FAO Report Analyzes Global Mangrove Area from 1980-2003

FAO, 2003. Status and trends in mangrove area extent worldwide. By Wilkie, M.L.
and Fortuna,
S. Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper No. 63. Forest Resources Division. FAO,
Rome. (Unpublished)
Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1533e/J1533E55.htm#P4488_186397
Philippines
Vegetation description
Mangroves occur on tidal flats bordering coastal areas and along the mouths of rivers where
water is brackish. These forests used to be the source of tan bark for the tannin extract industry,
but now the wood is more commonly used for fuel and charcoal-making. The main tree species
are Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal, Ceriops
roxburghiana, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Bruguiera cylindrica and Bruguiera
sexangula. Further upstream, where the water is not so brackish, nipa palm (Nypa fruticans)
may form extensive and dense stands that are major sources of roofing materials in coastal
areas. (FAO, UNEP. 1981. Tropical Forest Resourcess Assesment Project, Forest Resources
of Tropical Asia. FAO, UNEP, 475 pp.)
National level mangrove area estimates
Yea Are Source Tren Methodology/Comments

r a d
(ha)
191 500 Brown and Fisher. 1920. Cited in: Melana, E.E. 1994. Mangrove
8 000 Philippine Mangrove ecosystem: concept and some implications to
Swamps. Minor Forest rehabilitation and management. In:
Products of the proceedings of the Conference: FSP-DENR
Philippines Vol. I, 22, Component Trainor's Training for
DANR, Bureau of Forestry CBMFM Nov.21-Dec 2. Owen's Hotel, Lucena
Bul. No. 17 City.
191 450 Philippine Council for Secondary reference, no primary source
8 000 Agriculture, Forestry and provided. This figure has been cited also by
Natural Resources other authors and it is the real figure provided
Research and by Brown and Fisher, 1920.
Development. 1991. The
Philippines recommends for
mangrove production and
harvesting. Philippines
Recommends series No.74.
PCARRD / DENR. 96pp.
195 428 Primavera, J.H. 1995. Figure based on the information provided
1 382 Mangroves and by: Fisheries Gazette of the
Brackishwater pond culture Philippines. (data from the Bureau of
in the Fisheries and Bureau of Forestry) 1952.
Philippines Hydrobiologia 29
5: 303-309
196 365 Primavera, J.H. 1995. Figure based on the information provided
0 324 Mangroves and in: BFAR. 1970. Fisheries Statistics of the
Brackishwater pond culture Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
in the resources, Department of Agriculture, Quezon
Philippines Hydrobiologia 29 City, Philippines.
5: 303-309
196 418 BFD statistics, 1967 Cited in: Melana, E.E. 1994. Mangrove
7 990 ecosystem: concept and some implications to
rehabilitation and management. In:
proceedings of the Conference: FSP-DENR
Component Trainor's Training for
CBMFM Nov.21-Dec 2. Owen's Hotel, Lucena
City.
196 448 Lawas, L.M. 1974. Cited in: FAO. 1982. Management and
8 310 Economic study on utilization of mangroves in Asia and the
alternative uses of Pacific. FAO environment paper 3. 160 pp.
mangrove swamps:
bakawan production or fish
ponds. In: Proceedings of
Indo-Pacific Fishery
Council, p.65-69. 15th
Session., 18-27 October
1972, Wellington, New
Zealand, Section 2
Bangkok, FAO,
196 295 Bureau of Forest Cited in: Jara, R. S. 1984. Aquaculture and
9 190 Development. 1981. Philipp Mangroves in the Philippines. In: Ong Jin-Eong
ines Forestry and Gong Wooi-Khoon, 1984. Productivity of
Statistics. Diliman, Quezon the Mangrove Ecosystem: Management
City. Implications. p. 97-107.
This figure is calculated by applying a fixed

annual deforestation rate to the results of a
previous inventory.
197 288 Primavera, J.H. 1995 Figure based on the information provided
Philippines. Hydrobiologia 2 City, Philippines. BFD 1970 Forestry statistics
95: 303-309 of the Philippines. Bureau of forest
development. Department of environmental
and natural resources, Quezon City,
Philippines.
197 288 Gilbert, A.J. and Janssen, X Secondary reference, no primary source
0 035 R. 1997. The use of provided.
Environmental Functions to
Evaluate Management
Strategies for the Pagbilao
Mangrove Forest. CREED
Working Paper Series No.
15.
City. Implications. p. 97-107.

