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CHAPTER 7

INTEGRALS

POINTS TO REMEMBER
 Integration is the reverse process of Differentiation.

d
 Let
dx
F  x   f  x  then we write  f x dx  F x   c .
 These integrals are called indefinite integrals and c is called constant of
integration.

 From geometrical point of view an indefinite integral is collection of family

of curves each of which is obtained by translating one of the curves
parallel to itself upwards or downwards along y-axis.

STANDARD FORMULAE

 x n 1
n  c n  1
1.
 x dx   n  1

 log x  c n  –1

  ax  b n  1
 c n  1
n 
 ax  b  dx    n  1 a
2.
 1
 log ax  b  c n  1
a

3.
 sin x dx  – cos x  c . 4.
 cos x dx  sin x  c .

5.  tan x . dx  – log cos x  c  log sec x  c .

61 XII – Maths
 2
6.
 cot x dx  log sin x  c . 7.
 sec x . dx  tan x  c .

2
8.
 cosec x . dx  – cot x  c . 9.
 sec x . tan x . dx  sec x  c .

10.
 cosec x cot x dx  – cosec x  c .

11.
 sec x dx  log sec x  tan x  c .

12.  cosec x dx  log cosec x – cot x  c.

x x x ax
13.  e dx  e  c . 14.  a dx  log a
c

1 –1
15.
 1 x
2
dx  sin x  c, x  1 .

1 –1
16. 1 x 2
dx  tan x  c.

1 –1
17.
x x
2
1
dx  sec x  c , x  1.

1 1 a  x
18.
a 2
 x
2
dx 
2a
log
a  x
 c.

1 1 x a
19.
x 2
a
2
dx 
2a
log
x a
 c.

1 1 –1 x
20.
a 2
 x
2
dx 
a
tan
a
 c.

XII – Maths 62
 1 –1 x
21.
 a
2
– x
2
dx  sin
a
 c.

1 2 2
22.
 2
a  x
2
dx  log x  a  x  c.

1 2 2
23.
 x
2
– a
2
dx  log x  x a  c.

2
2 2 x 2 2 a –1 x
24.
 a  x dx 
2
a  x 
2
sin
a
 c.

2
2 2 x 2 2 a 2 2
25.
 a  x dx 
2
a  x 
2
log x  a  x  c.

2
2 2 x 2 2 a 2 2
26.
 x  a dx 
2
x a 
2
log x  x a  c.

RULES OF INTEGRATION

1.  k .f x dx  k  f x dx .

2.  k f x   g x dx  k  f x dx  k  g x dx .

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

f ´ x 
 log f  x   c .
1.
 f  x  dx
n  f  x  n  1
2.
 f  x   f ´ x  dx 
n 1
 c.

63 XII – Maths
 f ´ x   f  x  n  1
3.
 f  x   n
dx 
–n  1
 c.

INTEGRATION BY PARTS

 f  x  .  g  x  dx  –
 f  x  . g  x  dx     f ´ x  .   g  x  dx  dx .
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
b
 F  b   F  a  , where F  x  
 f  x  dx  f  x  dx .
a

DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUMS.

b
 f  a   f  a  h   f  a  2h  
 f  x  dx  lim h 
h0 

 .....  f  a  n  1 h  
a

b
b  a  n 
where h 
h
. or
 f  x  dx  lim  h
h0 

f  a  rh  

a  r 1 

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b a b b
1.
 f  x  dx  – f  x  dx .
 2.
 f  x  dx 
 f t  dt .
a b a a

b c b
3.  f  x dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx .
a a c

b b a a
f  x dx  f  a  b  x  dx .
4. (i)
  (ii)
 f  x dx 
 f  a  x  dx .
a a 0 0

XII – Maths 64
 a
5.
 f  x   0; if f  x  is odd function.
–a

a
a
6.  f x dx  20 f x dx , if f(x) is even function.
a

2a  2a f  x  dx , if f  2a  x   f  x 

f  x  dx   0
7.   0, if f  2a  x   f  x 
0

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

Evaluate the following integrals

 sin x  dx .
1 1 x
1. x  cos 2. e dx .
1

1  x 8 x
3.  1 sin2 x dx . 4.   8  x8   dx .
x 8

1
99 1
5. x cos4 x dx . 6.  x log x log log x  dx .
1

2  4  3 sin x 
7. 0 log 
 4  3 cos x 
dx . 8.  e
a log x
 e x log a  dx .

