Analysis of Soil Types and the Characteristic in the Selection of Foundation Types.

The Foundation of the building is the most important construction on a building. Because
the Foundation serves as the "restraining the entire load (live and dead) on it and forces from
outside". The Foundation is part of the structure which serves to pass on the load to the support
soil layers beneath it. In any structure, loads that occur either caused by the weight of its own or
due to the load of the plan should be channeled into a supporting layer in this case is the land
under the structure.

Generally, there are two types of Foundation, those are as the following:

 Shallow Foundation.

The depth of the Foundation is less or equal to the width of the Foundation (D ≤ B).
Shallow foundations according to the shape of its construction are divided into four types,
there are:
 Pondasi Menerus (Continuous Footing)
 Pondasi Telapak (Individual Footing)
 Pondasi Kaki Gabungan (Combines Footing)
 Pondasi Pelat (Mat Footing/Raft Footing)

 Deep Foundation.
The depth of foundation from the face of the land more than 5 times to the width of
foundation (D ≤ 5B). Deep Foundation is also divided into several types, there are:
 Pile Foundation
 Pier Foundation
 Well (Caissons) Foundation
 Concrete is one of the commonly used materials as the Foundation materials. Concrete
foundations are very suitable as a foundation for the structure of reinforced concrete or steel
buildings, bridges, towers, and other structures. The load of the column are forwarded to the
Foundation and further spread to the surface of the ground where the resting/standing Foundation
takes place. From a brief explanation, then the soil need an analysis of the power support (q
ultimate) so that it can withstand the load/weight and bearing on it.

The selection of the Foundation should be done based on the investigation of soil support
resources around the specified location. Soil investigation in a field that is often made is:

a. Pemboran (Drilling)
Drilling is very important in soil investigation because with drill known soil layers under the
location where the foundation of a building stand on.

b. Pengambilan Contoh Tanah (Soil Sampling)

Soil sampling is carried out for further testing in the laboratory. There are two kinds of soil
samples for laboratory testing.

a) Undisturbed soil samples (undisturbed sample), soil samples that had its original properties
in accordance with the soil conditions at the place of sampling the soil. The original nature
include of the soil structure, soil density, soil water content and the condition of its
chemical bonding. Undisturbed soil samples is very important to test the strength of the
soil grains that are associated with shear angle of land and the value of cohesion between
soil granules, compressibility and permeability values.

b) Disturbed soil samples (disturb sample), soil samples were taken without retain their
original properties. Disturbed soil samples are usually used for grain size analysis,
Waterberg limits (including liquid limit and plastic index), and the classification of the soil
as well as compaction test.
c. Penetration testing (penetration soil) was performed to find out which resources support soil
directly in the field. Penetration testing is done by two methods, as follows:

a. Static Testing Method

Generally performed with sondir (Dutch Static Penetrometer) that is the forms of konus
in the edge of sondir which will be press enter into the soil layer. Great force that is
obtained is measured with a pressure gauge (manometer gauge) that shows the value of
the konus prisoners in kg/cm2. Konus value that have been obtained is the value of the
relative density (relative density) of soil layers that is measured.

b. Dynamic testing is done with SPT (Standard Penetration Test), the way it works is the
standard example of cylindrical tubes bear goes into the soil using accumulate tool that
have 140 pounds weight (63.5 kg) dropped from a height of 30 inches (76 cm) which is
calculated as the value of N with the units blow per foot (blows per foot).

Testing with static penetration methods is more appropriate in Indonesia which the soil
conditions consisted of a layer of sand/silt or clays. The results of the static penetration methods
usually more accurate than the results of dynamic penetration testing (SPT)