previous inventory.
City Implications. p. 97-107.

previous inventory.
City. Implications. p. 97-107. 4-6 October 1983.
Penang Malaysia.

previous inventory.
Penang Malaysia. This figure is calculated by
applying a fixed annual deforestation rate to
the results of a previous inventory.
197 400 Bureau of Fisheries and Ground inventory and interpolation.
5 890 Aquatic Resources
(BFAR), 1976. Fisheries Mangroves are defined as: 'all area reached by
Statistics of The water during low and high tide. Area coverage
Philippines. Metro-Manila, based on the total mangrove ecosystem on the
Philippines entire formation below the high tide mark'.
Cited in: Prescillano M. Zamora. 1984.
Philippine Mangrove: Assessment of Status,
environmental problems, conservation and
management strategies. In: proceedings of the
Asian Symposium on Mangrove Environment
Research and Management, p. 696-707. Kuala
Lumpur, August 25-29, 1980. Edited by E.
Soepadmo, A.N. Rao and D.J. MacIntosh.
1984. This figure is calculated by applying a
fixed annual deforestation rate to the results of
a previous inventory.
197 253 Umal, R. M. 1977. Present Source of data: Timber Inventory Section,
5 782 status and distribution on Timber Management Division, BFD.
mangrove areas in the
Philippines. In Proceedings
of the National
symposium/workshop on
mangrove research and
development. Part III, p 1-5.
28-30 July 1977 Parañaque,
Rizal, Philippines.
197 251 The Bureau of Forest Cited in: Arroyo, C.A. 1979. Flora of the
6 577 Development. Statistics. Philippines Mangrove. In Proceedings of the
1976. Symposium on Mangrove & Estuarine
Vegetation in Southeast Asia, April 25th-28th,
1978. Biotrop Spec. Publ. No. 10.

previous inventory.
197 249 Bureau of Forest Regional ground survey, aerial photographs
7 138 Development. 1977. Philipp analysis and statistical projections.
ines Forestry
Statistics. Diliman, Quezon Mangroves are defined as: Forest stands in
City, Philippines. swampy tidal areas primarily of Rhizophora sp.
and associated species.

1984. This figure is estimated by applying a
8 771 Development. Mangroves in the Philippines. In: Ong Jin-Eong
1981. Philippines Forestry and Gong Wooi-Khoon, 1984. Productivity of
197 245 Bureau of Forest Cited in: FAO, UNEP. 1981. Tropical Forest
8 000 Development. 1979. 1978 Resourcess Assesment Project, Forest
Philippines Forestry Resources of Tropical Asia FAO, UNEP, 475
Statistics – Manila. pp. This figure is calculated by applying a fixed
previous inventory.
197 146 Natural Resources Digital analysis of LANDSAT imageries with
8 139 Management the Image 100 System, ground survey and
Center. 1978. Mangrove analysis of topographic maps at 1:50 000
inventory of the Philippines scale.
using LANDSAT
data. Diliman, Quezon City, The figure should be considered as on the
Philippines. lower side, since it represents only the "pure
mangroves", characterized by Rhizophora
sp. and associated species, based on
wavelenght emissions.

1984.
197 220 Gomez, E.D. 1980. The X Remote sensing
9 241 present state of Mangrove
ecosystems in Southeast
Asia and the Impact of
Pollution:
Regional. Philippines. South
China Seas Fisheries
Development and
Coordinating Programme,
FAO, UNEP, Manila. 128
pp.
197 200 Fortes, M.D. 1979. Studies Secondary reference, no primary source
9 000 on farming the seaweed provided.
Caulerpa [Clopohita,
siphonales] in two mangrove The "Year" is the publication year.
areas in The
Philippines. Biotrop Spec.
Publ. No. 10.
198 242 Primavera, J.H. 1995. Figure based on the information contained
Philippines. Hydrobiologia 2 City, Philippines. BFD. 1980. Forestry statistics
95: 303-309. of the Philippines. Bureau of forest
development. Deparment of environmental and
natural resources, Quezon City, Philippines.