2
 cos 2x  2sin2 x  7
9.    dx . 10.  sin x dx .
cos 2 x 

2

d 
 x
c
 c x  dx . f  x  dx  .
dx  
11. 12.

65 XII – Maths
 1 1
13.  sin2 x cos2 x dx . 14.  dx .
x  x 1

 log e x ex
15. e dx . 16.  a x dx .

x x
17. 2 e x dx . 18.  dx .
x 1

x
x e
dx .  dx .
19.  x  1 2
20.
x

2 1
21.  cos  dx . 22.  x cos   1 dx .

1
23.  sec x .log sec x  tan x  dx . 24.  cos   x sin  dx .

3
 1
25.  cot x .logsin x dx . 26.   x  2  dx .

1 1  sin x
27.  x 2  3 log x  dx . 28.  x  cos x dx .

1  cos x x e 1  e x 1
29.  dx . 30.  dx .
sin x xe  ex

2
x  1  1 
31.  x  log x dx . 32.   ax  ax  dx .
x


33. 0 cos x dx .

2
34. 0 x dx where [ ] is greatest integer function.

XII – Maths 66
 2
0 x dx
2
35. where [ ] is greatest integer function.

b f x  1 x
36. a f x   f a  b  x  dx . 37. 2 x dx .
1
38. 1x x dx .
a 1 
39. If 0 1 x 2 
4
, then what is value of a.

b a
40. a f x dx  b f x dx .

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

x cosec  tan–1x 2  x 1 x 1

41. (i)  1 x
4
dx . (ii)
 x 1 x 1
dx .

1 cos  x  a 
(iii)
 sin  x  a  sin  x  b  dx . (iv)
 cos  x  a  dx .
5
(v)
 cos x cos 2x cos 3x dx . (vi)
 cos x dx .

2 4 3 4
(vii)
 sin x cos x dx . (viii)
 cot x cosec x dx .

sin x cos x 1
(ix)
 2 2
a sin x  b cos x
2 2
dx . (x)
 3
cos x cos  x  a 
dx .

6 6
sin x  cos x sin x  cos x
(xi)
 2
sin x cos x
2
dx . (xii)
 sin 2x
dx .

67 XII – Maths
 42. Evaluate :

x
(i)
x 4
 x
2
1
dx .

1
*(ii)
 x  6  log x  2
 7 log x  2 
dx .

dx 1
(iii)
1 x  x 2
. (iv)  9  8x  x
2
dx .

1 sin  x   
(v)
 x  a x  b
dx . (vi)  sin  x   
dx .

2
5x  2 x
(vii)
 3x 2
 2x  1
dx . (viii)
x 2
 6x  12
dx .

x  2 2
(ix)
 4x  x
2
dx . (x) x 1  x – x dx .

2
(xi)
  3x  2  x  x  1 dx . (xii)
 sec x  1 dx .

43. Evaluate :

dx
(i)
 x x 7
 1
.

sin x
(ii)
 1  cos x   2  3 cos x  dx .
sin  cos 
(iii)
 cos 2
  cos   2
d .

XII – Maths 68
 x 1
(iv)
  x  1  x  2   x  3  dx .
x
2
 x  2  x 2  1  x 2  2 
(v)
  x  2   x  1 dx . (vi)
  x 3  3   x 2  4  dx .
dx dx
(vii)
  2x  1  x 2
 4
. (viii)
 sin x 1  2 cos x  .
2
sin x x 1
(ix)
 sin 4x dx . (x)
x 4
 x
2
1
dx .

2
x  9
(xi)
 tan x dx . (xii)
x 
 81
dx .

44. Evaluate :
5 3 3
(i) x sin x dx . (ii)
 sec x dx .

ax –1 6x
cos  bx  c  dx .
(iii)
e (iv)
 sin 1  9x
2
dx .

3 –1
(v)
 cos x dx . (vi)
x tan x dx .

2x  1  sin 2x  x  x  1
(vii)
e   dx .
1  cos 2x 
(viii)
e  2 
2x 
dx .

2 x x 2  1
(ix)  2ax  x dx . (x)
 e
 x  12
dx .

x  2  sin 2x 
(xi)
e 1  cos 2x 
dx .

 1 
(xii)
 log  log x    log x  2

 dx .

69 XII – Maths
 2
(xiii)   6x  5  6  x  x dx .

x  3
(xiv)  x  2 x  3
dx .

2
(xv)   2x  5  x  4x  3 dx .

2
(xvi)  x  4x  8 dx .

