnsLSLi ZNP[ zmnsLRiLigki ª«sW\®©s NRPLiµ³yLki NRPV\lLi{qs ÇØ\®©s xms¿³RÁè骫sV ZNP[ xms¿³RÁèé−dsV xms¿³y\®©s ¬sÇÁ NSª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li e
ª«sVLRix¤¦¦¦ÉØ ª«sV}mnsVÛÍÁ[ ¾»½[Lki ª«sV©«s r¡ »R½xmszqsA NRP\lLi úµj¶²R¶\®ªs ¼½ÌÁLigki xmsx¤¦¦¦¿y®©s[ µ³R¶LRiª«sV µ³yª«sV \|¤¦¦¦Li e2e254e

ÊÁLigRi ZNP[ ÊÁLigSÖdÁ zmnsLRix¤¦¦¦LigRi ZNP[ zmnsLRiLigS ªyÖdÁ


µj¶ÖdýÁ ZNP[ µj¶ÌÁªyÖdÁ ¾»½[Lki AgjiA \®ªsV ¿RÁÌÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li e
L][x¤¦¦¦ ZNP[ LRiV}¤¦¦¦ÛÍÁ[ ª«sWxmnsV ®µ¶[xqs ZNP[ ª«sV}mnsVÛÍÁ[ ÕdÁLRi
ÊÁLigRi{qs ÊÁVLi®µ¶[ÛÍÁ[ Fyxms xmsoLiÇÁ N][ ª«sVÌÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li e
g][ÆØ gRiV©«s gS\®ªs ÀdÁ©«s ª«sVÀdÁ©«s ZNP[ {qsxqs ©yùQ\®ªs
¼½ÊÁ¼d½ µ³j¶AB µ][ÅÁ ®µ¶[x¤¦¦¦ ZNP[ µR¶ÌÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li e
ÑÁ\®©s »][z¤¦¦¦ µ³j¶ABJ ¼½\®©s xmspLRi©«s úxms»yxms FyBJ
xqsLRiÊÁ µ³R¶©«s µ³yª«sV xmnsÌÁ xmnsQoÌÁ r¡ xmnsÌÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦Li e3e255e

®µ¶[ª«s ®µ¶[ª«s»y©«s N_ xqsVlLi[xqs µy©«sªy©«s N_


ª«sV}¤¦¦¦xqs gRiLigRi µ³y©«s N_ @Û˳Á[xqs NRP{¤¦¦¦@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦Li e
LRiLigRi \®ªsV LRiLigki©«s LSgRi LRiWxms \®ªsV úxmsÕdÁ©«s
KLRi NSx¤¦¦¦¨Li \|ms ©«s µk¶©«s ryµ³R¶ @µ³k¶©«s NRP{¤¦¦¦@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦Li e
FyCH ©«s FyLRiV ¾»½[ÇÁ xmsoLiÇÁ \®ªsV @FyLRi
xqsLRiÊÁ ÕÁµj¶A ZNP[ DµyLRi \|¤¦¦¦Li @FyLRi NRP{¤¦¦¦@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦Li e
¥¦¦¦´k¶ NUP xmsoNSLRi xmsÌÁ Fy¿³Á[ xmsx¤¦¦¦§Li¿RÁ»R½ »yz¤¦¦¦
ÀdÁÉÔÁ NUP ÀÁLixmnsWLRi xmsz¤¦¦¦ÛÍÁ[ {¤¦¦¦ xqsV¬ds@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦Li e4e256e

