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14. ABSTRACT
Composite failure criteria have been developed for dynamic analysis of composite structures. The proposed
progressive failure criteria have been integrated into an explicit dynamic analysis code for failure
prediction of thin composite tubes subjected to drop weight impact tests. The results provide good
correlation with experimental data for impact force histories and some critical damage modes.
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The layer failure criteria and the associated property Matrix Failure Modes
degradation models are described as follows. Note
that all failure criteria are expressed in terms of Matrix mode failure is characterized by cracks
stress components based on ply level stresses
1 6
running parallel to the fibers. Failure is described as
σ 1, σ 2 , σ 3 , τ 12 , τ 23, τ 31 with 1,2 and 3 denoting being tensile or compressive, depending upon the
the fiber, in-plane transverse and out-of-plane sign of the quantity ( σ 2 + σ 3 ) , as suggested in [12].
directions, respectively. Both matrix mode failure criteria assume quadratic
interactions between the transverse stresses (both in-
Fiber Failure Modes plane, σ 2 , and through the thickness, σ 3 ), the
maximum shear in the transverse plane, and the
The fiber tensile mode is assumed to depend only on maximum axial shear.
the axial stress, and the fiber tensile failure is
predicted when When ( σ 2 + σ 3 ) is positive, the tensile mode
σ1 2 criterion is used. This criterion is given by
[ ] = 1 (1)
St1 σ +σ (τ 2 - σ 2 σ 3 )
Ft 2 = [ 2 t 3 ] 2 + 23 2
S2 S 23
where St1 is the axial tensile strength. This criterion (3)
is applicable when σ 1 is positive, and is used to ( τ 12
2
+ τ 31
2
)
+ 2
=1
predict a failure mode characterized by fiber S 12
breakage. t
where S 2 , S23 and S12 are the transverse tensile,
When fiber failure in tension is predicted in a layer, transverse shear and axial shear strengths,
the load carrying capacity of that layer is completely respectively.
eliminated. The axial modulus Ea, the transverse
modulus Et, the axial shear modulus Ga, and the For ( σ 2 + σ 3 ) negative, the compressive failure
transverse shear modulus Gt are all reduced to zero. criterion is given by
When σ 1 is compressive it is assumed that failure is
characterized by fiber buckling and is only
2
−σ1
SC
COMPRESSIVE STRESS
SRC
−ε1
SRC
COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
σ 2 -σ 3 2 2
] + τ 23 ( 2 + 2 )
[
2 τ τ For ( σ 2 + σ 3 ) positive, the tensile/shear
Fc2 = 2
+ 12 2 31 = 1 (4)
S 23 S 12 delamination mode is given by
3
while maintaining computational simplicity within Symmetry conditions at the xz boundary plane were
the dynamic analysis codes. During progressive imposed by restricting the y displacement and x and
failure analysis, the failure criteria are used to z rotations, while at the symmetric yz plane, x
identify and discriminate the various failure modes displacement and y and z rotations were restricted.
active, and thereby make the necessary adjustments A stationary 45o-inclined rigid wall was imposed on
to the effective layer stiffnesses. the bottom part of the tube to simulate the V-block
test fixture on which the test tube was initially
The failure model has been encoded as a user- placed. Surface-to-surface contact commands were
defined subroutine for the use in LS-DYNA [13]. specified to simulate the contact conditions between
The failure model is applicable to thin shell elements the tube and impactor and also between the tube and
and 3D brick elements. It allows definition of the the restraining rigid wall.
failure criteria for each layer in an arbitrary
composite lay-up configuration within a shell The composite cylinder consisted of a
element. [30/-30/90/90/30/-30/90/90] lay-up configuration for
which the reference direction coincides with the axis
IMPACT DAMAGE ANALYSIS AND DATA of the tube and the last 900 ply is the outermost layer.
CORRELATION Note from Figure 2 that 32 through the thickness
integration points were used for the elements in the
The integrated dynamic code was used to predict the area adjacent to the initial impact point. The
load-time histories for a composite tube subjected to integration point numbers were then reduced to 16
the drop weight impact test. The finite element and 8 in the areas away from the impact point. The
models for the tube and an impactor were generated thickness of the tube was 0.055 inch. Material
(Figure 2). Only one quadrant of the impact system properties used for a transversely isotropic
was modeled due to the geometric symmetry and the unidirectional IM6/Epoxy layer are Ea=165.5GPa
use of effective material properties of the composite (24Msi), Et=10.3GPa (1.5Msi), νa=0.32, νt=0.36,
tube. The tube, which had a 5-inch diameter and a Ga=5.5GPa (0.8Msi), S1t=2.55GPa (370ksi),
12.5-inch length, was modeled using 4-noded shell S1c=1.58GPa (229ksi), S2t=0.04GPa (5.8ksi),
elements and a laminated composite material model. S2c=0.14GPa (20.3ksi), S12=0.12GPa (17.4ksi),
The impactor, which was a one-half inch solid steel S23=0.07GPa (10.2ksi). The isotropic elastic
cylinder with a hemispherical tip, was modeled properties of the steel impactor are: E=207GPa
using 8-noded brick elements. Note that the extra (30Msi), ν=0.35. The densities for the composite
weight was lumped at the end of the impactor to material and the steel are 1.6g/cc (1.49x10-4lbs-
provide a total impact weight of 11.34 lbs. The sec2/in4) and 82.9g/cc (77.33x10-4lbs-sec2/in4),
impactor was given an initial velocity for performing respectively.
dynamic analysis.