45. Evaluate the following definite integrals :

 
4 2
sin x  cos x
(i)  9  16 sin 2x dx . (ii)
 cos 2x log sin x dx .
0 0

1 2 1 2 1
1 x sin x
(iii)
x 1 x
2
dx . (iv)  1  x 2 3 2
dx .
0 0


2 2 2
sin 2x 5x
(v)  sin 4
x  cos x
4
dx . (vi)
x 2
 4x  3
dx .
0 1


2
x  sin x
(vii)
 1  cos x dx .
0

46. Evaluate :
3 
x
  x  1  x  2  x  3  dx . (ii)
(i)
 1  sin x dx .
1 0

XII – Maths 70
  
4 2
log 1  tan x  dx .
(iii)
 (iv)
 log sin x dx .
0 0


x sin x
(v)  1  cos 2
x
dx .
0

 3
2x  x when  2  x  1
2 
3
f  x  dx where f  x    x  3 x  2
(vi)
 
3x  2
when  1  x  1
when 1  x  2.
2 


2
x sin x cos x
(vii)
 sin 4
x  cos x
4
dx .
0


x
(viii)
a 2 2
cos x  b sin x
2 2
dx .
0

47. Evaluate the following integrals

1
3 dx 1  2x 
(i)
 6 1 tan x
(ii)
 sin  2
1 x 
dx .
0

1  cos x
 1  sin x  e
(iii)
 log 
 1  sin x 
dx . (iv) e cos x
e
 cos x
dx .
1 0

 a
x tan x a  x
(v)  sec x cosec x dx . (iv)  a  x
dx .
0 a

71 XII – Maths
 1
48.  2x dx where [ ] is greatest integer function.
0

log x  log sin x log x 1 log x

49. e dx . 50. e dx .

sin x
51.  sin2x dx . 52.  sin x sin2x dx .

4 b a

53.  sin x dx . 54.  f x dx  f a  b  x  dx .

 a b

4

1 sin2 x
55.  sec x  tan x dx . 56.  1 cos x dx .

1  tan x ax  b x
57.  1 tan x dx . 58.  c x dx .

59. Evaluate

sin1 x  cos 1 x
(i)  sin 1
dx , x   0, 1
x  cos 1 x

1 x
(ii)  1 x
dx

x 2  1  log  x 2  1  2 log x 
(iii)  x4
dx

x2
(iv)   x sin x  cos x  2
dx


3
1 x sin x  cos x
(v)  sin a  x
dx (vi) 
sin 2x
dx

XII – Maths 72
 
2
(vii)   sin x  cos x  dx

–
2

 x  dx ,
2
(viii) where [x] is greatest integer function
1

3
2
(ix) 
1
x sin x dx .

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

60. Evaluate the following integrals :

5
x  4 dx
(i) x 5
 x
dx . (ii)  x  1  x 2
 4
dx

3 4
2x x
(iii)
  x  1  x  3  2
dx (iv)
x 4
– 16
dx


2
1
(v)
 tan x  cot x  dx . (vi)
x 4
1
dx .
0

 –1
x tan x
(vii)
 1  x 2 2

dx .
0

61. Evaluate the following integrals as limit of sums :

4 2

 x  3  dx .
2
 2x  1 dx .
(i)
 (ii)
2 0

73 XII – Maths
 3 4

  3x  2x  4  dx .
  3x  dx .
2 2 2x
(iii) (iv) e
1 0

 x  3x  dx .
2
(v)
2
62. Evaluate

(i)  cot 1 1  x  x 2  dx
0

dx
(ii)   sin x  2 cos x   2 sin x  cos x 

1
log 1  x  2
(iii) 
0
1  x2
dx (iv)   2 log sin x – log sin 2x  dx .
0

1 3 sin   2 cos 
63.  sin x  sin2x dx . 64.  5  cos2   4 sin  d .

3 2x
65.  sec x dx . 66. e cos 3x dx .

