INDEX

 Certificate

 Acknowledgement

 Objective

 Introduction

 Factors affecting rate of evaporation

 Applications of Evaporation

 Experiment -1

 Experiment - 2

 Experiment - 3

 Experiment – 4

 Conclusion

 Bibliography
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that board roll no __________________
Student Of Ahlcon International School Of Session 2017-
2018 has completed his Chemistry Investigatory Project
under my supervision and guidance. The topic of project
was to study rate of evaporation of different liquids under
different physical condition.
This is to further certify that Parishrut Rajhans of class XII-
C has done his project with full sincerity

________________________
Dr. Karuna Gupta
(HOD – Chemistry Department )
AHLCON INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
Acknowledgement
I would sincerely like to thank my Chemistry Teacher Dr. Karuna
Gupta and our lab assistant Mr. Gaurav for their full support
and guidance for fulfillment of the project. They have always
been there to help me in the completion of this project, acting
as a guiding spirit and putting tremendous effort from their side
to assist me as much as possible

_______________
PARISHRUT RAJHANS
OBJECTIVE

To study the effects of various factors on evaporation

of liquids and hence find the factors affecting the rate
of evaporation. The factors to be tested are :

1. Nature Of Liquid
2. Surface Area of Liquid
3. Temperature
4. Environmental factors
INTRODUCTION

When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly escapes

into gas phase, eventually leaving the vessel empty due to
presence of the kinetic energy between molecules of the
liquid. This phenomenon is known as Vaporization or
Evaporation

Evaporation of liquid can be explained in terms of kinetic

molecular model. Although there are strong intermolecular
attractive forces which hold the molecules of liquid close
together,, the molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can
escape into gas if such molecules happen to come near the
surface. In a sample liquid all the molecules do not have
same kinetic energy. There is small fraction of molecules
which have enough kinetic energy to overcome the
attractive forces and escape into gas phase. The figure
below shows the distribution of a molecule. If 'Emin'
corresponds to minimum kinetic energy required to
overcome the attractive forces and escape, the shaded
area in the graph represents the molecules who have
enough kinetic energy to escape.
Evaporation causes cooling. this is due to the fact that high
energy molecules causing the high temperature of the liquid
escape The vessel through evaporation. If the temperature
is kept constant the remaining liquid will have the same
distribution of molecular Kinetic energies and high energy
molecules will keep on escaping into gas phase. If the liquid
is taken in open vessel, evaporation will take place until
whole liquid is evaporated.
FACTORS EFFECTING RATE OF EVAPORATION
1. Nature of Liquid
The magnitude of intermolecular forces of attraction in the
liquid determine the rate of evaporation to a great extent. Weaker the
intermolecular forces faster the rate of evaporation. For example,
diethyl ether evaporates more easily than propyl alcohol.

2. Temperature
The rate of evaporation varies directly with temperature.
Increasing the temperature also increases the fraction of molecules
having sufficient kinetic energy to evaporate. This results in increase
rate of evaporation.

3. Surface Area of Liquid

The molecules that escape due to evaporation constitute the
surface area of the liquid. Therefore, larger the surface area, faster the
rate of evaporation.

4. Composition of the environment

The rate of evaporation depends upon the flow of air-current
over the surface of liquid. Air Current flowing over the liquid carries the
molecules of the substance in the gas phase, thereby preventing
condensation and favoring evaporation.
.

5. Vapor Pressure

If pressure is applied on the surface of a liquid, evaporation

is hindered; consider, for example, the case of a pressure cooker.

6. Density

The higher the density, the slower the liquid evaporates.

APPLICATION OF EVAPORATION
 Evaporation of Perspiration cools our bodies.
 Evaporation of water from the earth keeps the air moist and
provides the moisture for clouds. Thus evaporation has an
important influence over Weather and Climate.
 Its important also in air conditioning, refrigeration and
distilling. Substances are evaporated in a partial vacuum to
speed evaporation or to prevent deterioration by heat.
Instant coffee and frozen orange juice are evaporated this
way, so are blood plasma, vaccines and antibiotics such as
penicillin. Camphor is purified by sublimation.
 In Industries, the principles of evaporation and refrigeration
are used to great extent in the treatment, separation,
handling and storage of materials in any of the three states-
Solid, Liquid, Gas. Distillation concerns the separation of
liquid mixtures by evaporation processes.
 Evaporation of the sea-water to produce salt.
 Evaporation of ponds is used to prevent pesticides, fertilizers
and salts from agricultural wastewater from contaminating
the water bodies they would flow into.
 Some of the power plants also work on the principle of
Evaporation. It’s the final step of a water cycling driving small
turbines before it’s fed back into the primary pool.
 Industrial applications include printing and many other
coating processes; recovering salts from solutions; and
drying a variety of materials such as lumber, paper, cloth
and chemicals.
 When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the
ambient temperature is below the boiling point of water, it
evaporates. This is accelerated by factors such as low
humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In a clothes dryer,
hot air is blown through the clothes allowing water to
evaporate very quickly.
 The Pot- Matki/Matka, a traditional Indian porous clay
container used to store and cool water and other liquids.
 The Botjo, A traditional Spanish porous clay container
designed to cool the contained water by evaporation.
 Evaporative coolers, which can significantlycool a building by
simply blow drying dry air over a filter saturated with water.
 Combustion vaporization:

Fuel droplet vaporize as they received by mixing with the hot

gases in the combustion chamber. Heat (energy) can also
be received by radiation from any hot refractory wall of the
combustion chamber.