deforestation rate to the results of a previous
inventory.
198 146 Tesoro, F. O. 1984. The author reports an unofficial estimate done
0 140 Traditional utilization of in 1980.
mangrove forests and
management implications in
the Philippines. Bakawan 3
(4) p: 6-8
1 350 Development. Mangroves in the Philippines. In: Ong Jin-Eong
1981. Philippines Forestry and Gong Wooi-Khoon, 1984. Productivity of
198 239 The Bureau of Forest Cited in: Melana, E.E. 1994. Mangrove
1 382 Development. 1981. ecosystem: concept and some implications to
rehabilitation and management. In:
proceedings of the Conference: FSP-DENR
Component Trainor's Training for
CBMFM Nov.21-Dec 2. Owen's Hotel, Lucena
City. This figure is calculated by applying a
198 240 Wacharakitty, S. 1983. Cited in: FAO. 1994. Mangrove forest
3 000 Mangrove Ecosystem in management guidelines. FAO Forestry Paper
General. 117. Rome, 319 pp.
In:ESCAP/UNESCO/NRCT
Regional Remote Sensing Probably based on BFD, 1981 (see above)
Training Course of
Mangrove Ecosystem. p.
22-33. Bangkok, Nov. 28-
Dec. 16 1983
198 246 Saenger, P., Hegerl E.J. Secondary reference, no primary source
3 700 and J.D.S., provided.
Davie. 1983. Global status
of mangrove The "Year" is the publication year.
ecosystems. Commission
on Ecology Papers No.3.
IUCN. Gland, Switzerland.
88 pp.
198 233 The Bureau of Forest Cited in: Rogello C. Serrano and Miguel
4 514 Development. 1984. Fortes. 1987. Perspective on World and
Philippine Mangrove Resources. Forestry
Research Series No 4/1987 - State of the Art.
Mangrove Research.