ANSWERS


1. x  c. 2. 2e – 2
2

8x x9 x2
3. tan x + c. 4.   8log x   c.
log8 9 16

5. 0 6. log | log (log x) | + c

XII – Maths 74
 x a 1 ax
7. 0 8.  c
a  1 log a

9. tan x + c 10. 0

x c 1 c x
11.  c 12. f(x) + c
c  1 log c

2 32 2 32
13. tan x – cot x + c 14. x   x  1  c
3 3

x
e
15. log |x| + c 16.   log e a   c
a

2x e x 2
 x  13 2  2  x  11 2  c .
17. c 18.
log 2e  3

1
19. log x  1   c. 20. 2e x
c
x 1

log x cos   1
21. x cos2  + c 22.  c.
cos 

23.
log sec x  tan x 2  c 24.
log cos   x sin 
c
2 sin 

25.
logsin x 2  c 26.
x4 1
 2
3x 2
 3 log x  c.
2 4 2x 2

1
27. log 2  3log x  c . 28. log |x + cos x| c
3

1
29. 2 log |sec x/2| + c. 30. log x e  e x  c .
e

75 XII – Maths
 x  log x 2  c a
x 2 log ax
  2x  c .
31. 32.
2 2 a

33. 0 34. 1

b a
35.  2  1 36.
2

37. –1 38. 0

39. 1 40. 0

1  1
41. (i) log  cosec  tan 1 x 2   2   c .
2  x 

1 2
 1 
(ii) x  x x 2  1  log x  x 2  1  c .
2 2

1 sin  x  a 
(iii) log c
sin  a  b  sin  x  b 

(iv) x cos 2a – sin 2a log |sec (x – a)| + c.

1
(v) 12x  6 sin 2x  3 sin 4x  2 sin 6x   c .
48

2 3 1 5
(vi) sin x  sin x  sin x  c .
3 5

1  1 1 1 
(vii)  2x  sin 2x  sin 4x  sin 6x   c .
32  2 2 6 
 cot6 x 4
cot x 
(viii)     c.
 6 4 
1
 c.
(ix)
 a2 b
2
 2 2
a sin x  b cos x
2 2

[Hint : put a2 sin2 x + b2 cos2 x = t]

XII – Maths 76
 (x) –2 cosec a cos a  tan x . sin a  c .
[Hint. : Take sec2 x as numerator]

(xi) tan x – cot x – 3x + c.

(xii) sin–1 (sin x – cos x) + c.

1 –1
 2x 2  1
42. (i) tan    c. [Hint : put x2 = t]
3  3 

2 log x  1
(ii) log C [Hint : put log x = t]
3 log x  2

1 5 – 1  2x
(iii) log c
5 5  1  2x

 x  4
(iv) sin1   c.
 5 

(v) 2 log x a  x b c

(vi)
1  cos x  2 2
 cos  sin    sin . log sin x  sin x  sin   c
cos  
 sin  x    
sin  x   
 Hint :  2 2 
 sin  x    sin x  sin  

5 2  11 1  3 x  1
(vii) log 3 x  2x  1  tan    c
6 3 2 2 

2 1  x  3
(viii) x  3 log x  6 x  12  2 3 tan    c
3 

2 1  x  2
(ix)  4x  x  4 sin   c
2 

77 XII – Maths
 3
1  
2 2 1
(x) 1 x  x   2x  1 1  x  x 2
3 8
5 1  2x  1
 sin   c
16 5 

 1 2 
3   x   x  x  1 
x 2 7 2
 x  1
2
(xi)    c
2 3 1 2 
  log x   x  x 1
 8 2 

1 2
(xii)  log cos x   cos x  cos x  c
2

[Hint : Multiply and divide by sec x  1 ]

7
1 x
43. (i) log 7
c
7 x 1

1  cos x
(ii) log c
2  3 cos x

2 1
(iii) log cos   2  log 1  cos   c .
3 3
9 4 1
(iv) log x  3  log x  2  x 1 c
10 15 6

 x  2 2
(v) x  4 log c
x 1

2 1  x  1  x 
(vi) x  tan    3 tan    c
3 3 2
[Hint : put x2 = t]

2 1 2 1 1 x
(vii) log 2x  1  log x  4  tan c
17 17 34 2

XII – Maths 78
 1 1 2
(viii)  log 1  cos x  log 1  cos x  log 1  2 cos x  c
2 6 3

[Hint : Multiply Nr and Dr by sin x and put cos x = t]

1 1  sin x 1 1 2 sin x
(ix) log  log c
8 1  sin x 4 2 1 2 sin x

2
1 x  x 1
(x) log c
2
2 x  x 1

1 1  tan x  1 1 tan x  2 tan x  1

(xi) tan    log  c
2 2 tan x 2 2 tan x  2 tan x  1

1 1
 x2  9
(xii) tan   c
3 2  3 2 

1 3 3 3
44. (i)   x cos x  sin x   c
3

1
(ii)  sec x tan x  log sec x  tan x   c
2
[Hint : Write sec3x = sec x . sec2 x and take sec x as first function]
ax
e
(iii)
2 2
 a cos  bx  c   b sin  bx  c    c1
a b