 Pre- combustion vaporization:

The catalytic cracking of long hydro- carbon chains possible,

vastly improves gasoline mileage and provides reduced
pollutant emissions once the fuel vapor is at its optimum
ratio with air. The chemically correct air / fuel mixture for total
burning of gasoline has been determined to be 15 parts of a
21 part of gasoline or 15 / 1 by weight.

 Film Deposition:

Thin film may be deposited by evaporating a substance and

condensing it into a substrate, or by dissolving the substance
in a solvent, spreading the resulting solution thinly over a
substrate and evaporating the solvent.
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM- To compare the rates of evaporation of
a) Water
b) Acetone
REQUIREMENTS-Two petri dishes, 5ml syringe,
stopwatch, water and acetone.

PROCEDURE-

I. Using the syringe, suck 5ml of the water and acetone

separately and then pour them into two petri dishes.

II. Put the dishes out in the sun.

III. Start the stopwatch.

IV. As soon as the Acetone evaporates, stop the

stopwatch and note the time.

V. Again suck the leftover water using the Syringe

OBSERVATION-

Total Time Taken = 1324 seconds.

LIQUID INITIAL FINAL VOLUME RATE OF

VOLUME VOLUME EVAPORATED EVAPORATION
Water 5.0ml 4.6ml 0.4ml 0.00030ml/sec.
Acetone 5.0ml 0.0ml 5.0ml 0.00378ml/sec.

CONCLUSION-

As we know from our previous knowledge that bond in water is

much stronger than in Acetone. Hence, we can conclude that rate
of Evaporation
is more in the compounds that have weak bonds.
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM- To study the effects of surface area on the rate of
evaporation of Acetone.
REQUIREMENTS- Two Petridishes (2.5cm diameter and
5cm diameter), 5ml syringe, stopwatch and Acetone.

PROCEDURE-

I. Wash and clean the petridishes

II. Using the syringe, suck 5ml of the Acetone and then
pour it in the petridishes.

III. Put the dishes out in the sun and start the stopwatch.

IV. As soon as Acetone gets evaporated in any one of the

petridishes, stop the watch and note down the time.

V. Again such the leftover Acetone using the syringe and

measure its amount.

.
OBSERVATIONS-
LIQUID INITIAL DIAMETER TIME RATE OF
VOLUME TAKEN EVAPORATION
Water 5.0ml 2.5cm 2240 0.00221ml/sec.
seconds
Acetone 5.0ml 5.0cm 1320 0.00378ml/sec.
seconds

CONCLUSION-
From this, we can conclude that rate of Evaporation increases
with the increase in surface area i.e. It is directly proportional to
surface area.
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
AIM- to study the effect of air current on the rate of
evaporation using Acetone.

REQUIREMENTS- two petri dishes, 5 ml syringe, a table

fan, a stopwatch and acetone.
PROCEDURE-

I. Clean the Petri dishes and put in the Acetone using the
5ml syringe.

II. Put one of the Other petri dishes under the table fan
while the other in a place where there is no air current and
start the stopwatch.
OBSERVATIONS-
LIQUID INITIAL AIR TIME RATE OF
VOLUME CURRENT TAKEN EVAPORATION
Acetone 5ml Yes 843 seconds 0.0059ml/sec
Acetone 5ml No 1623 seconds 0.0030ml/sec

CONCLUSION-
From this experiment, we can conclude that with increase
in the flow of air current,rate of evaporation increases.
Hence, rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the
flow of air current.
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
AIM- To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation.
REQUIREMENTS- Two beakers, 5ml syringe, a stopwatch, burner,
water bath, thermometer and Acetone.

PROCEDURE-

I. Wash and wipe dry the beakers.

II. Using the syringe, take 5ml of the Acetone and then pour in water in
the two petri dishes.

III. Heat the water bath to a constant temperature around 70˚C and
note the time taken by it to evaporate completely.

IV. When the Acetone evaporates completely, suck the leftover in the
other petri dish in the syringe and measure its volume.
OBSERVATIONS-
Total Time- 660 seconds
LIQUID INITIAL FINAL TEMPERATURE RATE OF
VOLUME VOLUME EVAPORATION
Acetone 5ml 0ml 70˚C 0.0075ml/sec
Acetone 5ml 3.8ml Room 0.0018ml/sec
Temperature
(Approx 30˚C)

CONCLUSION-
The observations indicate that the rate of evaporation of Acetone
increases with the increases in temperature. Hence, rate of
evaporation is directly proportional to temperature.
Conclusion

After performing all the four experiments, we can conclude

that rate of Evaporation of a liquid increases with
i. The increase in Volatility (Volatility of Acetone is very
large as compared to that of water.)
ii. The increase in surface area of liquids.
iii. The increase in flow of air current.
iv. The increase in Temperature.
Bibliography

 NCERT Textbooks Class 12th.

 Comprehensive Lab Manual Class 12th.
 Internet:
 www.chemistry.about.com
 www.practicalchemistry.com
 www.cbse.nic.in