ZNP[¾»½[ BLiúµR¶ µR¶VALS ZNP[¾»½[ úÊÁx¤¦¦¦ª«sW ª«sVVÅÁ¿yLRi


ZNP[¾»½[ úNTPxqs©«s @ª«s»yLRi ZNP[¾»½[ LSª«sV NRP{¤¦¦¦@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦Li e
ZNP[¾»½[ xqszqs LS{qs ZNP[¾»½[ xqsWLRiÇÁ úxmsNS{qs
ZNP[¾»½[ ª«sVVLi²U¶A Dµy{qs ÇÜ[gRi µR¶VALRi µR¶{¤¦¦¦@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦Li e
ZNP[¾»½[ ª«sV¥¦¦¦µk¶©«s ZNP[¾»½[ ÕÁAxqs }qs úxmsÕdÁ©«s ZNP[¾»½[ NRPV®ªs[VLRi NRPVÖdÁ©«s ZNP[¾»½[ ÇÁ¿³RÁèé NRP{¤¦¦¦@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦Li e
NRPLRi¾»½[ \|¤¦¦¦ ÕdÁ¿yLRi \|ms ©«s xmspLRi©«s N][ Fy\®ªs FyLRi »y{¤¦¦¦ ¾»½[ @FyLRi ¬sLSµ³yLRi ÌÁ{¤¦¦¦@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦Li e 5e257e
35
xmspLRi©«s @ª«s»yLRi ¬sLSµ³yLRi \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s FyLSªyLRi
FyCH ©«s FyLRi \|ms @FyLRi \ZNP ÊÁÆجdsH e
@\®µ¶Q* @ÕÁ©y{qs xmsLRiª«sV xmspLRi©«s úxmsNS{qs
ª«sV¥¦¦¦ LRiWxms x¤¦¦¦¨Li ZNP[ LS{qs \|¤¦¦¦ @©y{qs \ZNP \ZNP ª«sW¬dsH e
ÇÁLiú»R½ x¤¦¦¦¨Li ©«s Çؼ½ ÇØ NUP ËØxms x¤¦¦¦¨Li ©«s ª«sWB »y NUP xmspLRi©«s úxmsË³Ø NUP xqsV ¿³RÁÉØ \ZNP @©«sVª«sW¬dsH e
¾»½[ÇÁ x¤¦¦¦¨Li N][ »R½Liú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ NTP LSÇÁ{qs N][ ÇÁLiú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦¬ds N][ ª«sVLiú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ ¬sÇÁLiú»R½ \ZNP \ZNP ÇجdsH e6e258e

¾»½[ÇÁ x¤¦¦¦¨Li N][ »R½LRiV \|¤¦¦¦ NTP LSÇÁ{qs N][ xqsLRiV \|¤¦¦¦
xqsVµ³R¶»y N][ xmnsVLRiV \|¤¦¦¦ NTP zqsµ³R¶»y NUP ryLRiV \|¤¦¦¦e
NSª«sV©y NUP ÆØ©«s \|¤¦¦¦ NTP ryµ³R¶©y µk¶ ry©«s \|¤¦¦¦
ÕÁLRiNRP»R½»y NUP ËØ©«s \|¤¦¦¦ NTP ÊÁVµ³j¶ N][ DµyLRi \|¤¦¦¦ e
xqsVLiµR¶LRi xqsLRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦ NTP ˳ÏÁWxms©«s N][ ˳ÏÁWxms \|¤¦¦¦ NTP LRiWxms x¤¦¦¦¨Li N][ LRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦ NRPVª«sV¼½ N][ úxms¥¦¦¦LRiV \|¤¦¦¦ e
µk¶©«s©«s N][ µy»y \|¤¦¦¦ gRi¬dsª«sV©«s N][ gSLRiNRP \|¤¦¦¦ ryµ³R¶©«s N][ LRi¿³RÁèéNRP \|¤¦¦¦ gRiV©«s©«s N][ xms¥¦¦¦LRiV \|¤¦¦¦ e7e259e

zqsµ³j¶ N][ xqsLRiWxms \|¤¦¦¦ NTP ÊÁVµ³j¶ N][ ÕÁ˳ÏÁW¼½ \|¤¦¦¦


NTP úNRPVµ³R¶ N][ @˳ÏÁW»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ NTP @\¿³Á @ÕÁ©y{qs \|¤¦¦¦e
NSª«sV N][ NRPV¬sLiµy \|¤¦¦¦ NTP ÅÁWÕdÁ N][ µj¶z¤¦¦¦Liµy \|¤¦¦¦
gRi¬dsª«sV©«s gjiLjiLiµy \|¤¦¦¦ NTP ¾»½[ÇÁ N][ úxmsNS{qs \|¤¦¦¦ e
NSÌÁ x¤¦¦¦¨Li ZNP[ NSÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦ NTP xqsú»R½©«s ZNP[ ryÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦ NTP −sVú»R½©«s N][ F¡ÅÁ»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ NTP úÕÁµ³R¶»y ZNP[ ËØ{qs \|¤¦¦¦ e
ÇÜ[gRi x¤¦¦¦¨Li N][ ÇÁLiú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ NTP ¾»½[ÇÁ x¤¦¦¦¨Li N][ »R½Liú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ NTP ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦¬ds N][ ª«sVLiú»R½ \|¤¦¦¦ NTP xmspLRi©«s úxmsNS{qs \|¤¦¦¦
e8e260e

