“Globalization is a fact of life” – Kofi Annan.

This is a mantra that has been repeated

over the ages, from the early primitive social-gathering known as the primordial village. As
society goes bigger, and more complex, so does the need for communication in its various forms.
From gathering to the town square to hear the news from the local squire to following @POTUS
on twitter, from having to travel miles to hear a musician to downloading tracks on iTunes,
human communication has fully benefited from the snowball effect of technology and social-
enlargement.

Communication in its essence has many forms. Be that as it may, nothing can trump the
effectiveness of verbal communication; henceforth the language. Possibly, in itself, the
characteristic to differentiate between human and animal, the “sapiens” aspect of humanity
derives itself from consciousness and ability to express.

Anthropological research performed within large areas inhabited by retrograde tribes (e.g.
Amazonia) revealed classifications of multiple tribal languages into language families, denoting
that languages influence one another dynamically. Factors responsible for this dynamic are:
technological advancement, disparity, socio-cultural plenitude as well as rather trivial ones like
ease of pronunciation.

Tony Blair, former Prime Minister of United Kingdom is often ridiculed in spoof-parody
sketches for droning on about education in his political activism speeches. However, it is ludacris
to make tomfoolery out of humanity’s driving force when it comes to progress. With language
and education, human society is nearly a melting pot for generations of the future, rolling itself
into a giant snowball of knowledge, imagination and awe.

To argue about political or technological development would be folly, but when it comes
to cultural diversity and richness covered by a single alma mater, there is no contender to the
English language. Joined together a dapper London-based English man with dreadlocked
Barbadian and an Alaskan fishwife, they would be able to exchange thoughts and ideas rather
freely using the common English language. This diversity has its roots in the aforementioned
phenomena as well as the UK and the US’s iridescent history.
Starting with the late Middle Ages, British colonialism opened up most frontiers creating a trade
flow that would usurp the Silk Road and Venetian sea paths. Commonwealth trade subdued the
world’s second most populous country, and infiltrated through quill and shot throughout all the
corners of the world.

With expansion comes diversity. Looking at the modern music that is sung in English it is facile
to distinguish between Hawaiian wails and sharp Bristol punk, between Canadian yodels and
Australian digeridoo and all the other genres in-between. Music, an expression of popular folk
culture is a marker of influences brought onto its carrier (the language).

To be “lit” (n.n. famous, popular, reputable) in 2017 you need to have the paparazzi
behind you. The media controls what the people see, hear and ultimately know. One might argue
that media is the final product of communication and language. The great philosophers of
antiquity could not have anticipated access to such vast amounts of information.

“The internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow.” – Bill Gates.
These are wise words for a man who has facilitated internet access for over a billion people
while constructing a multi-billion dollar empire. In the contemporary era, trade of goods, values
and information zips around at mind-boggling speeds across fibre optic short and long wave
frequency as well as satellite connection. Technological advancement into the 21st belongs to
mankind as a whole with no discrimination to access for any of the willing.

Math, science, history, knowledge of the intelligent individual is presented in a specific coined
lexicon. Most languages do not have correspondence for modern developments, and it is far
easier to adopt than to develop. Many languages end up adopting English idioms due to
Anglophone countries being the kick-starters of such developments. The industrial revolution
that started in Britain, the gold rush- fuelled, railway-sponsored innovations all the way through
ENIAC’s development into the space age are credited to English-speaking organizations and
affiliations. It would be no wonder that programming languages and most computer-related
expressions are prompted verbatim in English. This drives educational organizations as well as
personal interest towards learning, speaking and propagating English as a vocational tool in
addition to mediatic popularization.
 Romania in the 21st century: an open society benefiting from socio-technologico-cultural
development introduced largely post-1989. The Iron Curtain and its despise of information kept
Romania in a slow development regime causing am explosion of novelty with its demise.
Twenty seven years is hardly sufficient time for a whole civilization to adapt to the Babylonian
mixture of a global society. Luckily, the education system understood quickly that learning
English is adamant to catching up, should it ever be possible.

The nineties called the “transition period”, didn’t allow for much change, due to most of the
people having been influenced heavily by communist propaganda. However, with liberalization
of the media and privatizing of several state assets, influences were to be felt as soon as the early
2000s. Several cultural habits as well as modern-day amenities dug inroads into the budding
Romanian society. Furthermore, Romania’s access to intellectual resources meant that positive
contributions would be accepted from foreign sources. This brought a plethora of socio-
technological aspects into Romanian life, bringing specific vocabulary and behaviour along.

To be “cool” (see “lit” above) you need to say “cool”. Millennial jargon includes a cornucopia of
Anglicism acquired from school and industry but the vast majority comes from media influence.
You can talk to most Romanian girls about “fashion” and many of them dream about “the
catwalk”. Youngsters want to ride “the skate” and business men want to buy at “dumping”
prices. Technological, economical and street jargons are polka-dotted with English terms that
have either been transformed to fit Romanian pronunciation or imported de-iure, having been
transplanted as is.

The phenomenon of anglicizing Romanian speech is most obvious when listening to millennial
casual speech which is sometimes even up to twenty-five percent, going as far as importing
English figures pf speech or verbal tics.