1 1 2
(iv) 2x tan 3x  log 1  9x c [Hint : put 3x = tan ]
3

(v) 2  x sin x  cos x   c

 x 4  1 1 x
3
x
(vi)   tan x –   c.
 4  12 4
79 XII – Maths
 x
1 2x e
(vii) e tan x  c . (viii)  c.
2 2x

2
x a 2 a 1  x  a
(ix) 2ax  x  sin   c
2 2 a 

x  x  1
(x) e   c.
 x  1

(xi) ex tan x + c.

x
(xii) x log log x –  c . [Hint : put log x = t  x = et ]
log x

2 32
(xiii) 2  6  x  x 
 2x  1 2 25 1  2x  1 
 8 6  x  x  sin  c
 4 8  5  

1
(xiv)  x  2  x 2  9  3 log x  x
2
 9 c
2 2

3
2  x  2
 4x  3 
2 2 2
(xv) x   x  4x  3
3  2 
1 2
 log x  2  x  4x  3  c
2

 x  2 2 2
(xvi)   x  4x  8  2 log  x  2   x  4x  8  c
2 

1 
45. (i) log 3. (ii) –
20 4

XII – Maths 80
  1  1
(iii) – . [Hint : put x2 = t] (iv) – log 2.
4 2 4 2


(v) .
2

15 25  6
(vi) 5 – 10 log  log   .
8 2  5

  x sin x  
(vii) /2.  Hint :    dx . 
 1  cos x 1  cos x 

46. (i) 8. (ii) 

 –
(iii) log 2. (iv) log 2.
8 2

1 2
(v)  .
4

(vi) 95/12.

 2 1 1 2 
f  x  dx  f  x  dx  f  x  dx  f  x  dx 
 Hint :
     
 2 2 1 1 

2

(vii) .
16

 a a 
2
 f x   f a  x  
(viii)
2ab
.
 Hint : Use
   
 0 0 

 
47. (i) . (ii)  log 2.
12 2
(iii) 0. (iv) /2.

81 XII – Maths
 2

(v) (vi) a.
4

1
48.
2

49. –x cos x + sin x + c.

50. x + log x + c.

1
51. log sec x  tan x  c .
2

1  sin3x 
52.    sin x 
2  3 

53. 2 2

54. 0

55. log |1 + sin x| + c

56. x – sin x + c

57. log |cos x + sin x| + c

58.
a c x  b c x  C.
log a c  log b c 

2  2x  1 2 x  x2
59. (i) sin1 x   x c
 

(ii) –2 1  x  cos 1 x  x  x2  c

3 2
1 1    1  2
(iii)   1  2   log  1  2     c
3 x  x 3

XII – Maths 82
 sin x  x cos x
(iv) c
x sin x  cos x

(v)  x  a  tan1 x  ax  c
a

3 1
(vi) 2 sin1
2
(vii) 0

(viii)  2  3  5

3 1
(ix)  2 .
 

5 3
60. (i) x  4 log x  log x  1  log x  1
4 4
2 1 –1
 log x 1  tan x  c.
2
2
1 x 1 1 –1 x 1
x  log – tan x  log 4
 c.
2 x 1 2 x 1

1 1 2 1 –1 x
(ii) log x  1  log x  4 – tan    c .
5 10 10 2

1 81 27
(iii) 2x  log x  1  log x  3   c.
8 8 2  x  3

1 x  2 1 x
(iv) x  log  tan    c .
2 x  2 2

(v)  2.

1 1  x2  1 1 x
2
 2x  1
(vi) tan  log 2
 c
2 2 2x 4 2 x  2x  1

83 XII – Maths
 (vii) /8.

26
61. (i) 14. (ii) .
3
(iii) 26.

1 8
.
(iv) 127  e
2
141
(v) .
2


62. (i)  log 2
2

1 tan x  x
(ii)  log c
5 2 tan x  1


(iii) log 2.
8

  1
(iv) log   .
2  2

1 1 2
63. log 1  cos x  log 1  cos x   log 1  2cos x  c .
6 2 3

4
64. 3log 2  sin     c.
2  sin 

1 1
65. sec x  tan x  log sec x  tan x  c .
2 2

e 2x
66. 2cos 3x  3 sin3x   c .
13

XII – Maths 84

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