LRiWxms N][ ¬sªyxqs \|¤¦¦¦ NTP ÊÁVµ³j¶ N][ úxmsNSxqs \|¤¦¦¦


NTP zqsµ³R¶»y N][ ËØxqs \|¤¦¦¦ NTP ÊÁVµ³j¶ x¤¦¦¦¨Li ZNP[ xmnsVLRiV \|¤¦¦¦ e
®µ¶[ª«s©«s N][ ®µ¶[ª«s \|¤¦¦¦ ¬sLRiLiÇÁ©«s @Û˳Á[ª«s \|¤¦¦¦
@®µ¶[ª«s©«s N][ ®µ¶[ª«s \|¤¦¦¦ NTP xqsVµ³R¶»y N][ xqsLRiV \|¤¦¦¦ e
ÇØ©«s N][ ÊÁ¿RÁ¸R¶Wù \|¤¦¦¦ Bª«sW©«s N][ µj¶ª«s¸R¶Wù \|¤¦¦¦ ÇÁª«sVÇØÌÁ N][ NRPÈÁ¸R¶Wù \|¤¦¦¦ NTP NSª«sV©y N][ NRPLRi \|¤¦¦¦ e
¾»½[ÇÁ N][ úxms¿RÁLi²R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ @ÅÁLi²R¶ßá N][ ÅÁLi²R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ ª«sV{¤¦¦¦xms©«s N][ ª«sVLi²R¶ \|¤¦¦¦ NTP Bxqsú¼d½ \|¤¦¦¦ ©«s ©«sLRiV \|¤¦¦¦ e9e261e

ÕÁxqs* N][ ˳ÏÁLRi©«s \|¤¦¦¦ @xmsµy N][ x¤¦¦¦LRi©«s \|¤¦¦¦


NTP xqsVÅÁ N][ NRPLRi©«s \|¤¦¦¦ NTP ¾»½[ÇÁ N][ úxmsNSxqs \|¤¦¦¦ e
FyCH ©«s FyLRi FyLSªyLRi x¤¦¦¦¨Li N][ FyLRi ÇØ N][
NUPÇÁ»R½ ÕÁ¿yLRi xqsV ÕÁ¿yLRi N][ ¬sªyxqs \|¤¦¦¦ e
36
z¤¦¦¦LigRiVÍØ z¤¦¦¦ª«sW\ÛÍÁ gS\®ªs @ÊÁ{qs x¤¦¦¦ÌÁÕdÁ µ³j¶A\®ªs xmspLRiÕdÁ ©«s FyLRi Fy\®ªs Ary ¾»½[ @©yxqs \|¤¦¦¦ e
®µ¶[ª«s©«s N][ ®µ¶[ª«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦®µ¶[ª«s x¤¦¦¦¨Li ZNP[ ®µ¶[ª«s \|¤¦¦¦ ¬sLRiLiÇÁ©«s @Û˳Á[ª«s ©y´R¶ @\®µ¶Q* @ÕÁ©yzqs \|¤¦¦¦ e10e262e