Is for the aforementioned factors that I chose to study Global English in Romania. My focus is
especially dedicated to influences propagated and encountered in Romanian media, be it
traditional or mainstream-social.
The reason behind the English language being called a “world language” is its plethora of
speakers. As a first language, it is spoken in several countries, such as Canada, Australia, Ireland,
the United Kingdom, New Zealand and the United States. Today, there are three kinds of English
speakers: we call natives the ones that speak it as a mother tongue, the people who speak it as a
second language (or in addition, in case we speak about people that are polyglots), and, finally,
the people that learn it as a foreign language.

English’s history as a world language began in the fifteenth century. In his book, David Garddol
said that “those who speak English as a foreign language determine its world future”. (The
Future of English?, 1997)

UK

Modern English is by character and nature a global language. Throughout the centuries, British
avid expansion, fervent relationships with neighbouring and overseas matured and forming
languages have nurtured a collection of imports, transformations and influences that give us the
modern English. Two main aspects need to be enlarged when discussing the formation of the
English language: the first stage, mainly internal, reaches up to the Norman Conquest, where
most of the influences happened internally. Afterwards, during the Middle Ages and beyond,
England, and later on, Great Britain established themselves as an outward-looking nation,
carrying their language across the globe.

The English Language is a component of the West Germanic subdivision of the Indo-European
group of languages. The first developmental era of the English Language starts in the fifth and
the eleventh century. When the Germanic local congregations first arrived in the British Isles,
they evicted the indigenous Celtic dwellers. As the years passed, the Germanic dialects were
mixed. Both Celtic and Latin left only feeble marks upon the early development of English.
Later on, however, Latin would make a comeback through early French and Norman.

Following the ninth century-dated Lindisfarne raid, Vikings pillaged and plundered the country,
and, inevitably influenced the ongoing formation of the English Language (mostly in the north of
England). The Vikings spoke a language called Norse, which, just like Anglo-Saxon, was part of
the Germanic family. Examples of words that originated from Norse, included in today’s
English: sky, egg, cake, husband, give, get, take, call. Due to the dominant status of Vikings in
Britain, these words are often simple action describing verbs that may have been used as
commands.

As soon as England was invaded by William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, in the
eleventh century, the English language underwent major changes, primarily from a lexical
perspective. The reason behind this was the fact that the Duke and his nobles were all speaking
Early French. Their leadership status made English a vulgar language, hence, for a long time,
more often spoken than written. In the meantime, the Old English came back, but it was
changed; now it had a lot of French words. The clustered language became Middle English.
Similarly to Norse, functionality describes this aspect. The most common example is the name
for farm animals and their meat: as Anglo-Saxon descendants were now of lower status, they
were classified as peasants and animal raisers; however, meat was a luxury, reserved for those of
higher class: mutton (early fr.)  mutton (eng.) as compared to sheep (eng.).

In the last year of the fifteenth century, in England, William Caxton introduced the printing
press. Little did they expect that Caxton’s single printing press was going to actively contribute
to the dissipation of the English language. The printing press’ unique advantage was that books
became affordable, and, soon enough, the standard language of writing became English. The
Bible and a lot of other paramount manuscripts were to be printed there.

The English language had become widespread by the time William Shakespeare started writing.
Furthermore, England and the English language were on the verge of three crucial evolutionary
steps: the Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution and the British Colonialism. During the
Renaissance period, also known today as The Age of Shakespeare or The Elizabethan Era,
several Latin and Greek words entered the English Language.

By the time the Industrial Revolution began, in the eighteenth century, new words had been
added to the English Language while a lot of the already existing ones were to be modified to
keep up with the technology. Nowadays, each year brings new words intro the English
Language, but the heart and soul of the language remains still the Old English. If we are talking
about the twenty first century, there is no doubt that the English Language has now become
lingua franca, and it is used as a form of communication by a lot of different countries, even by
the ones where English is not the mother tongue.
America

The first settlement in today’s America was created by the English people right after England’s
first contact with the New World, in 1607 in Chesapeake Bay. After that even more settlements
arrived along the coast. The two most important settlements had very different linguistic
cultures. The people in the southern settlement came from different parts of England and they
brought along their characteristic accent, as well as the people in the northern settlement did.
There are places such as Minnesota, or countryside Iowa, where, even today, you can still hear
the historic accent the people in the settlements left behind.

The Constitution of America, dated June 21, 1788, was drafted in English. The 4400 words long
text does not specify anything about the need for the young nation to have an official language.
On the contrary, the people who dealt with it considered that this would limit the freedom of
expression of the individual.

At the time of the War of Independence against the British between 1775 and 1783, more than 20
different languages were spoken in American colonies. The first US legislative assembly
declared the country's independence in 1776, and the 1780 proposal to declare the English
official language was rejected. Most decision-makers thought it was an undemocratic gesture for
the huge influx of round-the-world immigrants who could not speak English.

In fact the seventeenth century USA was a melting pot for the quickly rising immigrant invasion.
The babylonic plethora of languages had a very big influence over the dialect, making it, step by
step, contour itself into an almost distinct language.