32 Integration Points
937 Shell Elements
16 Integration Points
8 Integration Points
4
Figure 2. Finite Element Model of MICOM Tube
Accurate prediction of the impact contact force is agreement is seen between the experimental and
essential for characterizing the deformation and analytical results within the first 3 msec of impact
failure in the composite tube. In this work, the before the damage initiated. Within this time range,
contact analysis capability provided within LS- the analyses provide approximately the same
DYNA was chosen to perform the contact analysis frequencies and peak-to-peak magnitudes of the
between the impactor and the target composite shell. experimental data in both cases. This correlation
A surface-to-surface contact option procedure was lends credibility to the model as a whole, and
utilized to perform the contact analysis. In this justifies the use of the chosen contact model.
approach, nodes lying on a slave surface are
constrained to slide on a master surface (the side Beyond the damage initiation time, the prediction of
with higher stiffness) after impact and must remain the impact force history is strongly affected by the
on the master surface until a tensile force develops use of failure criteria. It is seen from Figures 3 and
between the node and the surface [14]. In the case of 4 that the results with the consideration of
shell elements, shell thicknesses are automatically progressive fiber damage provide good overall
accounted for in the analysis. agreement with the experiments. The progressive
fiber failure yields peak loads which are less than 6%
The computed contact force histories are compared above the maximum measured values. The analysis
to the experimental contact force data in Figures 3 neglecting damage yields peak loads which are at
and 4 for impact velocities of 3.92 ft/sec and 5.08 least 15% above the test values.
ft/sec, respectively. For both velocities, good
300
exp (MICOM)
250
fem w/o damage
fem w damage
200
Impact Load, lb
150
100
50
0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-50
Time, msec
Figure 3. Comparison of Predicted and Measured Impact Force Histories for a
[30/-30/90//90/30/-30/90/90] Tube under 3.92ft/sec Impact Velocity
5
350
300
250
Impact Force, lb
200
150
exp (MICOM)
fem w damage
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-50
Time, msec
Figure 4. Comparison of Predicted and Measured Impact Force Histories for a
[30/-30/90//90/30/-30/90/90] Tube under 5.1ft/sec Impact Velocity
Typical stress distributions in composite layers for an predicted results with and without fiber damage.
impact velocity of 3.98 ft/sec are shown in Figure 5 The initiation of the compressive fiber failure
for the case with progressive fiber damage. Figure occurred in the outermost 900 layer at 3.9 msec and
5a shows the contours of hoop stress in the outermost caused immediate load reduction. It is also seen in
900 layer in the area adjacent to the impact point at Figure 3 that the failure progression in the outermost
about 3.9 msec from the contact initiation. It is seen 900 layers provided further reduction of the impact
that the stress concentration at the contact area prior force. The reduction in impact loading is mainly due
to fiber compressive failure approached the fiber to the reduction of local shell stiffness which is
compressive strength of 230 ksi. When loaded dominated by the failure of the outermost 900 layers.
beyond this point, fiber compressive failure initiated
in the outermost hoop layers in the contact element The progressive failure analysis provides reasonable
and propagated into the adjacent elements along the correlation with measured data for some damage
tube axial direction. At 9.0 msec, the post failure modes which may be critical to the residual strengths
contours of Figure 5b show the unloaded stress of the thin composite tube. These include (1) the
distribution in these elements with damaged hoop fiber crack length of the surface hoop layer, Figure 6
fibers. and (2) the fiber crack depth in the hoop layers,
Figure 7.
The effect of fiber damage on the impact load history
can be readily seen from Figure 3 by comparing the
6
Prior Fiber Comp. Failure Post Failure
(a) (b)
Figure 5. Results - Hoop Stress Contours in Outmost 90 Layer (intg. pt. 32) for V=3.92 ft/sec
with Full Fiber Damage
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Figure 6. Comparison of Measured and Predicted Fiber Crack Length due to Impact Energy
7
4
3.5
exp (MICOM)
1.5
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Figure 7. Comparison of Measured and Predicted Hoop-Ply Crack Depth Due to Impact
Energy. Experimental Values are Estimated from Residual Burst Pressures by
Neglecting all the Off-Axis Layers
8
Delamination in Composite Laminates Velocity Point Impact,” J. Composite
Subjected to Low Velocity Impact,” J. of Materials, Vol. 26, 1992, pp.2134-2169.
Composite Materials, Vol. 27, 1993, pp. 684- 12. Hashin, Z., "Failure Criteria for Unidirectional
701. Fiber Composites," J. of Applied Mechanics,
10. Doxsee, L.E., Rubbrecht, P., Li, L., and Vol. 47, 1980, pp. 329 - 334.
Scholle, M., “Delamination Growth in 13. "DYNA3D User's Manual (Nonlinear Dynamic
Composite Plates Subjected to Transverse Analysis of Structures in Three Dimensions),"
Loads, “ J. Composite Material, Vol. 27, 1993, Livermore Software Tech. Corp., March 1995.
pp. 764-781. 14. Hallquist, J.O., " Theoretical Manual for
11. Choi, H.T., and Chang, F.K., “A Model for DYNA3D," Livermore Software Tech. Corp.,
Predicting Damage in Graphite/Epoxy Rev. 2, July 1993.
Laminated Composites Resulting from Low