@LiÇÁ©«s ÕÁ{¤¦¦¦©«s \|¤¦¦¦ ¬sLRiLiÇÁ©«s úxmsÕdÁ©«s \|¤¦¦¦


NTP }qsª«sNRP @µ³k¶©«s \|¤¦¦¦ NRPÈÁ¸R¶Wù ÇÁª«sV NSÌÁ ZNP[ e
®µ¶[ª«s©«s ZNP[ ®µ¶[ª«s ª«sV¥¦¦¦®µ¶[ª«s x¤¦¦¦¨Li ZNP[ ®µ¶[ª«s ©y´R¶
˳ÏÁW−sV ZNP[ ˳ÏÁVÇÁ¸R¶Wù \|¤¦¦¦ NTP ª«sVV{¤¦¦¦¸R¶Wù ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ËØÌÁ ZNP[ e
LSÇÁ©«s ZNP[ LSÇØ ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ryÇÁ x¤¦¦¦¨Li ZNP[ ryÇØ
ª«sV¥¦¦¦ ÇÜ[gRi x¤¦¦¦¨Li ZNP[ ÇÜ[gRi \|¤¦¦¦ µ³R¶LRi¸R¶Wù úµR¶ª«sV ¿³yÌÁ ZNP[ e
NSª«sV©y ZNP[ NRPLRi \|¤¦¦¦ NRPVÊÁVµ³j¶»y N][ x¤¦¦¦LRi \|¤¦¦¦
NTP zqsµ³R¶»y ZNP[ ry´k¶ \|¤¦¦¦ NTP NSÌÁ \|¤¦¦¦ NRPV¿yÌÁ ZNP[ e11e263e

À³dÁLRi \ZNP{qs À³dÁLSª«sµ³j¶ ¿³y¿³RÁ \ZNP{qs ¿³RÁú»y®©s[LRi


¿³RÁFyNRPLRi \ZNP{qs ¿³RÁÕÁ NSÌÁBLiúµR¶ ZNP[ NRPWÌÁ \ZNP e
x¤¦¦¦Lixqs¬ds {qs {qs¥¦¦¦ LRiWª«sV {¤¦¦¦LS {qs x¤¦¦¦§\|qs©yËصR¶
gRiLigS \ZNP{qs µ³yLRi ¿RÁÖdÁ ry»R½ zqsLiµ³R¶ LRiWÌÁ \ZNP e
FyLS {qs xmsÍØEgRi²³R¶ LRiWFy \ZNP{qs LSª«sVxmsoLRi r¡LS {qs xqsVLRiLigSËصR¶ ¬dsZNP[ LRi{¤¦¦¦ LRi&VWÌÁ \ZNP e
¿RÁLiFy {qs ¿RÁLi®µ¶[Lki N][ÈÁ ¿yLiµR¶¬ds {qs ¿yLiµygRi²T¶ NUPLRi¼½ ¼½¥¦¦¦Lki LRi{¤¦¦¦ ª«sWÌÁ¼d½ {qs mx nsQpÌÁ \ZNP e12e264e

mx nsÈÁNRP {qs \ZNPÍØxqs NRPª«sWEgRi²R¶ NS{qsxmsoLRi


{qsry {qs xqsVLRiLigSËصj¶ ¬ds\ZNP r¡{¤¦¦¦@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e
z¤¦¦¦ª«sW {qs z¤¦¦¦ª«sW\ÛÍÁ x¤¦¦¦LRi ¥¦¦¦LRi {qs x¤¦¦¦ÌÁËØ®©s[LRi
x¤¦¦¦Lixqs \ZNP{qs ¥¦¦¦ÒÁxmsoLRi ®µ¶[ÛÆÁ[ ®ªsW{¤¦¦¦@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e
¿RÁLiµR¶©«s {qs ¿RÁLiFyª«s¼d½ ¿RÁLiúµR¶ª«sW {qs ¿RÁLiúµygjiLRi
¿yLiµR¶¬ds {qs ¿yLiµR¶gRi²R¶ ÇÁD©«s ÇÜ[{¤¦¦¦@»R½V |\ ¤¦¦¦ e
gRiLigS xqsª«sV gRiLigRi µ³yLji ÊÁNS¬s {qs ÕÁÌÁLiµyËصj¶
NUPLRi¼½ ¼½¥¦¦¦Lki NUP DÒÁALki r¡{¤¦¦¦@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e 13e265e