previous inventory.
198 232 Tech. Staff, Philippine Cited in: WCMC. 2000. Coral reefs and
6 100 National Mangrove mangroves of the world.
Committee. 1986. Country
report: Philippines. In: R.M. http://www.wcmc.org.uk/marine/data/coral_ma
Umali et al. Mangrove of ngrove/
Asia and the Pacific: Status
and Management. Technical
Reports UNDP/UNESCO
Regional Mangrove Progject
RAS/79002, Quezar City
Philippines.
198 149 Sweden Satellite X Cited in: Fisheries Sector
6 400 technology (SSC). 1988. Program. 1994. Mangrove Regeneration and
Management. Ecosystem Research and
Development Service DENR-Region IV A.
198 160 Spalding, M.D., Blasco, F. Map analysis. Scale 1:250 000.
7 700 and Field, C.D., eds.
1997. World Mangrove Some of the smallest islands are not included.
Atlas. The International
Society for Mangrove
Ecosystems, Okinawa,
Japan. 178 pp.
198 139 FMB. 1988. NFRI National X A combination of aerial photographs, satellite
8 100 Forest Resource Inventory imageries and ground verification. Cited
in: Fisheries Sector Program.
1994. Mangrove Regeneration and
Management. Ecosystem Research and
Development Service DENR-Region IV A.
198 139 Primavera, J.H. 1995. Information based on: National Mapping and
8 725 Mangroves and Resource Information Authority. 1988. The
Brackishwater pond culture document provides the breakdown per
in the province.
Philippines. Hydrobiologia 2
95: 303-309.
198 150 Edwino, S., Remote sensing.
9 000 Fernando. 1990. The
vegetation of the Philippines This figure includes the brackish-water forest.
Islands and the Situation of
the Flowering Plants. In
proceedings of the IV
International Congress of
Systematic and Evolutionary
Biology, 01-07 July 1990
198 139 Edwino, S., Aerial photographs and ground survey.
9 000 Fernando. 1990. The
vegetation of the Philippines This figure seems could be based on NFRI,
Islands and the Situation of FMB 1988 (see above).
the Flowering Plants. In
proceedings of the IV
International Congress of
Systematic and Evolutionary
Biology, 01-07 July 1990
199 132 Auburn Cited in: Primavera, J.H. 1995. Mangrove
0 500 University. 1993. Philippine habitats as nurseries for juvenile shrimps
s prawn industry policy (Penaeidae) in Guimaras, Philippines. College
study. Prepared for the of Science, University of the Philippines
Coordinating Council of the Diliman, Quezon Ciy.
Philippines Assistance
Program and U.S. Agency
for international
Development. International
center for aquaculture and
aquatic environments,
Auburn
199 127 Melana, E.E. 1994. X Data from: NAMRIA
0 610 Mangrove ecosystem:
concept and some
implications to rehabilitation
and management. In
proceedings of the
Conference: FSP-DENR
Component Trainor's
Training for CBMFM on
Nov.21-Dec 2. Held at
Owen's Hotel, Lucena City
199 123 Gilbert, A.J. and Janssen, Secondary reference, no primary source
3 400 R. 1997. The use of provided.
Environmental Functions to
Evaluate Management
Strategies for the Pagbilao
Mangrove Forest. CREED
Working Paper Series No.
15
199 170 Fortes, M.D. 1993. Secondary reference, no primary source
3 400 Sustainable use of provided. The "Year" is the publication year.
mangroves in the
Philippines: reality or an
impossible
dream? InProceedings of
the Asia-Pacific Symposium
on Mangrove Ecosystem,
Yuk-Shan Wong and Nora,
F.Y. Tam, eds. The Hong
Kong University of Science
& Technology, 1-3
September, 1993. 368 pp.
199 100 Kelleher, G., Bleakley, C. Secondary reference, no primary source
5 000 and Wells, S. 1995. A provided.
global representative
system of marine protected The "Year" is the publication year.
areas. Vol.II-III-IV Great
Barrier Reef Marine Park Rough estimate.
Authority, IBRD, The World
Bank, IUCN. IBRD
199 140 WRI, UNEP, UNDP, The Secondary reference, no primary source
6 000 World Bank. 1996. World provided. The "Year" is the publication year.
Resources 1996-1997. New
York and Oxford University
Press 365 pp.
199 112 Forest Management This figure is calculated by applying a fixed
7 400 Bureau, Dept. of annual deforestation rate to the results of a
Environment and Natural previous inventory.
Resources. 1998. 1997
Phillippine Forestry
Statistics.
200 149 World Resources Institute. Secondary reference, no primary source
0 000 2000. World resources provided. The "Year" is the publication year.
2000-2001: people and Probably based onSweden Satellite
ecosystem—the fraying web technology, 1988 (see above)
of life. Washington, DC.,
UNDP. 400 pp.
200 130 Aizpuru, M., Achard, F., Secondary reference, no primary source.
0 000 and Blasco, F. 2000.
Global Assessment of Cover
Change of the Mangrove
Forests using satellite
imagery at medium to high
resolution. In EEC Research
project n 15017-1999-05
FIED ISP FR – Joint
Research center, Ispra.
Trends in mangrove area extent over time

The estimate for 2000 has been calculated applying FRA 2000 (FAO, 2001) annual forest cover
change rate for 1990-2000 (-1.4 percent) to the most recent, reliable figure.

FAO Report Analyzes Global Mangrove Area from 1980-2003

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FAO, 2003. Status and trends in mangrove area extent worldwide. By Wilkie, M.L.

Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1533e/J1533E55.htm#P4488_186397

National level mangrove area estimates

Yea Are Source Tren Methodology/Comments

This figure is calculated by applying a fixed

This figure is calculated by applying a fixed

This figure is calculated by applying a fixed

This figure is calculated by applying a fixed

This figure is calculated by applying a fixed

Cited in: Prescillano M. Zamora. 1984.

Cited in: Prescillano M. Zamora. 1984.

This figure is calculated by applying a fixed

This figure is calculated by applying a fixed

Trends in mangrove area extent over time

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