Perhaps the ones that left the deepest dent were the Irish immigrants, who started to appear in the
eighteenth century. They weren’t the first ones, they came to America since the sixteenth
century, but this was the wave that had a huge linguistic impact. One out of seven colonies was
Irish when the declaration of the Independence was enacted. Not only England had a big
influence over the English Language in the USA, there were also the Spanish, French and
German Diasporas.
The nineteenth century represented a very important time for the USA, by that time, a massive
population increase took place, but that only because of the negative factors that made people
leave Europe.

In approximately fifty years, USA’s population doubled. This thing meant that there were at least
two generations and their level of English was very different. Nowadays, there are people that
say that the English Language helped one way or another, the union of the people.

American corporations, Hollywood and the music industry made sure that English Language
remains the mother tongue throughout the years.

Australia

The first British settlements were brought in Sydney in the eighteenth century by James Cook.
The number of the immigrants was not very high; it did not made a real difference until the
nineteenth century when Australia’s Population almost doubled. Not all the immigrants were
British; they were calling themselves “free settlers”. The reason behind the “free settlers”
speaking English was the influence of the people in the British settlements. (There were more
British people than any other nations). Even though most people were British, The English
Language landed in Australia approximately200 years prior and since that time it has been
adjusted from many points of view to give Australians a particular dialect.

Lately, Australia’s linguistic situation has become very diverse because of the influence of the
growing number of American and East Asian immigrants. If we speak from the point of view of
the dialect, Australian English differs noticeably from other branches of the English Language.

Australia's highly developed economy is based on financial, industry and service contributions.
Australia is one of the main producers of wool, wheat, meat, dairy products, sugar and fruit. Its
mineral wealth is great. Manufacturing is concentrated around large cities. The main products
are: motor vehicles, airplanes, electrical installations, chemicals and textiles. These sought-after
products became renowned globally, carrying the business aspect of English even further.

Evidence which proves that the linguistic situation is not necessarily simpler now than it was in
the nineteenth century; this is because of all the foreign influences over the vocabulary, which
makes Australian English different from British or American English. The newest words that
have entered the Australian vocabulary are from different sources and situations, but they have
been adopted into the language very easily.

Like the UK, Australia also has more accents. In Australia, there are numerous Australian
language varieties and various languages and accents that have developed since colonization.

According to the linguists, even if there are more accents, the Australian accent itself is a
stereotype. It's exactly what we think about when we think of a person that is Australian. This
“general” accent is mostly used by people living in metropolitan areas.

Australia’s prime potential for industrial and agro-industrial output makes it an excellent partner
for the food-deprived and consumer-hungry Asia Pacific market. This is caused by two factors:
circumstantially, Australia is geographically close to East Asia and Oceania; however the
business potential comes from the Australian practice of speaking English.
Due to the freedom to travel and immigrants whose numbers are on the rise, acquiring
information about Australian English is becoming less common.

There is no better indication of the 200 years of evolution of Australian society and culture than
the Australian language itself. Australia is the largest English speaking country in the southern
hemisphere. Australian English has the sixth wide variety of English; it is a fascinating, young,
irresistible, funny and inventive language.

New Zealand

In 1840, the principals concluded a convention with Britain, the Waitangi Treaty, by which they
surrendered the sovereignty of Queen Victoria, while preserving the territorial rights. In the same
year, the British initiated the first colonial settlement. The series of wars for the land between
1843 and 1872 ended with the defeat of indigenous peoples. The British Colonial New Zealand
became an independent colony in 1907 and supported the British army in both world wars. New
Zealand's full participation in a series of defines alliances expired in the eighties. In recent years,
the government has tried to address the Maori's long-suffering discontent.
In New Zealand, the first influences of the English Language did not appear until the end of the
eighteenth century when the first British colony has been settled. New Zealand’s relationship
with Britain, from the perspective of linguistics, is far stronger than Australia’s.

New Zealand has three official languages: English, Maori, and Sign Language. Maori is a
language spoken only in this place, and therefore constant efforts are being made to preserve it.
New Zealand has some particularities that make it harder for foreigners to understand, especially
regarding the accent.

Canada

Canada defines itself as a bilingual and multicultural nation. English and French are both official
languages. In the early 1970s, Canada began adopting concepts of cultural diversity and
multiculturalism, concepts that many Canadians consider today as some of the country's main
characteristics.

The two official languages of Canada are English and French, spoken by 56.3 %(English) and
28.7 %(French) of the population. On July 7, 1969, the Law of National Languages put French
on an equal level with English at the level of the federal government. This was the process that
allowed Canada to redefine itself as a bilingual nation.

English and French have equal status in the federal court, in Parliament and in all other federal
institutions. The public has the right, where there is sufficient demand, to be served by the
federal government in both English and French. Even if multiculturalism is official politics, to
become a citizen, it is imperative that you speak either English or French, with 98% of
Canadians speaking one or both of the official languages. Despite the fact that the nation remains
bilingual, most Canadians are fluent in English only.

Canada has close ties with the United States, with which it has the longest land border without
military surveillance in the world. The two countries are mutually the largest partner partners of
the other state and collaborate in military campaigns and exercises. Canada has historical
relations with the United Kingdom and France, the two imperial powers that participated in its
foundation. These relationships are extended to other former members of British and French
colonial empires as a result of Canada's membership in the Commonwealth and La
Francophonie.

