Ethical Standards in Writing the

Review of Related Literature

• The primary function of citations and references is to help readers in
locating a publication.
• Citations allow readers to distinguish your original work from the
work and ideas of others. Adhering to proper citations and
referencing standards is a requirement for all written research project
• The research academic community strongly forbids scientific
misconduct.
• Plagiarism – an act that separate from the intent of the person who
commits it. Even if the person has no malice, s/he can still be guilty
of plagiarism if s/he fails to properly attribute or cite a source. It is
the most common forms of intellectual dishonesty in research.
Different Forms of Plagiarism
• Cut and Paste Plagiarism
• Involves copying text word-per-word without properly indicating that the text
was taken from the another source.
• The lifted text might be a short phrase or sentence, or even paragraph length
material.
• The extreme form happens when an individual copies the work in whole or in
part and submits it under his/her name or in the name of another
organization.
Different Forms of Plagiarism
Mosaic Plagiarism
Involves copying text from another source and changing several
words, while maintaining the original sentence structure.
Misattribution Plagiarism
involves attributing an excerpt, quote, or an ideas to the wrong
author or the incorrect source – or worse, a nonexistent source.
Self Plagiarism
is committed in two instances: duplication or replication.
Duplication – when a researcher copies the contents of his/her own
work, previously submitted or published in whole or in part without proper
attribution.
Replication – submits one work multiple times (e.g. to classes,
publishers, teachers) without disclosing this first
Citation Styles
APA Style – the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association is the perhaps the most adopted citation style by those
focused on social sciences.
The In-text citation basic requires one to follow the author-date-
format. Hence, the last name and the year of publication in your text.
Surnames of all authors of the materials must be included the first time
the reference is mentioned, however, subsequent citations of articles
with three or four authors only need the name of the first author plus
the term “et. al.” an abbreviation of the latin et alii (masculine plural),
et aliae (feminine plural) or et alia (neutral plural) which means “and
others”. When the material has six or more authors, write the first
author followed by et. al.
Citation Styles
Example:
Because of the gains promised by the BPO sector, Mitra (2011),
labeled the said industry to be a major catalyst to both “economic
growth and socioeconomic transformation”. (p.2)
Citation Styles
Modern Language Association (MLA) has released various style manual
editions to guide scholars in publication; mostly those who are aligned
toward the humanities and the liberal arts. This discusses the 7th
edition.
In-text citation – MLA adopt the author page parenthetical citation
style. Regardless of whether the researcher is using a direct excerpt, a
paraphrase, or ideas from another text, the page number is needed in
the in text citation.
Citation Styles
Example:
Following the series of controversies of data breach and electoral fraud
concerning the Commission on Elections and Smartmatic, Filipinos
expressed their doubts and questions wit regard to automated
elections in the country. On the contrary, e-voting in Argentina and
Colombia is favored by the people, as suggested by the study of
Alvarez, Kats and Pomares. Moreover their study claims the
relationship between the people’s trust toward e-voting and their age
and educational attainment (201)
Citation Styles
Chicago Manual Style of Guide (CMS) or the editors bible, suggests two
documentation systems:
1. Notes and bibliography
2. Author-date

Notes and bibliography system is preferred in humanities, while author-

date is mostly used in natural, physical, and social sciences. The notes-
bibliography system presents information about the referenced
material through notes (footnotes or endnotes) and bibliography.
Citation Styles
In-text citation, the author date system of the CMS is similar to APA. A
parenthetical citation containing the author’s name, date of
publication, and the page number is put at the end of the sentence or
section based on literature.
Example:
There are many reasons for intestinal scarring (Ogilvie 1998, 26-28).