mx nsLS{qs zmnsLRiLigki xmnsLS{qsxqs ZNP[ µR¶VLRiLigki


ª«sVNRPLS©«s ZNP[ ú−sVµR¶Ligki ¾»½[lLi[ gki»R½ gSC@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e
˳ÏÁÅÁLki NRPLiµ³yLki g][Lji gRiÅÁLki gRiLRi®µ¶[ÇØ¿yLki
xmsD©«s ZNP[ @¥¦¦¦Lki ¾»½[lLi[ ©yª«sVV µ³j¶AC@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e
xmspLRiÊÁ xmsÍØE NSª«sVLRiWxms @D NRPª«sWE xqsLRiÊÁ hRiDLRi \®ªsV ÕÁLS\ÛÇÁ ÇÁ¥¦¦¦ ÇÁ¥¦¦¦ ÇØC@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e
xmspLRi©«s úxms»y{ms ÇÁLiú»R½ ª«sVLiú»R½ ¾»½[ @»y{ms ©y´R¶ NUPLRi¼½ ¼½¥¦¦¦Lki N][ ©«s FyLRi FyC@»R½V \|¤¦¦¦ e 14e266e
37

»R½*úxmsryµj¶ e Fyµ³R¶²U¶ ¿³RÁLiµR¶

@\®µ¶Q* @©yxqs Axqs©«s @²][ÌÁ e @\®µ¶Q* @©«sLi»R½ Dxmsª«sW @»][ÌÁ e


@\¿³Á xqsLRiWxms @ÊÁùNRP»R½ ©y´R¶ e AÇØ©«sËØx¤¦¦¦§ xqsLRiËØ úxmsª«sW´R¶ e 1e267e
ÇÁx¤¦¦¦ »R½x¤¦¦¦ ª«sV{¤¦¦¦xms ÊÁ©«s ¼½©«s úxmsxmnsQoÌÁ e r¡Ë³Ø ÊÁxqsLi»R½ ÇÁx¤¦¦¦ »R½x¤¦¦¦ úxmsÇÁÙÌÁ e
ÊÁ©«s »R½©«s µR¶VLRiLi»R½ ÅÁgRi ú−sVgRi ª«sV¥¦¦¦©«s e ÇÁx¤¦¦¦ »R½x¤¦¦¦ úxmsxmnsQoÌÁ xqsVLiµR¶LRi xqsVÇØ©«s e2e268e

xmnsQoÌÁ»R½Li úxmsxmnsQoÌÁ ÌÁz¤¦¦¦ÌÁx¤¦¦¦»R½ ª«sVDLRi e zqsLji ²³R¶VÌÁz¤¦¦¦ ÇØ©«sV ª«sV©«sª«sV´R¶x¤¦¦¦ ¿RÁDLRi e


NRPVµR¶LRi¼½ NRPª«sWÌÁ LSÑÁNRP LRi{¤¦¦¦ª«sV e NRPLRiVßجsµ³y©«s NS−sVÌÁ NRPLkiª«sV e3e269e
ÇÁx¤¦¦¦ »R½x¤¦¦¦ ÕÁÍÜ[NTP »R½x¤¦¦¦ »R½x¤¦¦¦ úxmsr¡x¤¦¦¦ e AÇØ©«sVËØx¤¦¦¦§ @−sV»][ÇÁ ®ªsWx¤¦¦¦ e
L][xqsLi ÕÁLRix¤¦¦¦»R½ NRPVLRiVßجsµ³y©«s e ÇÁx¤¦¦¦ »R½x¤¦¦¦ úxmsxmnsQoÌÁ xqsVLiµR¶LRi xqsVÇØ©«s e4e270e

ÊÁ©«s ¼½©«s ª«sV{¤¦¦¦xms ÇÁÌÁ ´R¶ÌÁ ª«sV¥¦¦¦©«s e ÇÁx¤¦¦¦ »R½x¤¦¦¦ úxmsr¡x¤¦¦¦ NRPLRiVßجsµ³y©«s e
ÇÁgRiª«sVgRi»R½ ¾»½[ÇÁ xmspLRi©«s úxms»yxms e @LiÊÁLRi ÇÁ−dsV©«s ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ ÇÁxms»R½ ÇØxms e5e271e
ry»][ @NSÌÁ ry¼½ xms»yLRi e ÕÁ´R¶LjiJ @úµj¶xqsÈÁ ÑÁx¤¦¦¦ NRPLRiª«sV ÇØLRi e 6e272e

cccccccccccccccccccccc
ccccccccccccc

You might also like