Ireland

Irish is "the national language" according to the constitution, but the dominant language is
English. In 2006, 39% of the people considered themselves fluent in Irish. Irish is spoken as a
community language only in a few rural areas mostly in the west of the country. The population
is mostly bilingual. Most public announcements and media are restricted to English. Government
publications are available in both languages, and citizens have the right to speak to the state in
Irish too. There is Irish media in the field of television, the Irish Defence Force radio; all
marching orders and weapon handling are given in Irish.

The Irish language is an official language in Ireland, but only a small part of the country's
population speaks it as a native language, most of them speaking English.

Irish-speaking immigrants are also found in the United States, Canada, Australia, but in all these
countries the use of language is declining in favour of English.

The English domination was felt at first in the urban environment, where English was slowly
introduced as a compulsory language in Irish educational institutions. English was the tool and
witness to the cultural transformations to which the island was permanently subjected after the
Anglo-Saxon conquest.

The decline of the Irish language was also due to urban population migration from urban to
urban, controlled by the English. The Irish survived in regions where the English did not show
any expansionist interest: poor rural areas of sources.

The Anglophonian process of the Irish population was gradually divided into three phases: the
first speaks only of the Iris, in the second phase the population is bilingual, speaking both
languages, and in the third phase the language Irish is forgotten, using only English.
2.1. European Countries

2.1.1. Netherlands

Based on what the researchers say, more than 85% of the Dutch people speak English not only as
a foreign language but, lately, as a language that is used on a daily basis. The main reasons why
the English Language has become so globalised in Netherlands are: Rotterdam is the biggest
seaport in Europe – which means that there is a lot of trading happening there between the UK
and Netherlands, and later on, any other European country. As a second, but really important
reason we can mention the fact that English is mandatory in over 100 schools in Netherlands –
which means students, or even kids, have a direct contact with the English Language from a very
early age, even more, students cannot pass their high school finals if they do not score 6/10. But
teenagers do not only have contact with the language from school, also the Dutch music has been
influenced by the English Language; many Dutch musicians have introduced English words in
their songs lately. We can find English in magazines. English is being used also in advertising, as
Marinel Gerritsen, Associate Professor of Sociolinguistics and Intercultural Communication at
the University of Nijmegen, said: “two of the reasons advertising agencies give for using English
in commercials are, firstly, that it is good for a product's image to be associated with English,
and, secondly, that everyone in the Netherlands understands English anyway”.

A big influence is also tourism. It is widely known how much of a touristic country Netherlands
is, especially Amsterdam, and because it is such a small country, the English Language has
developed a lot thanks to the tourists.

2.1.2. Denmark

The best non-native English speakers in Europe are Danes. More than 90% of the Danes people
understand, at least, the English Language. The reason behind English Language’s globalisation
in Denmark is business. A lot of Danish companies are operating their business in English to
avoid gaps in communication with other companies and countries.

Denmark is a small country so it is almost mandatory that its citizens can speak another language
in order to keep a certain level of competition in business and research fields.

The younger population uses the most English terms because of games, music and social media.
Linguists are scared that the Danish Language will lose its most used terms in medical or
technical fields.

Many universities in Denmark have programs in English for foreign students or Danes students
that want to learn English better.

2.1.3. Sweden

The Swedish vocabulary has been influenced by the English Language since the thirteenth
century; the main influence had the words used for trading, for light industry and sports.
Nowadays, it has become a language that is being used in every day’s speech. The English
Language has a strong position in the Swedish education because of the fact that English is being
taught in schools, as a second language, since the first grade. Later on, students can choose a
third language also. Some people see English as a threat for the development of their mother
tongue.

There are some Swedish companies such as IKEA that use the English Language within the
workplace because most of the transactions happen over the internet or with foreigners.

2.1.4. Norway

Because of the fact that English and Scandinavian are both languages with Germanic roots,
English shares a lot of similarities with Norwegian. Norway is a small, wealthy country which
means that people can afford, more than others, to travel a lot, so to have English skills can be
considered. The Norwegian Government said that English is threatening the existence of their
mother tongue.

In Norway, just like any other country, English can be learnt from movies because of the fact
that most movies are rather subtitled than dubbed. Almost 90% of the Norwegians can speak
English.

The reason why the English Language has become so global, not only in Norway, is the fact that
it is a very flexible language and it can be adapted to the experiences of the speaker.
 2.1.5. Finland

More than 60% of the people in Finland say that they know English well enough to maintain a
simple, normal, daily conversation. In the era of globalisation, English skills are really useful.
For example at work, it is used to communicate with people from foreign companies, or on the
street when a tourist asks you where he can find something. English language is presented to
Finnish children from a very young age, in school. This is going to be very helpful for them later
in life. Even though the English Language has so many positive sides, it is still seen as a threat
for the national language because it has the potential to make it disappear, especially in fields
where the action takes place between different countries, so they need a common language to
speak in (e.g. trading, science). The English Language in Finland is mostly used by people who
work in the domain of law, consults and tourism.

2.1.6. Austria

Austria is a small country and this fact made its citizens to learn English, so that if there are not
the opportunities they are looking for, they can leave. Being surrounded by many non-German
speaking countries is also a good reason for people to learn English, to communicate. Maybe
Austria found it easier to accept the globalization of the English Language because they have
history in uniting cultures and languages (e.g. Austrian-Hungarian Empire). Also, if it is a small
country it clearly has a small market, which can be a good and a bad thing at the same time. It is
bad for them, as a country, but really helpful for the globalization because of the export. The
more workers know the English Language, the easier it is for companies to grow. If it is to talk
about tourism, it requires one to know English if they want to visit Austria because all the
touristic areas are in English. The tourism is also an important economic factor.

2.1.7. Germany

The English Language in Germany is not very popular, at least not in the small towns. It can
mainly be spoken fluently by people under 30. The main reason behind Germans learning
English is because they, as a culture, are very much into traveling which makes it kind of
mandatory to know English because not everyone knows German, of course. And also, studying
abroad is very popular among German students.
 2.1.8. Belgium

If it is to talk about history, Belgium’s first contact with the UK and mainly the English
Language was in the first century when Belgium and England started trading different things.
Also, the royal family has descendants from the House of Saxe-Coburg. Statistics say that there
are almost 30.000 British people that are now living in Belgium.

There are three official languages in Belgium: Dutch, German and French. English is one of the
main foreign languages because it is widely spoken by most of Belgium’s citizens.

Most Belgian people are bilingual, so they speak one official language and one foreign language,
or, they are trilingual – which means they speak two official languages and a foreign one, or the
other way around. Most of them speak fluent English as a foreign language.

Belgian children get into contact with the English Language at the age fourteen when they have
English as a school subject.

2.1.9. Portugal

Britain and Portugal have an impressive history together both trough nautical rivalry and feudal
relations. Nowadays, Portugal’s sunny beaches invite tourists from across the globe, making it
highly desirable for the locals to speak the so-called lingua franca. Even though their main
official language is Portuguese, the English Language is generally spread among the citizens
who work in the touristic field.

English can occur in public signage; also the Portuguese have a lot of TV programs that are
originally from the USA or the UK.

While every country has its own language fundamentalists, as well as conservative people who
support traditional communication using the mother tongue, small countries have an even greater
effort to achieve this purpose. It is no wonder that Portugal, a proud Romance country whit a rich
and glorious history, would manifest this feeling to the superlative; most Portuguese harbour a
nationalistic instinct that will often juxtapose itself in the way of foreign language learning and
import. Hence, while English language learning might overcome this obstacle due to practicality,
Portuguese remains more or less intact.
2.1.10. Poland

From the beginning it is important to know that England and Poland have a very tight bond. That
is because many Polish people work in or for British companies and because many British
people speak Polish as a foreign language. Like any other East-Central European countries,
Poland has a great disparity between rural and urban environments. Most of the people under
fifty years do speak English at least a little bit so that they can help the tourists in need. English
is being taught in schools but there are also kindergartens where your child can get into contact
with the English language from a very young age.

In larger cities it should not be very hard to find someone with whom you could carry a decent
conversation, however if it is to talk about the rural area, it’s not that simple. Most people in the
rural areas are old and do not get into contact with a bigger city or a lot of foreigners very often,
so they might not be very good at talking English, maybe you could get them to understand you
into sign language though. Restaurants in smaller cities or rural areas might not have their menus
translated to English, in bigger cities like Krakow; it should not be a problem.

2.1.11. Czech Republic

People in the Czech Republic speak a distorted Slavic language, which is extremely different
from English, making it hard to learn and uncomfortable to import. You can find fluent English
speakers in touristic spots, at the hotel desks and even on the street if you see a person that might
be under twenty five years old. Other than that it seems quite unlikely for native Czech speaker
to pick-up any English influences.
2.2. Asian Countries

2.2.1. Singapore

Due to the British trading post that was established in Singapore in the eighteenth century,
Singapore’s population almost doubled because of all the immigrants that came from China and
India. In the beginning, the main language of Singapore was a mixture of Chinese and Malay,
but along the years due to all the foreign influence, English became the main language of
Singapore. Their first main language is still used among the workers on the island, but not as
used as the English language is.

English is now being used in commerce, technology and science and serves as a link between all
the people that are not Singaporean. It helped Singapore to grow and integrate easily intro the
global economy as well.

The English language is now used in schools, children being somehow forced to learn it at
school. It is also used mostly in the government and courts.

Mainly, English is being spoken by younger people, but elders use, or at least understand it too.

Singaporeans who speak it fluently try to speak it at home, in the family so their children can get
to know it before they get into school.

But, the English language being the lingua franca of Singapore is nothing new since Singapore
was, after all, a British colony.

2.2.2. Malaysia

Being an ex-British colony just like Singapore, it helped Malaysia become a bilingual country
and having a bilingual system of education. If you are Malaysian and want to get a job you have
to know the English language no matter who you work for. Being a bilingual country makes
Malaysia remain competitive at a global level.

Adopting a bilingual system of education helps children get in touch with the lingua franca of the
world from a very young age when it is easier to learn a new language.
English is the economy’s international language so in the work field we can find English being
spoken very easily and not just in Malaysia. It has a major influence over the development of the
country and it helps its citizens to find it easier to be in contact with other nations.

2.2.3. Philippines

Philippines’s relationship with the English language began in the twentieth century when
American occupied the country after the American-Spanish state war. Now, centuries later, the
Philippines have officially become a bilingual country. Its mother language is Filipino and
English is the official foreign language.

Besides Singapore, the Philippines is the only land where we can find bilingual education for
children since grade school, which means that we can find different school subjects being taught
both in Filipino and English.

The bilingual system of education in public schools was adopted in the late nineteens when the
country got a new constitution.

This entire thing also had a very big impact over the Philippines as a touristic destination. People
from all around the world, including English-speaking countries are more and more interested in
visiting Philippines.

2.2.4. India

As a result of colonisation, just like a lot of other Asian countries, English language arrived in
India too, in the sixteenth century. But at that time was spoken only as a second language and
only by a scarce number of people. The British were controlling most of the country.

At first, the English language was taught only to locals that worked in the trading fields. The
years have passed and after the time when English was only spoken by workers, it began being
known by the most educated people. Soon enough there were Universities and programs for
students that wanted to learn it better.

Nowadays it is the language of the economy, the media, and the government and by the most
Indian people.
Today India has the most English speakers outside the USA and the UK. It is very important for
Indians to speak English because it is the language of the administration, making people of
different nations that are established in India united.

If one gets to hear an Indian teacher explaining to children or new students where are the classes
in a school, or what bus they have to take to get there, most likely, it will be in English. This
means that the English language has an immense impact over every Indian’s everyday life. It
basically is impossible to avoid speaking English if you are Indian, especially if you live in
bigger cities.

2.3. Africa

Colonialism shaped Africa’s modern and contemporary history in its entirety. The entire
backbone of African organization including politics, trade and economy, education and social
existence has been brought in by colonial invaders, introducing the language as a primary tool of
assimilation.

The countries which felt this effect in a most full-fledged manner were the ones with a history of
specific British colonialism. The most important ones to be considered are Nigeria, South Africa,
Gana, Kenya and Zimbabwe.

Since the fall of colonialism, organizational systems, allowing for continued trade and
foreign aid were kept in English. Furthermore, the schooling systems use standardized versions
of English for both teaching and communication. This leads to a vast majority of the population
speaking at the very least a rudimental version of English. Over time, the influences and
mixtures of African languages have left an imprint over the English spoken in these areas. These
dialects are called pidgin versions of English; under some occasions both the media and the
official system use pidgin as a follow of communication with the layman.

With the recent technological development, it has become imperative for African intellectuals to
be able to keep a global operation in mind, and as such, English has become more or less the
official language of business in Africa. Documents printed, even though they may include a
tribal language (some of Africa’s tribes comprise of thirty or more million people), the main
printed is always in English.
Romania

The phenomenon of globalization is a future stage of the general process of political and
economic development and culture of mankind. For now, it is difficult to speak with some
certainty about the long-term effects of the globalization process on the international community,
but even now, it is clear that the globalization process has both a positive and a negative impact.
The positive side of this process is that it will increase the interaction between countries, which
in turn opens up new possibilities for the development of human civilization, especially in the
economic sphere, the intensification of trade, investment and technological exchanges.

The Romanian language is a spoken language of about 28 million people, of Roman origin and
very similar to Italian, French, Portuguese or Spanish.

Her history can be traced during certain historical periods that she has crossed.

Two thousand years ago, today's territory of Romania was inhabited by Dacians whose concerns
included agriculture, viticulture or animal husbandry.

The Romanian language has developed on a broad Romanized territorial base including the
North Danube Dacia itself and the territories that have not entered Roman authority, being
inhabited by the 'free Dacians'.

The Danube Latina, along with the Latin spoken on the coast of Dalmatia and until the second
half of the 19th century. The 3rd century BC, along with the Latin spoken in Italy, is part of the
oriental group of the Latin language.

Dalmatia was spoken on the Adriatic coast and disappeared today.

The Romanian language was formed exactly like the entire Romanian empire was formed. The
first step towards its formation was the process of Latinization of the getto-dacians. The getto-
dacians have taken the spoken Latin step by step. Until the sixth century, a Romanic language
was formed on the land of Dacia and Moesia. The linguists called it “protoromână comună”, it is
said by researchers that today only a few words from that language remained into the actual
Romanian language.
Over the newly formed Romanian language the Slavs applied their influence when they invaded
from north-eastern Europe. The process that has taken place between the seventh and ninth
century experienced the influence of the Slave language. The Slave influence did not change the
Latin character of the Romanian language, but it did enrich it.

The linguistic Latin layer contains approximate sixty percent of the Romanian vocabulary.

The Slave layer of the language has a very big impact over the Romanian language but it does
not change anything in the Latin layer.

The common element between the Romanian language and the English language is the Latin
vocabulary aspect. This is a stepping stone, a common denominator on which the dominant
English language can build upon when spreading its influence. Certain phrases that were later
imported, as well as technically specific expressions, are formed in this exact manner. For
example, we have the English word “lexicon” and its Romanian counterpart “lexicon”. Even
though the channel of introduction is an educative one, Romanian development inferiority makes
this word a borrowed one rather than accumulated in the Latinization phase.

The profound changes in the life of the Romanian society since December 1989 have imposed a
new type of media communication, "open" to all lexical renewals.

The term globalisation first emerged in the economic sphere, spreading rapidly to other spheres
of the social life. Globalisation, as analysts consider, is undoubtedly a process generated by the
development of capitalism, a process that has grown, especially after the collapse of the Soviet
Union as a viable alternative to the abolition or resizing of the old interstate economic
organizations.

In linguistics, the idea of globalisation has emerged as a direct consequence of the situation in
the economy, so it illustrates a certain facet of the relationship between the dynamics of society
and the needs of communication.

The views of linguists about accepting or rejecting Anglicisms are divided. Most of them have
shown permissiveness in their normative recommendations, but opt for imposing strict
morphological adaptation patterns for these words.
This analysis is motivated by the significant increase in the share of English influence in the
Romanian media terminology, in the general context of the "invasion" of Anglicism. We have in
mind both the loans (including their own names), especially the calques that are absent from the
Romanian dictionaries, but frequently used in the press.

The premise we start in analysing the influence of English over the Romanian language is that
this influence is not only in Romania but it is found many countries all over the world. We are
talking about an international phenomenon, not only European but also worldwide. The massive
loan of Anglo-American terms has manifested itself after the Second World War in most
European languages and not only.

The purpose behind this case study is not is not to deplore the fate of the Romanian language
under the influence of other language forced to assimilate words that are not their own but to
outline the perspectives of a global phenomenon.

Globalisation is a process that has been generated by the development of capitalism. The need of
acceptance of a single language of communication, in the process of globalization, has forced
itself under pressure of economic development. For multiple reasons, the language accepted as a
language of globalization was English, as a result of US economic and technical supremacy.

From a political and social point of view, the main explanation concerns the status of English as
the “language of globalisation” demonstrated with scientific, political, statistical and
sociolinguistic arguments in studies devoted especially to this subject or to the process of
globalisation in general.

With all this avalanche of terms arriving from the Anglo-Saxon space with the technological and
informational explosion, many philologists, writers, journalists, linguists or other users of the
spoken and written language from all across Europe have shown a general attitude of concern
and warnings often desperate. In some countries, laws have been adopted to preserve the national
language, which is rightly considered to be an essential component of the spirituality and culture
of a nation.

Under the warning of globalisation, the Romanian language seems somehow little, now covered
in Anglicisms, sooner or later disappearing.
After some researches, more than half of the people from all over the world use at least one of
the most spread languages. Due to this imbalance, specialists predict that 95% of the languages
spoken will disappear in the next century, since nowadays somewhere around ten languages die
every year.

There are people that claim that the future transformation of the Romanian language into the
Anglo-American-Balkan hybrid is indisputable. The relations between the Romanian and the
other European languages implied a permanent exchange of flows, but the Romanian language
was not only a "welcoming" language, but also a "donor" language, which we could also qualify
as being "generous". On the other hand, the Romanian language has continuously assimilated
new terms taken up by geo-political conjuncture and historical evolution. Loans have emerged
primarily due to technological and economic development. Every historical age had its
neologisms.

The media, the main providers of anglicisms, build a secondary reality, based on the information,
narratives and interpretations it selects, sorts, processes, and spreads them among the public,
using a particular terminology.

In relation with the public, the media have four objectives: raising awareness and informing
about a particular topic, forming attitudes towards it, and finally influencing behaviour in a
certain direction.

If the language mistakes first worked on the principle of natural selection, where only the strong
enough survive, now with the help of television, any linguistic anomaly can be quickly imitated.

Of course, the use of English words is explained, on the one hand, by the speaker's desire to
impress, to show that he is knowledgeable of a foreign language, on the other hand, to draw
attention to colour the message.

Anglicisms nowadays are a reality, a living proof of language development. The attitude of the
speakers and specialists towards the avalanche of English language in the Romanian language
must be rational, because it is necessary to measure both the advantages and the disadvantages.
Anglicisms did not cause an “alteration” of the Romanian language, but, on the contrary, they
contributed to its permanent renewal and reconstruction, to its semantic and stylistic nuance, to
the modernization of the lexicon. The influence of English does not have to be considered a
negative phenomenon; it is no less dangerous than other foreign influences that have been
manifested in our language over time, as long as their use is not exaggerated.

In the following, we will review the necessary angles and the fancy ones:

1. The necessary borrowings are those words, phrases or phraseological units that do not
have a Romanian correspondent or which have some advantages over the native term. In
this sense, the necessary anglicisms have the advantage of precision and last but not least
of international circulation. They are motivated by the novelty of the referent.
For example we have: baby-sitter, broker, dealer, drive-in, duty-free, non-profit, rating,
voucher etc.
2. The “fancy” anglisisms are unnecessary loans, which are related to the subjective
tendency of some social categories to linguistically differentiate in this way. Such terms
only duplicate the Romanian words without additional information. Such as: training,
item, agreement, briefing, fashion, make-up.
The terms listed above are found both in common language and in the media.

A very important aspect is also the full or part use of some terms taken from English in the title
of Romanian television stations. (E.g. Euforia Lifestyle TV). Another aspect is that there are also
some TV shows that have English words in their names.

Many magazines or newspapers appeal to these widespread Anglicisms, without shirking the
slightest attempt to replace these loans with purely Romanian equivalents, as they want to attract
a lot of young public attention or give the impression of modernity. Depending on the purpose in
which they are used, the amount of information they bring, or the form they have (raw or
phraseological), the examples are relevant to that.

Magazines for women, men and teenagers abound in Anglicisms such as:

I chose to analyse the cover of the Cosmopolitan’s magazine 2016 December edition:

There are five English words that could as well be presented in Romanian.
  The first one is “granny hair” which is not referring to an actual grandmother’s hair but to
today’s grey hair dye which women use to make their hair grey (usually blondes). It is
used just as a reference but the fact that people know what is it about means that the
English language kind of penetrated the Romanian language with its words.
 The second word is “lookuri” which comes from the English word “look” but it got the
suffix “-uri” which is a Romanian suffix to determine the plural of one word, so instead
of leaving the full English word “looks”, they made it half English half Romanian. This
word is obviously referring to how someone looks (hair, clothes) and it is a fancy and not
needed Anglicism, because it could be as well just a simple Romanian word like
“înfăţişare” or “aspect”.
 Another fancy word that has its own correspondent in the Romanian language is “nails”.
It is one thing when the used word does not have an exact correspondent in the Romanian
language, but that’s not the case with “nails”. The word “nails” was used just to look
interesting. They could have used “unghii” as the Romanian correspondent for “nails”
and everyone would know what the article is about anyway. This word was not
necessary.
 Another word that can be seen on the cover of Cosmopolitan’s magazine is “bags”. As
well as the previous word, “bags” does have an exact correspondent in the Romanian
language that is “poşete” or “genţi”. It was definitely not necessary to use the English
word.
 One construction that was written there just to sound cool among teenagers or young
women is “You rock!” they could as well just write the Romanian equivalent that is
“Eşti tare!”. An English construction was definitely not necessarily needed there.

Researching the level of adaptation of English words in Romanian according to the linguistic
norms, I noticed that the general tendency of the current literary language is to keep the loans in
English in a form as close as possible to the one in the source language. At the same time, at a
morphological level, a consequence of the massive integration of English words could be the
flexible character of the Romanian language. And according to the lexico-semantic norm, the
definition of the meaning of the loans is generally made by a synonym or equivalent of a
Romanian expression. Anglicism can also be introduced into the text after its Romanian
equivalent or, in a journalistic manner, by alternating the synonymous terms in titles and
subtitles.

The socio-political conditions and the expansion of the economic and financial relations with the
Western world presuppose continuous communication between specialists and their information,
which is why we are witnessing the massive integration of Anglicisms in all fields of activity.

English appears to be a natural solution and the fact that it is standardized (or almost) globally
recommends it for this position of honour: the universal language.

The popularity of English in the world has also created an avalanche effect, as more and more
people learn English and meet the need for international communication, and the others aspire to
this, and so English appears to be the best instrument in this direction.

Although English has created stable bridges in communication in all aspects of life, social,
political, economic, technological, military, etc., there are also negative aspects of its spreading
globally: its attack on regional languages, Americanization, which has important effects both in
the linguistic and cultural spheres.

The renewal of the vocabulary of a language is an essential and inevitable process, given the
changes that take place permanently in human society. Thus, in the field of economy,
administration, commerce; but especially of computer science, the number of terms borrowed
from English is getting bigger. Considering that English was introduced as a compulsory
discipline in the Romanian educational system and that many young people use the computer
today, the literary language in its various varieties records the frequent use of some terms of
English origin, or “Anglicism” as we call it. The term “Anglicism” is quite widespread in
Romanian linguistics and has been defined in several papers.

Anglicisms began to conquer the Western Europe after the Second World War and the East after
1989. The phenomenon became global with the advent of the Internet and the multinational
companies. The current period is one of great and varied changes, in which human
communication is characterized by a real explosion of ideas, new notions in technology or
science.
The press is not only the fourth power in a state but it is also one of the main means of education.
The media complements the information received in school and encompasses their multitude and
diversity, providing them to the general public. All media such as magazines, online, radio or TV
have a great influence on the public. Thus, the media sets the order of broadcasting all the
important topics that happen within a day and decides what a whole society will think. Of course,
not all events have the same degree of significance for all people, but it is certain that the media
influences the order of ideas that a whole world will think about.

After 1990, the Romanian lexicon faced an avalanche of aglicisms that invaded the tongue that
continues to grow at an accelerated pace. The press, an important factor in modernizing
language, fully reflects this phenomenon. Magazines addressed to young people are saturated
with anglic-styled articles, and teenagers want to borrow this language. This invasion of
Anglicisms can be noticed not only in the current language of young people, but also in articles
aimed at informatics or business. We also encounter this phenomenon in the field of music,
sports, technical and economical, but especially in the everyday life, where “fashion”, ”beauty”,
“life and home” can be found everywhere.